human/environment interaction this theme includes: demography & disease demography is the...
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Human/Environment Interaction This theme includes:
Demography & Disease Demography is the statistical study of
human populations Migrations Patterns of Settlement Technology
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Paleolithic Era: Demography
Population growth during the Paleolithic
Era was relatively stagnant
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Paleolithic Era: Migration
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Paleolithic Era: Patterns of Settlement Hunter-Gatherers
(Foragers) Men hunt and/or fish;
women gather fruits Follow migratory
patterns of animals Need large portions of
land to support themselves
Life expectancy was 20 years or less
Lived in groups of 20-30 people
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Paleolithic Era: Technology
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Neolithic Era: Technology Agriculture (10,000 BCE)
Caused by climate change?
Slash & Burn Domestication of
Animals Technology related to
agriculture Irrigation, canals, etc. Bronze metallurgy
People need nature & nature needs people
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Neolithic Era: Demography
Intensive agriculture caused human population to jump from 5-8 million
to 60 to 70 million in 5,000 years
Effects of agriculture Increase in population Rise of disease Decline of life
expectancy Environmental
degradation Increase in pollution Increase in
deforestation Increase in
desertification
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New Patterns of Settlement Small village
communities Pastoral societies
Nomadic herders Rise of civilizations
Mesopotamia (3500 BCE) Egypt (3000 BCE) Indus River (2500 BCE) China (2000 BCE) Olmec (1400 BCE) Chavin (900 BCE)
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Human Migration: Indo-Europeans
Aryans
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Human Migration: Polynesians
Bananas!
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Human Migration: Bantu
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New Technology: Iron Iron use begins 1500 BCE Effects of Iron
Population growth Expansion of agriculture Growth of cities Expansion of civilization
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Patterns of Settlement: Classical Era
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Classical Demography Spread of epidemic disease
Smallpox, Justinian plague, etc. Population decreases dramatically
Europe falls 50% between 200-600 CE Asia’s population falls from 170 to 135 million between 0-
600 CE Contributes to the decline of classical empires
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Post-Classical Migration
Vikings
Bantu-Speaking People of Africa
Mongols
Turkic Groups
People of Oceania
Arabs
Germanic Tribes
Chinese
Vikings
Bantu-Speaking People of Africa
Mongols
Turkic Groups
People of Oceania
Arabs
Germanic Tribes
Chinese
Camels!
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Post-Classical Demography Population grows after
800 CE Technology
Europe: moldboard plow and three-field system
China: Champa rice & terrace farming
Africa: Iron plow Aztecs: Chinampas
Spread of crops Rice, cotton, sugarcane,
citrus fruits, etc. End of a mini-Ice Age?
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Post-Classical Demography Urbanization
Hangzhou—1 million ppl. Paris—275,000 people Italian cities Tenochtitlan
Bubonic Plague China’s population fell
50% from 1200-1400 Europe’s population fell
33%-50% Population took only
100 years to rebound
0
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3rdc.
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6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th
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3rdc.
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6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th
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Spread of Civilization
Ghana
Carolingian
Byzantine
Abbasid Caliphate
Axum
Gurjara-Pratihara
Tang China
Srivijaya
Parhae
Silla
Cordoba Caliphate
Heian Japan
States and Empires in 800 CEStates and Empires in 800 CE
Ghana
Carolingian
Byzantine
Abbasid Caliphate
Axum
Gurjara-Pratihara
Tang China
Srivijaya
Parhae
Silla
Cordoba Caliphate
Heian Japan
Ghana
Carolingian
Byzantine
Abbasid Caliphate
Axum
Gurjara-Pratihara
Tang China
Srivijaya
Parhae
Silla
Cordoba Caliphate
Heian Japan
States and Empires in 800 CEStates and Empires in 800 CE
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Spread of Civilization
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Demography 1450-1750: Americas Discovery of the
Americas Decreased indigenous
American population by as much as 90%
Replaced by two waves of migration African slave trade European colonization
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
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Columbian Exchange
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Demography 1450-1750: China China’s population tripled from 1650-1750
Improved farming techniques Introduction of American crops (potatoes and corn) End of nomadic invasions
Population change in millions, 1400-1800 CE
0
100
200
300
400
1400 CE 1600 CE 1800 CE
China
India
Europe
Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America
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Demography 1450-1750: Europe Urbanization
Netherlands became 1st country with 50% urban population
London—50,000 in 1600; 400,000 by 1650 Paris—200,000 in 1350; 500,000 by 1700
Agricultural Revolution Crop rotation and enclosures American crops (corn and potatoes)
Population in every area of Europe increased by 50-100% in the 18th century
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Industrial Revolution & Resources
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Rubber
RubberRubber
Palm Oil
Meat
Gold & Diamonds
Gold
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Demography 1750-1914: Global
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1600
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1750 1850 1900
Millions
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Demography 1750-1914: Europe Tremendous population
growth Improvements in food
supply Application of science &
technology Improved seeds, fertilizer,
& livestock Refrigeration Industrial transportation
eliminates famine Steamboat
Creates a greater need for new energy sources Coal, electricity, gas, &
petroleum
Year Population in Millions
% of World Population
1750 141 19.3
1850 292 25.0
1900 482 30.0
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Demography 1750-1914: Europe
Demographic transition High to low mortality High to low fertility
Rapid urbanization Suburbanization
Decline in urban mortality Urban sanitation Germ theory of disease
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European Migration from 1750
40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South Africa, and other areas
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African Slave Trade after 1750
Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870
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Demography 1750-1914: Asia Japanese population growth increased
dramatically after 1850 Provides labor for industrialization & helps
promote imperialism Asia’s population nearly doubled
China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million
India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million
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Asian labor migration after 1750
India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured servants to South Africa
& Caribbean
China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast
Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million)
and the Americas
Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and
Pacific
U.S. limits immigration with Chinese Exclusion
Act & Gentlemen’s Agreement
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Population Explosion of 20th Century
Why? Introduction of new food crops (Columbian Exchange),
colonialism ended local warfare, railroads cut down on famine, improved hygiene & medicine, resistance to birth control, declining infant mortality rates
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Causes of Population Growth Public Health Measures
Attacks on disease carrying insects Widespread vaccinations
Polio Vaccine Information campaigns Programs to control sewage and other
contaminants International agencies focused on health care
More dependable food supplies New farming methods
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Polio Vaccine
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Diseases Associated with Poverty: Malaria
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New Epidemic Diseases: AIDS
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Diseases Associated with Old Age
Predicted Alzheimer's cases 2005-2050
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Diseases Associated with Changing Lifestyles
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Impacts of Population Growth Improved Agriculture
Green Revolution Peasants Uprisings
China, Mexico, etc. Pressure Third World
governments Urbanization
Parasitic cities Urban pollution
Immigration East Asian emigration
continued Middle East & Africans
emigrated to Western Europe & the U.S.
Immigrants face prejudice
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Limiting Population Growth Many countries advocated birth control &
legalized abortion 85% of countries backed family planning
China adopted a two-child policy in 1977 Eventually became a one-child policy in 1979
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi proposed involuntary sterilization
Return of plague epidemics AIDS virus
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New Scientific Discoveries Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Quantum mechanics
Behavior of matter & energy at the atomic level
Big Bang Theory Psychology
Sigmund Freud Karl Jung