HUKUM PIDANA DI BELANDA

Guest lecture20 December 2012

Fokke FernhoutAssociate Professor, Faculty of Law, Maastricht, Netherlands

HISTORY

• Before 1805 Every state of the federation

had its own criminal law

(torture, medieval punishments)• 1805-1814 French occupation; Code Pénal;

Code de Procédure Pénal• 1 Dec 1813 Kingdom of the Netherlands;

plan to make new codes• 1838 Code of Criminal Procedure• 1881 (!) Adoption of Criminal Code (KUHP)• 1886 Criminal Code enters into force

DEVELOPMENTS IN DUTCH-INDIES

• Early colonial times Medieval Dutch law, Roman law,adat law

• 1854 Plan to make new criminal code• 1867 Wetboek van Strafrecht voor

Europeanen (KUHP buat orang Eropa)• 1873 KUHP buat orang “inlander”• 1918 Wetboek van Strafrecht voor

Nederlandsch-Indië (translation of Dutch Criminal Code)

DIFFERENCES

• Pasal 10: hukuman mati by hanging (considered to be necessary for colonial suppression)

• Colonial institutions, local authorities (residents, regents)

• Indonesian elements (buffaloe, desa, child marriage)

• Kejahatan ringan (pencurian/penggelapan ringan dsb)

• Different (higher!) punishments for same criminal offences

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDONESIA• 8 March 1942 Japanese decide to keep Dutch Criminal Code

(di bahasa Belanda!) and to ban the use of Dutch (!)• 1942-1945 Japanese changes to criminal law• 18 August 1945 Pasal 2 Aturan Peralihan UUD 1945:

existing law will stay in force (di bahasa asli)• UU 1/1946 (Undang-undang tentang peraturan hukum pidana) a)

KUHP back to text in force on 8 March 1942b) many textual changes (di bahasa

Belanda!)• After 1946 many textual changes, but di bahasa

Indonesia

REMARKS

• Changing a Criminal Code after an occupation takes a lot of time (Netherlands 73 years, Indonesia until now 67 years)

• Indonesia is the only country in the world where:- the Criminal Code is written in two different languages alternating in the same sentence- almost no lawyer or court can actually read the Criminal Code- no official translation of an inherited Criminal Code has been introdduced (Mahkamah Agung and Mahkamah Konstitusi use different texts)

COURTS DEALING WITH CRIMINAL CASES

1838

Hoge Raad (Mahkamah Agung)

Gerechtshof (Pengadilan Tinggi)

Arrondissementsrechtbank (Pengadilan Negeri)

Kantonrechter (Hakim damai)

COURTS DEALING WITH CRIMINAL CASES

1838

Hoge Raad (kasasi, 5 judges)

Gerechtshof (banding, 3 judges)

Arrondissementsrechtbank (TP, banding, 1/3)

Kantonrechter (TP, 1 judge)

COURTS DEALING WITH CRIMINAL CASES

2002

Hoge Raad (3/5 judges)

Gerechtshof (1/3 judges) [more serious cases]

Rechtbank (PN, 1/3 judges)(sectors for civil, criminal, administrative and tax cases)

European Convention

► European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)

► 1950► Treaty of Rome► Council of Europe (not European Union)► All European countries (from dwarfstate Andorra to giant

state Russian Republic) except Belarus and Kosovo (total: 47)

► Originally: formulation and confirmation of values already common to all European countries

Instruments of enforcement► European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)

- seated in Straatsburg (symbolic)- one judge for each country- committees (3), chambers (7), Grand Chamber (17)

- English and French as official languages

► Right of individual complaint (plus State complaints)- citizens, organizations, groups- exhaustion of local remedies[bypass for dualist national systems]

► Decisions (supranational)- inadmissible- violation- no violation- awarding of damages

INTERNATIONAL SUPERVISION► Art. 5 ECHR:

- par. 1: definition of lawful detention- par. 2: right to be informed immediately of charges and reason of arrest- par. 3/4: habeas corpus: right to be heard by a court when arrested or detained

► Art. 6 ECHR: - par. 1: right to a fair trial before a court within a reasonable time;- par. 2: presumption of innocence;- par. 3: right of a fair defense, including the right to question witnesses

► Art. 7 ECHR: principle of legality

ACTORS IN CRIMINAL CASES

PUBLIC PROSECUTOR

ACTORS IN CRIMINAL CASES

PUBLIC PROSECUTOR

PUBLIC/VICTIM

POLICE COURT

SUSPECTDEFENSE

STEPS IN CRIMINAL PROCEDUREReport of a crime/finding of police

Investigation

Police transaction if allowed (end of case)Otherwise

File to Public Prosecutor

Case filed Prosecutionfor lack of evidence

PROSECUTION

Prosecution by decision Prosecution by

(fine, community service only) indictment

No:

Yes: case ends

SUSPECT AGREES

INDICTMENT► Three functions:

► 1) Convocation (court, place and date of trial)► 2) Charge (dakwaan)

- place and time- exact description of facts (cermat, jelas, lengkap)- legal provisions that are relevant to qualify the facts

► 3) Information of rights- right to a lawyer (sometimes free legal aid)- right to request to call witnesses and experts

► Separation of powers: dakwaan is the basis for the court

COURT TRIAL

Judges, court recorder, lawyer, victim, court bailiff, press, public prosecutor

JUDGMENT► 1) Indictment void► 2) Court lacks jurisdiction► 3) Public Prosecutor inadmissible► 4) Staying of proceedings because of mental illness of

suspect► 5) Acquittal (putusan bebas, no proof for dakwaan)► 6) Putusan lepas (discharge) because there is no criminal

offence to be associated with the dakwaan (2 reasons: dakwaan with insufficient facts and alasan pembenar)

► 7) Putusan lepas (discharge) because the offender cannot be held responsible [alasan pemaaf]

► 8) Punishment

GENERAL PRINCIPLES► Principle of legality in procedural law

- court is bound by every rule in the Code of Criminal Procedure

► Principle of legality in substantive law- no retroactivity- no analogy- lex certa

► Presumption of innocence

► Fair trial