importance of microgrid control in providing benefits to ... · importance of microgrid control...
TRANSCRIPT
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EXTERNAL
27TH MARCH 2018
Importance of microgrid control in providing benefits to off-, weak- and strong-grid systemsIEEE IES (Swiss Chapter) Workshop - Trends in Microgrid ApplicationsSimon Round, Technology Manager Microgrids and Grid Edge Technologies
—Importance of microgrid control
March 27, 2018 Slide 2
Microgrid definition
Multiple distributed energy resources and loads that
– can be operated in a controlled and coordinated way
– either connected to the main power grid or in “islanded” mode
What is a microgrid?
Solar PV power plant
Wind power plant
Remote asset management and
data analytics
Advanced powerdistribution and
protection
Conventional power
Grid connection
Modular scalable energy storage and grid stabilization
Commercial loads
Industrial loads
Control systemResidential loads
—Importance of microgrid control
March 27, 2018 Slide 3
Segments
– Island utilities
– Remote communities
– Industrial and commercial
– Defense
– Urban communities
– Institutions and campuses
Where are microgrids used?
Hybrid or Islanded Microgrid
– Access to power in remote locations
– Power quality
– Lower cost and environmental impact
Grid connected Microgrid
– Grid resiliency
– Power quality and self consumption
– Lower environmental impact
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Finolhu Villas Resort, off-grid PV/diesel/storage microgrid
Reference: Island – Integration of renewables
March 27, 2018 Slide 4
Provision of 40 TRIO-27.6 kW solar inverters for the 1MW solar PV plant installed in the Finholhu Villas island resort.
ABB supplied the inverters to T&D, a system integrator.
ABB solution
Customer benefits
About the project
First 100% sustainable resort in the Maledives. The PV panels were integrated into the resort’s architecture from the design phase.
Minimize diesel fuel expenditure – return on investment of the solar PV plant plus storage is less than 8 years
Branding as the first 100% sustainable resort in the Maledives
– 100% renewable energy production
– Waste management and recycling system also in place
Project name
Finolhu Resort
Country
Gasfinolhu, Maledives
Customer
Club Med
Completion date
2014
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Marble Bar, PowerStore Flywheel/PV/Diesel
Reference: Remote communities – Minimize fuel consumption
March 27, 2018 Slide 5
Marble bar and Nullagine are the world’s first high penetration, solar photovoltaic diesel power stations
– Project name: Marble Bar– Location: Western Australia, Australia– Customer: Horizon Power, Government of WA
ABB’s PowerStore flywheel grid stabilizing technologyenables high solar energy penetration by injecting orabsorbing power extremely fast in order to stabilizefluctuating power output from the solar power plant. TheMicrogrid Plus technology will help control the network
About the Project
Solution
Customer Benefits
– Minimize diesel consumption - 400,000 liters of fuel saved annually
– Minimum environmental impact - 1,100 tons CO2 avoided annually
– Reliable and stable power supply– 60% of the day time electricity demand is generated by the
PV plant
Press Release
Video
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AusNet Services, PowerStore Battery/Diesel
Reference: Urban community – Delaying infrastructure upgrades
March 27, 2018 Slide 6
First embedded generation system with battery grid energy storage for distribution network support in Australia
– Project name: AusNet Services – Location: Victoria, Australia– Customer: AusNet Services – Completion date: 2014
Microgrid solution includes ABB’s hybrid energy storage, diesel generation and grid stabilization technology to provide sufficient energy to meet peak power demand on a power line in suburban Melbourne.
About the Project
Solution
Customer Benefits
– Active and reactive power support during high demand periods
– Transition into isolated/off-grid operation on command or in emergency cases without supply interruption
– Mobile and transportable containerized solution
Press Release
Video
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Longmeadow, PowerStore Battery/PV/Diesel
Reference: Industrial and commercial site – Quality power in a weak grid
March 27, 2018 Slide 7
Microgrid solution is for the 96,000 sqm facility in Johannesburg that houses both ABB South Africa’s headquarters, as well as a manufacturing facility employing close to 1,000 employees
– Project name: Longmeadow– Location: South Africa– Customer: Longmeadow Business Estate
Microgrid solution consists of: – PowerStore Battery (1 MW/380 kWh) – Microgrid Plus Control System– Solar PV (1 x 750 kWp)– Diesel (2 x 600 kW)– Remote Monitoring
About the Project
Solution
Customer Benefits
– Stabilizing the grid for reliable and stable power supply– Optimized renewable energy contribution to the facility– Seamless transition from grid connection to islanding in case
of an outage– CO2 reduction: over 1,000 tons/year– Up to 100% renewable energy penetration
Press Release
Infographic
Video
Data Sheet
—Importance of microgrid control
March 27, 2018 Slide 8
Basic functionality
– Ensuring a stable voltage and frequency
– Matching power demand to supply
– Providing multiple power system functions at the same time
• depending on operational goals
What functionality does a microgrid require?
– Access to electricity
– Maximize reliability
– Uninterrupted supply
– Reduce environmental impact
– Maximize renewable energy contribution
– Fuel & cost savings
– Fuel independence
– Provide grid services
1. Stabilizing
2. Spinning reserve
3. STATCOM (reactive power)
4. Seamless transition between islanded and grid-connected
5. Standalone operation
6. Smoothing
7. Shaving
8. Shifting
Operational goals Power system functions – “8S”
Renewablepower
Energy storage and grid stabilization
Microgridcontrol system
—Importance of microgrid control
March 27, 2018 Slide 9
Microgrid control functions
Island & Grid Connected – common Island only Grid connected only
Seamless Grid Connection/Disconnection Frequency Control Power Factor Correction
Generator Scheduling Voltage Control Peak Shaving
Storage System Scheduling Generator Overload Support Zero grid feed-in power
Generator/Storage kW sharing (non-proportional) Generator Ideal Load Control
Storage/Stabilizing System recharge (renewable energy) Renewable Energy/Load Smoothing
Storage recharge by generators/grid
Feeder protection relay group switching
System Automatic Black Start
Generator/Storage kVAr sharing
—Importance of microgrid control
March 27, 2018 Slide 10
Microgrid control functionality assigned to 4 levels (as defined in IEEE P2030.7 draft standard)
Supervisory
Device Level
3
1
Grid
Interactive
Sequence logic/status control, load management,building energy management, plant controller
Automatic generation control, fast load shedding, resynchronization, disturbance recording
4
Local Area 2
Voltage/frequency control, reactive power control
EV control. Energy storage control, load control
Generation control, Islanding detection, fault protection
Area EPS control, spot market
DMS, TSCADA, connections to adjacent microgrids
Forecasting, data mgmt & visualization, optimization (e.g. volt/VAR, economic dispatch), dispatch, state estimation
Generation smoothing, spinning reserve, topology change mgmt., emergency handling, black start, protection coordination
—Importance of microgrid control
March 27, 2018 Slide 11
Differences
Centralized
– Single central controller
– Direct communications to each asset (device controller)
– Centrally calculates each assets operating set-point and distributes
Decentralized
– A controller is connected to each asset
– Each controller broadcasts operating status and data to all others
– Listens and controls itself based own and others’ operating points
Centralized microgrid controller Decentralized microgrid controller
Microgrid controller types – Centralized and Decentralized
Device
Controller
Conv.
GenerationDevice
Controller
Renew.
Generation
Device
Controller
Grid
coupling
Device
Controller
Shedable
Loads
Device
Controller
Energy
Storage
Ext. Comm.
Interface
Microgrid
Controller
Microgrid
Controller
Energy
Storage
Microgrid
Controller
Conv.
Generation
Microgrid
Controller
Renew.
Generation
Mic
rogrid
Contr
olle
r
Grid
couplin
g
Mic
rogrid
Contro
ller
Shedable
Loads
Communication Ext. Comm.
Interface
—Importance of microgrid control
March 27, 2018 Slide 12
Comparison of centralized and decentralized controllers
Category Centralized Decentralized
Number of controllers One Multiple – one per asset
Controller hardware requirementsHigh CPU performance & memory(e.g. industrial PC)
Low CPU performance (e.g. single microcontroller)
Communication Point-to-point (typically) Ring
ReliabilitySingle point of failure(Redundancy requires fail-over-safe multiple controllers)
System continues to operate with loss of controller/communications
Scalability/expansion Complex and expensiveSimple addition of new asset,no reconfiguration needed
Performing maintenance (e.g. SW upgrade)
Complete system shutdownUpdate each controller individually, system continues to operate
Software development Large code base & complex testingSimpler & reduce SW subset reduced number of test cases
—Importance of microgrid control
March 27, 2018 Slide 13
1. Determine Total Q
Simple algorithm to share reactive power evenly based on
– sum of all load P & Q(or source P & Q)
2. Calculate Renewable Q
Renewables are generally not grid forming
Renewable Q set-point is based on total load Q and ratio of renew. P to total load P
– Limited by max & min Q capability
– Must operate with inverters that have fixed power factor
3. Calculate Generator Q
Grid-forming generators allocate capacity to remaining load
Remaining P/Q is total load P/Q minus renew. P/Q
Calculated identically as renew. Q
– Limited by individual generator max & min Q limits
4. Calculate BESS Q
BESS inverters operate with wide power factor range
– Can operate as the slack machine
Allocated last to provide remaining Q even if rest are operating at limits
Allocated proportionally to their Q ratings
How does a decentralized controller operate? A reactive power sharing algorithm for island operation example
Solar Inv
Load LoadBESS Inv
PvPsGen1 Gen270kW 70kW 50kW 72kW 200kW
Solar Inv
Load LoadBESS Inv
PvPsGen1 Gen270kW 70kW 50kW 72kW 200kW
Total load P & Q
Total source P & Q
Solar Inv
Load LoadBESS Inv
PvPsGen1 Gen270kW 70kW 50kW 72kW 200kW
Solar Inv
Load LoadBESS Inv
PvPsGen1 Gen270kW 70kW 50kW 72kW 200kW
Q*v = Q . Pv/P
Q*G =
(Q - Qv). PG/(P - Pv) Q*B = (Q – Qv – QG). QSmax/min/∑QSmax/min
—Importance of microgrid control
March 27, 2018 Slide 14
Microgrid configuration & test conditions
– Up to 200kW of switchable load
• 50kW load in test case
– 2x 70kW diesel generators
• 1 generator supplying 25kW initially
– 1x 72kW solar PV inverter
• Supplying a constant 15kW
– 1x 50kW/50kWh Li-ion battery energy storage system
• Supplying 10kW initially
Proportional reactive power sharing performance for step changes in reactive load from 0 to 43kVAr (cap)
Solar Inv
Load LoadBESS Inv
PvPsGen1 Gen270kW 70kW 50kW 72kW 200kW
—Importance of microgrid control
March 27, 2018 Slide 15
Robust operation examples
Microgrid controller keeps the voltage and frequency stable even if generating plants trip offline
– Other generation sources provide the power
– Battery energy storage provides the most
– Sharing is adjusted more slowly
Communication link in the decentralized controller is not essential for stability
Continuous operation even with asset and communication faults
Response due to PV inverter trip
Response due to communications failure(PV inverter Ethernet cable removed)
—Importance of microgrid control
March 27, 2018 Slide 16
Microgrids are an integral part of grid transformation
Microgrids are used for both on- and off-grid applications
– Supplying electricity to remote locations, deferring network upgrades or provides resiliency
– Helps achieve renewable and environmental goals
Basic control to ensure a stable voltage and frequency & matching power demand to supply
– Essential for island and weak grids
Strong grids microgrids provide resiliency but have the opportunity to provide grid services & earn revenue
Centralized and decentralized control architectures are equally applicable for a microgrid
Decentralized control architecture fits with distributed assets
– Has robust and continuous operation even with communication or controller/equipment failures
Conclusions
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Grid stabilization and energy storage
ABB in Microgrid
March 27, 2018 Slide 18
Containerized plug-and-play solution in various ratings
Fully productized and scalable to address all market segment applications.
– Seamless transition from grid connected to islanded mode
– Stabilizes against voltage and frequency variations
– “Virtual Generator” can form the grid, integrating up to 100% of renewable energy
– Microgrid Plus Controller
• Maximizes fossil fuel savings and optimizes use of renewable energy
• Guarantees optimum loading and spinning reserve in fossil fuel generators
• Distributed logic enhances reliability and scalability for future system expansions
PowerStore™
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“Plug and play” solution, easily configurable
PowerStore™
March 27, 2018 Slide 19
Lithium Ion BatteriesBattery module, Racks, and Battery Management System (BMS) Interface• Easy maintenance• Online replaceable• Hot-swappable
Climate ControlMaintaining temperature inside the container within an acceptable operating limit at all times
PCS100PowerStore™ Conversion System• Scalable• Modular• Grid Forming• Virtual Generator
Built-in PowerStore™ AutomationDedicated Microgrid plus control system delivered pre-programed to meet the application needs
Remote MonitoringComprehensive solutions for unattended sites to increase productivity.• Key Performance Indicators• Real-time & historical data
trends • Configurable data sampling
rate• Support predictive,
preventive and corrective maintenance
Health Safety and Environment (HSE)Ensure heath and safety appropriateness for all individual components and entire system of PowerStore™
—MGS100
March 27, 2018 Slide 20
ABB MGS100 “plug and play” scalable solution
An integrated system for reliable, sustainable power
Three power ratings available
– 20kW, 40kW, 60kW nominal load power
Integrated system, available as a single cabinet
Factory pre-tested and fully pre-wired
– Ready to install in the field
Designed for harsh environments
Multi-source energy mix
– Solar PV string input including embedded MPPT
– Battery energy storage input for lead-acid or lithium-ion batteries
– AC generation (diesel/ biofuel) or grid connection
Embedded input and output protection devices
Control system with programmable logic functionality
Remote monitoring capability