IMPACT OF ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY ON ENVIRONMENT ISSUES AND REMEDIES--------------------------------

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 23.12.2008

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Shankar SharmaConsultant to Electricity Industry, Thirthahally

shankar.sharma2005@gmail.com

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Electricity and developmentect c ty a d de e op e t

Electricity is required for the development of all sections ofElectricity is required for the development of all sections of a modern society.

No questions about it.

But how much electricity is required, and at what societal cost ???

Electricity, society and environmentect c ty, soc ety a d e o e t

Electricity industry has huge impact on economic socialElectricity industry has huge impact on economic, social and environmental aspects of our society

Shall we strive to get as much electricity as we desire at the cost of other needs of the society ?

Is environment expendable in our thirst for electricity ?

Electricity and environment

Ab t 21% f ll GHG d b t 42% f ll Gl b l CO2 i i i t dAbout 21% of all GHGs and about 42% of all Global CO2 emissions are associated with electricity production

Electricity production process is closely associated with:

h CO M th t it id• gases such as CO2, Methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide, SF6, Ozone etc.

• suspended particulate matters etc• suspended particulate matters etc.

These are all known to contribute to Global WarmingThese are all known to contribute to Global Warming

Three major conventional sources of electricity :

• Fossil fuel based – coal diesel and natural gasFossil fuel based coal, diesel and natural gas

• Dam based hydro – large, medium and small dams

• Nuclear based

Each of these have profound impact on environment and hence, on human beings

The huge percentage of coal based and dam based power capacity is cause for much concern

These two sources have huge impact on the environment

Total Installed Power Capacity (fuel-wise)p y ( )(as on 30.7.2008)

Fuel / Source base MW Percentage

T l Th l 93 115 64 6Total Thermal 93,115 64.6

Coal 77,200 53.3

Gas 14,716 10.5

Oil 1,200 0.9

Hydro 36,160 24.7

Nuclear 4,120 2.9

Renewable Energy Sources

12,195 7.7

Total 1,35,007

(Source: Central Electricity Authority)

As per Integrated Energy Policy (Planning Commission), by 2031-32:

• The total installed capacity projected : 800,000 MW(> 5 times the present capacity)

• About 60 to 65 % - coal based powerp• About 20 to 25% - dam based power

There will be deleterious impacts on: • flora• fauna • human beings

t b di• water bodies • forests• soil• atmosphere• atmosphere

Huge addition to Global GHG emissions

Major issues with conventional technology power sources

C l t tiCoal power stations

Environmental Issues

• major contributor to Global Warming

• vast quantities of ash to contend with

• pollution of Land, water and air

• main reason for acid rains – affects flora and faunamain reason for acid rains affects flora and fauna including forests

• a coastal power plant affects marine creatures & mangroves

• nuclear radiation in coal ash

• many health related issues

Major issues with conventional technology power sources Dam based hydro power Stations

Environmental Issues

• Methane emission due to submerged vegetation• Methane emission due to submerged vegetation

• submersion and fragmentation of forests

• Peoples’ displacement leads to many social & health issues

• health issues relating to stagnant waterhealth issues relating to stagnant water

• considerable impact on aquatic creatures

• cascaded stations lead to partial death of rivers

Major issues with conventional technology power sources

Nuclear Power Stations

Environmental Issues

• mining related pollution / radiation

• nuclear waste - radiation emission for centuries

• serious health issues

• risk of radiation leakage in case of safety failures

A large number of ill-conceived coal /dam power stations are ti d t b l d / b ilt th tcontinued to be planned / built across the country.

Large number of coal power stations on Andhra Pradesh andLarge number of coal power stations on Andhra Pradesh and Maharastra coasts; and few on Karnataka coast are being planned.

A large number of hydro dams in Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and North East are being planned. g p

The devastation awaiting flora, fauna g ,and environment is unimaginable.

Examples of damage / potential damage to environment

Coal PowerDh h Ch l d T d di UMPP tDhahanu; Chamalapura and Tadadi, UMPPs etc.

Hydro PowerHydro PowerSharavathy valley; Narmada valley, Tehri etc.

Nuclear PowerChernobyl; Three Mile Island, Koondumkulam etc.

1. With so many issues associated with conventional power stations t co e t o a po e stat o sdo we have alternatives ???

2. How can the electricity demand be ymet ???

Yes. Th b i lt tiThere are many benign alternatives.

But We have to recognise, appreciate andWe have to recognise, appreciate and

adopt them !!!

A case study on Karnataka provides th fi ti !!!the confirmation !!!

Power Supply Scenario in India(April 08 – October 08)

Peak Hour Deficit (%)

Energy Deficit (%)

S th R i 7 9 7 4Southern Region 7.9 7.4

Northern Region 10.7 9.5

Western Region 21.0 15.5

Eastern Region 9.6 5.1

N E Region 25.4 14.8

Aggregate for 13.5 10.5gg gthe Country

(Source: Central Electricity Authority)

Power Supply Scenario in Karnataka (Last 5 years)

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

PEAK POWER

Requirement (MW) 6213 5927 5949 6253 6583

Availability (MW) 5445 5612 5558 5811 5567

Shortage (%) 12.4 5.3 6.6 7.1 15.4

ANNUAL ENERGY

R i (MU) 36 153 35 156 34 601 40 797 40 320Requirement (MU) 36,153 35,156 34,601 40,797 40,320

Availability (MU) 31,145 33,687 34,349 39,948 39,230

Shortage (%) 13.9 4.2 0.7 2.1 2.7

(Source: Central Electricity Authority)

Karnataka’s Power ScenarioKarnataka s Power Scenario

M j i i k h d d h tMajor issue is peak hour demand shortages

Annual energy shortage is not hugeAnnual energy shortage is not huge

Power Sector Efficiency in IndiaPower Sector Efficiency in India

Power Sector Area Prevailing level of efficiency / loss in

International best practicey

Indiap

Generating capacity utilisation 50 - 60% More than 85%

Aggregate Technical & Commercial 35 – 40 % Less than 10%losses (AT&C)

End use efficiency in agriculture 45 – 50 % More than 80%

End use efficiency in industries and commerce

50 – 60 % More than 80%commerce

End use efficiency in other areas(domestic, street lights and others)

20 – 30 % More than 80%

Demand Side Management Potential to reduce the effective demand byDemand Side Management Potential to reduce the effective demand by more than 20%

(Source: Integrated Energy Policy, Planning Commission)

Karnataka’s Power ScenarioKarnataka s Power Scenario

Huge scope for:Huge scope for:

• Demand Side Management (DSM)

• energy efficiency

• energy conservation

Huge potential in renewable energy sourcesHuge potential in renewable energy sources

Environmental friendly Renewable Energy Sources

Potential: (Grid Remarks

NRE potential in India

Potential: (Grid interactive power only)

Remarks

1. Wind energy 45,000 MW

2. Small hydro 15,000 MW

3. Solar over 5,000 trillion Potential estimated t b th thkWH/year to be more than the total energy needs of the country

4 Bio mass 17 000

(Source: MNRES)

4. Bio-mass 17,000 Not known

NRE potential in Karnataka: Sept 2008

Sl No RE Source Potential MW Achievement MWSl No. RE Source Potential MW Achievement MW

1 Wind 13,230 1,121

2 Small hydro 3 000 4162 Small hydro 3,000 416

3 Cogeneration 1,500 340

4 Biomass 950 81

5 Solar Huge Not known

Total 18,680 1,958

SHARAV

Source: KREDL

Supply Side Economics

• Has been tried for over 60 years• Has not met society’s expectations• Heavy cost to the society• Unsustainable exploitation of resources• Unsustainable exploitation of resources• Accelerated environmental degradation• Resulting in very many social issuesResulting in very many social issues• Ever increasing costs

Gives a wrong impression that it is an easy way outy y

Demand-side management (DSM)Demand side management (DSM)

• Has not been properly appreciated & understoodHas not been properly appreciated & understood• No objective attempts made• What is DSM ? Managing the demand without adversely affecting the

legitimate requirementslegitimate requirements• DSM leads to optimised resource management• Reduces the wasteful usage

I di i d ti i d d b t• Indian scenario: can see reduction in demand by upto 20%

Appears to be difficult, but techno-economically and environmentally a better option

Issues for consideration: Indian Context

• Potential for huge additional demand for electricity

• About 50% population still without electricity

• Fast depleting fossil fuels• Fast depleting fossil fuels

• Already stressed land, water and environment

• Impact of Global Warming already being felt

• Necessity to ensure all-round development

• Need to minimize displacement & ensure effective• Need to minimize displacement & ensure effective rehabilitation

Integrated Energy Resource Management

Means a good combination of

• High level of energy efficiency• High level of energy efficiency

• Optimum level of Energy Conservation

• Effective Demand Side Management

• Wide spread use of Renewable Energy Sourcesp gy

Karnataka Electricity Industry - Integrated Resource Management Model PART I: High level calculations of benefits: forecast for peak demand power (MW)

Year 2009 onwards 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018Year 2009 onwards 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018

Load forecast @7% growth from 6,200 MW base in 2006 with 0.5% reduction in CAGR every year (peak

hour demand) MW 7595 8051 8453 8791 9055 9281 Demand reduction feasible through existing system improvements B1. Generation improvement through R, M & U MW 16 16 16 16 16 16 B2. Transmission & Distribution loss reduction MW 110 110 110 110 110 110 B3. Non-agricultural uses MW 110 110 110 110 110 110 B4. Agricultural use (100 MW reduction during peak hours assumed) MW 10 10 10 10 10 10

Aggregate reduction feasible from efficiency measures MW 246 738 1230 1722 2214 2460

Demand reduction feasible through solar technology C1 AEH I t ll ti (50% d ti d i iC1. AEH Installations (50% reduction during evening hrs assumed) MW 105 105 105 105 105 105 C2. Residential installations MW 30 30 30 30 30 30

C3. IP sets (100 MW savings during evening hrs assumed) MW 10 10 10 10 10 10assumed) MW 10 10 10 10 10 10C4. Public & commercial lighting MW 4 4 4 4 4 4

Aggregate reduction possible through solar technology MW 149 149 149 149 149 149

Demand reduction feasible through wind energy MW 60 60 60 60 60 60 Demand reduction feasible through biomass MW 48 48 48 48 48 48Demand reduction feasible through biomass MW 48 48 48 48 48 48

Aggregate demand reduction through NCE sources MW 257 771 1285 1799 2313 2570 Net power demand forecast on the grid (= A-

(B+F)) MW 7092 6542 5938 5270 4528 4251

PART II: High level calculations of benefits: forecast for annual energy requirement (MU)

H

Load forecast @7% growth from 34,300 MU base in 2006 with 0.5% reduction in CAGR every year

(annual energy demand ) MU 42019 44540 46767 48638 50097 51349( gy )

I Energy reduction feasible through existing system improvements

I1. Generation improvement through R, M & U MU 80 80 80 80 80 80 I2 Transmission & Distribution loss reduction MU 700 700 700 700 700 700 I2. Transmission & Distribution loss reduction MU 700 700 700 700 700 700

I3. Non-agricultural use MU 430 430 430 430 430 430 I4. Agricultural use MU 250 250 250 250 250 250

Aggregate reduction feasible from efficiency measures MU 1460 4380 7300 10220 13140 14600 measures MU 1460 4380 7300 10220 13140 14600

J Energy reduction feasible through solar technology G1. AEH Installations MU 110 110 110 110 110 110 G2. Residential installations MU 60 60 60 60 60 60 G3. IP sets MU 320 320 320 320 320 320 G4. Public & commercial lighting MU 64 64 64 64 64 64

Aggregate reduction feasible through solar

technology MU 554 554 554 554 554 554technology MU 554 554 554 554 554 554K Energy reduction feasible through wind energy MU 210 210 210 210 210 210 L Energy reduction feasible through biomass MU 200 200 200 200 200 200

MAggregate energy reduction feasible through NCE

M sources MU 964 2892 4820 6748 8676 9640

N Net energy demand forecast on the grid (= H-

(I+M)) MU 39595 37268 34647 31670 28281 27109

Energy Security for the future

Feasible only through Integrated Energy resources Management approachg pp

Integrated Resource Management approach can ensure electricity supply to meet the

legitimate demand of all sections of our society at the lowest overall societalsociety at the lowest overall societal

costs on a sustainable basis.

Conventional power stations, including large dam based power stations, must be the last resort;

only after fully harnessing all alternatives.

Electricity Usage : Global ContextElectricity Usage : Global ContextInequitable Resource Usage

Country Per Capita Consumption, Electricity (kWH)

Sweden 15,397USA 13,066Australia 10 640Australia 10,640Japan 7,816Germany 6,898y ,

World Average 2,429India 650

Indonesia 440

Electricity Industry can lead to all-round development of our society.

But

Electricity Industry can also be the bi ll f i ifbiggest polluter of our environment, if not managed responsibly.

An AppealPower Sector / Electricity industry is too

important to be left to ill-informed political leaders and few indifferent officials.

The civil society must actively participate in major y y p p jdecision making without which Global Warming will be

impossible to mitigate, and is likely to be advanced by few decadesdecades.

Premier institutes like IISc would do a great service to our society by undertaking detailed studies on all relevant

issues and advise the governments accordingly.

Thanks !Thanks !