images, iconoclasm, and the carolingians
DESCRIPTION
In eighth- and ninth-century Byzantium there arose a heated controversy over religious art, known as the "Iconoclastic Controversy." Analyzing hundreds of pages of art-texts, laws, letters, and poems, this book examines the wider context of the debate by providing the first comprehensive study of the Western response to Byzantine iconoclasm.TRANSCRIPT
C AROLINGIANS
Thomas F. X. Noble
I n [he year 726 c. E., the BYLantine emperor Leo
III issued an edict declaring images to be idols,
forbidde n by Exodus, and ordering all such images
in churches co be destroyed . Thus was set 011' the
first wave of Byzamim: iconoclasm, which ran its
"iolene course umJ ;8;, when the underlying issues
were temporarily resolved at [he Second Counci l of
Nicaca. In 815, a second great wave of iconoclasm
was set 0([, only to end in 842, when (he icons
were rescored to [he churches of the East and the
iconoclasts excommunicated.
undcrsrood as marking majo r hssures between
the \Vcsrcrn and Eastern churches. In Images,
Iconoclasm. alId rill: Carolinglans, Thomas F. X.
Noble reveals (hat the lines of di\~sion wcrc not
so dear. It is t raditionally maintained that the
Carolingians in the 790S did not understand the
basic issues involved in the Byzantine dispute.
Noble contends that th ere was, in fact., a signihcant
Carolingian controversy about visual an and, if its
tics to Byzantine iconoclasm were tenuous, they
were also complex and deeply rooted in central
concerns of the Carolingian court. Furc.hcrmore,
he asserts that the Carolingians made distinctive
and original contribut ions to the whole debate over
rel igious an.
\Vesrern response co Byzantine iconoclasm. By comparing art-texts with laws, leners, poems,
and other sources, Noble reveals the power and
magnitude of the key discourses of the Carolingian
world during its most dynamic and creative decades.
11w P' 'r ... _ of"'" ""- ..... ~ Or' _ &- "" I ... ;.... ... s.~ .. "'" I"'~ A ... of do< U .. ......,.ofN ..... D .... .
All ~........J.. F ...... r.. b<;,t......., .... """ ... """'"'" of .......... ~itO.OWIY W'- _ 01 "'~ "'>01< ""T"' ~ io -, ..... t.,. -, ....... _ wm.. ~ _ '"' poIoIobn
r..Ni.hN~ U .... .....,. of .............. ..... PhOloddplo ....... "".,. .... _ •• ",
CHAPTER ONE
An, Icons, and Their Critics and Defenders Before the Age of Iconoclasm [0
CHAP T ER TWO
CHAPTER T H REE
An and An Talk in the West in the First Age of Iconoclasm [[[
CHAPTER FO U R
CHAPTER F[VE
Tradition, Order, and Worship in the Age of Charlemagne 207
CHAPTER StX
C HAPTER SEVEN
Art and Argument in the Age of Louis the Pious 287
CONCLUSION 366
NOTES 37 '
BIBLIOGRAPHY 437
INDEX 481
Introduction
n- shalt ... ' ..... M"to ,iN- nJ 1'4"'" '-t' . ., ~"7Ii"""" of.""hi"f ,hot, it;~ th< liN .... aN'" Of rhd, It ,. tht M"h ...... th. or m", it i~ Jo. __ M...Mo Jo.-.urI..
-F .. od", '0 .•
I. Jo. ~ of EM..,..U 4" ;, ~ "'Jfo.Jt to __ ""J ~nL fur _" __ sha. Jo. ..1m""". of m. C"'-' '-t''' 'N r.hriJti.Jn
"'"'"' - bn .. KjIli"5<" .. n.: Cult un"' .... -
GO"·' "''' . ''1 1"0 1\1".... ,..j,h Ki"jng« ·' gI"" ... ke . s '" .ho kc." of . long. "'mctim", hi"" •• , nd .1 ...... )"> f.....,i!U.,i"ll- ~h.p1<' in ,he hi"".i", of .n. of Chri ... ,i. ni,y, .nd "f Wes,<'" ",1",,<. Th" b<><tl f"""o<> on one in>p"'n.n, hu, ne·
g1c<>ed . nd mi,undc<s[ood ..-gm<m of too.. hi""rid. B<r","«n 790 .nd 840. in differing ,;r<;um".,nca .nd ",""h differing .im, .nd in«mion., C.mlinsi.n ... ritO'. p,oduo;cd hundrtd. of ~ of imdlig<m. 'm«""ing. and n(\1 inf",.
quemly polemicl wri, i,,!: .bo", Ch,i"i." "'. Thi, hook "ud,,,, .nd ino<,!"o"
.00st t"'U. In .bout 79'>. ThroJ"lf uf O.k.",. with the lid of $C>'"",I of hi'
",,, .. mpo,,,,i .. , ,od 00 the ""I''''''' "" "",.,,,1 of O"rle"ug''''. h<vn '0 wri .. , he 0"", c,....J;. Thi. "'., • ,,,,,,,i .. of ><v< ... 1 h",.drtd P"g<S .h .. O>1<n.;bly fotmed • ,«portl< to the dcci.iom of the Sccond Council o( N"" ... of 787 ••
1IfC'" ....:mbJr rI" " hlod pm. ["mpo"''r end [0 B)fZl!ntinc """""bsm. Just .I1e, li40 }om .. of Orlb.n>--<h" he .nd TheoJ" lf "'.". hi""'"", of the .. one ... i. purdy coi ocidcntal_l"'t .he fi"i>h;ng to""h", to hi> 0. ntln. i-inurn. Jon ... . [fu,il<. origi ... lly Ix-g .. n >< , he '«I.""" of Loui, [h. I''''u. ,n 817 ,nd compkr"" un the ur<kr of Ch •• 1cs the fuM. «<ponded «, .hoc iconocl •• m of Bi.hop Clau_
di", ofTufi ~ ~nd to m""h <II< bai.dc.. W,i,ingJ .bo", Ch" " i,n m. or .hour ",hlo, ,·;. ... 1 ,n, Chri", .. , migh'
ho.., .00 how ,hey migh' US< ,h.m, kp.n wi,h ,t..: t pologim in ,h • ...:ond
,<n""y.' y", no, un,it 'he <igh'h o;cn,uty did ,h. llrun'i"" w<>dd .u ... in 0
«rin ... di"' .... io" of ,h. ""ptop'i"~. of Chri,,;'n ~gurol .n. Th. so.ealkd "i"""",u"i, ""n,,,,.,rsy"_ 'MY' ,Iu: ,.;rn,1'$ go< '0 IUI1IC ,h. 1:» .. 1. oft .. ,t..: I,,,,,,.-Iw b«n ailed "one of , .... gr<a"'" poli'ical .nd cultu .. 1 cri<cs of lI,....n';um.""' Mo .... ,h..n .his. ; ...... ··undouh.«I1y .,n. of • ..., m.;Or ""nR;':" ;n ,h. histoty of ,he CI,ri",." Ch"rch, ... AIII""d. of lif .... ", •• ffoa«l by ,t..: ""oAi« .• 1I ""U, of """cty w<l< ;""oIvcd in ,h •• uuggIe. The Gglu ...... ";oIon'. biu" . nd <k:\J><"'«, ", N", .... rpri.;nglr. ,hen, a majo< .u,ho,ity """ .. y , h.., tho 'conod.>,," ""n,rov<J'S)' wo, " .. g,"hly . he ""';0' "",nif .. ,.,i"" of ch..ngo .oJ ",,",inuily in early m«liC'r.llllynn,ium. n,
llyumine ironoct..m <:In """ coursn, Th. fi", u,,«1 from 7'6 fO 787 .nd .h. """"nJ from Sr) '0 84'_ As "",«I ju" .Ixw<, Th..,dulf wr" .. ,he Opw c.",o '" r"""",d ,,, ,Iu: cvuotcil ,h .. pur.n.nd '" ,h. firs, ph,"", oficnnocluon. DiJ • \"('",«rn CQft'mv<:<>y ""i,,' If """, ~ i, 0 SK'" oi,isl Did i, ,hoke tho (W~n)
Chris,:"n Chu •• h '" it< foundori,,,,,1 Don i, ...... a!<ignifican, for"" of rh. ngd U, wli)' ,..., m,wers '0 ,1tQC q.,..'.,,,. ... . 11 in 'he "'V,i"". Th. \"(' .. «m
irn.gt di ...... .,o •• " .... n ... N'H ......... M~~"S, ... *.ide .huw." to ,he Ilyun. ,in< n" in even'. It is u" .. 1Iy .,Sued ,h" ,h. Carolinsi.n, in ,he 790' ... mply did not undo .. ",nd the ha<i< i ...... invul..-d in 'ho B)"Un,in. dispul<. In ,h. ho"h." ,ellinr,. , he Corol;ngi.", 01< .lIege<! .0 h.v, I. dt<d Gl<'<k 00.:.1<> and b.mior,. "" wdl .. an undct-rutnding of ,h. phil_phial ,nd ,heoIogical ,...di · ,ion. of ,he G.«k Church. In the mild", 'ellinr,. 'he Corolingi. n. Iud poor , ,,n.t.,;"n. of ,he «t~ of II Ni""", pcm'P-' ind«<l. m<r< ex'rac, from ."' , ... Iurni""u. docurnen,,_ Corol'ng;.n wri,;ngs W<t(. in .ny C1«, w"hou, d;"' •• n_ ihl. inA""n« "" ,he con,inuing COIl .... of II)""OIin< 'conoct.,m .nd, say wh" "n ..... ill .1:>0<" ,he Nicen. dn4. ,h •• ub.eq,«n. wri,ings of nin,h..".,ruty lIyun· ,in. in»g< ,hcolog'. n, _'" <"h~, unknown o. unrem .. ke<! in rh. \\' .. ,_ AI_
,Iooug. '~i"r )-.-u. >S" 1'" .. It"",·" .. iJ ,ho. ,he iam,,,,I .. ,i, COotmv<:"y ......
"in the grip< of. "ri.is of u"",in'n!"""i" •. " "" On< coulJ ,h.n '" ""uld ""'" .. ). ,h ... me abou, the Wcs'.' T" 'his J . ). ,h.re .. i ... ""i,hcr. compr.hens;"'. <be.,!"i.,n.,. "'-'pl.",uiQn of ,h. W"" ... n ''''f'O'''' fO lI,....n';n. icorwxlwn o • • ,horough .CCOUn. of C.rolingian rdi<'Ct,on' "n im. gcs.· Th,. book c" ns,;,u,,,,
a /i", ,uch '''''''P'' In.,,, wu. ,n f ..... C.rolingi.n ."",m,·.,,), . hou, ..;"ul 1M hill i".ies.o
1I,....,,';n. '0>"0<1 .. ", ... «nU<>\u ,00 comple>. Thus .10.", ;,.n 01'P"""n,1)'
'0"" .. ·h., ,h. Co"~i"!9.n di ........ i"" ",,,"!Iy i, linked t<>. I <It> not deny ,h.., Th.,-,.!ulf tOOk it .. hi, fi", tool. to ''''I''md '0 ,h. <c«>nd Nice"" """neil. ,,'" 1 do -....en ,h .. hi, reo""n .. is 'on,e<! &:q>ly ;n =r,,1 con«.n, of ,h. C.mling.
IOn «>~n ;n [hc )""" b<~n ,00...[ 780 ,nd 800. Goodnl b)' II N;ClCI ,he
0,,01;<>19'''' ""~ ,he",,,,I""';II di"i""i..., ""'Y' ,bou, l'''*'leo>, ,h" ~e impon' nl [0 ,hom ,nd ,h., were fund, mem.lly dilf.rem from m.ny, but no< .11. o( ,h. pfObkm. [h .. cx<,c;,.ro [he Byunrin ... V, ... -..l in thi, "'.y. the 0,.., 61",/1 becomes I"" , n i!>COmperent 'n unrompreh.ndin& re.pon", to Brun ,jum ",.n • cunning .• Ibei, un6ni>h<il , nd unpo!iohed, « . temen' o( basic
Fr.,n k'oJ, COncc,n,.
When the frank.< re,utt...J '0 the ,ubj«t of im,&<" in the 8.0<. tht)' ... ,,'" p..,mp'cd ,,, do '" hr tht llrun"ne' ~nJ. ao in ,\0. 790'- ,=oJ ,Ji";ne<i,, !",[h . EmpelOf MOdu<I II., mild ironol'hoi:><, w''l1< ''l Loui, ,he Pious 1(' . nlO .. hi, ,id..,d 'Uppofl , nd I'l <lI1'!. io hi, "WO ""i'ln, in ,he r",,- t.o"i, ....,mhled hi. ,t.rolotian" At p.,,, in 81\ 'ht)' produced. b'1\< d,... • ., of m .. .",b ,h ..
seem to '<$pO<Id O1Ily p.n;'II)' to [hc b • ., of Midw:1 II .nd [0 co""'pond only
in obl;que waY' with the ,«u.s du" Iud "".cted tho ."cn,ion ofThrodulf .nd e!u,km'gn.' ,,,h., k<:y .dvi",,,. Oncc win, h"we"." ,h. COOt«t fo, the
tle:ui><> writt.n .. P, ri, in 8,S io [0 Ix: sough[ . mid m.jo, prcoccup-:u;"ns of Lou;"he Piou,..,d hi, kC)' ."""i .... ,0 the fi", fif,..,n 01.., ye'" o( ,h. ",ign of Ch>rlcm'gn<', hci,.
A, jun .bou, ,IK ,ime when Loui.'. ,hrologi. n. werr g, .. hering in P.rio ,he
F,::mki,h wo,ld <!>COun,."", . Itorne-gro",," .11 .. "",ion . Chadiu, ofTulin, ,h. Sop,;rn.,,"'" p,oI:>.>hly V"igOlhic. bishop, ,h~n, .".l.rch """«0,,,,,;,1;51, w<:m on ... mp>g< of i""'g< dCSII"qion , nd ironophobic plOp>g>nd • . Loui. dimoted -"mao of O,le, n . ... +'0 Iud p,,,,W;kd .. ,h. p,ri, delibe .. ,ion., '0 n: .pond '0 Cbadiu •. He did", by begi nning hi' D< "''''' ;",ar;i~~'" byt under .Iiglllly m),>'criouJ <1lO1m"",,ccs laid if ",id., unnni,hed . O[h<l w,;,.". how_ """, look up pens--o .... ,Im<»< ,.id cudII"b---.>g:oin>< (;l. udi..,: 11""",kmil. ,he.bbo< of Psalmody and Du~!;>I . the chief .. hoolm,n in PaY;'. mo>1 promi.
n.mly. AgoIurd 0( 1. yon , m .. n...-hile, ,,~ighed in on his'l",n " 'i,h . ,<e>ti .. ,h .. .. p~ f'CS<'" .. ,ion, .bou, Ch,;"i,o .n m.u:h g .. "Ct ,h". ,Ito", ,,,icul.,ed hy
,he Pari, throl"ll;'n" Throdimi,. 0' DunS'l, bm In< =klc.s [!un [ho", of Cl.ydi .... S,ill ",h« ",,;«.--I·I.-.wnu. M,uru,> Eloban.l . anJ W.I.hfrid
S, .. oo. '0 mcmion ,he ,h= mm< plOminen, on<>-,",'..". On ." ,,., bu, dOl
'"' i" ,e,nu o>ole .pp",.;ng ,ha" ,h.,.. • • I' ...... d by A&>ba,d .tld CbuJiu •. )'Ct quite diffi:rcnt o n k<y po,n" from thooc of joR'" . nd DURpl . The con"" fo' ohio Carolingian l"Il"ouchy io ,h. ,urhukm wOlld of ,hc 8)0> when ,he F ... nt..
lOugh, ci"il "'.", <ndured foreign .I1"u, . nd "'eou.",d ,he buoy,n, '>p,;m"m ,h" h.d ch" ...... ri=! ,he ",;g" "rCh"Ie""ll'" ,nd ,t.. • .,Iy yeo" of u>u;, ,h. Pi",,,
S"nd" d "'Oft.. un Catolinp.n .n hinory "rely discu .. the t«:ot,l<$ . nd
• '~UODUCTlO"
doo.,mcn" i"" ....... ,ion«l. To. <kgret ,hi, negkc, is ju"i~,blc bca, ... n»ny
of ,h..., Caroling"," , .... ,bot" a"is,iH an ..,.m '0 Iu", voy li,d • • o do wi[h
Of' pet ... A.. I >-holl rtp::a.edly -'SI><. Mn''''''<r>ics ,Iu. wn. sp>ricJ by "'me probl<m Iuving '" 00 wi.h an rurnod in[o ""';Or .""cmen .. of or <4< qu>.rd> ,00'" """'.ml"' .. ...,. m .... [Iu[ did nO! Iu", Ch,i,,;'n.n .. ,hci. p,im • ...,. .... b- j<d m. uer. Perh.", ,his i. no. '" odd. Th roughoU[ his[ory. h .. [cd deb .. .. ®ou[ . ni .. ic oq>rd<nu.ilKl . • nd .h ... ·,u.l dc;.",,';"n of public . nd pri .. «
worlu of .n. Iu"" bttn b)·.prodoctt of o.her kind, of oocw. political. 0' ,di· giou, m(W<men, .. ' On. ,hinl<> imrn¢di1ldy of P""", .. n, imn<:><u.m in , he
,ix.=.h .oJ ...... nt<"cn.h a n.u.i .. ; of.he I"'li.i<>1 iconocl"m of.he Frtn<h Rcvulu<ion; of.he idcologi .. 1 iconoclasm of bo.h F..a.. .nd Communi ...... es .. ><I ,hei. """",",,'<; o. of """1<101"'"'<")' An><ri""," dispu,<o ""'" lUg bumin~
.oJ public .... b.idi .. lOr '"''''e.....me. ,II .. "'1M """""" detm b1uphemou. 0'
""""ne. The icon"clas.i<" moment in .hese ~m.n" ~rno" .1"",)"> prov;dcs. ,h .... rtful ~"'<r will, • .ru.'l' view of .he "rnJ<> .oJ [ .... in [he "",i.! f..btie of. gi ... n place 0' "DIe. In >-hon. I ,h.1I ",~ .he .....0."0 look wi,,, me., an.in problen .. ,n Camlingi, n hiSlory i" ""'Y' .Iu ......... 1<1 k<m 1",~ly n .... m.! to
hi""ri.n, ofmh« ,imt>.oJ pU=. n..., i, ,h. hmod view. In , he .... row vi ..... C.rul;"~;'" hi,,,,,;',,, "'"r di.o«w .. ".,.. 'l, i,,~ h ..... I ;nvi .. ,h.m ," rc/Irt.
"'j,h DI. on ncgI.'"o:J , ..... and prohlc"". And I hnp< '0 p<nu>d. '" h .. ,o,;,ns m .hink in new "'"YO .bou. ,he . ubjec .. of,h", in ... ,iga,i .... "
Thu. F .. [he I>r-gc il<"" to ,,·h id. 'his book i, oddress«l. The no[ f.y,. ~.
provide • , h.pICl. by-<:lup«. oric~ ... ion '0 how [he book KI""lIy ",000«1 •. Clup,m 4 [0 7 fotm [he h",n of ,he book. Th. 6 .. , thrtt m.pce ... r< no[
m'r<ly innoduc,<>I}·.Iw......" . By looking ,n d ... ,1 ., ,h. p<.iod from [h. founh
""nlUry '" [he .igluh. [h ... elup"" .... bl .. h [he I>ngu.gt. m ...... nd ideas ,,·hieh , h. Caroling,"ns .n,,,,,""'. mod;~cd, ncgIcc=I. Th. <lup .... are long. hu, <~ .dd, ..... . I»,ie .nd ""heren. huNlI. of problenu wi,h,n .p«ific
""I",r.l .. wJ chrolIDl"gicol """, .. ,,. n-.. 6", chop«r .urn. u, the .nei.n • • oJ 1>« .mi~ ... Mo:Jitcrran<1n hom._
Iarld boIh of Brun.ine . oJ Frankish .n and of Christi.., il}". I [fC>' <cvd>1 .......
in "'''''''''1}". ')",><>p';" f .. hion. W}", ki .od, of d'>eul<io,,, .bou. on ,ook pi",. in .he Mo:Jitc'Tanean _ .Id bcfo ... he "u.b .... k of Byun.ir>< iconoclasm! \1Vha. <=tI~ Of ... ned i",n<. and who, pw:. do 'hC)' occupy wi.hin the larger coma,
of~g<, raI an gtn .... lly. of "'ppon fo' nr oppos"ion '0 .",h . n . and of 'digi",,, p..,.,ica in ,he r .... , .OJ in ,he We,,! ,,",'Iu. kiNl. of di .. ".,i"", of . n ,,,,",,, pl.a in Ih. W .. , bcfQ .. It." outb=k of icon...e!=" .nd ",I ... , cull .. p""';"", if .n)". an he :ouoc;"o:J w" h WO'ks of.n in.he "",'",,, W"h()tl, h.", . n,i.i"". ing the diKu"ion ,Iu. will follow. fur [h. pU' p<»<> of .hi. "udy I .drnowlo:Jgt
,hot .ny itrug< co~IJ I><.n iron. b", f'O' i, ,ha, ... red icons . re not inugcs of,
!"" icul .. . ryl< .• i ... or 1"<;::l1 ion bU! ins'.,.d inug<> th.u did. '" ,h., W<'f< <x.
p«t«.l to do. ",,,,uhing. Thf)' w,,,. im. g« '0 which ~uh "'as paid . These a ..
hUg< ... bjecu wi,h el>bon ... compl<. .• nd con«miou> bibliog«lphi ... Ou, . im hore will mon:ly I>< to pid OUt ct,,.in k<y thtmcs.., .. 1><" .. ,,, ",,,Io .. ,,n<l
;om., bosic Carolingi. n "",i,ion>. In 'urn. ct .. p'''' , os"" wh" l.n8""SO' ... , .. .. >oJ p~n" , .... "" • ..,i bblc '" I>< .cc<pt«.l. r<j«'«.I. 0' mooi6«.1 in ,ho oiginh
o:mlt')'.
Ch.p<cr 1 Op<n> wi,h .n in'I"",ion of. r .... 1»,,10 ,i,,,,, in ,he t~"",u,
""",nil o"e' lIy"n, i"e i<"""eI"", , E''''Y''ne 'g<=,h" ,I>< llrun'ine irooophi. Ii. following ,he 6,,, phu. "f Byumine ;"on..>d .. m """,i",,<:<1 ,he Op~, Glro/i,
'" i, i, imp<""i,,, '0 cxplot. wha, <I .. Throdulf.nd comp>ny "",U h.", f'"
'p<>nd«.l '0. Thi. ch.p,., .. ",nd, ,he discu .. ion begun in Ch,p'" , of how F .... , . nd W ... won: . Iih and dif!i:n:n' in d.il)' cult p .... 'io: .. ..... ell as in theologicol <\>o:o,b,i"". AM, h" im!",,,.n, objec,i,'. of rh i. ,h. pte, is '" "'mind ",.de"
mOK familiar wi,h d .. W .. , ,han ,II< F.as, ,h" r=m "h...J. "bip bas d<Cid...Jly ,educed ,h. m'gni,..dt of 'ho Brun,inc" oon"o"''')' , ,he . 1><",,, quo .. ,ion, from
Ladntt.fHl f lo,,,,,.ky no,...;,], ... fHling. Brun,i", ico,>od.,n, "-.. ' ''~'' . opi.
lOdic .nd tIC\'cr as dcvos['lIing in hulllitlt or lllittcriol 'erml . 1 forme,j), bdinnl. Proctdi ng '0 tho Carulingi.>.n "",rlJ wi.h ,hi. n .... undemanding of Byun,ium in mind will help ILl '0 itt ,ha, we .n: not d",ling wi,h ,he bi .... no and inntp!ico.
bit as)'m mttl)" of . ,i";liu,ion') .bock at ono ond of ,he M",li,.,r.no.n ,hOI
pruduetxl only . ,ipplo" 'ho o,h .. ond. Fin.lly, ano<f,.,r imp<>".n' objec.i" of tili, ch. p<<< will 1>< . dimming of 'ho in' <lke' .... I. p,im.,ily ,heological. a.<p«U
of .igh,h«mury ito""",b,m, E.S! ond W .. " For 100 long ",hola", mo.dy Brun,ini ... and ""'" prumin<n,ly 'he R""ion • • mong ,I><m. have goo,en ow.y
wi,h both protOpl;" ond """Iop'ic ".di ng> .,f ,ho eigh,h "'''''\try ,ha, ptrmi' vi"""lIy , II undt .... ndings of w;rt<i io>n, !D h,ve h.:.n p,cscn, rh.n . If one
..... ,," .. ,h" ,ho ..,.rin~ ,h""lugicaI ~jghu of ";,,,h«"I\Iry w,i,. ... "",h ",k Po"i.",h Nio:phoru, ond Abbot 1"k<>d<:,,,, "f S",d ion wen: .I, .. dy p .... n' in ,he . .. Iy and m;,WI< d=Jo ~f ,he . ;t;h.h <>:mury, 0' .... , .10. lofty o. <ly e;w"h.
«n.ury 'hrology of John of D.m ........... p<,..,.,i", " ,he ,ime of II Ni<=>. ,h.n i, i, ""y '0 po" "'y Throdulf. 'hrology 0' on ugly. Aigiulao bird , W. ,hall 'I)" ,0 imerp'" ,h. hi"ory ' liuk d""" '" rhe ",dt, in which i, ",,,,,lIy Iuppt,>«.I.
Ch'p'e' J p""'ides .. ,1i>C\WKln of rh. \I:'""",n h>d:SIOI,nd ,0 ,h. Op~,
Car<>li. T ho Angio.S;uon Ik<k (67)- 7)5). wh''''' w,i.ingo we ..... <11 known '0
tilo Carolingia ns, exprc<!<d him"l{ on an .... < ... 1 'im« in. va,icty of Com",". Wo .... 11 §nd If .... of hi. inAU<1Kt. Tho p<>pc<. mo<tO,.-or. wi,h "'hom 'ho
6 I~TOOOUCTlO~
h",1<.< .", • ...,j 'HIO • solemn .lIi.""" ,n ,he 71"'" _'. ,1"ply d,,,reskd by B)'z.1n!in< iron<:>d>sm . nd ClIp licit!y objected '" it On num<r<mS occuion,. From G"'8"ry 11 (7 16- )1 ) '0 H>d,t.n I (n1-<;l1) 1""1""' W"," frtqu<n,1y .bou, ,I><
inuge crisi, . nd ~cld ... ne. of council, ,~" odd........t 'm'geo--om""s 011.., th 'np.. Beginning in ,he 7)00 the ft.nlu .00 the popes .nt.toil",,,, inc ....... ngly inl< .... r<b,;"", wi,h on< .no,h.,. ~ is ",me .. idonee ,Iu, ,he F ... n l<.< beg>n
.. king noIice of B)'z.1n,''''' iconocwm in ,I>< 7\'" bue ,he ",,,';'inS ""'''' .. convey li" l. ",n .. ,Iu, i .... go> 'q><tstnted Hgh, .w:ty . n impon. n. 0' im ..... ' · ing problem h>' ,he F ... nl<.<. 0". ,>.4: ofClupl<' J. ,i>e<eIi>r<, is '0 ""pl.;n the
diff.";ng pe"p<C1iva or the pope> . nd of ,I>< Fr.mlu on B)'z.1min. ,digiou> poli<y in go""..!, . nd on religiou • • n in fM,icul ... in the c.n",,1 decade! of ,h. cigl .. h <cnlUry. Problc1IIJI of rul."h'!' . nd church lI"'"mm.n, wac «i,;cal 10
,h.,.., perSpec,ives. bu, 10 '00 we<c ""I< I"""', i«> UIO<wed w;,h ... . How " ... • n .<lUlIlir used in ,I>< Fr.mk.i.h wo,ld. in Rom •• • nd in Byun,ium! In ",h ..
..... yo d id ,h. F ... nim.p"p"1 .lIi,,,,,,, oondi[;"n ,h. p""n.,' ''''00", '0 ''', <0
B,.. .. ntine iolnocbsm. ",d to One an<'!th…
Thomas F. X. Noble
I n [he year 726 c. E., the BYLantine emperor Leo
III issued an edict declaring images to be idols,
forbidde n by Exodus, and ordering all such images
in churches co be destroyed . Thus was set 011' the
first wave of Byzamim: iconoclasm, which ran its
"iolene course umJ ;8;, when the underlying issues
were temporarily resolved at [he Second Counci l of
Nicaca. In 815, a second great wave of iconoclasm
was set 0([, only to end in 842, when (he icons
were rescored to [he churches of the East and the
iconoclasts excommunicated.
undcrsrood as marking majo r hssures between
the \Vcsrcrn and Eastern churches. In Images,
Iconoclasm. alId rill: Carolinglans, Thomas F. X.
Noble reveals (hat the lines of di\~sion wcrc not
so dear. It is t raditionally maintained that the
Carolingians in the 790S did not understand the
basic issues involved in the Byzantine dispute.
Noble contends that th ere was, in fact., a signihcant
Carolingian controversy about visual an and, if its
tics to Byzantine iconoclasm were tenuous, they
were also complex and deeply rooted in central
concerns of the Carolingian court. Furc.hcrmore,
he asserts that the Carolingians made distinctive
and original contribut ions to the whole debate over
rel igious an.
\Vesrern response co Byzantine iconoclasm. By comparing art-texts with laws, leners, poems,
and other sources, Noble reveals the power and
magnitude of the key discourses of the Carolingian
world during its most dynamic and creative decades.
11w P' 'r ... _ of"'" ""- ..... ~ Or' _ &- "" I ... ;.... ... s.~ .. "'" I"'~ A ... of do< U .. ......,.ofN ..... D .... .
All ~........J.. F ...... r.. b<;,t......., .... """ ... """'"'" of .......... ~itO.OWIY W'- _ 01 "'~ "'>01< ""T"' ~ io -, ..... t.,. -, ....... _ wm.. ~ _ '"' poIoIobn
r..Ni.hN~ U .... .....,. of .............. ..... PhOloddplo ....... "".,. .... _ •• ",
CHAPTER ONE
An, Icons, and Their Critics and Defenders Before the Age of Iconoclasm [0
CHAP T ER TWO
CHAPTER T H REE
An and An Talk in the West in the First Age of Iconoclasm [[[
CHAPTER FO U R
CHAPTER F[VE
Tradition, Order, and Worship in the Age of Charlemagne 207
CHAPTER StX
C HAPTER SEVEN
Art and Argument in the Age of Louis the Pious 287
CONCLUSION 366
NOTES 37 '
BIBLIOGRAPHY 437
INDEX 481
Introduction
n- shalt ... ' ..... M"to ,iN- nJ 1'4"'" '-t' . ., ~"7Ii"""" of.""hi"f ,hot, it;~ th< liN .... aN'" Of rhd, It ,. tht M"h ...... th. or m", it i~ Jo. __ M...Mo Jo.-.urI..
-F .. od", '0 .•
I. Jo. ~ of EM..,..U 4" ;, ~ "'Jfo.Jt to __ ""J ~nL fur _" __ sha. Jo. ..1m""". of m. C"'-' '-t''' 'N r.hriJti.Jn
"'"'"' - bn .. KjIli"5<" .. n.: Cult un"' .... -
GO"·' "''' . ''1 1"0 1\1".... ,..j,h Ki"jng« ·' gI"" ... ke . s '" .ho kc." of . long. "'mctim", hi"" •• , nd .1 ...... )"> f.....,i!U.,i"ll- ~h.p1<' in ,he hi"".i", of .n. of Chri ... ,i. ni,y, .nd "f Wes,<'" ",1",,<. Th" b<><tl f"""o<> on one in>p"'n.n, hu, ne·
g1c<>ed . nd mi,undc<s[ood ..-gm<m of too.. hi""rid. B<r","«n 790 .nd 840. in differing ,;r<;um".,nca .nd ",""h differing .im, .nd in«mion., C.mlinsi.n ... ritO'. p,oduo;cd hundrtd. of ~ of imdlig<m. 'm«""ing. and n(\1 inf",.
quemly polemicl wri, i,,!: .bo", Ch,i"i." "'. Thi, hook "ud,,,, .nd ino<,!"o"
.00st t"'U. In .bout 79'>. ThroJ"lf uf O.k.",. with the lid of $C>'"",I of hi'
",,, .. mpo,,,,i .. , ,od 00 the ""I''''''' "" "",.,,,1 of O"rle"ug''''. h<vn '0 wri .. , he 0"", c,....J;. Thi. "'., • ,,,,,,,i .. of ><v< ... 1 h",.drtd P"g<S .h .. O>1<n.;bly fotmed • ,«portl< to the dcci.iom of the Sccond Council o( N"" ... of 787 ••
1IfC'" ....:mbJr rI" " hlod pm. ["mpo"''r end [0 B)fZl!ntinc """""bsm. Just .I1e, li40 }om .. of Orlb.n>--<h" he .nd TheoJ" lf "'.". hi""'"", of the .. one ... i. purdy coi ocidcntal_l"'t .he fi"i>h;ng to""h", to hi> 0. ntln. i-inurn. Jon ... . [fu,il<. origi ... lly Ix-g .. n >< , he '«I.""" of Loui, [h. I''''u. ,n 817 ,nd compkr"" un the ur<kr of Ch •• 1cs the fuM. «<ponded «, .hoc iconocl •• m of Bi.hop Clau_
di", ofTufi ~ ~nd to m""h <II< bai.dc.. W,i,ingJ .bo", Ch" " i,n m. or .hour ",hlo, ,·;. ... 1 ,n, Chri", .. , migh'
ho.., .00 how ,hey migh' US< ,h.m, kp.n wi,h ,t..: t pologim in ,h • ...:ond
,<n""y.' y", no, un,it 'he <igh'h o;cn,uty did ,h. llrun'i"" w<>dd .u ... in 0
«rin ... di"' .... io" of ,h. ""ptop'i"~. of Chri,,;'n ~gurol .n. Th. so.ealkd "i"""",u"i, ""n,,,,.,rsy"_ 'MY' ,Iu: ,.;rn,1'$ go< '0 IUI1IC ,h. 1:» .. 1. oft .. ,t..: I,,,,,,.-Iw b«n ailed "one of , .... gr<a"'" poli'ical .nd cultu .. 1 cri<cs of lI,....n';um.""' Mo .... ,h..n .his. ; ...... ··undouh.«I1y .,n. of • ..., m.;Or ""nR;':" ;n ,h. histoty of ,he CI,ri",." Ch"rch, ... AIII""d. of lif .... ", •• ffoa«l by ,t..: ""oAi« .• 1I ""U, of """cty w<l< ;""oIvcd in ,h •• uuggIe. The Gglu ...... ";oIon'. biu" . nd <k:\J><"'«, ", N", .... rpri.;nglr. ,hen, a majo< .u,ho,ity """ .. y , h.., tho 'conod.>,," ""n,rov<J'S)' wo, " .. g,"hly . he ""';0' "",nif .. ,.,i"" of ch..ngo .oJ ",,",inuily in early m«liC'r.llllynn,ium. n,
llyumine ironoct..m <:In """ coursn, Th. fi", u,,«1 from 7'6 fO 787 .nd .h. """"nJ from Sr) '0 84'_ As "",«I ju" .Ixw<, Th..,dulf wr" .. ,he Opw c.",o '" r"""",d ,,, ,Iu: cvuotcil ,h .. pur.n.nd '" ,h. firs, ph,"", oficnnocluon. DiJ • \"('",«rn CQft'mv<:<>y ""i,,' If """, ~ i, 0 SK'" oi,isl Did i, ,hoke tho (W~n)
Chris,:"n Chu •• h '" it< foundori,,,,,1 Don i, ...... a!<ignifican, for"" of rh. ngd U, wli)' ,..., m,wers '0 ,1tQC q.,..'.,,,. ... . 11 in 'he "'V,i"". Th. \"(' .. «m
irn.gt di ...... .,o •• " .... n ... N'H ......... M~~"S, ... *.ide .huw." to ,he Ilyun. ,in< n" in even'. It is u" .. 1Iy .,Sued ,h" ,h. Carolinsi.n, in ,he 790' ... mply did not undo .. ",nd the ha<i< i ...... invul..-d in 'ho B)"Un,in. dispul<. In ,h. ho"h." ,ellinr,. , he Corol;ngi.", 01< .lIege<! .0 h.v, I. dt<d Gl<'<k 00.:.1<> and b.mior,. "" wdl .. an undct-rutnding of ,h. phil_phial ,nd ,heoIogical ,...di · ,ion. of ,he G.«k Church. In the mild", 'ellinr,. 'he Corolingi. n. Iud poor , ,,n.t.,;"n. of ,he «t~ of II Ni""", pcm'P-' ind«<l. m<r< ex'rac, from ."' , ... Iurni""u. docurnen,,_ Corol'ng;.n wri,;ngs W<t(. in .ny C1«, w"hou, d;"' •• n_ ihl. inA""n« "" ,he con,inuing COIl .... of II)""OIin< 'conoct.,m .nd, say wh" "n ..... ill .1:>0<" ,he Nicen. dn4. ,h •• ub.eq,«n. wri,ings of nin,h..".,ruty lIyun· ,in. in»g< ,hcolog'. n, _'" <"h~, unknown o. unrem .. ke<! in rh. \\' .. ,_ AI_
,Iooug. '~i"r )-.-u. >S" 1'" .. It"",·" .. iJ ,ho. ,he iam,,,,I .. ,i, COotmv<:"y ......
"in the grip< of. "ri.is of u"",in'n!"""i" •. " "" On< coulJ ,h.n '" ""uld ""'" .. ). ,h ... me abou, the Wcs'.' T" 'his J . ). ,h.re .. i ... ""i,hcr. compr.hens;"'. <be.,!"i.,n.,. "'-'pl.",uiQn of ,h. W"" ... n ''''f'O'''' fO lI,....n';n. icorwxlwn o • • ,horough .CCOUn. of C.rolingian rdi<'Ct,on' "n im. gcs.· Th,. book c" ns,;,u,,,,
a /i", ,uch '''''''P'' In.,,, wu. ,n f ..... C.rolingi.n ."",m,·.,,), . hou, ..;"ul 1M hill i".ies.o
1I,....,,';n. '0>"0<1 .. ", ... «nU<>\u ,00 comple>. Thus .10.", ;,.n 01'P"""n,1)'
'0"" .. ·h., ,h. Co"~i"!9.n di ........ i"" ",,,"!Iy i, linked t<>. I <It> not deny ,h.., Th.,-,.!ulf tOOk it .. hi, fi", tool. to ''''I''md '0 ,h. <c«>nd Nice"" """neil. ,,'" 1 do -....en ,h .. hi, reo""n .. is 'on,e<! &:q>ly ;n =r,,1 con«.n, of ,h. C.mling.
IOn «>~n ;n [hc )""" b<~n ,00...[ 780 ,nd 800. Goodnl b)' II N;ClCI ,he
0,,01;<>19'''' ""~ ,he",,,,I""';II di"i""i..., ""'Y' ,bou, l'''*'leo>, ,h" ~e impon' nl [0 ,hom ,nd ,h., were fund, mem.lly dilf.rem from m.ny, but no< .11. o( ,h. pfObkm. [h .. cx<,c;,.ro [he Byunrin ... V, ... -..l in thi, "'.y. the 0,.., 61",/1 becomes I"" , n i!>COmperent 'n unrompreh.ndin& re.pon", to Brun ,jum ",.n • cunning .• Ibei, un6ni>h<il , nd unpo!iohed, « . temen' o( basic
Fr.,n k'oJ, COncc,n,.
When the frank.< re,utt...J '0 the ,ubj«t of im,&<" in the 8.0<. tht)' ... ,,'" p..,mp'cd ,,, do '" hr tht llrun"ne' ~nJ. ao in ,\0. 790'- ,=oJ ,Ji";ne<i,, !",[h . EmpelOf MOdu<I II., mild ironol'hoi:><, w''l1< ''l Loui, ,he Pious 1(' . nlO .. hi, ,id..,d 'Uppofl , nd I'l <lI1'!. io hi, "WO ""i'ln, in ,he r",,- t.o"i, ....,mhled hi. ,t.rolotian" At p.,,, in 81\ 'ht)' produced. b'1\< d,... • ., of m .. .",b ,h ..
seem to '<$pO<Id O1Ily p.n;'II)' to [hc b • ., of Midw:1 II .nd [0 co""'pond only
in obl;que waY' with the ,«u.s du" Iud "".cted tho ."cn,ion ofThrodulf .nd e!u,km'gn.' ,,,h., k<:y .dvi",,,. Oncc win, h"we"." ,h. COOt«t fo, the
tle:ui><> writt.n .. P, ri, in 8,S io [0 Ix: sough[ . mid m.jo, prcoccup-:u;"ns of Lou;"he Piou,..,d hi, kC)' ."""i .... ,0 the fi", fif,..,n 01.., ye'" o( ,h. ",ign of Ch>rlcm'gn<', hci,.
A, jun .bou, ,IK ,ime when Loui.'. ,hrologi. n. werr g, .. hering in P.rio ,he
F,::mki,h wo,ld <!>COun,."", . Itorne-gro",," .11 .. "",ion . Chadiu, ofTulin, ,h. Sop,;rn.,,"'" p,oI:>.>hly V"igOlhic. bishop, ,h~n, .".l.rch """«0,,,,,;,1;51, w<:m on ... mp>g< of i""'g< dCSII"qion , nd ironophobic plOp>g>nd • . Loui. dimoted -"mao of O,le, n . ... +'0 Iud p,,,,W;kd .. ,h. p,ri, delibe .. ,ion., '0 n: .pond '0 Cbadiu •. He did", by begi nning hi' D< "''''' ;",ar;i~~'" byt under .Iiglllly m),>'criouJ <1lO1m"",,ccs laid if ",id., unnni,hed . O[h<l w,;,.". how_ """, look up pens--o .... ,Im<»< ,.id cudII"b---.>g:oin>< (;l. udi..,: 11""",kmil. ,he.bbo< of Psalmody and Du~!;>I . the chief .. hoolm,n in PaY;'. mo>1 promi.
n.mly. AgoIurd 0( 1. yon , m .. n...-hile, ,,~ighed in on his'l",n " 'i,h . ,<e>ti .. ,h .. .. p~ f'CS<'" .. ,ion, .bou, Ch,;"i,o .n m.u:h g .. "Ct ,h". ,Ito", ,,,icul.,ed hy
,he Pari, throl"ll;'n" Throdimi,. 0' DunS'l, bm In< =klc.s [!un [ho", of Cl.ydi .... S,ill ",h« ",,;«.--I·I.-.wnu. M,uru,> Eloban.l . anJ W.I.hfrid
S, .. oo. '0 mcmion ,he ,h= mm< plOminen, on<>-,",'..". On ." ,,., bu, dOl
'"' i" ,e,nu o>ole .pp",.;ng ,ha" ,h.,.. • • I' ...... d by A&>ba,d .tld CbuJiu •. )'Ct quite diffi:rcnt o n k<y po,n" from thooc of joR'" . nd DURpl . The con"" fo' ohio Carolingian l"Il"ouchy io ,h. ,urhukm wOlld of ,hc 8)0> when ,he F ... nt..
lOugh, ci"il "'.", <ndured foreign .I1"u, . nd "'eou.",d ,he buoy,n, '>p,;m"m ,h" h.d ch" ...... ri=! ,he ",;g" "rCh"Ie""ll'" ,nd ,t.. • .,Iy yeo" of u>u;, ,h. Pi",,,
S"nd" d "'Oft.. un Catolinp.n .n hinory "rely discu .. the t«:ot,l<$ . nd
• '~UODUCTlO"
doo.,mcn" i"" ....... ,ion«l. To. <kgret ,hi, negkc, is ju"i~,blc bca, ... n»ny
of ,h..., Caroling"," , .... ,bot" a"is,iH an ..,.m '0 Iu", voy li,d • • o do wi[h
Of' pet ... A.. I >-holl rtp::a.edly -'SI><. Mn''''''<r>ics ,Iu. wn. sp>ricJ by "'me probl<m Iuving '" 00 wi.h an rurnod in[o ""';Or .""cmen .. of or <4< qu>.rd> ,00'" """'.ml"' .. ...,. m .... [Iu[ did nO! Iu", Ch,i,,;'n.n .. ,hci. p,im • ...,. .... b- j<d m. uer. Perh.", ,his i. no. '" odd. Th roughoU[ his[ory. h .. [cd deb .. .. ®ou[ . ni .. ic oq>rd<nu.ilKl . • nd .h ... ·,u.l dc;.",,';"n of public . nd pri .. «
worlu of .n. Iu"" bttn b)·.prodoctt of o.her kind, of oocw. political. 0' ,di· giou, m(W<men, .. ' On. ,hinl<> imrn¢di1ldy of P""", .. n, imn<:><u.m in , he
,ix.=.h .oJ ...... nt<"cn.h a n.u.i .. ; of.he I"'li.i<>1 iconocl"m of.he Frtn<h Rcvulu<ion; of.he idcologi .. 1 iconoclasm of bo.h F..a.. .nd Communi ...... es .. ><I ,hei. """",",,'<; o. of """1<101"'"'<")' An><ri""," dispu,<o ""'" lUg bumin~
.oJ public .... b.idi .. lOr '"''''e.....me. ,II .. "'1M """""" detm b1uphemou. 0'
""""ne. The icon"clas.i<" moment in .hese ~m.n" ~rno" .1"",)"> prov;dcs. ,h .... rtful ~"'<r will, • .ru.'l' view of .he "rnJ<> .oJ [ .... in [he "",i.! f..btie of. gi ... n place 0' "DIe. In >-hon. I ,h.1I ",~ .he .....0."0 look wi,,, me., an.in problen .. ,n Camlingi, n hiSlory i" ""'Y' .Iu ......... 1<1 k<m 1",~ly n .... m.! to
hi""ri.n, ofmh« ,imt>.oJ pU=. n..., i, ,h. hmod view. In , he .... row vi ..... C.rul;"~;'" hi,,,,,;',,, "'"r di.o«w .. ".,.. 'l, i,,~ h ..... I ;nvi .. ,h.m ," rc/Irt.
"'j,h DI. on ncgI.'"o:J , ..... and prohlc"". And I hnp< '0 p<nu>d. '" h .. ,o,;,ns m .hink in new "'"YO .bou. ,he . ubjec .. of,h", in ... ,iga,i .... "
Thu. F .. [he I>r-gc il<"" to ,,·h id. 'his book i, oddress«l. The no[ f.y,. ~.
provide • , h.pICl. by-<:lup«. oric~ ... ion '0 how [he book KI""lIy ",000«1 •. Clup,m 4 [0 7 fotm [he h",n of ,he book. Th. 6 .. , thrtt m.pce ... r< no[
m'r<ly innoduc,<>I}·.Iw......" . By looking ,n d ... ,1 ., ,h. p<.iod from [h. founh
""nlUry '" [he .igluh. [h ... elup"" .... bl .. h [he I>ngu.gt. m ...... nd ideas ,,·hieh , h. Caroling,"ns .n,,,,,""'. mod;~cd, ncgIcc=I. Th. <lup .... are long. hu, <~ .dd, ..... . I»,ie .nd ""heren. huNlI. of problenu wi,h,n .p«ific
""I",r.l .. wJ chrolIDl"gicol """, .. ,,. n-.. 6", chop«r .urn. u, the .nei.n • • oJ 1>« .mi~ ... Mo:Jitcrran<1n hom._
Iarld boIh of Brun.ine . oJ Frankish .n and of Christi.., il}". I [fC>' <cvd>1 .......
in "'''''''''1}". ')",><>p';" f .. hion. W}", ki .od, of d'>eul<io,,, .bou. on ,ook pi",. in .he Mo:Jitc'Tanean _ .Id bcfo ... he "u.b .... k of Byun.ir>< iconoclasm! \1Vha. <=tI~ Of ... ned i",n<. and who, pw:. do 'hC)' occupy wi.hin the larger coma,
of~g<, raI an gtn .... lly. of "'ppon fo' nr oppos"ion '0 .",h . n . and of 'digi",,, p..,.,ica in ,he r .... , .OJ in ,he We,,! ,,",'Iu. kiNl. of di .. ".,i"", of . n ,,,,",,, pl.a in Ih. W .. , bcfQ .. It." outb=k of icon...e!=" .nd ",I ... , cull .. p""';"", if .n)". an he :ouoc;"o:J w" h WO'ks of.n in.he "",'",,, W"h()tl, h.", . n,i.i"". ing the diKu"ion ,Iu. will follow. fur [h. pU' p<»<> of .hi. "udy I .drnowlo:Jgt
,hot .ny itrug< co~IJ I><.n iron. b", f'O' i, ,ha, ... red icons . re not inugcs of,
!"" icul .. . ryl< .• i ... or 1"<;::l1 ion bU! ins'.,.d inug<> th.u did. '" ,h., W<'f< <x.
p«t«.l to do. ",,,,uhing. Thf)' w,,,. im. g« '0 which ~uh "'as paid . These a ..
hUg< ... bjecu wi,h el>bon ... compl<. .• nd con«miou> bibliog«lphi ... Ou, . im hore will mon:ly I>< to pid OUt ct,,.in k<y thtmcs.., .. 1><" .. ,,, ",,,Io .. ,,n<l
;om., bosic Carolingi. n "",i,ion>. In 'urn. ct .. p'''' , os"" wh" l.n8""SO' ... , .. .. >oJ p~n" , .... "" • ..,i bblc '" I>< .cc<pt«.l. r<j«'«.I. 0' mooi6«.1 in ,ho oiginh
o:mlt')'.
Ch.p<cr 1 Op<n> wi,h .n in'I"",ion of. r .... 1»,,10 ,i,,,,, in ,he t~"",u,
""",nil o"e' lIy"n, i"e i<"""eI"", , E''''Y''ne 'g<=,h" ,I>< llrun'ine irooophi. Ii. following ,he 6,,, phu. "f Byumine ;"on..>d .. m """,i",,<:<1 ,he Op~, Glro/i,
'" i, i, imp<""i,,, '0 cxplot. wha, <I .. Throdulf.nd comp>ny "",U h.", f'"
'p<>nd«.l '0. Thi. ch.p,., .. ",nd, ,he discu .. ion begun in Ch,p'" , of how F .... , . nd W ... won: . Iih and dif!i:n:n' in d.il)' cult p .... 'io: .. ..... ell as in theologicol <\>o:o,b,i"". AM, h" im!",,,.n, objec,i,'. of rh i. ,h. pte, is '" "'mind ",.de"
mOK familiar wi,h d .. W .. , ,han ,II< F.as, ,h" r=m "h...J. "bip bas d<Cid...Jly ,educed ,h. m'gni,..dt of 'ho Brun,inc" oon"o"''')' , ,he . 1><",,, quo .. ,ion, from
Ladntt.fHl f lo,,,,,.ky no,...;,], ... fHling. Brun,i", ico,>od.,n, "-.. ' ''~'' . opi.
lOdic .nd tIC\'cr as dcvos['lIing in hulllitlt or lllittcriol 'erml . 1 forme,j), bdinnl. Proctdi ng '0 tho Carulingi.>.n "",rlJ wi.h ,hi. n .... undemanding of Byun,ium in mind will help ILl '0 itt ,ha, we .n: not d",ling wi,h ,he bi .... no and inntp!ico.
bit as)'m mttl)" of . ,i";liu,ion') .bock at ono ond of ,he M",li,.,r.no.n ,hOI
pruduetxl only . ,ipplo" 'ho o,h .. ond. Fin.lly, ano<f,.,r imp<>".n' objec.i" of tili, ch. p<<< will 1>< . dimming of 'ho in' <lke' .... I. p,im.,ily ,heological. a.<p«U
of .igh,h«mury ito""",b,m, E.S! ond W .. " For 100 long ",hola", mo.dy Brun,ini ... and ""'" prumin<n,ly 'he R""ion • • mong ,I><m. have goo,en ow.y
wi,h both protOpl;" ond """Iop'ic ".di ng> .,f ,ho eigh,h "'''''\try ,ha, ptrmi' vi"""lIy , II undt .... ndings of w;rt<i io>n, !D h,ve h.:.n p,cscn, rh.n . If one
..... ,," .. ,h" ,ho ..,.rin~ ,h""lugicaI ~jghu of ";,,,h«"I\Iry w,i,. ... "",h ",k Po"i.",h Nio:phoru, ond Abbot 1"k<>d<:,,,, "f S",d ion wen: .I, .. dy p .... n' in ,he . .. Iy and m;,WI< d=Jo ~f ,he . ;t;h.h <>:mury, 0' .... , .10. lofty o. <ly e;w"h.
«n.ury 'hrology of John of D.m ........... p<,..,.,i", " ,he ,ime of II Ni<=>. ,h.n i, i, ""y '0 po" "'y Throdulf. 'hrology 0' on ugly. Aigiulao bird , W. ,hall 'I)" ,0 imerp'" ,h. hi"ory ' liuk d""" '" rhe ",dt, in which i, ",,,,,lIy Iuppt,>«.I.
Ch'p'e' J p""'ides .. ,1i>C\WKln of rh. \I:'""",n h>d:SIOI,nd ,0 ,h. Op~,
Car<>li. T ho Angio.S;uon Ik<k (67)- 7)5). wh''''' w,i.ingo we ..... <11 known '0
tilo Carolingia ns, exprc<!<d him"l{ on an .... < ... 1 'im« in. va,icty of Com",". Wo .... 11 §nd If .... of hi. inAU<1Kt. Tho p<>pc<. mo<tO,.-or. wi,h "'hom 'ho
6 I~TOOOUCTlO~
h",1<.< .", • ...,j 'HIO • solemn .lIi.""" ,n ,he 71"'" _'. ,1"ply d,,,reskd by B)'z.1n!in< iron<:>d>sm . nd ClIp licit!y objected '" it On num<r<mS occuion,. From G"'8"ry 11 (7 16- )1 ) '0 H>d,t.n I (n1-<;l1) 1""1""' W"," frtqu<n,1y .bou, ,I><
inuge crisi, . nd ~cld ... ne. of council, ,~" odd........t 'm'geo--om""s 011.., th 'np.. Beginning in ,he 7)00 the ft.nlu .00 the popes .nt.toil",,,, inc ....... ngly inl< .... r<b,;"", wi,h on< .no,h.,. ~ is ",me .. idonee ,Iu, ,he F ... n l<.< beg>n
.. king noIice of B)'z.1n,''''' iconocwm in ,I>< 7\'" bue ,he ",,,';'inS ""'''' .. convey li" l. ",n .. ,Iu, i .... go> 'q><tstnted Hgh, .w:ty . n impon. n. 0' im ..... ' · ing problem h>' ,he F ... nl<.<. 0". ,>.4: ofClupl<' J. ,i>e<eIi>r<, is '0 ""pl.;n the
diff.";ng pe"p<C1iva or the pope> . nd of ,I>< Fr.mlu on B)'z.1min. ,digiou> poli<y in go""..!, . nd on religiou • • n in fM,icul ... in the c.n",,1 decade! of ,h. cigl .. h <cnlUry. Problc1IIJI of rul."h'!' . nd church lI"'"mm.n, wac «i,;cal 10
,h.,.., perSpec,ives. bu, 10 '00 we<c ""I< I"""', i«> UIO<wed w;,h ... . How " ... • n .<lUlIlir used in ,I>< Fr.mk.i.h wo,ld. in Rom •• • nd in Byun,ium! In ",h ..
..... yo d id ,h. F ... nim.p"p"1 .lIi,,,,,,, oondi[;"n ,h. p""n.,' ''''00", '0 ''', <0
B,.. .. ntine iolnocbsm. ",d to One an<'!th…