Hydraulic Power Plant:

hydraulic power plants are the plants where power is being generate from the moving water, where the turbine is located normally in the dam, and the water flows from the water reservoir where it has high potential energy (high pressure) and it goes to the pen stock that connects water reservoir with the turbine room, and turbine rom with the exit stream.

Hydraulic power plant types can be classified according to the turbine type, and the three most common types:

1- Francis Turbine.2- Kaplan Turbine.3- Pelton Wheel.

The selection of the turbine type depends on the height of the dam in the first place and the flow volume, for high elevation Pelton wheel is advised, where Kaplan and Francis used for large flow and medium heights.

Another classification also can be classified according to the turbine rotor shape, where it will rotate according to the impulsive force (Pelton wheel), or to the reaction force (Francis and Kaplan).

Hydraulic Power plant used in the following countries:

1- Turkey: in 2011 turkey produced 36849040 MWH from hydropower plants (39.91% from the total power produced).Major HEPP in turkey (HEPP wıth annual average of more than 500 GWH):

Plant Name City Turbine Capacity MWAtaturk Şanlıurfa 8 Francis 2405Keban Elazığ 8 Francis 1330Karakaya Diyarbakır 6 Francis 1800Gökçekaya Eskişehir 3 Francis 278Oymapınar Antalya 4 Francis 540Hasan uğurlu Samsun 4 Francis 500Gezende Mersin - 159Berke Osmaniye - 510Kargamış Gazıantep - 652Altınkaya Samsun 4 Francis 700Arslantaş Osmaniye - 138Birecik Şanlıurfa 6 Francis 672Menzelet Kahramanmaraş 4 Francis 248Sır Kahramanmaraş 3 Francis 284Obruk Konya 4 Francis 203

Total 10419

2- Brazil : in brazil, HEPP is the main power source in the country, while only Itapúa dam (largest HEPP in the world) produces 25% from the power needed in the country and 78% from the power needed in Paraguay (1995).Here is the major dams and HEPP in Brazil

HEPP City Turbine Capacity MWBalbina Amazon 5 Kaplan 250Furnas Minas/Gerias 8 Francis 1216Itapúa Foz do

Iguaçu/Hernandarias20 Francis 14000

Jirau Rondonia 44 Kaplan 3300Porto Primavera Rosana/Sao Paulo 14 Kaplan 1540Santo Antonio Porto Velho/Rondonia 44 Kaplan 3150Serra da Mersa Minacu/Goias 3 Francis 1275Sobradinho Bahia 6 Francis 1050Tres Marias Tres Marias/

Minas/Gerias6 Kaplan 387,6

Tucurui Tucuruı/Para 25 Francis 8125Total 34293,6

3- Pakistan: Pakistan have an installed capacity of 21 000 MW. Distributed over many HEPP, in the table below we mention some of them.,

HEPP CITY Turbine CapacityTarbela Tarbela 14 Francis 3478Ghazi-Barotha Indus 5 Francis 1450Mangla Mangla 10 1050Neelum-Jhelum Muzaffarabad 4 Francis 969Kalabagh Kalabagh/Mian Wali district 12 Francis 3600Diamer-Bhasha Gilgit/Baltistan 12 Francis 4500

Total 15047

HEPP Systems and components:

1. Intake Arrangement

Storage Reservoir Diversion Structure or Spillway

De-silting Basin trash Rack Gates

2. Water Conductor System

Power Channel/Duct Tunnel Surge Shaft or Surge Tank Drop Shaft Pressure Shaft Penstock with Penstock Protection Valve (Butterfly Valve)

3. Power House

A. (Mechanical Component)

Distributor / Spiral Casing Spherical Valve or Main Inlet Valve Turbine EOT Crane

B. (Electrical Component)

Generator Transformer Switchyard Transmission Line

C. (Powerhouse Auxiliaries)

Cooling water system Compressed Air System De-watering System Drainage System Air Conditioning System Control & Monitoring System Fire Protection System. ADVANTAGES

1. No pollution or waste produced 2. Renewable energy source 3. Very reliable energy source 4. Not expensive to maintain once the dam has been built

5. Can increase the plant's production or decrease it whenever there is high or low demand

6. Water can be stored, waiting to be used in peak times

DISADVANTAGES

1. Building the dam is expensive and time taking 2. The dam will change the habitat and landscape upstream, as much more land will

be submersed 3. The land below the dam is also affected as the flow of water is reduced 4. Silt can build up in the dam as the water slows down it does not have enough

energy to carry the sand and silt which it was

(http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01335/hydroelectric.htm).