In humans, billions of cells die each day

Cells die in two ways:

1.Necrosis

2.Apoptosis

Necrosis: occurs when cells are damaged by poisons or are starved of essential nutrients

Necrosis of plant life

Apoptosis: series of events that cause programmed cell death (the body forces the cell to die)

Should you be worried about cell death? Why or why not? Use cell cycle in your response.

Cell Cycle Revisited

•3 parts- Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokenesis

Interphase

Cytokenesis

Cell Cycle Revisited

•Continuous cell division process

Cell Cycle Revisited

•Replace/repairs dead cells with new cells

Cells Dead cell New cell

When things go right:

•Healing process works

•Growth occurs

Development of life from one cell to many:

Cell Cycle Errors

•Chromosomes failing to line up in the center in metaphase

•Pairs of chromosomes fail to separate from each other in anaphase

When errors occur, the body reacts by forcing the cell to die through apoptosis

Why would the body force a cell that has an error in it to die (apoptosis)? Use apoptosis in your answer.

Apoptosis rids the body of dead and diseased cells. (Like getting rid of trash)

When apoptosis does not work:

Out of total people in United States:

•1 in 3 will have cancer (33%)

•1 in 5 will die of cancer (20%)

Cancer:A major chronic disease resulting from uncontrolled cell growth

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, ChildhoodAcute Myeloid Leukemia, AdultAcute Myeloid Leukemia, ChildhoodAdrenocortical Carcinoma Adrenocortical Carcinoma, ChildhoodAIDS-Related CancersAIDS-Related LymphomaAnal CancerAppendix CancerAstrocytoma, Childhood CerebellarAstrocytoma, Childhood Cerebral

Basal Cell Carcinoma, see Skin Cancer (Nonmelanoma)Bile Duct Cancer, ExtrahepaticBladder CancerBladder Cancer, ChildhoodBone Cancer, Osteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous HistiocytomaBrain Stem Glioma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, AdultBrain Tumor, Brain Stem Glioma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Cerebellar Astrocytoma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Cerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Ependymoma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Medulloblastoma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood Brain Tumor, Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Childhood (Other)Breast Cancer Breast Cancer and Pregnancy Breast Cancer, ChildhoodBreast Cancer, MaleBronchial Adenomas/Carcinoids, ChildhoodBurkitt Lymphoma

Carcinoid Tumor, ChildhoodCarcinoid Tumor,GastrointestinalCarcinoma of Unknown PrimaryCentral Nervous System Lymphoma, PrimaryCerebellar Astrocytoma, ChildhoodCerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, ChildhoodCervical CancerChildhood CancersChronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaChronic Myelogenous LeukemiaChronic Myeloproliferative DisordersColon CancerColorectal Cancer, ChildhoodCutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary SyndromeEndometrial CancerEpendymoma, ChildhoodEsophageal CancerEsophageal Cancer, ChildhoodEwing Family of TumorsExtracranial Germ Cell Tumor, ChildhoodExtragonadal Germ Cell TumorExtrahepatic Bile Duct CancerEye Cancer, Intraocular MelanomaEye Cancer, RetinoblastomaGallbladder CancerGastric (Stomach) CancerGastric (Stomach) Cancer, Childhood

Gastrointestinal Carcinoid TumorGastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)Germ Cell Tumor, Extracranial, Childhood Germ Cell Tumor, ExtragonadalGerm Cell Tumor, OvarianGestational Trophoblastic TumorGlioma, AdultGlioma, Childhood Brain StemGlioma, Childhood Cerebral AstrocytomaGlioma, Childhood Visual Pathway and HypothalamicHairy Cell LeukemiaHead and Neck Cancer

Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Adult (Primary)Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Childhood (Primary)Hodgkin Lymphoma, AdultHodgkin Lymphoma, ChildhoodHypopharyngeal CancerHypothalamic and Visual Pathway Glioma, ChildhoodIntraocular MelanomaIslet Cell Tumors (Endocrine Pancreas)Kaposi SarcomaKidney (Renal Cell) CancerKidney Cancer, ChildhoodLaryngeal CancerLaryngeal Cancer, ChildhoodLeukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic, AdultLeukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic, ChildhoodLeukemia, Acute Myeloid, AdultLeukemia, Acute Myeloid, ChildhoodLeukemia, Chronic LymphocyticLeukemia, Chronic MyelogenousLeukemia, Hairy CellLip and Oral Cavity CancerLiver Cancer, Adult (Primary)Liver Cancer, Childhood (Primary)Lung Cancer, Non-Small CellLung Cancer, Small CellLymphoma, AIDS-RelatedLymphoma, BurkittLymphoma, Cutaneous T-Cell, see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary SyndromeLymphoma, Hodgkin, AdultLymphoma, Hodgkin, ChildhoodLymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, AdultLymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, ChildhoodLymphoma, Primary Central Nervous SystemMacroglobulinemia, WaldenströmMalignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone and OsteosarcomaMedulloblastoma, ChildhoodMelanomaMelanoma, Intraocular (Eye)Merkel Cell CarcinomaMesothelioma, Adult MalignantMesothelioma, ChildhoodMetastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult PrimaryMouth CancerMultiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome, ChildhoodMultiple Myeloma/Plasma Cell NeoplasmMycosis FungoidesMyelodysplastic SyndromesMyelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative DiseasesMyelogenous Leukemia, ChronicMyeloid Leukemia, Adult AcuteMyeloid Leukemia, Childhood AcuteMyeloma, MultipleMyeloproliferative Disorders, ChronicNasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus CancerNasopharyngeal CancerNasopharyngeal Cancer, ChildhoodNeuroblastomaNon-Hodgkin Lymphoma, AdultNon-Hodgkin Lymphoma, ChildhoodNon-Small Cell Lung CancerOral Cancer, ChildhoodOral Cavity Cancer, Lip andOropharyngeal CancerOsteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of BoneOvarian Cancer, ChildhoodOvarian Epithelial CancerOvarian Germ Cell TumorOvarian Low Malignant Potential TumorPancreatic CancerPancreatic Cancer, ChildhoodPancreatic Cancer, Islet CellParanasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer

Parathyroid CancerPenile CancerPharyngeal CancerPheochromocytomaPineoblastoma and Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, ChildhoodPituitary TumorPlasma Cell Neoplasm/Multiple MyelomaPleuropulmonary BlastomaPregnancy and Breast CancerPrimary Central Nervous System LymphomaProstate CancerRectal CancerRenal Cell (Kidney) CancerRenal Cell (Kidney) Cancer, ChildhoodRenal Pelvis and Ureter, Transitional Cell CancerRetinoblastomaRhabdomyosarcoma, ChildhoodSalivary Gland CancerSalivary Gland Cancer, ChildhoodSarcoma, Ewing Family of TumorsSarcoma, KaposiSarcoma, Soft Tissue, AdultSarcoma, Soft Tissue, ChildhoodSarcoma, UterineSézary SyndromeSkin Cancer (Nonmelanoma)Skin Cancer, ChildhoodSkin Cancer (Melanoma)Skin Carcinoma, Merkel CellSmall Cell Lung CancerSmall Intestine CancerSoft Tissue Sarcoma, AdultSoft Tissue Sarcoma, ChildhoodSquamous Cell Carcinoma, see Skin Cancer (Nonmelanoma)Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary, MetastaticStomach (Gastric) CancerStomach (Gastric) Cancer, ChildhoodSupratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, ChildhoodT-Cell Lymphoma, Cutaneous, see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary SyndromeTesticular CancerThroat CancerThymoma, ChildhoodThymoma and Thymic CarcinomaThyroid CancerThyroid Cancer, ChildhoodTransitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and UreterTrophoblastic Tumor, GestationalUnknown Primary Site, Carcinoma of, AdultUnknown Primary Site, Cancer of, ChildhoodUnusual Cancers of ChildhoodUreter and Renal Pelvis, Transitional Cell CancerUrethral CancerUterine Cancer, EndometrialUterine SarcomaVaginal CancerVisual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, ChildhoodVulvar CancerWaldenström MacroglobulinemiaWilms Tumor

•Normal cell growth takes about 20 hrs

•Normal cells layer next to each other when they come into contact with another cell

Normal cell growth:

Single layer cells (side by side)

Cancer cell

Cancerous cells do not act the same as normal cells.

Write the differences you saw in normal cells

(top) and cancer cells (bottom). Use cancer and normal cells in your answer.

•Cancer cells have a faster cell cycle (less than 20 hours)

•Cancer cells allow other cells to layer atop, below, and accumulate (group up)•When cells accumulate, a tumor is formed

Tumor

There are two types of tumors:

1.Benign

2.Malignant

•Mass of cells that grow slowly

•Not cancerous

•Can be removed and do not usually come back

•Cells in benign tumors do not spread; stay near 1st damaged cell

•Can cause damage by pressing on other parts of body

Benign tumors:

Malignant tumors•Mass of cells that are capable of rapid growth (depends on cancer type)

•Cancerous

•Invade other cells and spread

What are some differences between benign and malignant tumors? Write your answer using the words benign and malignant.

Ear tumor

Frontal lobe tumor (brain cancer)

Therapy :1846, "medical treatment of disease," from Mod.L. therapia, from Gk. therapeia "curing, healing," from therapeuein "to cure, treat." Therapist formed 1886; earlier therapeutist(1816), especially of psychotherapy practitioners from c.1930s.

Treatments for cancer

Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy

Radiation Therapy: using radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors

Destroys cancer cells by destroying DNA of the cells.

Normal cells usually recover easily after radiation exposure.

Two types of radiation therapy:

1.External- radiation source outside the body

2.Internal- radiation source implanted near the tumor

Pros: shrinks and destroys cancerous cells, targeted cells limit damage to rest of body

Cons: fatigue, diarrhea, alopecia, constant vomiting, and skin changes

Chemotherapy: using chemicals to kill cancer cells

Administered in 6 ways:

Injection at site

Intra-arterial (arteries)

Intraperitoneal (stomach area)

Intravenous (vein)

Topically (skin cream)

Orally (pill form)

Pros: with the right chemicals, cancer is cured, controlled, and symptoms eased

Cons: fatigue, bleeding, diarrhea, flu, loss of appetite, alopecia, infertility, pain, changes in normal body function

A day with roger

Chemotherapy basics

Family and friends support