iim calcutta indian social structure - land acquisition and rehabilitation

Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation

Copyright Kalyan Mandal

Categories of displaced people

ABRUPT1. Refugees and repatriates2. Displaced due to natural disasters (Floods, earthquakes, drought, famine etc.)

----------------------------------------------------------- PLANNED3. Displaced due to Developmental Projects (Construction of dams, railways, new ports, towns, urban infrastructure,

inception mining and industrialisation, power generation etc.),

THE MOST WIDESPREAD EFFECT OF INVOLUNTARY DISPLACEMENT IS THE IMPOVERISHMENT OF

CONSIDERABLE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE.Copyright Kalyan Mandal

MONTH

INCOME

( Rs)


The essence of the displacement/resettlement nexus is• The development-induced

IMPOVERISHMENT of some population segments

[“If you are to suffer, you should suffer in the interest of the country…” Jawaharlal Nehru, speaking to villagers who were to be displaced by the Hirakud dam,1948]

• The efforts to PREVENT AND OVERCOME IT

1. HOW DOES IMPOVERISHMENT THROUGH DISPLACEMENT OCCUR?

2. HOW CAN IT BE PREVENTED?Copyright Kalyan Mandal

HOW DOES IMPOVERISHMENT OCCUR?The most important sub-processes that converge

in impoverishment due to displacement

• Landlessness• Joblessness• Homelessness• Increased morbidity• Food insecurity• Loss of access to common property• Social disarticulation.


HOW TO PREVENT IMPOVERISHMENT?Reverse the model on its head :

model for the positive re-establishment of displaced

Landlessness : Land-based resettlementJoblessness : Employment creation Homelessness : Shelter programmmesIncreased morbidity : Improved health careFood insecurity : Adequate nutritionLoss of access : Reconstruction of community assetsSocial disarticulation: Purposive community reconstruction

THE BASIC POLICY MESSAGE-The intrinsic socio-economic risks must be bought under

control through appropriate strategy. Copyright Kalyan Mandal

A rehabilitation package for the

displaced :

Modification suggested with the help of IRR Model


Cause of impoverishment

Rehabilitation package Measures suggested

LANDLESSNESS

1. Compensation for land acquired

1. Guidance for investment

2. Guidance for improved cultivation in the land that will be left with them after acquisition

HOMELESSNESS

1. 1/10th of an acre of land for homestead purpose

2. House of 250 sq ft in the rehabilitation colony with necessary infrastructure or compensation for the lost house.

3. Rs 500 per month per family for 1 yr. if land is vacated by a given date.

4. Rs 300 for construction of temporary shed at new site.

OR : A grant of Rs 30,000

5. Rs 15,000 for encroachers.


4. MARGINALISATION - -

5.INCREASED

MORBIDITY

Provision for

1. Community health care

2. Drainage and sanitation

3. Protected water supply

-

6. FOOD INSECURITY - 1. Provision for Public Distribution System

7. LOSS OF ACESS TO COMMON PROPERTY

- 1. Providing grazing land, ponds etc.

8. SOCIAL DISARTICULATION

- 1. Rehabilitation site to be divided in displaced village wise sectors and villagers to be resettled village wise.

2. Ethnic group wise resettlement in the new site.


Common causes of failure of rehabilitation

• Policy :Compensation and not on income re-establishment

• Finances : Financial resources fall short

• Methodology : Externalize costs rather

than internalize

• Weak institutions : Lack a policy

mandate, organizational capacity

• Authoritarianism : Non participatory Copyright Kalyan Mandal

Approaches to Resettlement

• Monetary compensation approach• Employment oriented approach• Administrative approach• Purchasing of land approach• Developmental approach• Participatory approach

Formulation of rehabilitation plan and its implementation should be done through participatory method.


Some areas of concern

• 75% of the displaced people have not been ‘rehabilitated’

• Majority of the displaced people belong to marginasied section of the society

• Land Bank

• Infrastructure and land acquisition

• The new act.


• Impoverishment risk can be successfully attacked

• Livelihood reconstruction, however difficult, is feasible

• The body of replicable positive experiences are growing continuously.

***


iim calcutta indian social structure - land acquisition and rehabilitation

Health & Medicine