Imperialism The U.S. & the World: Building an Empire American Ideology of Expansion 1)A Thirst for New Markets: Economic Expansion a. Really? b. raw materials, maybe 1)Protection/promotion of American Commerce Alfred T. Mahan & The Influence of Sea Power Protect American economic interests essential to economic growth Create a large naval power Naval bases and coaling stations 1)Belief in Anglo-Saxon Superiority Spread of Anglo-Saxon culture We Rock!!! We are the Best!! Hawaii 1870s American businessmen invested in Hawaiian sugar 1875 the sale of Hawaiian sugar in the U.S. became duty-free. 1887: treaty signed that: a) voting rights for wealthy landowners b) construction of Pearl Harbor 1890: McKinley Tariff eliminated duty-free Hawaiian sugar Hawaii 1891: Queen Liliuokalani takes over and calls for a new constitution 1893:, Sugar planters, already upset at the tariff, revolt against the Queen and call for a treaty of annexation Cleveland says NO Way eh? 1897: McKinley is POTUS now & 8/12/1898 Hawaii becomes a territory The Cuban Crisis: History & Background Since 1825 Spanish empire had controlled Cuba, Puerto Rico, & Philippines. Late 1880s American investors began to leak into Cubas sugar market Jose Marti began a guerilla war rebellion to obtain Cuba independence from Spain. It worked, American businessmen wanted their property protected, others called for Cuba Libre Valeriano Weyler (Spanish Commander) reconcentration camps The Yellow Press began to report stories to gain American sympathy it worked The Spanish-American War: Causes: Yellow Journalism De Lome Letter The Maine The Spanish-American War: Causes: 3) The USS Maine Explodes: 260 seamen dead McKinley now had to look at war as a possibility Tried to negotiate with Spain, but they rejected the peace offering War hawks in Congress pushed for war McKinley reluctantly went to war; eventually saw it as an opportunity for American expansion Spanish-American War (1898): a splendid little war - John Hay (Sec. of State) Lasted only 16 weeks 300,000 Americans fought; 5,400 casualties San Juan Hill Results: Cuba would become independent - (Platt Amendment) 2) Puerto Rico & Guam would become US possessions - importance??? 3) Pay $20 million for annexation of Spain - Commodore George Dewey & Manila Bay Spoils of War & the Expansion of the Empire Cuba: Platt Amendment Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory. the U.S. would reserve the right to intervene in Cuba The U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for naval & coaling stations Puerto Rico We control it! Spoils of War & the Expansion of the Empire: The Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo & Filipino rebels enter a war for independence against the U.S. Long-drawn out conflict with the use of some brutal tactics by both sides. Taft (governor-general) promised independence T.R. & America on the World Stage Philippines Great White Fleet Panama Canal see slide A Man, A Plan, A Canal, Panama I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate; and while the debate goes on, the canal does also. Russo-Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth Role in early WWI European Conflict A Man, a plan, a canal, Panama ! Americas Changing Foreign Policy Roosevelt Corollary Big Stick Diplomacy Announced the plan that the U.S. would act as policeman of the region, and set a principle against European interference in Latin American affairs. Open Door Notes - John Hay Sec of State Claims the right of equal trade access for all nations that wanted to do business in China. Britain, Germany, France, & Russia Supported the Boxer Rebellion (multi-nationalistic) Dollar Diplomacy- William Howard Taft Believed that the goal of diplomacy was to create stability and order abroad that would best promote American commercial interests. the goal of diplomacy to improve financial opportunities, but also to use private capital to further U.S. interests overseas Big Stick Diplomacy Origins & Outbreaks of World War I Long Term: Imperialism Nationalism: resentment to Imper. Militarism: Must protect possessions & $$ Alliances: Safety in numbers Short Term: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Ultimatum Chain Reaction of events in Europe Chain Reaction Ultimatum issued to Serbia Refused Austria declares war on Serbia Russia, allied with Serbia, begins to mobilize for war. German feels threatened and responds declaring war on Russia & France; invades Belgium Great Britain, in response to the Germans in Belgium and allied with the French, declares war on Germany. By Early 1915 on the Western Front had bogged down into a stalemate (trench warfare) Central Powers winning the war in Russia Weapons of WW I Long Range Artillery Machine Guns Trenches Trucks Airplanes Songs and Poetry. I have a rendezvous with Death At some disputed barricade, When Spring comes back with rustling shade And apple-blossoms fill the air I have a rendezvous with Death When Spring brings back blue days and fair. It may be he shall take my hand And lead me into his dark land And close my eyes and quench my breath It may be I shall pass him still. I have a rendezvous with Death On some scarred slope of battered hill, When Spring comes round again this year And the first meadow-flowers appear. "I Have a Rendezvous with Death" Alan Seeger. 18881916 God knows 'twere better to be deep Pillowed in silk and scented down, Where love throbs out in blissful sleep, Pulse nigh to pulse, and breath to breath, Where hushed awakenings are dear... But I've a rendezvous with Death 2 At midnight in some flaming town, When Spring trips north again this year, And I to my pledged word am true, I shall not fail that rendezvous. 1917 (David Olney) Sung By Emmylou Harris The strange young man who comes to me A soldier on a three day spree He needs one night's cheap ecstasy And a woman's arms to hide him He greets me with a courtly bow And hides his pain by acting proud He drinks too much and he laughs too loud How can I deny him. Let us dance beneath the moon I'll sing to you "Claire de Lune The morning always comes too soon But tonight the war is over He speaks to me in schoolboy French Of a soldier's life inside a trench Of the look of death and the ghastly stench I do my best to please him He puts two roses in a vase Two roses sadly out of place Like the gallant smile on his haggard face Playfully I tease him Hold me neath the Paris skies Let's not talk of how or why Tomorrow's soon enough to die But tonight the war is over We make love too hard too fast He falls asleep his face a mask He wakes with the shakes and he drinks from his flask I put my arms around him 1917 They die in the trenches and they die in the air In Belgium and France the dead are everywhere They die so fast there's no time to prepare A decent grave to surround them Lux aeterna luceat eis Domine cum sanctis tuis in aeternum Quia pius es Requiem aeternaum dona eis Domine Qui-a pius es Requiem aeternaum dona eis Domine Qui-a pius es Et lux perpetua luceat- eis Cum sancris tu-s in Aeternum quia pius es Tonight the war is over (May everlasting light shine upon them, O Lord, with your saints forever, for you are merciful. Grant them eternal rest, O Lord, and may everlasting light shine upon them. with your saints forever for you are merciful. ) Old world glory, old world fame The old world's gone, gone up in flames Nothing will ever be the same And nothing lasts forever Oh I'd pray for him but I've forgotten how And there's nothing nothing that can save him now There's always another with the same funny bow And who am I to deny them Battles Somme- 1 July and 18 November 1916 (70,000 fall in the first 3 hours) Verdun- February- October, 1916 Russian Revolution German Offensive of 1918 (Ludendorffs Great Gamble) Americas Early Response neutral in both thought & action Wilson calls for neutrality Political & economic conflict Dealing with the American public German U-Boat terror Freedom of the Seas Germ & British blockade Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Strict Accountability Lusitania (May 7, 1915) next slide Arabic & Sussex Preparing for War Just in case National Defense Act J.P. Morgan financing war (British & French) Build-up of arms How long can we stay out of this? Buying us some time Wilson & the Election of 1916 Democrats: Wilson Peace candidate he kept us out of war Weak candidate for an inevitable war?? Front porch campaign 4 Ps (peace, prosperity, progressivism, pro-labor) Republicans: Charles Evan Hughes Traveled around TR and his mouth damage POTUS hopes Results: Go to bed a winner, wake up a loser Wilson wins Peace or War: America takes the next step to enter the war Unrestricted Submarine Warfare returns Wilson calls for a peace without victory Zimmerman Telegram Russian Revolution (1917) Declaration of War the world must be made safe for democracy Wilsons speech The AEF in Action Pershing AEF 1 st Division goes to France, Summer 1917 Belleau Wood June 1918 Teufelhunder St. Mihiel, September 1917 Meuse Argonne Offensive September- November, 1918 Sgt York Eddie Rickenbacker The War at Home Selective Service Act May 1917 Committee in Public Information George Creel PowerPoint & Poem War Industries Board Bernard Baruch Food Administration Board Serve Beans by All Means Meatless Tuesdays & Wheatless Wednesdays USSGA - United States School Garden Schneck vs. United States Clear & Present Danger Clause limits on free speech Ending the War Oct 1918 German Kaiser asked Wilson for an armistice based on the 14 Points 11 th hour of the 11 th day in the 11 th month 1918 the Germans signed the armistice agreeing to evacuate France, Belgium, Luxembourg immediately. Also agreed to surrender to the Allies war materials including prisoners, naval vessels, etc.. The Unsettled Peace The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles Laying the Groundwork Representatives from 27 countries attended the peace conference. Representatives from Germany and Russia were excluded The Big Four: David Lloyd George (Britain) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) George Clemenceau (France) Woodrow Wilson (USA)Henry Cabot Lodge France, Italy, and Great Britain wanted to punish Germany and demanded heavy reparations. They also made a secret agreement to divide up the German colonies. The Germans assumed Wilsons Fourteen points as the basis for the peace negotiations The Treaty of Versailles: The Foundations of Peace?? The Fourteen Points Wilsons Plan for peace Wilson called for: open diplomacy freedom of the seas arms reduction end to colonialism the removal of trade barriers and international commitment to national self-determination League of Nations became Wilsons obsession Designed to curb aggressor countries through collective military action and mediate disputes to prevent future conflict Reaction & Results at Versailles Wilson personally attended the conference- no opposition Republicans were in Paris National self-determination created the independent states of Austria, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia Freedom of the seas and free trade was strongly resisted by the Allies. Reparations from Germany were set at $33 billion Wilson acknowledged that the treaty had defects but he believe that they could be resolved by the League of Nations The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919 Weaknesses of the League Taking action against an aggressor was almost impossible unanimous vote Define aggressor? Who would control the military if action was taken? Security Council could only recommend, not enforce action Selling the Treaty at Home When Wilson presented it to Congress it did not receive the necessary 2/3 vote. The Progressive senators felt that the treaty was too conservative, they also disapproved of permanent U.S. participation in European Affairs. Republicans wanted to amend the League of Nations (article X). They believed that it would restrict Congresss authority to declare war and limit the freedom of the U.S. to pursue a unilateral foreign policy. Sept.1919, Wilson went on a speaking tour defending the Treaty. The tour was cut short when Wilson collapsed and suffered from a severe stroke a week later. W.W. refused compromise, and the treaty was not ratified when it came up for vote in 1919 and 1920