hydraulic fracturing considerations for natural gas wells of the marcellus shale

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September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 1 Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale Authors J. Daniel Arthur, P.E., ALL Consulting Brian Bohm, P.G., ALL Consulting Mark Layne, Ph.D., P.E., ALL Consulting Dave Cornue, P.G., ALL Consulting Presented at Ground Water Protection Council 2008 Annual Forum Cincinnati, Ohio September 21‐24, 2008

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A 2008 presentation on fraturing in the Marcellus.

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Page 1: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 1

Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus ShaleNatural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

Authors

J. Daniel Arthur, P.E., ALL ConsultingBrian Bohm, P.G., ALL Consulting

Mark Layne, Ph.D., P.E., ALL ConsultingDave Cornue, P.G., ALL Consulting

Presented at

Ground Water Protection Council 2008 Annual ForumCincinnati, Ohio

September 21‐24, 2008

Page 2: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 2

Unconventional Unconventional Natural GasNatural Gas

Source: John Perez, Copyright ©, 2008

Unconventional resource plays are a growing source of natural gas in the U.S.– Coal Bed Methane– Tight Sands– Gas Shales

• Since 1998, unconventional natural gas has increased nearly 65%1.

Through 2007, total gas from unconventional plays approached  almost 50% of total natural gas production in the U.S.1

For Gas shales, key technologies have included horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.

1 Source: Navigant, 2008

Page 3: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 3

Shale Gas HistoryShale Gas History• First Commercial Gas well – Fredonia, NY (1821)

– New York’s “Dunkirk Shale” at a depth of less than 30 feet• Ohio Shale – Big Sandy Field (1880)• Hydraulic Fracturing used in the Oil & Gas Industry (1950‐60s)• Barnett Shale – Ft. Worth Basin Development (1982)• Horizontal wells in Ohio Shales (1980s)• Successful Horizontal Drilling in Barnett Shale (2003)• Horizontal Drilling Technology Applied in Appalachian Basin, Ohio and 

Marcellus Shales (2006)• Active Companies in the Marcellus Shale Play

Chesapeake Energy, Fortuna Energy, Range Resources, North Coast Energy, Chief Oil & Gas, East Resources, Cabot Oil & Gas, Southwestern Energy Production, Atlas Energy, and others.

Page 4: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 4

Gas Shale Basins of the U.S.Gas Shale Basins of the U.S.Marcellus/Devonian Shale

Page 5: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 5

Marcellus FactsMarcellus Facts•

The Marcellus is a Devonian Black Shale that spans a distance of approximately 600 miles, trending northeastward from West Virginia all the way into New York.  By comparison, the Barnett Shale has of linear extent of only about 120 miles.

America’s current proved natural gas reserves are in the range of 200 TCF, the Marcellus has the potential to increase this by 50 TCF or more.

The Marcellus Shale has a low permeability, thus releasing gas very slowly.  This is why shale is one of the last major source of undeveloped natural gas.  However, shales can hold an enormous amount of gas and the formations are so large that their wells can produce at steady rates for decades.

Effective and economic horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are the primary technologies enabling the recent surge in shale gas production from the Marcellus and in other regions.

Outcrops of the Marcellus Shale from Leroy, NY (top) and Lancaster, NY (bottom). Source: Penn State

Page 6: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 6

Data Comparison of Shale PlaysData Comparison of Shale PlaysGas Shale Basin Barnett Marcellus Fayetteville Haynesville Woodford

Est. Arial Extent (sq. mi.) 5,000 95,000 9,000 9,000 11,000

Depth (feet) 6500‐9500 4,000‐8,500 1,000‐7,000 10,500‐13,500 6,000‐11,000

Net Thickness (feet) 100‐600 50‐200 20‐200 200 120‐220

BTW (feet) ~1200 ~850 ~500 ~400 ~400

TOC, % 4.5 3‐12 4.0‐9.8 1‐14

Total Porosity, % 4‐5 2‐8

Gas Content, scf/ton 300‐350 60‐220

Water Production (BWPD) 0

Well spacing (Acres) 60‐160 40‐160 40‐560 640

Gas‐In‐Place (TCF) 327 1500 52 717 52

Reserves (TCF) 44 262‐500 41.6 251 11.4

Est. Gas Production (mcf/day/well) 338 3,100 530 625‐1800 415

NOTE: See paper for data sources (Arthur, et. al., September 2008)

Page 7: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 7

Risk of Groundwater ContaminationRisk of Groundwater Contamination•

A 1988 API study rated Appalachian Basin as low risk to corrosion.

Per a 1989 API Study for basins with “reasonable”

likelihood of corrosion, risk probability of injectate reaching a USDW ranged from one in 200,000

to one in 200 million

for wells injecting on a continuous basis.

Hydraulic fracturing events in the Marcellus occurs through multiple newly installed concentric casings over a short duration with considerable vertical separation (thousands of feet) between USDWs and with overlying formations that are comprised of confining type zones.

ChristmasTree

Pipeline to Flow Process and Storage

Surface Casing

Intermediate Casing

Cement

Cement

WellFluids

Oil or Gas Zone

Perforations

Production Casing

Cement

Tubing

Page 8: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 8

Fracturing DesignFracturing Design• A key to hydraulic fracturing is that the fractures created during the 

stimulation remain in the target zone (e.g., the Marcellus Shale).  • Fractures are designed, engineered, and monitored to assure desired 

results are achieved.•

Fracture simulation (or modeling) is commonly used for purposes of designing the fracturing process.  This may include developing specifications on volumes of fluid and proppant to use, pressures to be applied, make‐up of fracturing fluids and slurries, etc.

• Microseismic monitoring can also be incorporated into a fracturing event to gain additional knowledge of the fracture process.

Data collection in advance of fracturing is also common, including coring and core analysis, geophysical logging, reservoir characteristics research, correlation to other wells/stimulations, fracture pressure analysis, among others.

Page 9: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 9

Fracture ModelingFracture Modeling

Example Output of a Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation Model.Source: Chesapeake Energy Corporation.

Page 10: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 10

Fracture MonitoringFracture Monitoring

Monitoring is done on a continuous basis during a 

fracture treatment 

Page 11: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 11

Microseismic AnalysisMicroseismic Analysis

Mapping of Microseismic EventsSource: Oilfield Service Company

Page 12: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 12

Water Management ConsiderationsWater Management Considerations•

Water used for fracture stimulation of the Marcellus has generally been collected primarily from large streams. 

Volumes ranging from ~500,000 to more than 5 million gallons of water are typically required for a horizontal Marcellus well and approximately 300,000 to 500,000 gallons for many vertical wells. 

Fluid return water is collected into steel tanks and hauled off‐site to approved facilities.  Disposal methods generally include injection into a Class II injection wells and/or commercial/municipal treatment facility capable of treating flow‐back water.

Hydraulic fracturing of gas shales has been a routine stimulation method for many years, with operations designed to be protective of groundwater and the environment.

Fresh Wa

ter Storage TanksSource: ALL Consulting

Page 13: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 13

Hydraulic Fracturing FluidsHydraulic Fracturing Fluids•

Acids

are sometimes used to treat near wellbore damage from drilling and completion operations, open fractures near the wellbore and dissolve calcite that is naturally occurring in the fracture system.

• Biocides

to prevent growth of bacteria in the well.• Corrosion Inhibitors

to prevent degradation of steel well casings.• Friction Reducers

to assist in pumping the fracturing fluid.• Scale inhibitors to reduce the build‐up of minerals in the well.• Guar Gel

to thicken the water to help carry the proppant (typically sand) into the formation

Breaker

to cause the guar gel to “break back”

into an easier flowing fluid so the fluids can be pumped back to the surface without carrying back the sands.

• Iron Stabilizer to prevent precipitation by keeping ions in a soluble form.

• Oxygen Scavenger

to prevent degradation of the well casing.

Page 14: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 14

Fracture Fluid CompositionFracture Fluid Composition

NOTE: the above graphic is a hypothetical representation of fracture fluid composition applicable to a Marcellus Shale hydraulic fracturing

event.  Fluid composition varies by well and depending on a variety of factors

Page 15: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 15

ExamplesExamples

Page 16: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 16

Well SitesWell Sites

Page 17: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 17

Wellhead ConfigurationsWellhead Configurations

Page 18: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 18

PerforatingPerforating

Page 19: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 19

Connections/SealsConnections/Seals

Page 20: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 20

Well Site MonitoringWell Site Monitoring

Page 21: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 21

ManifoldManifold

Page 22: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 22

Sand/ProppantSand/Proppant

Page 23: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 23

FlowFlow‐‐Back WaterBack Water

Page 24: Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale

September 23, 2008 Copyright (c), ALL Consulting, 2008 24

Contact InformationContact Information

J. Daniel Arthur, P.E.darthur@all‐llc.comALL Consulting

1718 S. Cheyenne AvenueTulsa, Oklahoma 74119