ighlightsOFAGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

a quarterly reportof research serving

all of Alabama

o'.0

/I

-0-

~~ (7

VOL. 7, NO., AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SYSTEM

SPRING ,9 o AUBURN UNIVERSITY

HIIG-LIGtTS ofAgricultural Research

VOLUME 7, No. 1 SPRING, 1960

SILAGE CROPS - Gives Results of Crop Testing at Ten-nessee Valley Substation 3

VALUE OF SOIL FERTILITY - Points up Importance ofMaintaining Soil Potassium 4

EXTERNAL PARASITE CONTROL - Covers New and Bet-ter Insecticides Now Available 5

FINANCING RURAL HOMES - Presents Sources andTerms of Home Financing 6

MANAGING JOHNSONGRASS - Reveals Effects of Manage-ment on Productivity and Value 7

WIREGRASS SUBSTATION - Report of Progress fromFarm Research 8-9

FINISHING BEEF STEERS- Results of Systems Used atGulf Coast Substation 10

HYBRID VS OPEN-POLLINATED CORN- Gives Results of18 Years Testing 11

WHAT'S TIME To A HEN? - Time Lapse between EggsDetermines Rate of Production .................. 12

ATOMIC RADIATION FOR BETTER PLANTS - DescribesUse of Atomic Power in Sericea Breeding 13

INSURANCE COVERAGE OF FARMERS- Presents Data onCoverage Held by Alabama Farmers

INDEX To ARTICLES- Published in Highlights of Agri-cultural Research in 1959-

ADAPTED POPCORN VARIETIES-Results of Variety Test-ing in Alabama

14

15

16

E. V. SMITH

COYT WILSON .....

CHAS. F. SIMMONS--

KENNETH B. RoYE. L. McGRAW -----

R. E. STEVENSON ......

- - DirectorAssociate Director-Assistant Director-- - EditorAssociate Editor

-----Assistant Editor

Editorial Advisory Committee: COYTWILSON; E. A. CURL, Associate Plant Pa-thologist; W. G. EDEN, Entomologist;K. M. AUTREY, Dairy Department Head;AND KENNETH B. RoY.

7Z W "d 76de

PUBLICATIONS

Listed here are timely and new publicationsreporting research by the Agricultural Ex-periment Station.

Bul. 319. Problem Recognition in Agri-culture points up the importance of prob-lem recognition in adjusting to a changingagriculture.

Bul. 320. Fertilizer Use and Practices byAlabama Farmers presents information ob-tained in a study of 463 farmers in 16Alabama counties.

Bul. 321. Meats and Eggs Preferred byAlabama Consumers reports results of amarket study of 436 Alabama families.

Bul. 322. Residual Value of Phosphatesreveals residual value of accumulated phos-phorus for crop yields as shown by 80years of research.

Cir. 136. Nitrogen for Dallisgrass Pasturesin the Black Belt shows value of nitrogenfor Dallisgrass pastures.

Prog. Rept. 77. Systemic Insecticides forThrips Control on Peanuts covers 5 yearsof tests with phorate.

Free copies may be obtained from yourCounty Agent or by writing the AuburnUniversity Agricultural Experiment Station,Auburn, Alabama.

Published by

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT

STATION of

AUBURN UNIVERSITY

Auburn, Alabama

I I

SILAGE CROPS aor

E. M. FVANS, Associate AgronomistJOH-N K. BOSECK. Sut. Tennessee V

()t(M yt i'l I )i lolf~iiiitf sll t fli i

successful i x ilstoci fccl iip x itt

liliiitilof)sx eicio prdct io .1.Sof iiiea

'-'t'tt iil (Iitax s of i s ilit' (.'AX it ix

(toOf flx. Lilil)~ ilulliiflt 10 fo"ivaoe

fl it ioti wliaxl Awl. I ixti i ail.1 sm

Il hil t'll of iitt lops ii s xiftii

liit bx f v it e iol ills.c o il

\\ lii fil (i.Ltn fai~fil 1 a fo tit xl c

Pocion cal be Il esCtriiteo l somex

falillsl iliab fla('r it'iih 'lof (icl lper i lx

01 Ill of illitl lzo aid superio pcrifilis I ighfx of at tle of iflMd silile

hilft ic thexase tc i x ax fiiar xoi l

l~ltxlll to ilax Crosifactii

ithix prii lidx itlii' l I liix xofcops al bx aillfe thato xil ic. it\criopst, xot cfl'c aiialei etlici, tondosa lfa t'ilin le tfit1 useal fiax crlps

5t11per iwr xfrigt civli Cropsl illit siisibcriiii ii rafer low atit il iisi' \IalcxSixstii('1vvii. ~lbc \filisictf ilipr tii

pfetti uulil ~icit fis alor xxitc x ai iCtif stoe tlis crp fucts iliitl, tlfiiiiixit xii ii i lillix. t o isio1 l lii13IY1llCV

a 1(iltt lex e t to t xx'lt los ofelec It t'd ax l ii

lltxiitti o f tilt itper I cI op.(1r

C'Iil-C text illips xx ti W3iill Ii i ouiR

res1 sliciisxtf t xx iir tI Cliitt'x ia crops.

ofg sliwe croipsi. HI'iiifsffx ix eie folx

alley Substation

These are two s logecrops being tested,Sart Sorgo, left, and A lDixie 18 corn, right.

ill the tilde als ax il ages fo 1iiI 56 .58.

Sioil ill tfie text fiields xxit l ara bliot-

tooi flil I fiiuo1pbi cx silt bioiio iiiitit'i fai

1x a i copaict clict l a, vci itt 25 to 3ffill. dfeep. fIlit fielid x\\its fiiid fiixt ii idlibi it' aI fet ifizet xxitfi pfiiipf lio iiii

poas~siumi. Thfe ci ips xx'tc sutfediessedoir tolic."fi tx itt xx ilf S )f. ofii itl ligeil

from itioi li lii 11 IlitI iatt ctI lf I x l .

fT'e siiiiiiiie clips uloxxi'tf "il xx iliti

cio f) i iit ii if ci illixisi li ixti tfhat\xx r iciox ti foi xililge. )I ifdxs of oa~ts

Midt tlillisii ixaeifc abiiiut 7 tolix of

"it'ceu xx ekit per ad re iiiiivfx. Foflmxx-iiug iclilio i i of thet xx iiiti criopx, tlit-

PF'i-ONA OFiiiixii i Si xuiixi SUxixll i

SSilxI xi iii, 4956-58 xIiix

Sweeot sorglitms

Sait x xiigi

Suiiiic 1712

Corn varieties,

f)ixii 18

Graini sorgluitii

Standrd If fit

Matinlx Crlii

sxxr i'ixiic

I)ix\liii 1(9

Time'

toi Dix

sim' ssr hlil list 'I'ic crps liii li

plfinitudC afboit thltx of \lit.\

Forage Production

c isof x pi' iof pfi its t hot' ioi Ian-x t.a illd xx ctitie cliiil li at hiiix tst

iakt it des'irabile to re'port tfit x itlixill (1ix ouattt'i iatitr tfiiii git'ic tl~ .its.

fIlit' liglii'xt gili x \\'iit lxc~ xxl tc't'x ofi 3( tills pt'r ac-c.

'T'hest ' exullts xsiow thiit Iii ge toliiiesiif, e~ (.iil he piiidiict't il a it'litix t.xshoiiit tillic if at xiiitifift' ti p is goioxlil baixc'stt'd fllw xiligt'. The iit'xx cxaiitli's it xxx cit xiiigliis it thefixli hICi \i i ii itt I*( cxx i 'iiitxtui dii iill this it'sf~l'tt. ( il i xiigllillix aiiut fiax

(Iiipx \xcit xoiicxxhilt lxxs pioductixvc.

acre I l '.t't'I xx as inl the' iloiuli stii.e iitf flax

Tons Ol/s I' t. c'rips it fdooii xtagc. 13iiltx xfiiixx thiat~i Clix mauttci tolittlit if aboiiut :35'!( is

7.98 1 10) 25 betst fioi fpiiifei t'liiniii if ist c'rops.7.27 97 :1 'lit' hiax ciii)j-x x citc 1iillillx mu1lCh xx\'t-

t3 36 92 :ll tel tlii thIs ailid xxiltiiur 'ix iiit'ti't to5. ) 92 28

Pt' nlit liixs of iniuxti t'befire xtiii ae.

'SIT fi Ciii ii iti iillllix xx ab'it'etui ildi iix

5.92 81 :3 fi Iorit eci IIcI li iC x tiii

:326 81 :,:,

5.26i f0t

f.t6 10ti3.2 6 101

'Tiiii to firxt Ii iixct't. f\\ xxi l ii iliarx extx iach xiii. it afiiiit tt (fix ill-

fcix a iatlxxi igif siid.i'

(wi isi II (5 Iit 1 fti CC siigc cliop il

I i i(I.~ lx k i Clietk Sx o lilsx. ft is lxsililll

t'asit'i tii prit'C'ix t' d ,IC iiakt silaoe xxitfitoi ii tfiol w xith~ xiii 3liiiil. andi~ ifiiafitNiii corn ii xfie ix .Ycliiiafx lttt'. Oiili'xis feitilt' solo lfii lix tstiC'k fiii xxhich

iiiiigliagec quiaitx is not txpt'ciilfx tiiti-

call theC glialit xiii 13ii5 Salt Mid 'I ic\

ar pel(re eilicOfterIidt,

atVALUE ofSOIL FERTILITY?

R. D. ROUSE and C. E. EVANSDepartment of Agronomy and Soils

KO applied per acre

1957 1958

Lb.00000

1200

240

Lb.0

8060

120180

60800

60

D EPLETED SOILS cannot be restoredin 1 year, regardless of the amount offertilizer applied. Fertility level of soilat beginning of the season has consid-erable effect on crop yields.

Results of three experiments by theAuburn Agricultural Experiment Sta-tion in different areas of Alabama hasshown that the fertility level of soilpotassium has considerable effect oncotton yield.

Results obtained on Kalmia sandyloam at the Brewton Experiment Fieldare shown in Figure 1. This gives1957-58 yields where 0, 82, 64, and 96lb. of K20 per acre was added to soilshaving two different potassium levels.This difference in soil level resultedfrom applying 32 lb. of K20 per acreto one series of plots and 80 lb. to theother for the preceding 5 years. Allplots were uniformily fertilized annuallywith nitrogen and phosphorus.

Yield Effected

In 1952, when the study was begun,all plots were low in potassium. The32-1b. annual application gave nobuildup and test was low in 1957. The80-lb. rate resulted in a buildup anda medium soil test for potassium.

Although yields were not high at thislocation in 1957 and 1958, the soil thattested medium yielded 18% more seedcotton than the low-testing soil, evenwhen 96 lb. of K20 was applied. Prev-ious studies had shown that applicationof more than 96-lb. per acre would notincrease yields on this soil.

A similar study on Hartsells finesandy loam at the Sand Mountain Sub-station gave results presented in Figure2. This is a comparison of 1957-58yields on soils testing low and mediumpotassium with 0, 25, and 50 lb. per

acre of K20 applied. At the 50-lb. rate,yields were 11% higher on the medium-than on the low-potassium soil. Differ-ences in soil level resulted from apply-ing different amounts of potassium tocotton during the preceding 4 years.The 50-lb. rate was the highest in-

FIG. 1. Effect of soil potassium level onyield of cotton grown on Kalmia sandyloom at Brewton Experiment Field in 1957-58 is shown above.

cluded, because higher rates had notincreased yields on this soil in previousstudies.

A study was conducted at Auburn tofind a method of applying potassium toovercome effect of low soil potassium.It was on Chesterfield sandy loam thathad been severely depleted by alfalfathat was not fertilized with potassiumfor the previous 8 years.

Buildup Valuable

In 1957, cotton yields were increased

by use of up to 120 lb. of K20 peracre. Higher rates did not further in-crease yields. Similar results were noted

in 1958 on plots that did not receivepotassium in 1957. However, plots thatgot potassium in 1957, which resultedin some buildup, produced higher yieldsthan comparison plots receiving thesame total potassium all in 1958, seetable.

For example, plots receiving 240 lb.of K20 in 1957 and 60 lb. in 1958yielded 2,790 lb. of seed cotton. Thiscompares with 2,260 lb. of seed cottonon plots that got no potassium in 1957but 240 lb. broadcast plus 60 lb. inthe row in 1958.

All three of the studies reportedshow the importance of building andmaintaining soil potassium.

Fertility levels of soils for calcium,phosphorus, and potassium are includedin reports of farmers' soil samples, alongwith lime and fertilizer recommienda-tions. These fertility ratings can serveas a valuable indication of how pastfertilization practices have affected fer-tility levels and indicate changes thatare needed.

FIG. 2. Effect of soil potassium level onyield of cotton grown on Hartsells finesandy loam at Sand Mountain Substationin 1957-58 is shown above.

YIELD OF COTTON AS AFFECTED BY ADDI-

TIONS OF POTASSIUM IN 1957 AND 1958,CHESTERFIELD SANDY LOAM, MAIN

STATION, AUBURN

1958 yieldof seed cotton

Lb.410

1,0901,6602,2002,2702,4002,2602,790

pi)risitt'x ot lix c'tit'k.Whl Alilbililiiis lix ttik produtltctioni

\\ias ill its iiifiiit'x 1(\\ ilzteilis \Nc

p-~laaite' t't'tiipi lxit's) attacks.

Early Research

Asx the iiitlixi N 'x the Aiibtirn\ i ilto ral IL '9W rino t St ation ex-

Patld its woruk (iii etoluiiiasitc con-i

ptullic'. It \xxi fotiiicl to) be aix ci ,N flective cillti ol four eternal l lparasites lit

(lietoc. I1l l( It xa ili cuiiijtl tjitI

thaii\lllxl Iixit' to xiic eief, 1iich isialt-

(litle tpiliclx, ii kiliiii. acllilidlx fixii ci illid MxC Itixts Silonc tolilii thct

hldiitcr 1t1iCii' xliix clodtatitc werei

scirfit toxlilcgl t li \\ iii iii(d t'llin tci'ccf

~I'e xl i jit I )I e kcli Ii 111(1 li ~ b\t'''tc

ilitee.slwsrl l~tiiil il ixtc theVir Ilei

Late ixe tici i ~ rexiclic itt tx. lix 155

il 1stlt tisli a)1i ll excr'ete iei ll x (i nil tI

not lie used mil tattle. \letiixx \tliliialon liteI'ilililtd bectause oif its loxx tlxi-

('its to mao11 andc xx arm blooditedl imiils.

Recent Research

Iii the i'al 1x9.501's tiiixx materialx

cadll phospxha~tesx xxercex 'l~jCi'c. 'HICfirst Wex 1'I10uh C tiijl' t ii lliilililx tlutithle c11(il iitcc Ili ilicaihullx. \xci

iltix clx\ xale toim lliilx., liaxt iic lltciltelxlowi. lustfin cflltctix eex. alt' lliu.ll

alctix t iwiiit cutll 1 )rixitt'x. ild ziiiC

\clix ei txce lix a'bsoirbeid t allc

aiiit. LIteiixie xtliicli'x are\\ iilxx ic

tie illl ii cl i ci il enak.l-li ol

Shc 97 i udrofpopoi

To save labor beef cattle are sprayed for control of external parasites in a holding lot.The spray should be applied during the period of April through October at 3-week inter-vals. Malathion, Korlan, Co-Rat, and methoxychlor have been found highly effective incontrolling horn flies, ticks, lice, and stable flies.

\llitiii xx ix I t i 1I fIII tCt irist 1A Iilx-

tix\ clx\ x;ite to iniioialx. Spraix xoii 112

10 (f) ill. xxaiter' wxill ctitiil thlit' 111

fix full 2 to :3 xweeks l)i beef t tlad

.stailt']( flie'i. and1( ticks. ( ) ia licf thatratte xxill allsii 'iiitriil lice. flt't'cx urix.s~i ild kcts ol shecep ori gii~tx.

Kuuilii ix s ile ti'c\ lplilxpllitc iliecti-titic' thitit ix ,llxil xiii' tii Itst'. A xprl-itx

of (6 lb. iif 2.5' xxttailet klani ill

1001 ga x iltt' xx ill tillitio iiloiiii i flit'sloir :3 xxeeks its xxel l it' itdt' ice StilbItfliex. tit'kx andi fitsi. It is ilsocielt't'tix t

thazt x ix criie ax at bllix t'ipxiile oridciiitl. Out '173.5-.in. blusi piet :300t) .filci xx Ci(I.kt gixM tiii iul x 11\ iugISt, OriSe'ptt'mber'i xxill tn iil cattle griibs be-fore th' vt' nimix t h e i iid's lback aindtit hoclex ill the hidet. Th is ti'('atinciitxxi11l lxii ctiroi l etita iii jiten ill Paralsite's.

i Insecicid t)l o lt' ut sx sctt'-2 ulis, If applittd it) .11ix \iist. iii

'si'ptt'rrilier. it xxill kill guiii is be'fiiie tlt'sJIii~le the hide'. It xxill illxl t'iiitriil

tttlc lice, hciirn flit's, iiuuc tit'ks. 'F'lit'flia is i a miixture ofii 16 1l). ofi 25%7 xx tt-

ut'bc ('uil ill 1(0((fial. xx\itcr.

Txh'lem uoiit'tYl'x theii clli iinxx , xits

if ilc'xpinx iii 5r ialaitliioli tdist mixa

iie applied to iuilkiuig clii x'oxxs ats a1dtust clxci thit bat'k. 0tliti ioiatciialx

hll'l ilppi'lux t1 ) lyx Vdc'tll illiuui itic's

Itea e'eee4e Pcv

EXTERNALPARASITE CONTROLKIRBY L. HAYS, Assistant Entomologist

*7-4 qmj-, r! r : . f7

tPEC(I X( I LRii I iII S liiVC liCCIriI-I

XXill ui aritt X siil(, W olkWl.1

Thet ou1111 t ()iti I XIIi tIX litli ii fit ii ii hits

XX liti il bt th ill c ill r titiiit ilt tI XIX

tILiil i.l al rl li.oltiX X I iaillX 1 I t id iis

Dest iii riii li Icc) Ililt lill ItitI

o'ttlPrivato Lenin g Agiesitci

th 1 I r ii (t t chawr hi t ell I i l IiIi I

\it\ Il I ilal p lei la liIXt thi i liiil' n

ii t iI i poputi llati t ia Illt1 hillc IlIt

XXIII o i ti i I si l i ii Illr ill Itd I )\111

it AI )I 11 I A ici l-i

RURALHOMES

J.R. H-URST and BOYD B. ROSE

Deatetof AgricultijiaI Economi .cs

Siinit jt iarv 1957. , 3~ T I It :36.3 life11n1sutne tcompanies 111)1 Iiiin~ ill tlit

fou siXttes il(tlt hille li i ls . T I i a-ii

1,ait ttriis XXXCit tile 5(11it for ruid I and (I

SIXjitX 11111T 111i(IXXllzosilttiilX iiiXIst

illosh t I thi rl asts il 111111it 111(11I.

Xtl X X i ittesi ll till llic oli 1,

tulililXX. 11( i IX llil Zoo1 IX tiwt lit

259 limi titcill N5i) ) I f \d ~tXliti :38

of t iis11 c11d \alilii lX. i t s 1)11 t I or~i

1111(11 thul I 11111,11 i il I.

Governmental Lending Agencies

lt It1111 l r it 3 t tl il j it iill IX ril tiol

ia i t h ol IX 00 XXlt ldirt tl I )i ilI ill h

Itis lit I tilti abt tIIX 1, 1 d ire t IItlmiii

II lj( iiiitt 1)11 ( t l t n \X a(i)IXi i Aso

ittoi madc lii iiiit 2 (10 oant foriiiiit

ho111 Xc I oi lo 1 i ilCX. il-ns w t

X IX o u(t I i CleXX Ail iail tt illili Xtit

1 ' i i i i o f \ h t in h i i l i t i o i i i l od t N .\ i i i i e \

_'Illl c o li o ls II Illi

i li ( i iti11 l i I I i ili X I t li i

Ini it Ii tXi l t m ii tli Idilt hllii

ol tIII (lft r Hom AiiIIn I v ilitrI iiii

loans IX I iid 1)t\ pi i I itte iii tii tnder

I crtill Ii i i tiolls ari l i l i rura iiiX t

(i Xi I I EINT OFX1( tl 1110 XI. IXNX MAD X II IX tIIX ANDXXI (;IX iil\\ii\I ,l \ - XSiL IiiXIIEViFN t' S., 1958i

I i 1X cIidii agtiiiii

C lit t Iitca

AliiiiilltcllXt

I iLti

P( t.

6.25.8h6. 1

It0-1.755.5

a pi'lis f appl.ilt~l 'icions111

Ilits. on Ii r ia io1111(1 li 1111 ii t 11(11 ( d11 I w It It ii .-\\1

liill hu iligtll. itt Xi its.

JOHNSONGRASS Pi4DAIRY COWS

L A. SmiTH Supt. Blaick Belt Substao-,GEORGE_ E. HAWKINS, Dairy H4usbandu

H. W. GRIMES, JR., Asst. Supt., Black Belt . 6satc

R. M. PATTERSON, Associate AgronomistC. A. ROLLO, Associate Agricultural Engineer

J ll xi~il xx is "iijiit ~ i hl ill D

tIle, 13litck Bchi . \ Iiid t .1)11,w it as xii I a ~ ~ esi

aill s I h p i itjtiiii i. hiopped I

Like ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ li tiiiitiilgs poilt\ t a

l it x it xia tix ill i w o (A II 1" Ioll's i s illI I) ii i

xiieiii h\i Iii elli t . 0Ii ip l 4 il t tr1 i u ~ pli L n il t llittlll._rtil l-

ix xx t iaxM'pak slisico iethods ompared 1t ttle ileiil~ellent Boh ethds rovd ill It

iiiiltil1111, il it il ili ~i4tiitlit til tiiiti

sillitaki ii)to ilv itx .l il illt st s xx t

tillluillixlx~~o t4at'ti 12(1tixrtei

Tolax d(,(ix i tt ofi s lll o1ait~l)4 xxt (-tiiii ()4 t

mthii s, m i ill s i i ttict i lll i d ti i ,ilel c iiitoii

a 11111 ni xl iip. Gutii ,~ anud v 1ie l ix i lt ii a

xti r i ntl liied iI i-(xit \ strikptii

tiiliiils o auh 3 ij ) l li)4lo p. 2.b xx weilau

till S l It. I se oilk xxas Iitaxi sI iteI I, \i1\ lt a eii

I ii x a iiist ii ii x i ill lt stll xx iti li ii ti oli I q iii nI

tatfl d to l~l4ill) ilt xx tit(,i\ tul yiz ilih piti V

igestibility Measured

)ii - lox i x\ iii lii( greittlInait1 56iT~. It xxit ax iiiit

lii lo ii 5 ' lxxi x t -x. (55.

lis xxdxtti iji 111 itht

ats ii tAkt.

aix ix ii ixx i tliki ail tlowiix

wd loiitiu ial eniitittie sttilnx

tix e iat 1). III c.lliiit, cowtix

stirip )4alii sie,( phoitoi) an!d

i~lil4itte iteax s inl pitt-

Maturity A Factor

d li tin itx ix ill itaf(,tet ill-

liges(tihlitx Fix( t xxtks x,\tre

oliiri [he ,Ivl 1) iii oppei l at

rteasiii tinr foi- lii ( sexe-tIi xxr ths , x ti a ti-lilpe

I)o)ii )4 1iirth o rt tl

(IVCi Chpe lorii ei i attlc iixi

I tiii, stripd i. )1I s2~ixth

ils I (it\,i xxritp 2. ( 5 l b. pril

Cows grazing the 1 -day strip grazed plotsselectively ate leaves in preference to stemsof Johnsongrass. This resulted in higherintake than from the green-chop plots. Thesa me thing was true for cows assigned tocontinuous grazing.

.1 W old it l 11itiii ll s 4 ii 14 xxa lsxx h lI I -1.1 1 ). \lnit hoi14 %\ as \\ ilstt't

\dxe cii iiitiiiiilslxk i/i litciixi ofi

tioills jil)4lx ti s.I Iit (I iti \\nn

Milk Production

(2:3.2 lb.) xxafs iiiiiiit thei siiiiit. fi).,ilit'd(A 1 4' lilat eoin ~ c i ti ilsis. Coi\s x )IfgluICIl Choip axeae (114218.8 lii. tiliix

inftl iti ilieiltoii oi thl ow l ix l i aitoIi thie dlii 1ptii oirae it s tha~t co\\",lost ii ox 5ii4 11) l. oIi weighlt each

(li the4 i ttst. (:\\ ofx x it(' othier xxx-

tjimiiis andit 21 .5 11). nil slrip 141aitz4.

stlopiti j oh t ifs lgis is Ixx j lt

(11.1 ut ii a

fo ii.liixx tx t. tins xx ase pu tilpridol sit i tis)ii a,,t(l I,, Ii aiititl-

1 i fi li lliii) , l d 1 i oii 14 i itiii tif

i :Iiii it lol sxl sttinx.ri (ra il

'76"e W IREG RASSSUBSIAION-,4 ozektez%laf laoaqveij oo ezwor-ja

E. L. McGRAW, Associate Edlitor

C. A. BROGDEN, Superintendent

Il ' L .1 -CHEAGdES Of field CIrOPS

imrop9 er fertilizathin . .. lo 'X x jeidsiti(1 poorl-1 illome XlInimirize attni

elitlre ini the \\ rc'4rilss before 19,130.I 'illiiiI S XX lie V oXX 11)4 Iie OIC 1,640,-

Thie\ werte inxiX g e it1) lolt of moniIey

iti(1 fililX lilhol. il liese eliterpi XIX

'I lie retul ii X 1 i\\X ( 0111 X (el~is XXer

10 tld ra1(Ted~ Irm 1001( eiIlto X 6X 1ie ). of

Research Program Expanded

11(1(1 for 111t1(1 1)1 loolc iiitiliii re-

Xlio-ch. the Aliailliai Leg~jilature ill 1927jiXXIdi all iut p-idi 1 0 Ior fixu e raoeii

tit iliX to ill loelttecI il1 tile Ilijol- solII (IXt of tile State. One1 of thlese stationsX,

ils I palrt (If the \IiII II1 tlIX ~I XjtX A-l

~r I. ~

A puicbrcct Duiroc ews shown with a portof her litter is one of 20 sows used at theSubstation in research of cross breeding asa means of developing better meat typehogs.

8

niut ori Experimen t S tation)1. XX as o

eatedi near Ilealialid iii iior\ (CoitvThiere is it vast 1,11 i( ill the Xl tvpes

Io IX X l( ill ti e l lfliiIII Ins l-

fIleill\l (i. fiet 'ten( X ieid. P ilr Xijii

11111 itfi ill) Ihilldil~ l I ie (1111e oel

Soi. l Ill is lIia ti 1i le o lf iXi - l iii! X liIt

Fak Sild , Crops Rsch Rsesults al sMiii ftl ~ toliit preiiitiiil XXt5ile

Iiii\ iloct fie p\)c iillitX t i cold

prIIoXducitin h tte u iiii X ( i li 141 tii li

ch1b IX the 11 to spot lili s til leain

I lilili 11 it Iieor Ilji)Ie p11 oiti Ill I1 i iii j Illt

tIoll \tII producilililtio il tile (:()I Bel.

of g45pslnn per iere appiied ditiuuali, athiloolir tinie .or i .1000 ii). If fiasie

slag per acre biruoadcast a111onli pior

(disaseX tooik tI lca\X toll iif tli pcjitlilt

prvISedi tihit iiiiiii oif the Cropi (illIage

fromsiii (al ilpXIX lii illv o dX lil ilii

lillitrloX .\li aX 11.141 of1 6 xeir te~s

fruim 11111 of thei ellitrilX XiiiiXX(Iil all

iicrease if 575 11). of peioitX.

ocdlill pence alt or just ibefor ii tim11)

resuitedi ill effectiX 1 till ipX conltrl l;Ii

i)(dlllltX: \ lhi XXr linceae 1li li dX Iliiici

it X9 1t)).l per ituriC P1111ate, )4rilieX,

20 ih). iif 5 11(1 p etare putl ill ti~ rI IXX it

Steers from the 45-brood-cow herd are feda basal ration and fattened for slaughter.This is a part of research to determine thebest time to sell long-yearling steers.

4 if -,~w5~

Va

T

-7

lollmi-I0 app~licationi of I iii- 2 11), )1p)11)1 .t( p~erile ci s Soil trietmlei t.

oodi ( seed ci i 15 also pla15 d at 5 '

Illiporil it part ill the cmx elopmlent (ifaiti c111 1 iialii proiion. Year after5 ('i. tlic' siiiitatiiii c'iiiicited x .lriety~iic strain tests to fill(] beCtter x ic'ltiiigImiorei (liscase iresistanlt seedl. iiicliitleill tltsi tests 55Crc' the Dixie itiiiiiiciand Earl " Poiilir, priodcts ofit he -liit I iieed in g proi gram of the FloiridaAgricultuiral Exper imenit Station. 'The~seaiirities prosvCd to l)C higher yieldeCI

a11il aso (pilite resistant to "eoclc~idclailiae. at disease of the outs thiat liadcaulsed sme ClIosses to farmners. TIchsistutiiii grc'x mans toils ot seed oftlit'se xvarieties ill agreemenlt si~th thleloirida Station and macic them axvail-

itl] to farmners of tl1e area.Experiments hiase prosved that goiiic

.\ilcls of coritn-mix. he madc iii the\'cireg.rrass hx\ (1I) the useC of adequateaii olts ofi tllC right kind of cietrtili/cif2) h~v tulrniii NN ]itc[, clie c riips: '0

iisiiir tHoe biest \al jeties ofi lnix ancd:iir(4) pi alit iig atl proi per tim c. Experiiiiclits xx itli pi iS Ill fer tilizers anld iiv-

id \al ictics shl\itS s iiwe s ields utabloiut 40) blielsl pc i acri

Livestock Experiments

A biriod herdi oi -15 ('(155 5Is 111,110

tain ell at the sublstatiion. Cis Cs ar e pro-iduicedi fro ri perfiormlance tested( bullilic griiss\ ii it miaiik ilx 11Coastal loc'ilnuldiaigrilss.

All expicriiiielit te-stlilc' raltes ofl lliti

14C1 ol slnlillier gra'sses ili. it gf riiog

stcitls \\it be1 u lC il 1 I952. The threegralsses tested sx'ere Coastal and co 'cin-

111011 13c'ilnutldarass, and1( Pencsacoila

Baia. Coiast al iBermuclag lass gas i, tilelitst b eef gai ls per acre if tit tl threeIC.To tal gil is pcr alcre C' er itC c s Iligh its7O7 11i Io rii ii alpplicatioin ouf :320 ) h

Ill the 1fa11 ot 195,37 \(,tell 55 as seelddill thIie sods iof the thrlie gl1asses5. Coalstl13 endi ctgl'ds g il5C Hie' 1best gailns p1.1

'ciC. Oil tile pliot receivilng l60) lh. of)liiirgei ii aidcditiiin toi theu setchi tlIe'\jeld 55,15 77:3 11). ot heefi per .1(1 C.

A\fter 5111100r graiing. ili 1958. ]oil(-,-

s icirlit ig stceers xx c fattenedc foir slamgi-terI. Tll( it ist 1ratlioni\\,ias sllaped ciii Ii

5.5 ';:S~. Ic' lllimola5ss, I .D% : clittliseedl illc.il 9"-( ii riiuollcl fic'llilt his

Illiull salt, trace minera'~ls, tractu.01(1 Stillilsill Premnix. 1 11). per tll otllilxtlll'e (;lll 1. Test I iltillX \\ c

it~

5~2 ~49'

'* '5

N ,_,

Mechanization of row crop production has been on important phase of research at theWiregrass Substation. Peanuts have become the No. 1 money crop of the area as a re-suit of efficient production. Digging and shaking by machinery in one operation, shownabove, and combining have done much to bring about efficiency.

placec ciittiilscech dl.l (;ri111 3; coa~stal13c1'imid ~a grilss 11il\ to sill st itute tir piir

I1.lllc'ur retlilcd i s till', ttechllig tial

1'roarlcssc'c, Groulp .5. 'l'lierec' 5 et 2 litsof, catle ted eachl II lixtllre. 'I'le testperliodii s 5 10 t5 this ' s. Oliih gYinls (lb.)

fur gliiips I tii 5 \\c're 2- ' 263, 2.55,2.88. z111( 2.95 respectisclx . \nouillts

if feed coillsonlecl Pcr cxx t. iif gilill fllt

I'oiiips I to .5 'S rc' 1,224, 1,20 1,2t. T,1134, ancd I10f)2 respeetis el

ltesearc'llil ll gs inludeltIs all cx .1111,1-tiiui oif, cross lilcccillg. is5 i1 llemlis iifcdexveloin g betterl Illeilt t\ p1 hogs. TPests

vx, ere stalted xwith 20) purebirecd 1)111 o

siiNSs dhix icc iitii tsx'i grll 1 )5 of' It)eaichl. ill ioine gri p, selected ineilt-tsp

In tlic iitlier grolup, at silte litiltioil 11111)gfram xx ill he tiillmisuec. Selected Land-race, I Itnipshlili .iiii iitllir ineait-tx li

V;'. I

s,15 ccl t1 re'pliceenlts.Neecdc fur lianii ll'illgY pc'ilinits hias

lk il p)reCii elil ecc a1jljlicittiill oif dhllli-

] 2-iin. lhanld 115r ii x his I :3tjill. hi~s5.

Re seailrch a lt the csub lstaticon fo r sex -

Wxeeds ill pc.liluts Cll lie c'intrllecd l 11

ipe'riod cit 4 tii 8 xx ceks. i'lie ciiitrilc'licllicills li~i i itc thle iiist c'olisistc'ntii lilamll c'licloiills festedix 11 cuil-

sillillig xx tccl -ciiitul p lt. lih ul

Ill its 29 ver of~l' iii 51'l icc' itS lai c

i espicisible ilii ar ogt ellaslile fill Hic'

IS

4,

Weeds in peanu~ts haveL always presented a problem to 'he tormer. Research in use ofchemicals for weed control has practically eliminated the need for hoe labor. Shown leftis plot with no control, at right is plot treated chemically.

Steers are shown graz-ing oats and crimsonclover in the wintergrazing research atthe Gulf Coast Sub-station.

FINISHING BEEF STEERSeot a & aaa 4orea

TROY B. PATTERSON, Assoc. Animal l'iusbandmanHAROLD YATES, Supt., Gulf Coast Substation

W iNIE RZM ill i( ilte Gillf' CoastAre'a is ailmuost at rtaimitx cxcix scar.

To uise thIs gTi a/int to the )est adl\lmtage, '. am iers 111 the aiiea iiee(ledl

iliforloitiom o11 Ilmethodl~s Ifl finliing(Ifi iait i. stci s of Idifferent ailes. 'TheAunfiI Agricltural Experimnu it Sta-tion (lesigrie~ edIed inig tests at the GulfCioast Simhstaioii to fllrilish this infor-

illa~tioni.

All Systems Profitable

Expermn ts inicluded T9 steels in4 lots. THIrce' lo ts had1( 201 steers (Itl)a i 1( oile lit 1 9 steers. TIFi most priit-ilfle sx sti u til ized steer- takxes thathid I lec I ripperI dliuriniig thle pr1ex ilsfall miouths. These- calxves ( Lot 2) xx-erepl aced ol ulllri x in atel , 1 ,Ieare persteer of (hits-ti jisli IOtme r pastureabouil mid-Noxl emibr. The ginailug sea-NSl ax cia(ed 1(64 laxs. lDuriiig thistimie thle steers gailit'd 1 .78 11). per dax.At tI i( end of11 the xx inter seaisoni, thesteel-,, x ci c- pl ac-ed ol I'nl] feced iii thiefeedloit. Afpprixinliatex 100 (lax xxerriilred forIi the steers toI reach IM M1) (f1. ami grade Goid and ('ioite. 'i'ic

Vi a(rae dalx gaiii iii the f eedlot xx :11 .92 11). These gains Wxere Madlce dliiriiig~the siilii' i-loiitlis iid fiillox viily a

[peiod IlIl exce'llentI gaii is oii xx inter pitsftiie. Juie rtiqiiretl foi' gi 1'',jv~iii f l(fiiiisling xx is 262 (dax' s. Total gain axver-ige' 479 11). pecr head.

Stee'irs ill LIot I gradecd high Stainda rdalld l 111 Goo1 d aut the end. ill the x iiiteiflerio m1 uid \ve rc sold ats feeder steemrs.TI ii iajorit , of, tile p1 st -\x ei nin g profith ad ])c'eil rized, i~'l $72 oii o f $ 93 as"\\-ias inicaelteid xxheii Lolt I wxas corni)-pared \xitli Lot 2. This sx 'stein offers .111

'pportit , it\ for ciattleeni Iwhi o produlcegoodI \xinter paistuiies hut flax e inarde-

Young Steers Desirable

L ots :3 and 4 wxer- comupised of steersthiat hiad beecn diropped tlic prev ionssp)riiig. 111-sxc i \\'r xxeaiicl just bueforethe xxjiiter paisture period. Thiese stee'rswxerc' Youinger aiid lighter inl xx-eiglut than

Piiuiixi 55.1E F Il Sirl-L H CALVE\ ON oxNiVIFE1 iSFs t, Si. xi0E PAiii R !'.xs t i Si i-EIncurAxiiiAsE TWu YEAiRxiS ( 19,56-.57 ANiD t

957-58 SEASONS)

Peri steeir

I-ill di-rpid~(.ll\ es

Sping dIroppedc'.I (5

Lot f' Liit 2 Ll t ) Lilt 4

Iniitial \ afl- 90.45 90110) 74.49 75.48WXiiiti'i paistilre iost 27.5ff 27.50 27.50 27.501Suiiiinor pastir-an iuif cii-loist 2.42 15.50F eedlo t cost 42.48 :39.04 :3 9.40GTotal tcost 117.95 1-59.98 166.45 f157.94Sali- prie 1901.10) 25:.56 24.48 2:35.19Ilettiiin t(o hIliir iiif isX Cstiiiiut 72.1-5 9 3.58 7703 7.25

Liot I stc-irs wxinter (list iri- onkif Liot 2 steei-s xx initi r pIstiii iphis fiull Lxi I: Liit 3-t-r iitier piasture'. siuiiii-i pistiir iiu slippllilit pho isfull fiedI in tile fcedlot. Lilt

I sn,-rs xxinti-r graz,'. siuiis-i- grul/in, aniiiill fco1id initll. f-i-dint.

thei other' lots,. \oi iialkx steirs oi-keferat this tili of, vea (Xli ig less aiiii liriiigless per pouin d. AliS "55s stem,. therfIi'hire,thaut xxiii nt-i ease retiii is 110111l springdlroipped c-akxes wold~ lhe deisir able.

Steers in Lots :3 aiid 4 xx ere plate I,,oil (its-cr1015110 tills Cl g in iiii No-5 euller at at stoekiing rite of I steerper acre. ihex (raiiied 1.6 fi1I). per headper (iax "l vfr t164 dlaxys. Starr ill11et fli--nishied an ax eragre ot 84 dax s gra,'iog~

(IfUiring9 the late sprinig aii(f summinermonths. Lot :3 steers xx cie supplemntedxx ith groundr shiel led coro at a (I ails'rate of 1%' ofl hodx ' x \ eight. Sligitlxhigher ax crage dailx gfain ( 1 .35 xvs. I .419Ill. resulted fiont the ailditjoiial feeda It pastliri'. I loxx exer, thle Lot 4 steerscaiiiet faster ( 1.9:3 \s. 1.74 11). (fail vA fter heiiig placed oil hill] feed. Threifore, the ax cragre (lails- gainl for theieitire p)eriod of 185 rlaxs xx as thle samefor- hoth lots. 1.57 11). Th'e increased'$111 orl pastumre for Lot 3 broiight

slightix' more per hecad than the Lot 4steers, $24,3.48 xvs. $2:33.19. Iloxvecxer.this increase iii x aloe x%,ias offset fbx thecost of the suipplemo tal teed. Beeaulse(If hlxx-, lai\lv iis. thle piract ice of gm iiiii 1 steers oil te(ii I)) rai. shiummer pas-

tore. xx ith or xx ithoit suppfemiritadteed, is of lolilt fil x aue.

Post-Weaning System

flegai dless oif the s-\stein used, a((1-tinal profit may he ohta ilcl fix carrying steer caixes throuigh at post-x eli logsx stein of groxx lug andc fatteiniig. I Iiisprofit is oftenl greater thain tail he rca-lized frin prodhiction of tile feedeicalf. Ani excellei t xw ilter pasture is tilemnost impolrtanit segmeit of this sy stem.'Thle fiinishiiig period inl the feedlot isnieded, lioxx cxer. to produce carcassesoIf thle xeight iiicf grade inecessairx tomneet consiuer demnid

L &. AWOL

Jo,p.

1v I"N"HYBRID vs.OPEN-POLLINATEDcaom oazeej.

COOPER KING, A~ststant Aqrrooo~t,,

.\laltli ttiit r \iti t\ texts, xliiixx thattite titcil ill x ill tlat slttedl I8 eatsilg ~it'h t Iil C l's itiii d xxitli Ito Sigril of

h ee imi,

Early Research

Ili 19.35 thul lirst 1ri d ii x i itit''

iertsted x tit libil *x N(ria'sPax

Exrititci it itiixtl Atlit that it1.

li t')(1 axt'x tlltix x tiHi tin liette t-Cl -

masite'x Dii ,iiiii' ltxhict Lox e xx ,i st

xYellowti.it ihtl\ ,tilat'dlix ii i aiitl~ok'

Hybststd~ri st Recommended toa

btil a Ii i pil I i itl the j 94l tlt'x xx tie

itllk( fix \%-r fort xtxi. ii the t 11t' I ) lliiltet' Nitt jex tto he dixet Iedd. 'I'lit.x

N J50. Ili N19 itl 19.5)) tlit'x xx tieitt t lii ii WI It t ()ll\ it seted ofl ait ltI ic N\t't lix Inotl i tt ix iilail te. Ilt

S9-4t) S5, tof cotti ii tt'reit. ill \lAlitiili\\it'x still 1)liitetl ttt ttpell-ptlliltttt't x\a-lit it's.

O pei-pulliitated x ii'ieties xxr t' 'Iec

fltiltitd O'x i xltil \iuttv teltst xo et\\l

a ' t haek'x t t i relill ittctillj),ti't'

x idt' ix.cr xili eiixtt eoclpli

Yield Comparisons

x itli Nlt li. it \xa iitt'exix ti\to itiiixeaiil\ ix\ (.u1 i to_' ixd ofi ai (l'ttp oft

li.\bl Itt i'I litlis 'xlou x ili composeidi'itl ofi

I iiteiltit celititt alilit xtititlit'il ofiittIt(' Stilt'.. 'h'lle'xe i' cltl wxete cotiiucdlti\Xith lttIe ax t'iai~t x 'litt of, xli Io \ Dtitl-

ilxo f'lic It'tl ili 12etit1 x th it 1 tittuti

to I15. I lii' lix i ii s d I t l i ti idtaii i tu4

At.> 0 yurS of tstinq, hytrtds hovesteadily climbed in yields over selectedopen-pollinated varieties. The chart showsa difference of approximately 20 bu. be-tween the two types of corn.

tiltl\ i lt I ) rp il x old1( liI i. A\ catilt

I iii. (d li hvhid ('i lli' Nlosh\ lt theli

i irs 19 12i t o ( 1 ). f' ri ll I ii it t ilt 1

itiolls xThisml \ e\its isc pil955lxiim

Lxei'kititi ls tliii~~'l lix~ c i llt'txa

ite'tt cNpiflt hits ilxlctt'(\,] titti li

lI Sit hl'it] t per id it. int i t'x of illr \ep l ucii l prle tt'tIl\ c l, ic

t~t

\WHAT'S TIME

to a hen?C. H. MOORe, HeadDept. of Poultry Husbandry

1ANtxI iixiIE"i\t- laipse iiu'xx-c iltixii

xut lxxlix 2 liisrire:2 oxs.thr

Early Research

mill itit io i s i mx li i x i it ofi 1 t Il

Ii 'I xur to pacikae I ti liiitduit sliiit

~vItiiittW 12 1 2% Iiit I t0I g i i VtxI I

Ijkt'xx jxt. tihlixt xx itli tiii inttrx ix ofi

23iliiir xSxiiuldt prdIt ititt illor lit ur x

t li t I x I X it Ii 2' ))I tIli-it iitix c l ixl.

Ni Ix()st of ti] le i i ti ( Iwe i itti iil

CIII'tli i) 'i t t itt' li I', ittt liS tIM t-tt. s lt iilix ith t Sh l oili .T i s iiiiii

iiijgibit ix jt it'lti i of t toi ll t' ii c rc1ii i

(I'LL it t'W ( ( lt i ll N U L

Ii i t jilt C 1: 1 IIr l \ I pt' x ictt 1 ii 1i ti I ~ilx i il

lix i lt 1 t ilx at iti t I it' tAt oitiii ii o tticdt jilt I tatt.i

4ttt l \\ i t o cxI cgi lii tx psibtitlxty

itix etil i for t' f ii i i (4 yt xx t'tk

ill i l t i l I i lx atl iiix tilt

x00 itiiii tiii tui iiju lios. ith s tiluk

tuse ()it ll li ilit6 w ek p r

)l liii t I lit t tI tl i l illit j\ilt i \ ttIitt ix

iithit i t t x ii it uti T x f~ii - (ii iiii lt j ilt x i

ilw pResults

G(1 ltioll No).I

Giwill No. I'"

(i)x I I It t i t I I I x( [lit\ ()I I I t I I I (I t II it i i i I I i I(

in ot fi t ti tt cittc iiuiti xii itt iicd

lit I r Iil th x t he ( l l i t o o) itt xxa at 2 I h Ix

24.ck . 26.9)\ c i,i k i th it tx',iid (te it

Ii ii iri illilii witx a 2i~l h Iitt 2M2 s.h I' hours) I'( htw tcxiiit-

~il tO .. p o tie liil. Tl~l it a\ tr'ti c 19 tl

wspcti tLkx litiix (it theit tiltm stock.i

t uit ci xii t ihe op o itt occhurre ( ill ithe

i tix I.i iI (tixai I t It i i i,itjiitha iI ii t'

lii i i Sht er a liltc ix. t it rt(rd 2

tut ut w per1 scjixt It i ti a t i ti c p' uiaitx

101111 E i~xthri sc ti ixii hadt itt ti11 itt xtcatc t o tti o I I tt it :i (ilt ir illo tiit iii l ittl

(tixls i 1iii t ijtti ix.c lte \il l

theit ice l. ati ti h i.iiit x It) \ ilof xhei

\i ii tixls ixti it b itic tilt iii ( I lle, th

tol ofi iiiuli t itti x cii it' ittii. ii allotx ti

t'tiox l liiid ti xii it mi tix i illlitte. c iIi IiiIo llrii cl f it] oit li iii tti x t

Il IiItix ] 111 lit' l(ut I I1Ct l1 it]t (i It Ii

1110t" i i tt' l ti h ititia o , thi u fi rlt

I~oi i ti ii Isuxtrent2(1.9k

2 62261

F(;(; hlonl I lo-, ol Flits I \I) SFA O\P ( ;FAHl \ I IoNs oF SlIoll I - AV) LOM-IN I I It\ Al

hwvl, I lovs ( )I W ill 1 1, 1 1 (;Ill )W, I IIA \!, ( :oNIP WED \\ I 1 11 I)ABIA I SIo( 1,

The 1 0-in. sericea plant, left, and the 4-ft.plant, right, are results af atamic radiatianused in sericea breeding research at theAuburn Statian. These plants shaw thevariatians ta be expected fram irradiatedseed.

(111itt iI I',', A t al heit i lit xxmdi\ t

illttit lix t as o~kt .1otiitiitixlci. at

\Theidtrurtcttie sieo ikl. Atixo ti

\Nc\ 111:ll)I t titix iii xx th iiold 'Il

Atamicldll Pawe i Agriclture ll

i ti xi tlmtst ! Iiitd l li x ftt ldit. . \ttiiiCiit1 1% (tllltxinl ot the ti tvxit

(d tiiittxxetok~. Pssibeiittie ixt. ti ii

liin it f l ii.titttid.ii ttltIlt

Ruc eeach' Canducedl~ sdt

powe sh~ti ips itx iis eTal vt tttii..

x iir( tat jit r x i rli c it to - lo -ft-p )

it i ii t p~ li x illt it oiii c i ills itic

1i1orc t it i ati l ti iou~ iild i. it t, I it

~txt ii it 1)1r ttcocra i~titi fit, 11111 iir - t it.e

fi ix( ) t itt ilt lxi xx it!I it.x T] ii I i p il tx

xxiii,( \\t tixl t be i tlit Itltd ellipiiti itt00 .

it1" Ipitx t xtillt x i ld ittxs vil

1,1liili ii itix~y itt t oductti ti l\ic tlilt xi

tItIII d r t 1( S( t h c ilA.trtt

Other Research

'I l it s fit li xI iii ( i ii i ii ill ithits

''i ix iili i \i tel usio1 iit xititi xs Ili lxxii

itl uiit4 of bio\i \\ itst (1ti clitati xx t

p]i iii i to bi ii l i iili l it ttilo i 11.1 i

xx i w xi itrtttic t hait xxi', t.utixtolo xx it i

(i1 ()\itt. 11 I i i a I h \vxI ii c t 1.( it \ it t Ii

ti t \ pe it i itit t 'lit e pea 1) it , iixt it itt

it Ixt islx i( t t 1.\ . 11 itt il it xfillti a l

le ti', \ xx pirii (f it I ittI tl li 1 1iti lx ii

ixal \i xiii I ri i ctt l~ iti t iitilt

ixI itit ti t ii I xxI iii txc l ililit c

to \1 i t ( lt I i,1 , t ll II t id CI(A II

ATOMIC RADIATION

E. M. CLARK, Assistant Botanist

INSURANCE COVERAGE,4eadlama 1aome'o4

0. D. BELCH-ER andJ. H-. YEAGER, Dept. ofAgriculitural Economics

t'tIlt m its, at tisk (i eist a clse

KAnd ofqut Insuranucepormi

;Ititi l iit't Of lit 31 Xl it i iti sia -

polarilit. als shott IX tI iitX

till] ial

.-Xtt d. i ti I Itk

it ilItlc tttttit

Otlitt

it'll r u

-14 cl

1 9%18%8%

FiftX 'i 4ltt tott otf tfte 2:32 fillI in rs

XXr~ I'll'~ fiitto tilje ti~tll] tilt' kitIs ()f

kilds.

~l 1( otfi I t 1110 .I t1

i who' lt

illitrult itilt illit XilXbl had 1.llti Xi

ut'c oai'li' tetith' i The lges t'piitx tio

(41 XI s I i l'1 iti oi tr ck i ll d or i'.

mobile ifeilI( Insrance ( INsi

\iiotX aIr itlsti fiXc i fI i 1115liti

tiiilifor% 1Twiios8Y hadceiu itlH lit'k

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copies of all 1959 issues are availableto readers who are missing copies andwish to complete their files of thequarterly. Write Editor, Auburn Ag-ricultural Experiment Station, Auburn,Alabama, for needed copies; specifyvolume, number, and issue date.

"TAGGED" PHOSPHATE-USEFUL TOOL INFERTILITY RESEARCH-Ensminger. Vol. 6,No. 3. 1959.

WHERE DOES YOUR NITROGEN Go?-Adams and Hiltbold. Vol. 6, No. 3. 1959.

FINENESS OF LIME-A KEY TO QUALITY-Adams. Vol. 6, No. 4. 1959.

7 DT T FCIEnNCY T (-T NTr v-A Co. o DsA nT _

fASTURE PLANTS VALUABLE IN CATTLE ORDER OF CORN-Wear. Vol. 6, No. 4.NuTRITION-Anthony. Vol. 6, No. 1. 1959. 1959.

PASTURE KNow-How FROM WINTERGRAZING TRIALS-Patterson, Anthony, and Field CropsBrown. Vol. 6, No. 3. 1959.

FATTENING CATTLE FOR SLAUGHTER- N SHOULD CORN BE PLANTED?-

Anthony, Starling, and Boseck. Vol. 6, No. L .IVol. 6, No. 1. 1959.3. 1959. =V VESTING AND DRYING HIGH-MOIs-

TURE CoRN-Rollo. Vol. 6, No. 2. 1959.Crop Storage REJUVENATING WORN-OUT SOILS/COpe.f

MOLDS AND PEANUT QUALITY-Dienerand Ward. Vol. 6, No. 3. 1959.

Dairy Husbandry

SURPLUS MILK CAN BE PROFITABLE-

Gissendanner and Blackstone. Vol. 6, No.3. 1959.

PELLETED CONCENTRATES FOR DAIRY

Cows-Hawkins. Vol. 6, No. 4. 1959.

Farm EconomicsDAIRYING-A WAY OF BUILDING FARM

BUSINEss-Mayton and Blackstone. Vol. 6,No. 2. 1959.

INCOME OPPORTUNITIES FROM CONTRACTEGG PRODUCTION-Miller and White. Vol.6, No. 2. 1959.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR FARM PROFITS-Lee and Chastain. Vol. 6, No. 2. 1959.

BALANCE SHEET OF ALABAMA AGRICUL-TURE-Kern. Vol. 6, No. 4. 1959.

RURAL HOUSING NEEDS-Rose, Hurst,and Yeager. Vol. 6, No. 4. 1959.

FertilizationFERTILIZER PLACEMENT CRITICAL FOR

COTTON-Hood and Ensminger. Vol. 6,No. 1. 1959.

FERTILIZER USE BY ALABAMA FARMERS-Belcher and Yeager. Vol. 6, No. 2. 1959.

NEED FOR WATER-SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUSIN FERTILIZER-Ensminger. Vol. 6, No. 2.1959.

Vol. 6, No. 4. 1959.

Forestry

IMPROVING THE FARM WooDLOT-Whip-ple. Vol. 6, No. 3. 1959.

GOOD MANAGEMENT ENSURES WOODLOT

HARVESTs-Christen. Vol. 6, No. 4. 1959.

Fruits and Vegetables

DIVIDED APPLICATIONS OF FERTILIZERINCREASE VEGETABLE YIELDS-Ware andJohnson. Vol. 6, No. 2. 1959.

NEW VEGETABLE VARIETIES DEVELOPED-Isbell. Vol. 6, No. 2. 1959.

NEW COMMERCIAL FRUIT CROPS FOR

ALABAMA-Harris and Barber. Vol. 6, No.3. 1959.

Insects and Control

BACKRUBBERS -CHEAP AND EASY

METHOD OF CONTROLLING LIVESTOCKPESTs-Hays. Vol. 6, No. 1. 1959.

COTTON INSECT CONTROL-Rawson andArant. Vol. 6, No. 1. 1959.

EUROPEAN BORER WILL NOT PUT ALA-BAMA OUT OF CORN-GROWING BUSINESS-

Eden. Vol. 6, No. 1. 1959.RADIOACTIVE INSECTS?-Arthur. Vol. 6,

No. 2. 1959.INSECTS-FACTORS IN PINE REFORESTA-

TION-Hyche. Vol. 6, No. 4. 1959.

Index to Articles Published in

HIGHLIGHTS of AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH1959

LISTED according to subject below arearticles published in Volume 6 ofHIGHLIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RE-

SEARCH. A complete index for the firstfive years of publication was in theSpring 1959 issue. You may want tobring your index up-to-date. Extra

Animal Breeding

ToP BOARS SIRE BETTER CROSSBREDS-Squiers. Vol. 6, No. 1. 1959.

BLOOD GROUPING VALUABLE IN ANIMAL

BREEDING-Johnson. Vol. 6, No. 2. 1959.

Animal Production

Plant Breeding

BASIC RESEARCH IN PEPPER BREEDINGGIVES PROMISE OF SAVING IMPORTANT IN-

DUSTRY-Greenleaf. Vol. 6, No. 1. 1959.

Plant Diseases

SEEDLING DISEASES PRESENT PROBLEM

-Padgett and Lyle. Vol. 6, No. 4. 1959.

Poultry Husbandry

RESTRICTED FEEDING OF LAYING HENS-

Cross, Ingram, and King. Vol. 6, No. 4.1959.

Soil Pests and Soil-Borne Diseases

ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE SITUATION IN

ALABAMA-Cairns and Minton. Vol. 6, No.1. 1959.

RESISTANT CROPS, ROTATIONS ECONOMI-CAL APPROACH TO ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE

SITUATION-Cairns and Minton. Vol. 6,No. 2. 1959.

WHITE CLOVER ROBBED BY SOIL OR-GANISM-Curl and Hansen. Vol. 6, No. 2.1959.

How SAMPLES ARE CHECKED FOR NEMA-TODES-Cairns and Minton. Vol. 6, No. 1.1959.

Variety Testing

WARRIOR VETCH-PROMISING NEW VA-RIETY-Donnelly and Langford. Vol. 6,No. 3. 1959.

Weed Control

POISONOUS PLANTS-Ward and Browne.Vol. 6, No. 3. 1959.

Wildlife

Too MANY DEER IN ALABAMA?-Adams.

Vol. 6, No. 1. 1959.

Miscellaneous

INDEX TO ARTICLES-PUBLISHED IN

HIGHLIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH,1954-58. Vol. 6, No. 1. 1959.

THE GULF COAST SUBSTATION-A STORY

OF ADVANCING AGRICULTURE THROUGH RE-SEARCH-Stevenson and Brown. Vol. 6,No. 1. 1959.

TIME AND COST OF CLEARING LAND-

Stokes and Yeager. Vol. 6, No. 2. 1959.

THE HONEY BEE-A FRIEND TO MAN-

Blake. Vol. 6, No. 3. 1959.THE SAND MOUNTAIN SUBSTATION-A

STORY OF RESEARCH FOR FARMS OF THE

AREA-McGraw and Gissendanner. Vol. 6,No. 3. 1959.

PLANT FOLIAGE FOR DECORATION-Orr.

Vol. 6, No. 4. 1959.

THE TENNESSEE VALLEY SUBSTATION-AN ACCOUNT OF THE VALLEY'S FARM

PROGRESS--Stevenson, Boseck, and Web-

WINTER TOPCOAT FIBER PREFERENCE-

Riemer and Glasscock. Vol. 6, No. 4, 1959.

15

FOR MORE THAN a half century, Ala-bama gardeners have grown popcornfor home use. Yet only a few haverecognized its potential as a commercialcrop and as a grain crop for livestock.And, that has taken place only in thelast 15 years or so.

In nutritive value popcorn is equalto or slightly better than field corn, butit must be cracked or ground beforefeeding to livestock or poultry. Accord-ing to the U.S. Census, Alabama plant-ings of popcorn increased from 49 acresin 1950 to 1,289 acres in 1954.

Early Research

Experiments have been conductedby the Auburn Agricultural ExperimentStation for several years, beginning in1942. Additional experiments were be-gun in 1956 at outlying substations.The earlier experiments included 18 ofthe most commonly cataloged varietiesand 7 unnamed Alabama farmer strains.Comparisons were made of plant size,pest injury, earliness, yields, size ofears and grains, popping quality, andretention of popping quality after stor-age.

Plant height ranged from 3 to 7 ft.;suckers per plant, 1 to 5; tassels, smallwith inadequate pollen to large withabundant pollen; ears, 1 to 2 per stalk;ear length, about 3 to 7 in. with earsof ornamental variety, Strawberry,about 1 in.; ear diameter, about 1 to 11/2in.; grains per lb., 2,616 to 6,324; acreyields, 4 to 30 bu.; popping, 60 to 90%,with volume increase of 10 to 21 times.

Varieties varied widely in crispness,texture, and flavor. Corn Belt varietiestended to produce short plants withshort ears, but with large diameters andsmall pointed grains that popped well.However, these varieties for the mostpart had poor shuck cover and weresusceptible to bird and insect injury.All varieties retained popping quality10 or more years if properly stored.

* Retired.

Recent Experiments

Experiments beginning in 1956 in-cluded some of the most promising newvarieties, especially hybrids that pro-duce good plants and relatively largeears, and grains that pop well and havegood quality. Yields from this groupare given in the table. Minnesota Hy-brid, an old variety, is the basis ofcomparison.

Most of these newer varieties andhybrids yield somewhat better in the

POPCORN VARIETIESltortlabama

C. L. ISBIELL, Horticulturis *

POPCORN VARIETY TEST, FOUR LOCATIONS, 1956-58

Yield per acreVarieties Cullman Clanton Auburn Headland Average

1956 1957 1958 1958 shelled

Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu.

K, Kan. College---------------------- 43 44 35 -- 40.7Dynamite Hast. 38 26 34 51 37.3Minnesota Hybrid - 20 7 7 11.3Purdue 31-........ ................. 49 45 42 45.3Purdue 32 42 36 32 53 40.8Purdue 213-------------------------- 55 61 47 59 55.5Purdue 303-------------------------- 44 47 36 42.3Purdue 406 ......................... 46 47 45 61 49.8Purdue Expt. 42226 44 44 34 40.7Iopop 29 24 23 ... 25.3Iopop 5 24 22 22 22.7Iopop 6 51 52 41 60 51.0Iopop 7 26 18 21 21.7Iopop 8 40 46 46 59 47.8lopop 4258 48 49 39 45.3Iopop Hybrid 882 25 21 19 21.7

FREE Bulletin or Report of ProgressAGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

AUBURN UNIVERSITYE. V. Smith, Director

Auburn, AlabamaPermit No. 1132-2/60-8M

PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOIDPAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300

Corn Belt than they did at the fourlocations. However, some of them onbetter soils have yielded up to 75-85bu. per acre. In general, they havegood popping and table qualities. Theresults indicate that good yields ofadapted popcorn can be produced inAlabama.

Commercial popcorn is producedunder contract. Thus, the marketingproblem is answered before the cropis planted. Methods for growing pop-corn are similar to those for field corn.Popcorn should be planted on welldrained fertile soils and fertilized ac-cording to recommendations for fieldcorn.

Since popcorn is particularly tastyto weevils, considerable care must beused in harvesting and curing. Farmstorage is likely to be much more of aproblem than in the case of field corn.For these reasons, most farmers whogrow popcorn prefer to sell or eat itand use other grain as livestock feed.