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HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT DURING EARLY CHILDHOOD

QURATULAIN MUGHALBATCH IV

DOCTOR OF PHYSICAL THERAPY

ISRA UNIVERSITY

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EARLY CHILDHOOD Toddler

- 1-3 years

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Safety becomes a problem asthe toddler becomes moremobile.

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PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

G & D proceed in regular related directions(GROWTH PATTERN) :

Cephalo-caudal(head down to toes) Proximodistal (center of the body to the

peripheral)

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TYPES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTTypes of growth: Physical growth (Ht, Wt, head & chest

circumference)Physiological growth (vital signs …)

Types of development:Motor development Cognitive developmentEmotional developmentSocial development

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PHYSICAL GROWTHWEIGHTThe toddler's average weight gain is 1.8 to 2.7

kg/year.Formula to calculate normal weight of children

over 1 year of age is

Age in years X 2+8 = ….. kg.e.g., The weight of a child aging 4 years = 4 X 2 + 8 = 16 kg

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HEIGHT• During 1–2 years, the child's height

increases by 1cm/month.

• The toddler's height increases about 10 to 12.5cm/year.

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FORMULA TO CALCULATE NORMAL HEIGHT

Age in years X 5 + 80 = cm.

e.g., the length of 2 years old child = 2 X 5 + 80 = 90cm

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HEAD AND CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE:• The head increases 10 cm only from the age

of 1 year to adult age.

• During toddler years, chest circumference continues to increase in size and exceeds head circumference.

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TEETHING

• By 2 years of age, the toddler has 16 temporary teeth.

• By the age of 30 months (2.5 years), the toddler has 20 teeth

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PHYSIOLOGICAL GROWTHPulse: 80–130 beats/min (average 110/min).Respiration: 20–30C/min.Bowel and bladder control: Daytime control of bladder and bowel

control by 24–30 months.

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TODDLER YEARS: 12–18 MONTHS OLDPHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:

Gross Motor12–18 MonthsWalks aloneStoops andstands up againClimbs up on furnitureWalks up stairs with help

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FINE MOTOR 12–18 MONTHS Builds tower of 2 cubesScribbles spontaneously or by imitationHolds cupPuts raisin or pellet in bottleTurns book pages, 2–3 at a timeHolds spoon

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SELF-HELPFeeds self with fingers Removes hat, shoes, and socksInhibits drooling.

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15–18 Months Chews most foods well Opens closed doors Holds cup and drinks with some spilling. Imitates housework.Brings familiar object upon request

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COGNITIVE/LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT12–15 Months Jabbers expressively Communicates by gesture Vocalizes more than cries for attention.Understands word “no.” Shakes head to indicate no Says 2–3 “words” other than “ma-ma” or “da-

da.” Looks in appropriate place when asked (e.g.,

“Where is the book)

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15–18 Months Vocalizes “no.” Has vocabulary of 10–15 words. Fluently uses jargon. Points and vocalizes to indicate wants.

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PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT12–15 Months Shows strong dependence on primary

caregiver with increasing difficulty separating.

Shows difficulty quieting and relaxing into sleep.

Wants to have caregiver nearby all the time. Gives toy to adult on request. Shows sense of “me” and “mine.”

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15–18 MONTHSBegins to distinguish “you” and “me.” Imitates adult activities. Interested in strangers, but wary. Does not respond well to sharp discipline. Does not respond to verbal persuasion and

scolding.Expressed autonomy through defiance. Plays alone or beside other children. Strongly claims “mine.” Follows simple requests.

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TODDLER YEARS: 18–24 MONTHS OLDPHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTGross Motor:Runs stiffly. Pushes and pulls large objects. Carries large teddy bear while walkingComes downstairs on bottom or abdomen. Seats self in small chair

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FINE MOTOR 18–24 MONTHS Builds tower of 4–6 cubes. Tries to fold paper imitatively. Wiggles thumb. Places rings on spindle toy. Turns pages singly. Turns knobs (television).

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SELF-HELP 18–24 MONTHS Helps dress and undress self. May indicate wet or soiled diapers. Pulls person to show. Asks for food and drink by vocalizing and

gesturing.Uses spoon with little spilling. Replaces some objects where they belong.

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COGNITIVE/LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENTPoints to pictures in books. Points to one body part on request. Has vocabulary of 20 words—mostly nouns.Understands “yours” versus “mine.” Uses the words “me” and “mine.” Enjoys simple stories. Speaks in 2-word sentences (e.g., “juice

gone”).

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PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTMoves about house without constant supervision.Plays primarily alongside children but not with them.Has temper tantrums in situations of frustration. Is conscious of family as a group. Enjoys role playing. Mimics real-life situations during play. Claims and defends ownership of own things. Begins to call self by nameDiscriminates between edible and inedible

substances.

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TODDLER YEARS: 24–30 MONTHS OLDPHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:Gross Motor Jumps in place. Walks on tiptoe (imitation). Walks up and down steps, both feet on each

step.Walks backward. Runs headlong.

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FINE MOTORHolds pencil with thumb and forefingers. Zips and unzips. Builds tower of 6–8 cubes.

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SELF-HELPLearning to use buttons, zippers, and

buckles. Pulls on socks. Pulls on pants or shorts. Drinks from cup without spilling. Helps put things away. Toilet training in progress.

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COGNITIVE/LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENTOften calls self by first name. Speaks 50 or more words. Has vocabulary of 300 words. Uses phrases and 3- to 4-word sentences.Understands and asks for “another.” Points to 4 body parts.

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PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTInitiates own play activities. Want routines “just so.” Does not like change in routine. Cannot wait or delay gratification.Does not share. Knows identity in terms of sex and place in

the family. Observes other children at play and joins in

for a few minutes.

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TODDLER YEARS: 30–36 MONTHS OLDPHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:Gross Motor Builds tower of 6–8 cubes. Completes 3-piece form board

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FINE MOTOR Turns book pages singly. Holds pencil with thumb and forefingers. Can zip and unzip.

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SELF-HELPToilet training in progress. Dresses with supervision. Eats with fork and spoon. Pours from one container to another. Gets drink unassisted. Avoids simple hazards

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COGNITIVE/LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENTVerbalizes toilet needs. Uses plural. Increases use of verbs. Begins using adjectives and prepositions. Has vocabulary of 900– 1,000 words (36

months). Uses verbal commands. Gives full name when asked. Asks “What’s that?”

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PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTBegins playing “with,” as opposed to “next

to,” others. Names or points to self in photos. Joins in nursery rhymes and songs. Likes praise. Dawdles. Has auditory fears (noises). Shows sympathy, pity, modesty, and shame.

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REFERENCEShttp://wcwts.wisc.edu/

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