hydrogen storage and transportation - is this feasible for
TRANSCRIPT
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www.xodusgroup.com
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Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
Soffiane Ounnas / 12th February 2020
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation
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> Introduction
> Hydrogen Economy
– Hydrogen Potentials (Supply and Demand)
– Hydrogen Generation Technology
– Hydrogen Production Classification
> Hydrogen Transportation by Pipelines
– Metallurgical Considerations
– Recommended Pipe Specifications
> Conversion of Existing Pipeline Network to Hydrogen Service
– Typical Requirements for Pipeline Service Conversion
– Potential Acceptable Pipelines
– Potential Hydrogen Generation/Storage Locations
> New Technologies and Further Developments
Presentation Overview
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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> UK pledge to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emission to net zero by 2050.
> To best meet this challenge, a sensible mix of technologies and behaviours is
required:
– Resource and energy efficiency.
– Extensive electrification, particularly of transport and heating.
– Societal changes.
> Hydrogen is a key lever to decarbonize the UK economy:
– Energy carrier
– Zero emissions at the point of use
– Versatile
> Potential to play a key role in the global energy system.
> For the development of a hydrogen economy, there is a need to determine strategic
locations and ways for generation, transport and storage of hydrogen.
Introduction
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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Hydrogen as An Energy Vector
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
HeatElectricity
Transport Industrial feedstock
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Global Hydrogen Demand
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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> Hydrogen does not occur naturally.
> Hydrogen is primarily produced by two methods:
– Steam reforming of fossil fuels, and
– Electrolysis (water splitting).
> Hydrogen generation produces GHG.
Hydrogen Generation
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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> About 95% of the hydrogen currently used is produced via SMR of natural gas and the
subsequent water shift reaction:
– Steam methane reforming:
CH4 (methane) + H2O (water) → CO (carbon monoxide) + 3 H2 (hydrogen)
– Water-gas shift reaction:
CO (carbon monoxide) + H2O (water) → CO2 (carbon dioxide) + H2 (hydrogen)
Steam Methane Reforming
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
Source: Air Liquide
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> The CO2 by-product is typically vented to the atmosphere.
– However this is against the emission reduction targets of the UK.
> SMR process can be coupled with carbon capture and storage (CCS) to reduce carbon emissions
and achieve the net zero ambitions.
> Number of CCS methods available whereby CO2 can be captured as a gas and stored in salt
caverns, existing oil fields or used as feedstock for producing new chemicals.
SMR with CCS
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
Source: Global CCS Institute
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> Hydrogen production via electrolysis is the
breakup of water to hydrogen and oxygen
gases using an electrical current.
> By using renewable energy to power this
process, it becomes a carbon free way to
produce hydrogen.
> Currently only around 4% of global hydrogen
production is from electrolysis and a small
proportion of that utilises renewable energy.
Electrolysis
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
Source: Tractebel
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Brown Hydrogen
Hydrogen produced by
SMR and emissions
vented to atmosphere.
Hydrogen Production Classification
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
Source:
Air Products Source:
Energy Live News
Blue Hydrogen
SMR combined with
CCS.
Green Hydrogen
Hydrogen produced via electrolysis using renewable energy.
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> Using curtailed electricity to balance the electricity grid
– Excess electricity from renewable sources used to produce hydrogen by electrolysis.
– Hydrogen stored and used when demand exceeds supply.
Curtailed Electricity
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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> Hydrogen transport by pipelines is highly
proven and understood.
> Currently circa 4,500 km of hydrogen
pipelines worldwide
> Operators are mainly large industrial gas
producers such as Air Liquid, Air
Products and Chemicals, Praxair, etc.
> Pipe sizes typically between 8-in & 12-in
> Design pressure typically in the range 40
to 60 bar.
> Pipelines typically made of carbon steel
(API 5L or ASTM-specified grades).
Hydrogen Pipelines
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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> Hydrogen affects the properties of materials in a process called hydrogen gas embrittlement.
> This can cause:
– Hydrogen stress cracking
– Loss of tensile ductility
– Alteration of yield strength
– Reduced fatigue life.
> The severity and type of damage depends on the material characteristics and the service conditions.
> The metallurgical factors which affect the susceptibility to embrittlement include:
– Strength level
– Steel chemistry
– Microstructure
– Heat treatment condition
– Hardness
Pipe Properties Considerations
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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> API 5L PSL2 specification or equivalent (ISO 3183, DNVGL-ST-F101)
> Pipes grades X52 (SMYS of 360 MPa) or lower.
> Steel chemistry:
– Controlled sulphur and phosphorus contents to improve toughness.
– Control of non-metallic inclusions.
– Max carbon equivalent of 0.35 is preferred (Pcm = 0.20% max).
> Max hardness of 250 HV10 (22 HRC).
> Ferrite grain size of ASTM 8 or finer.
> Quenched and tempered steels preferred over normalised or TMCP pipes.
> If these are not possible (or not available on existing pipelines), it is
recommended to limit the operating stress level in the pipe to 30% of the
SMYS, or 20% of the specified UTS
Recommended Pipe Specification
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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> Converting oil and gas pipelines to hydrogen service is not new.
> The suitability of pipes for transporting hydrogen depends on a number of
factors including:
– Material,
– Operating pressure,
– Age
– Overall condition.
> Existing UK oil and gas subsea pipelines ranked for possible re-use for
hydrogen transport.
> Ranking criteria based on the following:
– Pipeline service: pipelines currently transporting NG are preferred.
– Pipeline age: Older pipelines are more likely to be made of suitable
lower grades of steel.
– Pipeline diameter: Focus on larger pipelines that could maximise
transport capacity.
Conversion of Existing UK Subsea Pipeline Network
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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Conversion of Existing UK Subsea Pipeline Network
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
Line Colour Description Priority
Orange1980-2000,
Natural gas service1
Yellow2000 onwards,
Natural gas service2
Pink
1980 onwards,
utilities or crude oil
service
3
Grey
Missing data
and older than
1980
N/A
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> A strategic location is defined as a location with overlapping
possibilities for:
– Generation,
– Transport, and
– Storage.
Strategic Locations
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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SMR with CCS Scenario
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
St Fergus / Grangemouth:
> Storage:
– Hydrogen: Liquid bulk storage tank at Grangemouth refinery
– CO2: stored in depleted offshore wells
> Transport:
– Hydrogen: injected into natural gas grid
– Transported to St Fergus via onshore pipelines, then to offshore wells for storage using pipelines in green
Teeside
> Storage:
– Hydrogen: salt caverns near Teeside
– CO2: stored in depleted offshore wells
> Transport:
– Hydrogen: injected into natural gas grid
– Transported to suitable subsea pipelines using onshore gas network then to offshore storage using subsea pipelines.
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Easington
> Generation:
– Electrolysis with electricity from Hornsea
windfarm.
> Storage:
– In salt caverns near Easington
> Transport:
– Transported onshore via subsea
pipelines for storage or immediate use.
Electrolysis Scenario
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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> Exploit decommissioned oil and gas infrastructure such as platforms as
hydrogen generation facilities.
– CO2 stored at source in disused wells
– Hydrogen stored within the disused pipeline network or onshore
> Retrofitting/refurbishing existing subsea pipelines with plastic liners to make
them suitable for hydrogen service.
> Use of Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes (RTP)
– Flexible composite technology to be used to transport green hydrogen
in the North of the Netherlands.
Future Technologies
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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> The conversion of subsea pipelines from hydrocarbon transport to hydrogen
service is feasible
> The limitations of stress and material grades equates to a maximum
pressure in the range 50-150 bar for X52 pipelines, which appears
acceptable for hydrogen storage and transportation.
> Key locations were identified for blue and green hydrogen.
Conclusions
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?
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> Further data gathering of pipelines parameters to remove assumptions
> Investigate next level of components – risers, spools, valves, etc.
> Look for synergies with upcoming offshore wind projects.
Next Steps
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation – Is This Feasible For Our Current Pipeline Network?