imperialism chapter 21 ap european history. imperialism the building of an empire the building of an...

ImperialismImperialism

Chapter 21 Chapter 21

AP European HistoryAP European History

ImperialismImperialism

The building of an empireThe building of an empire “…“…the process by which one state, the process by which one state,

with superior military strength and with superior military strength and more advanced technology, imposes more advanced technology, imposes its control over the land, resources, its control over the land, resources, and population of a less developed and population of a less developed region.” p 820region.” p 820

MotivationsMotivations

““Dual Mandate”Dual Mandate”– CivilizingCivilizing– ResourcesResources

Industrialization spurs imperialismIndustrialization spurs imperialism– Need for resourcesNeed for resources– Need for markets to sell manufactured Need for markets to sell manufactured

goodsgoods Nationalism (empire=strength, power)Nationalism (empire=strength, power)

Types of ImperialismTypes of Imperialism

Colonial Imperialism:Colonial Imperialism:– ““Old style” imperialismOld style” imperialism– Common in the 16Common in the 16thth and 17 and 17thth centuries centuries– Complete takeover Complete takeover – Colonial powers set up new Colonial powers set up new

governmentsgovernments– Imposition of culture upon “natives”Imposition of culture upon “natives”– Migrations and settlement of people Migrations and settlement of people

from the mother country to the colonyfrom the mother country to the colony


Political Imperialism:Political Imperialism:– Use of diplomacy or military force to Use of diplomacy or military force to

influence internal affairs of a weaker influence internal affairs of a weaker nationnation

– The stronger nation doesn’t completely The stronger nation doesn’t completely control the weaker one, but has a great control the weaker one, but has a great deal of influencedeal of influence


Economic Imperialism:Economic Imperialism:– Desire to control global trade and Desire to control global trade and

commercecommerce– The stronger nation attempts to control The stronger nation attempts to control

the economy of the weaker nation so as to the economy of the weaker nation so as to exploit them for economic gainexploit them for economic gain

Social-cultural Imperialism:Social-cultural Imperialism:– Forcing (or encouraging…) a region to Forcing (or encouraging…) a region to

adopt the language, customs, religion etc. adopt the language, customs, religion etc. of the stronger nationof the stronger nation

Imperialism and Social Imperialism and Social DarwinismDarwinism

Social Darwinism and Racism would Social Darwinism and Racism would be used to justify imperialismbe used to justify imperialism– Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer– Houston Stewart ChamberlainHouston Stewart Chamberlain– ““White Man’s Burden”White Man’s Burden”

Rudyard KiplingRudyard Kipling

““New Imperialism”New Imperialism”

In the 1800’s, a new wave of In the 1800’s, a new wave of imperialism beganimperialism began– Focus on Africa and AsiaFocus on Africa and Asia

Known as “Neo-Colonialism” or “New Known as “Neo-Colonialism” or “New Imperialism”Imperialism”

British EmpireBritish Empire

“…“…the sun never sets on the sun never sets on the British Empire…”the British Empire…”

The British EmpireThe British Empire

Great Britain would create a huge Great Britain would create a huge empire with colonies and empire with colonies and protectorates all over the worldprotectorates all over the world– India (see notes in section on British Raj)India (see notes in section on British Raj)– Egypt (see notes in section on Africa)Egypt (see notes in section on Africa)– South Africa (see notes in section on South Africa (see notes in section on

Africa)Africa)– Dominions in Canada, Australia, New Dominions in Canada, Australia, New

ZealandZealand

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa

Before the 1800’s, European contact Before the 1800’s, European contact was largely limited to the coastal was largely limited to the coastal areasareas– Europe forced to do business with the Europe forced to do business with the

native empiresnative empires Ie. Songhai, Asante, etc.Ie. Songhai, Asante, etc.

Europeans were largely ignorant of Europeans were largely ignorant of the interior areas of sub-Saharan the interior areas of sub-Saharan AfricaAfrica


South Africa was one of the areas of South Africa was one of the areas of Africa to experience European aggression.Africa to experience European aggression.

First settled by DutchFirst settled by Dutch– Est. Cape Town as shipping locationEst. Cape Town as shipping location

1795: British seized Cape Town1795: British seized Cape Town– South African Dutch (aka Boers or Afrikaners) South African Dutch (aka Boers or Afrikaners)

fled into a region of South Africa known as fled into a region of South Africa known as Transvaal (known as the Great Trek)Transvaal (known as the Great Trek) Discovered diamonds and goldDiscovered diamonds and gold

– British want the resourcesBritish want the resources


Boer Wars (1880-1881 and 1899-Boer Wars (1880-1881 and 1899-1902)1902)– British fight the Boers (Afrikaners) for British fight the Boers (Afrikaners) for

access to resourcesaccess to resources– British win; annexed the territory and British win; annexed the territory and

added all of South Africa to their empireadded all of South Africa to their empire Africans forced to work in gold and diamond Africans forced to work in gold and diamond

minesmines


Although part of the British Empire, South Although part of the British Empire, South Africa exercised a significant amount of self-Africa exercised a significant amount of self-rulerule– Drafted a constitutionDrafted a constitution

Only white men could voteOnly white men could vote– Africans had few rights Africans had few rights – System of legal segregation later developed System of legal segregation later developed

Apartheid (1948-1994) Apartheid (1948-1994) (comparable to Jim Crow in the American South)(comparable to Jim Crow in the American South)

1912: Educated Africans created the African 1912: Educated Africans created the African National Congress to oppose European National Congress to oppose European colonialismcolonialism

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa Egypt had been part of the Ottoman Egypt had been part of the Ottoman

Empire since 1517Empire since 1517– Ottoman control was minimalOttoman control was minimal

local rulers, called local rulers, called beys, beys, had more power than the had more power than the rulers back in Istanbulrulers back in Istanbul

1798: Napoleon invaded in attempt to add 1798: Napoleon invaded in attempt to add Egypt to his empireEgypt to his empire– Muhammad Ali led Egypt to defend Egypt from Muhammad Ali led Egypt to defend Egypt from

foreign dominationforeign domination 1805: Ottoman Sultan named Ali 1805: Ottoman Sultan named Ali pasha orpasha or viceroy of viceroy of

EgyptEgypt– Although the Ottoman Empire still saw Egypt Although the Ottoman Empire still saw Egypt

as part of its territory, Ali controlled Egyptas part of its territory, Ali controlled Egypt


Egypt begins to industrialize and Egypt begins to industrialize and westernize westernize – Ali emphasized cotton production to give Ali emphasized cotton production to give

Egypt a valuable trading commodityEgypt a valuable trading commodity 1869: Suez Canal construction 1869: Suez Canal construction

completed to connect the completed to connect the Mediterranean to the Indian OceanMediterranean to the Indian Ocean– France helped construct the canal, but France helped construct the canal, but

Egypt had to borrow from Europe to pay Egypt had to borrow from Europe to pay for constructionfor construction


Attempts at industrialization and Attempts at industrialization and westernization caused Egypt to westernization caused Egypt to accumulate debtaccumulate debt– Began to sell stock in the Suez Canal to pay Began to sell stock in the Suez Canal to pay

debts; Britain biggest investordebts; Britain biggest investor– By 1882, Britain controlled the canal and had By 1882, Britain controlled the canal and had

gotten involved in Egypt to the point that Egypt gotten involved in Egypt to the point that Egypt was viewed as a protectorate of Britainwas viewed as a protectorate of Britain Although it kept its own government, Egypt had been Although it kept its own government, Egypt had been

added to the British empireadded to the British empire– Would remain somewhat tied to Britain until a Would remain somewhat tied to Britain until a

revolution in 1952revolution in 1952


1884: 1884: Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference– Otto Von Bismarck hosted conference to Otto Von Bismarck hosted conference to

discuss Africadiscuss Africa Agreed to rules for colonization of AfricaAgreed to rules for colonization of Africa Nations must notify each other of their Nations must notify each other of their

claimsclaims– ““Effective Occupation” to avoid war among the Effective Occupation” to avoid war among the

rival nationsrival nations

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa By 1914, nearly all of Africa was controlled by a By 1914, nearly all of Africa was controlled by a

European powerEuropean power– Except Ethiopia and LiberiaExcept Ethiopia and Liberia

Impact of Colonization of AfricaImpact of Colonization of Africa– Europeans put into power positionsEuropeans put into power positions

Britain allowed more self-rule b/c it was overburdened by Britain allowed more self-rule b/c it was overburdened by colonies elsewherecolonies elsewhere

– Western culture spreadWestern culture spread Traditional African culture started to fall apartTraditional African culture started to fall apart Islam also grew in popularity due to competition with Islam also grew in popularity due to competition with

ChristianityChristianity– Africans were forced to work to produce cash crops for Africans were forced to work to produce cash crops for

EuropeansEuropeans– European boundaries did not follow traditional boundaries European boundaries did not follow traditional boundaries

set up by the people of Africaset up by the people of Africa Rival tribal groups forced together, or communities split apartRival tribal groups forced together, or communities split apart

Asia in an Age of Asia in an Age of ImperialismImperialism

Like Africa, Asia was also affected by Like Africa, Asia was also affected by imperialism in the 1800’s.imperialism in the 1800’s.– India fell to British ruleIndia fell to British rule– China was broken into Spheres of China was broken into Spheres of

InfluenceInfluence– Japan became an imperial powerJapan became an imperial power

British Raj in IndiaBritish Raj in India

By 18By 18thth Century, Mughal Empire in Century, Mughal Empire in declinedecline– Conflict among Hindus and Muslims Conflict among Hindus and Muslims

weakened the empireweakened the empire French and British slowly made their French and British slowly made their

way into dominant rolesway into dominant roles– France and Britain fight, France defeatedFrance and Britain fight, France defeated– Britain becomes the dominant European Britain becomes the dominant European

force in Indiaforce in India British East India Company uses troops to British East India Company uses troops to

conquer Bengal (Bangladesh)conquer Bengal (Bangladesh)

British Raj in IndiaBritish Raj in India Over next 100 years, British slowly take over Over next 100 years, British slowly take over

IndiaIndia– British East India Company used sepoys to guard their British East India Company used sepoys to guard their

administrative buildingsadministrative buildings Sepoy: Indian troops who served the BritishSepoy: Indian troops who served the British

The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) spelled the end for The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) spelled the end for Mughal rule in IndiaMughal rule in India– Sepoys revolted against the British East India Company, Sepoys revolted against the British East India Company,

which prompted the British government to get involvedwhich prompted the British government to get involved– 1858: Britain declared India a royal colony and the last 1858: Britain declared India a royal colony and the last

of the Mughal rulers (Bahadur Shah II) was exiledof the Mughal rulers (Bahadur Shah II) was exiled The monarch of Britain was officially recognized The monarch of Britain was officially recognized

as the ruler of India (Queen Victoria)as the ruler of India (Queen Victoria)


Indian government was administered from Indian government was administered from LondonLondon– Sent people to govern in the name of BritainSent people to govern in the name of Britain– Tried to preserve Indian traditions, but difficultTried to preserve Indian traditions, but difficult

Indian Civil Service supplied members of Indian Civil Service supplied members of the bureaucracythe bureaucracy– Mostly BritishMostly British

Britain helped to industrialize and Britain helped to industrialize and modernize Indiamodernize India– Railroads, canals, urbanization, telegraph linesRailroads, canals, urbanization, telegraph lines


Although Britain had a firm hold on Although Britain had a firm hold on India, many dreamed of independenceIndia, many dreamed of independence

Some middle class and educated Some middle class and educated Indians formed the Indians formed the Indian National Indian National Congress Congress (1885)(1885)– Call for greater Indian involvement in govt.Call for greater Indian involvement in govt.– Try to begin path toward independenceTry to begin path toward independence

The British raj (British rule of India) The British raj (British rule of India) would last until 1947would last until 1947

Spheres of Influence in Spheres of Influence in ChinaChina

China isolated throughout much of its China isolated throughout much of its historyhistory

Up until 1830’s, Europeans restricted Up until 1830’s, Europeans restricted to Canton for tradeto Canton for trade– Strict limitations on outside influenceStrict limitations on outside influence

As European nations grew more As European nations grew more powerful through industrialization and powerful through industrialization and weaponry, they were increasingly able weaponry, they were increasingly able to push China around to push China around


Opium was a major product the British Opium was a major product the British imported into Chinaimported into China– Chinese government eventually banned Chinese government eventually banned

the substance due to its addictive and the substance due to its addictive and harmful propertiesharmful properties

– British government reacted negativelyBritish government reacted negatively– Resulted in war (Opium Wars)Resulted in war (Opium Wars)

Two separate wars, both victories for BritainTwo separate wars, both victories for Britain China forced to open up to western influencesChina forced to open up to western influences


Foreign nations began to see China as Foreign nations began to see China as weakweak– They too demanded increased access to They too demanded increased access to

ChinaChina– Europeans created “Spheres of Influence” in Europeans created “Spheres of Influence” in

ChinaChina Invested money, built military bases, created Invested money, built military bases, created

businesses, etc.businesses, etc. Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy: advocated by the : advocated by the

U.S. U.S. – Called for equal access to Chinese marketsCalled for equal access to Chinese markets


The Society of Righteous and Harmonious The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (A.K.A. Fists (A.K.A. BoxersBoxers) organized a rebellion) organized a rebellion– Goal to drive Europe and Japan out of ChinaGoal to drive Europe and Japan out of China– Used guerilla warfare tactics to murder Christian Used guerilla warfare tactics to murder Christian

missionaries and attack foreign embassies missionaries and attack foreign embassies The Boxer Rebellion was eventually put downThe Boxer Rebellion was eventually put down China was forced to sign the Boxer ProtocolChina was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol

– China forced to apologize and pay European China forced to apologize and pay European nations for costs incurred during the rebellionnations for costs incurred during the rebellion

The Fate of ChinaThe Fate of China

Chinese culture started to alter due Chinese culture started to alter due to foreign influenceto foreign influence– 1901: foot binding abolished1901: foot binding abolished– 1905: Civil Service examination system 1905: Civil Service examination system

abolished after 2,000 years of useabolished after 2,000 years of use And, Chinese Dynastic rule came to And, Chinese Dynastic rule came to

an endan end– 1911-1912: uprising resulted in end of 1911-1912: uprising resulted in end of

Qing rule and establishment of a Qing rule and establishment of a republicrepublic

Japan Builds an EmpireJapan Builds an Empire

During 17-18During 17-18thth Centuries, Japan Centuries, Japan avoided foreign influenceavoided foreign influence– Even restricted its own citizens from Even restricted its own citizens from

traveling abroadtraveling abroad Japan developed a highly Japan developed a highly

ethnocentric societyethnocentric society Downside, their isolation kept them Downside, their isolation kept them

from adopting new technologiesfrom adopting new technologies


1853: U.S. sent Commodore Matthew 1853: U.S. sent Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan to negotiate tiesPerry to Japan to negotiate ties– Arrived by steamship- unknown to JapanArrived by steamship- unknown to Japan– Japan quickly realized their inability to compete Japan quickly realized their inability to compete

with western powerswith western powers Begins plans to industrialize and modernizeBegins plans to industrialize and modernize

– Japan slowly opened itself up to foreign Japan slowly opened itself up to foreign influenceinfluence Signed treaties with Europeans granting them access Signed treaties with Europeans granting them access

to Japanese marketsto Japanese markets

Japan emerges as a world power as result Japan emerges as a world power as result of changes and of changes and Meiji RestorationMeiji Restoration


Many grew resentful of foreign Many grew resentful of foreign influence and revolted against the influence and revolted against the shogunateshogunate

Known as Meiji Restoration Known as Meiji Restoration – shogun was overthrown and power shogun was overthrown and power

given to the emperorgiven to the emperor Began widespread changes to Began widespread changes to

modernize Japanmodernize Japan

Japan Builds an EmpireJapan Builds an Empire By 1870’s, Japan had started its own Industrial By 1870’s, Japan had started its own Industrial

RevolutionRevolution Under the emperor a new bureaucracy was formedUnder the emperor a new bureaucracy was formed

– Even drafted a constitution and created an elected Even drafted a constitution and created an elected legislaturelegislature However, voting rights were restrictedHowever, voting rights were restricted

Transportation and communication systems Transportation and communication systems implementedimplemented

Samurai class abolished and modern military Samurai class abolished and modern military organizedorganized

Economic transformationEconomic transformation– End of feudalism, industry implemented, private corporationsEnd of feudalism, industry implemented, private corporations

Increased emphasis on educationIncreased emphasis on education

Japan Builds an EmpireJapan Builds an Empire Japan’s new power made them nearly equal Japan’s new power made them nearly equal

with the Europeanswith the Europeans– Able to negotiate trade on an equal footing with Able to negotiate trade on an equal footing with

EuropeansEuropeans Began to turn its eyes to other nations in Began to turn its eyes to other nations in

AsiaAsia– 1895: war with China- gained control of Taiwan 1895: war with China- gained control of Taiwan

and Koreaand Korea– 1904: 1904: Russo-Japanese War-Russo-Japanese War- defeated Russia defeated Russia

and gained access to Manchuria and established and gained access to Manchuria and established a sphere of influence therea sphere of influence there This war helps to solidify Japan’s place as a world powerThis war helps to solidify Japan’s place as a world power

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