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i THE SWEDES AND FINNS? IN EARLY NEW JERSEY

In 1988 the people of the United States, Sweden,and Finland celebrated the 350th anniversary ofthe founding of the New Sweden colony on thebanks of the Delaware River. The Swedish colonyincluded parts of the present states of Delaware,Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. New Sweden didnot last very long as an independent outpost ofSweden: first settled in 1638, the Dutch took itover in 1655. Only nine years later, in 1664, theDutch lost control of the area to the English. After1776, when the Americans declared their in-dependence from England, the lands once includ-ed in New Sweden became part of the ClnitedStates.

Though New Sweden survived as a separate colonyfor only seventeen years, the Swedes and the Finnswho inhabited the colony remained as residents ofthe Delaware River valley under Dutch, English,and American rule. The Swedish presence and theSwedish influence persisted long after NewSweden came to an end. Descendants of theoriginal settlers still live in the area today.

This booklet tells the story of the New Sweden col-ony and of the Swedish-Finnish settlers who settl-ed on the east bank of the Delaware River in whatbecame, under English rule, New Jersey. This isthe story of little-known people and their way oflife in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.The Swedes and Finns—along with the Dutch,English, Germans, Scots, and others—made NewJersey into a multi-ethnic colony. They began theprocess of bringing together people of many dif-ferent nationality groups in a state whose citizenstoday represent over one hundred different ethniccommunities.

1607-1620: Englishsettle Virginiaand Massachusetts

ALEX. LIB. nUTGERS

Christina (1626-89) was Sweden's queen between 1632 and1654.

The Origins of New Sweden

New Sweden had its beginnings across the AtlanticOcean on the continent of Europe. In the earlyseventeenth century people in several EuropeanCountries wanted to establish colonies in the NewWorld that Christopher Columbus discovered in1492. Spain, the nation that sponsored Columbus'voyage, was the first European country to establisha colony in the Americas. The Spanish settled inSouth and Central America, and had outposts ofsettlement as far north as California and Florida.Portugal followed the Spanish example byestablishing a colony in Brazil. England, France,Holland, and Sweden also created colonies in theNew World during the seventeenth century.

The leaders and people of these countries saw theNew World as a way to wealth. European explorersreturned home from America with observationsand samples of such New World treasures asprecious metals, furs, and timber. The Europeansestablished colonies in the Americas to obtainthese valuable resources. By 1638, when the NewSweden colony began, the English, French, andDutch had small colonies of their own in NorthAmerica.

New Sweden originated as an idea in the minds of agroup of Dutchmen who were familiar with theDutch colony of New Netherland in what is nowNew York and New Jersey. Peter Minuit, one ofthese Dutchmen, had been governor of NewNetherland. Minuit and the others, aware that theland contained resources enough to make them

JAN 2 6 19901609-1624: Dutchexplore and settlehew Netherland

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wealthy, too, looked to Sweden to support theirpursuit of gain in the New World.

In 1637 the Swedish government authorized thecreation of a New Sweden Company. Organized byDutch and Swedish businessmen, the companyproposed to plant a colony on the banks of theDelaware River, an area claimed by the Dutch butthen largely unoccupied by any European people.The company hoped to make a profit from obtain-ing furs by trade with the Indian inhabitants thereand from tobacco grown by Swedish and Finnishsettlers sent there for that purpose. At that timethe Europeans valued furs as material for clothingand they used tobacco when smoking their pipes.

forests, the Finns' woodland background provedvery useful and helpful to the Swedish colony.

Beaver Tobacco Plant

The Swedes and Other Europeans

At the time of the arrival of the Swedes the Dutchalready obtained furs from the Indians along theHudson River to the north. To the south, theEnglish grew tobacco in the colonies of Virginiaand Maryland on Chesapeake Bay. New Sweden'sleaders hoped that they would benefit from com-bining these two activities. According to the plan,the New Sweden Company's owners would becomerich and Sweden would join the other nations ofEurope as a colonial power in the New World.

The Swedish dream, however, did not last for long.More powerful Dutch and English neighbors in theNew World gained control of the fur trade with theIndians. Not enough Swedes came to the NewSweden colony to grow tobacco in profitable quan-tities. The mother country did not provide regularor adequate support to its colonists on theDelaware. To the other European colonial nations,the Swedish presence was a nuisance. So theDutch conquered New Sweden in 1655.

New World colonization must be seen as part of thecompetition between the various nations ofEurope. The fortunes of the parent states inEurope determined the fate of the New World col-onies. Just as the Dutch took New Sweden, in 1664the English conquered the Dutch colony of NewNetherland. One hundred years later the Englishbecame the dominant European power in NorthAmerica when they took over the French lands inCanada. Even though control of the land passedfrom one nation to another, the colonists of theseveral nations stayed on. The result in NorthAmerica was a land of many different people.

The New Sweden Colony

By the early seventeenth century Sweden emergedas a major power on the Baltic Sea in northernEurope. The Finns—the people of modernFinland—came under the control of Sweden. Whenthe Swedes colonized their New World colony, thecolonists included Finns as well as Swedes. TheFinns, a people of the forest, lived in woodlands andskillfully worked with wood for many centuries. Fin-nish pioneers brought the log cabin to America. Inthe Delaware River valley, a place of extensive

WOODCUTTING

Thomas Paschall, who lived near Scandinaviansettlers in Pennsylvania, commented in 1683 onthe Swedes' and Finns' skill at working withwood:

"As for the Swedes, they use but little Iron in Building ,for they will build, and hardly use any other tool but anAx; They will cut down a Tree, and cut him off whendown, sooner than two men can saw him, and rend himinto planks or what they please; only with an Ax andWooden wedges [hammered into the wood to split it]."

When the Swedes first arrived in the DelawareRiver valley in 1638 the Lenape Indians inhabitedboth sides of the river. On the west side, farther in-land along the Susquehanna River, also lived theSusquehannock Indians. Both groups of nativeAmericans lived by hunting, fishing, gathering,and farming. These Indians greatly outnumberedthe colonists of New Sweden, but the Swedes livedin peace with the native inhabitants. The Dutchhad a much different experience with their Indianneighbors: the Indians destroyed a Dutch settle-ment on Delaware Bay (in the present state ofDelaware) earlier in the 1630s. The Dutch also hadtrouble with the Indians in their settlements inwhat is today New York and northern New Jersey.The Indians on the Delaware and Susquehannarivers did not see the small Swedish colony as athreat; so the Swedes and the Indians usually livedtogether in peace.

The Swedes bought the land on which they settledfrom the Indian residents and maintained traderelations with them to obtain furs. The first shipscarrying Swedish colonists arrived in New Swedenin March 1638. The Swedes' first set-tlement—named Fort Christina after Sweden'sQueen Christina—was at today's Wilmington,

Peter Linderstrom visited Mew Sweden and made this drawingof an Indian family, ca. 1655.

1632: Christina, atage 6, becomes queenof Sweden

1637: Swedishgovernment chartersNew Sweden Company

Delaware. Ships continued to bring more Swedishand Finnish colonists to the Delaware River in thefollowing years. Swedish settlement spread fromFort Christina to other locations in Delaware. Pen-nsylvania, and eventually Mew Jersey. Most of theSwedish and Finnish settlers in Mew Jersey,however, did not come there unti l after the MewSweden colony fel l to the Dutch and the English.

An official list of the land belonging to the NewSweden Company in 1653, just two years beforethe colony came to an end, noted the absence ofSwedish-Finnish settlement in New Jersey: "Onthe east bank of the Delaware from Cape Henlopen[a mistake; the writer probably meant Cape May] toFort Elfsborg [near present Salem, New Jersey]uninhabited land and from Fort Elfsborg to theVerkerte Kil l at Ermewamex . . . uninhabitedland." This report also said that some land hadbeen cleared at Fort Elfsborg and that it had been"cultivated by the English a short time ago." Clear-ly, then, except for a short-lived settlement ofEnglishmen from Connecticut, the New Jerseyside of the Delaware River was without settlementby Swedes before the fa l l of Mew Sweden.

Johan Printz served as governor of New Sweden from 1643 to1653.

In 1643 Johan Printz, the governor of MewSweden, ordered the construction of a fort on theeastern shore of the Delaware River. Called FortElfsborg, this first Swedish habitation in MewJersey stood watch over the small band ofEnglishmen who had recently settled there fromConnecticut. The Swedish governor also buil t thefort to stop Dutch ships from sailing up theDelaware River. Fort Elfsborg, erected nearpresent-day Salem, would help protect and defendSwedish interests in the Delaware Valley. The fortnever had many resident defenders, probably fewmore than a dozen soldiers, and the Swedes aban-doned it by 1650. Its early abandonment resulted,in part, from the mosquitoes that pestered andplagued the fort's defenders. Fort Elfsborg gainedthe nickname "Fort Mosquito" for this reason. Theconstruction of a fort by the Dutch at modern MewCastle, Delaware, also made Fort Elfsborg less ef-fective as a defense against the Dutch.

FORT ELFSBORG

The Dutchman Adrian van der Donck describedthe purpose of Fort Elfsborg in the followingpassage:

"The Swedish governor.. . has built a fort called Elsin-borg [a variation of the name Elfsborg; there is anElsinboro Township in Salem County today]. There heholds a high hand over each and all, even over thevessels of our Trading Company [the Dutch West IndiaCompany which controlled the Dutch colony of NewNetherland], and all those who sail up into the SouthRiver, compelling them to strike their flags, withoutexception. He sends two men on board to inquirewhere they come from."

Peter Lindestrom, a Swedish engineer, made thisreport of his visit to Fort Elfsborg on May 20,1654:

"We arrived before Fort Elfsborg, landed, finding thefort with the houses and ramparts totally in ruins. Thisfort had been abandoned on account of the mosquitos,because there was such an immense number of themthat they almost ate the people up there. In thedaytime they had to fight continually with them so thatthey could not see with their eyes, and in the night theycould neither sleep nor rest. The people were soswollen they appeared as if affected with a horribledisease."

No wonder that the Swedes abandoned this fortafter a few years of occupation.

Though the New Jersey side of the Delaware hadfew or no Swedes and Finns before 1655, MewSweden's governors Peter Ridder and Johan Printzpurchased land there from the Indians. The Swedesbought all the land between modern Cape May(named after Dutch sea captain and explorer Cor-nelius Mey) and Trenton (named for a later Englishresident, William Trent). From Mew Jersey theSwedes obtained some tobacco grown by theEnglish settlers near the fort, furs, and wood.

When Mew Sweden came to an end in 1655 the en-tire colony had no more than 500 Swedish and Fin-nish inhabitants. Few Swedes or Finns in Europewanted to come across the Atlantic Ocean to livein the Mew World wilderness. Those who camebrought with them their language, their SwedishLutheran religion, their agricultural and wood-working skills, and other Old World customs.European colonists found a new way of living inthe Mew World, but they tried to maintain theircomfortable and familiar Old World traditions.They did not think of themselves as a new and dif-ferent people called Americans; they were, instead,simply Swedes and Finns who had transplantedthemselves to a new land across the ocean. Overtime, with the passing of the years and the cominginto contact with other European nationalities, thischanged. The changes, however, came slowly andsometimes regretfully.

Life was not easy in Mew Sweden. Much hard workhad to be done. Homes and forts had to be built.Lands had to be cleared of trees for farming. Rela-tions with the Indians and other Europeanneighbors had to be conducted. Language,religion, and education had to be maintained. Ac-cidents and illnesses had to be treated. Survival inthe Mew World, thousands of miles away from thehomeland in Europe, was a constant struggle.

1638: Swedes andFinns come to theDelaware Valley

1640-1641: Swedesbuy land in NewJersey from Indians

Swedish Settlers in New Jersey The Swedish Lutheran Church

In the middle of the eighteenth century, over onehundred years after the New Sweden colony began,a traveler from Sweden passed through theDelaware River region of Swedish settlement. PeterKalm, a naturalist, came to observe and studynature in the New World. The plant known today asthe laurel has a special scientific name: calledKalmia Latifolia, it is named after Peter Kalm. Thisscientist had curiosity not only about wild plantsand animals, but also about the descendants of theoriginal Swedish and Finnish settlers. He wanted toknow how they lived and how much they hadchanged over the years since their arrival.

Kalm described the Swedish-Finnish residents ofsouthern New Jersey in 1750 as living not closetogether in towns but rather on scattered, isolatedfarms. "The farms are most of them single, and youseldom meet with even two together," he wrote,"therefore there are but few villages. Each farm hasits own corn-fields, its woods, its pastures andmeadows." Kalm noted that "now and then you see asingle farm, and a little corn-field round it."

A half century earlier, about the year 1700,another observer noted that "nearly half of them[the Swedish settlers on the west side of theDelaware River] moved to the other side, up anddown, hither and thither, in what is called WestJersey." The words are those of Andreas Rudman,a Swedish Lutheran minister in Pennsylvania, whoadded that the New Jersey Swedes were relativelyisolated from their countrymen across the river,especially during the winter. "During the winter,"Rudman said, "only a few of these people are ableto come to church. . . .The people who live on theother side cannot come over without being ingravest peril from the floating ice which followsebb and flood and sometimes breaks large boatsright in two."

The Swedish and Finnish farmers in New Jersey triedto solve the problem of going to church by buildingtheir own churches. Just after Rudman wrote of thedifficulties of traveling to church on the Pennsylvaniaside, the Swedes built two churches in New Jersey,one at Penns Neck in Salem County and another atRaccoon, now Swedesboro, in nearby GloucesterCounty. These two Swedish Lutheran churches wereless than fifteen miles apart, but they were erectedbecause, as Rudman explained, "the weather and theroads are altogether different from those in Sweden."He probably meant that in America the weather waswetter than in Sweden and that the rains turned roadsinto rivers of mud. Travel, then, even over a shortdistance, was difficult. Each church served its nearbyneighbors in this land of scattered settlement.

A robe worn by a Swedish Lutheran priest, 1761.

A view of Swedesboro (originally known as Raccoon) and itschurch in the 1840s.

Swedish settlers found it difficult to obtain the ser-vices of trained Lutheran ministers for their chur-ches. These church officials had to come fromSweden or from the Swedish Lutheran churches inmore heavily settled Delaware and Pennsylvania.The shortage of ministers in this wilderness causedthe Swedes to do without the services of ministersfor years at a time. The Swedes shared this problemwith neighboring non-Swedish colonists:Englishmen of the Anglican faith (these weremembers of the Church of England) faced a short-age of ministers, too. Sometimes people of dif-ferent nationalities and religious faiths had to shareministers. English Anglicans living at Colestown inGloucester County described this sharing ofclergymen in a document written in 1728. It read:"This is to certify that the Revd. [Reverend] Mr. Lind-man missionary to the Swedish Congregation atWicacoe [now Philadelphia, Pennsylvania], haspreached to our Congregation here in Jersey, fourSermons within this Year, namely 1728, the 18thday of August, the 19th day of September, the 9thday of October and the Eleventh day of November."

The Swedes and Their neighbors

Sometimes the Swedes and Finns cooperated inother ways with their English and Germanneighbors in New Jersey. They no doubt helpedeach other in clearing land and farming. They trad-ed or exchanged goods with each other. Theysometimes worshipped together. The SwedishLutheran church at Raccoon, for example, hadsome English members. In 1704 a Swedish ministervisited some Swedes who lived near the New Jerseyshore at Egg Harbor. He held a religious service inone of their homes: "thither gathered all theSwedes," wrote the Reverend Andreas Sandel, "andas there were some English also present, I madesome remarks in their language." Six years later,this same clergyman returned to Egg Harbor, wherehe preached two sermons, one in Swedish and onein English.

1643: Johan Printzarrives as governorof New Sweden

1643: Fort Elfsborgbuilt

Over the years the Swedes and Finns intermarriedwith their non-Scandinavian neighbors. TheSwedish-born Moravian minister Abraham Reinckedescribed the results of intermarriage in 1745: "Ifound in this country scarcely one genuine Swedeleft, the most of them are either in part or in wholeon one side or other descended from English orDutch parents, some of them have had a Dutch,German or English father, others a Swedishmother, and others a Dutch or English mother anda Swedish father. Many of them can just recollectthat their grandfathers or mothers were Swedish.In general there is such confusion in their lineage,that they themselves can't tell, if they spring fromEnglish or Dutch, Swedish or German parents."

A SWEDISH FAMILYEarly Swedish families tended to be larger thanmodern families. Andreas Rudman, a SwedishLutheran minister in Philadelphia, described oneof the New Jersey families that was part of hiscongregation. He gave the names and dates ofbirth of the children of Peter Matson and his wife,Catharine Rambo, who were married on February16, 1674. Their children were:

Eliza—born February 7, 1678Catharine—born December 29, 1679Maria—born May 11, 1682Peter—born May 27, 1685Matthias—born August 12, 1688John—born June 14, 1694Jacob—born May 25, 1697

The relations between the Swedes and their foreignneighbors were not always cooperative or peacefulwhen it came to matters involving religion. Con-flict resulted, in part, from a shortage of SwedishLutheran ministers for the Swedish-Finnish con-gregations. In 1743, for example, some of theSwedish members of the Raccoon church invitedPaul Daniel Bryzelius, a missionary of the Mora-vian church (a Protestant church created in Ger-many and based in America at Bethlehem, Penn-sylvania), to preach to them. Other Swedishmembers of the congregation opposed Bryzelius'spreaching in their church. To them, Bryzeliusthreatened the true faith and teachings of theSwedish Lutheran Church. The conflict betweenthe two sides became so heated—with lots of yell-ing and one group even locking the other out ofthe church—that the Gloucester County Court hadto intervene. The court forbade Bryzelius frompreaching in the Swedes' church at Raccoon. Thematter did not end here, however, for Bryzelius andother Moravians continued to serve variousSwedes and Finns in Gloucester, Salem, andCumberland counties.

Snuff, a finely ground tobacco product inhaledthrough the nose, was held in this 17th-centurybrass box.

1655: Dutch takeover New Sweden

Maintaining Swedish Traditions

We have seen that the congregations of SwedishLutheran churches in New Jersey included peopleof different ethnic backgrounds. By 1742,Englishmen comprised most of the Penns Meekchurch congregation in Salem County. As a result,Swedish Lutheran services gradually disappearedthere, and prayers and ceremonies followed thepractices of the Church of England. Lutheranministers from Sweden constantly complained thatthe New World churches were no longer pure ex-pressions of the Old World faith. To them, theSwedish Lutheran church was a means of main-taining the Swedishness of a people who had nevereven been to Sweden. They saw the church as aninstitution that should uphold Swedish culture inAmerica.

The church leaders also disliked the intermarriageof American Swedes with non-Swedes. They notedwith unhappiness that gradual disappearance ofthe Swedish language. "The English are evidentlyswallowing up the people," complained AbrahamReincke in 1745, "and the Swedish language is socorrupted that if I did not know the English, itwould be impossible to understand the language ofmy dear Sweden." Based on the evidence providedby the Swedish minister at Raccoon and PennsNeck, by 1786 only one-third of those withSwedish names could understand the Swedishlanguage. For the Penns Neck church alone, only 8percent of the members understood Swedish andless than 7 percent spoke Swedish.

17th-century Swedish wooden plate and bowl with ceramiccup.

Some of the colonists agreed with the ministers'point of view, but others saw change as necessaryfor survival. To live in the New World required acertain acceptance of change. When a SwedishLutheran minister left the Raccoon church tobecome pastor at the Christina church inDelaware, some of the Raccoon Swedes feltdeserted and abandoned. In disgust, they resolved"that they would never more have anything to dowith any Swedish Pastor." It is understandablethen, that some Swedes and Finns found spiritualassistance and church fellowship by joiningAnglican, Moravian, and other congregations.

Moravian ministers sometimes preached to theirSwedish followers in their native language. In 1755Moravian missionary Ernest Gambold made a visitto the Maurice River in Cumberland County wherea number of Swedes had settled. Gambold record-ed in his diary that "we had a few of our Friendstogether to whom Br. Abm. Reinke [BrotherAbraham Reincke, a fellow Moravian missionary]preached a very hearty discourse in Swenska[Swedish]."

Some Swedes tried hard to uphold Swedish tradi-tions in a place so far away from the mother coun-try. The Raccoon church records reveal that in1765 "did the Revd. John Ab: [Abraham] Lideniuskeep Swede and English School in Repapa[Repaupo, a Swedish settlement near Swedesboro]and the children were greatly profited by histeaching especially in the Swede Tongue."

1664: English conquerthe Dutch

RUTGERS UNIVERSITYBy the end of the eighteenth centur^^WifferKJculture, traditions, and institutions had almostdisappeared in southern Mew Jersey. Nicholas Col-lin, the last Swedish Lutheran minister in colonialand revolutionary New Jersey, remarked that atPenns Neck "the English congregation is muchlarger than the Swedish" and that he held Swedishservices only once every third Sunday. At Raccoonhe observed that "both Swedish and English ser-mons are often preached on the same day." In1772 Collin wrote that he "held Swedish funeralservice, which is very rare. " Just after the Revolu-tionary War (1775-1783) he noted that a Swedishfamily left the Swedish Lutheran church and joinedthe Moravians; he also pointed to a Swedishwoman who married an Englishman and became aMethodist. Both of the Swedish Lutheran churchesat Raccoon and Penns Neck became Episcopalianchurches by the end of the century.

If the Swedes were a minority among the residentsof South Jersey, the Finns were an even smallerminority. Only a few references exist to the Finnsas an ethnic group separate and distinct from theSwedes. A settlement of Finns once existed in NewJersey. In 1676, soon after the first EnglishQuakers came to the colony and settled at Salem,English land records referred to people living at"ffynne Town Hook," located northwest of a placecalled "Finns Town." A 1688 record noted astrange event at Finn's Point — when questionedabout giving birth to a child, a woman residentreplied that "she had a young Youdas, which is bymterprec aeon [mterpretation or translate!. adiv,ll m ffmns language.

Oggj|innish settlers shipped wood and wood pro-ducts—such as boards, charcoal, and tar—tomarket in Philadelphia. They built and ownedwooden boats to carry these and other goods onSouth Jersey's many waterways. Some expertsbelieve that the Delaware River's famous cargo-carrying Durham boats and the keelboats onwestern rivers developed out of Swedish boattypes. Working with wood was an important part ofthe lives of early Swedes and Finns.

Swedes and Finns used iron « i for cutting wood.

Life Among the Swedes and Finns

Finns and Swedes alike found ways to make a liv-ing from the land on the New Jersey side of theDelaware River. Although most observers reportedthat the soils were less fertile than on the Penn-sylvania side of the river, nevertheless the settlersplanted, raised, and harvested various grains andvegetables for food. They had orchards of fruittrees and turned some of the fruit into cider.Swedish-Finnish farmers raised livestock, par-ticularly cattle and hogs. These animals ran freeand obtained food—such as grasses andacorns—for themselves in the meadows andforests. In comparison to their English neighbors,the Swedes and Finns in southern New Jersey rais-ed many fewer sheep.

Swedes and Finns made the most of the forests ofconifers, especially cedar, and hardwoods. Theyused the wood from these trees for fuel in theirfireplaces and as building materials for theirhouses, barns, and other buildings. They made theearliest snake or worm rail fences found inAmerica. Some used wood to make bowls andspoons for kitchen cooking. They operatedsawmills to cut trees into boards. The Swedish-

Detail of a corner of a Salem County log house.Qther activities induded hunti and t ,wild,.|fe Jhe settlers hunted deer ̂ s<TF

and

Qther gnimals ,n Salem County they caught

muskrats: "The skin is sold," said Peter Kalm, "andthis is an inducement to catch the animal. . . .Theskins are chiefly used by hatters .... The muskratsare commonly caught in traps, with apples asbait." When the Englishman Gabriel Thomassurveyed southern New Jersey in 1698 anddiscussed the Maurice River, he noted that there"the Swedes use to kill the Geese in greatnumbers, for their Feathers only, leaving their Car-casses behind." Perhaps these feathers providedwarmth when stuffed into cases to make bedding.The Swedes and Finns made good use of thenatural resources of their New World home.

_oaaa

ru_DWooden Swedish fish trap.

Reminders of the Past

More than 350 years separate us from the Swedes iand Finns who first set foot in America. Theirdescendants still live in southern New Jersey.Several places today bear names that serve asreminders of the early Scandinavian presence inthe state. The Swedish settlement of Raccoon inGloucester County is now Swedesboro. Runningrnland from the Atlantic coast, the Mullica Rivercarries the name of Eric Mullica, an early Swedishor perhaps Finnish settler; the river is part of theboundary between today's Atlantic and Burlingtoncounties. Gloucester County also contains a towncalled Mullica Hill, named after the members ofEric Mullica's family who settled there. Finn'sPoint, today a national cemetery, stands on theDelaware River in Salem County.

PICTURE CREDITS. New Jersey State Museum, Trenton: p. 1, col. 2; p. 2, col. 2; p. 4, col. 1; p. 5,col. 2; p. 6, col. 2 (bottom). Pennsylvania State Museum, Harrisburg: p. 5, col. 1; p. 6, col. 1.Swedish-American Historical Museum, Philadelphia: p. 3, col. 1. New Jersey Historical Society: p. 1,col. 1; p. 2, col. 1; p. 4, col. 2; p. 6, col. 2 (top).