Indian Remote Sensing satellite

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Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS) are a series of Earth Observation satellites, built, launched and maintained by

Indian Space Research Organisation. The IRS series provides many remote sensing services to India.

Contents

[hide] 1 IRS System 2 IRS data applications 3 IRS launch log 4 Future IRS launches 5 Satellite data acquisition and processing 6 References 7 See also

8 External links

[edit] IRS System

Following the successful demonstration flights of Bhaskara-1 and Bhaskara-2 satellites launched in 1979 and 1981, respectively, India began to develop the indigenous Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite program to support the national economy in the areas of agriculture, water resources, forestry and ecology, geology, water sheds, marine fisheries and coastal management.

Towards this end, India established the National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) for which the Department of Space (DOS) is the nodal agency, providing operational remote sensing data services.[1] Data from the IRS satellites is received and disseminated by several countries all over the world. With the advent of high-resolution satellites new applications in the areas of urban sprawl, infrastructure planning and other large scale applications for mapping have been initiated.

The IRS system is the largest constellation of remote sensing satellites for civilian use in operation today in the world. [2] With the launch of CARTOSAT-2A [3] , the constellation now has eight satellites in operation – IRS-1D, OCEANSAT-1, Technology Experiment Satellite (TES), RESOURCESAT-1, CARTOSAT-1, CARTOSAT-2 and the latest CARTOSAT-2A and IMS-1. All these are placed in polar sun-synchronous orbit and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions.

[edit] IRS data applications

Data from Indian Remote Sensing satellites are used for various applications of resources survey and management under the National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS). Following is the list of those applications:

Preharvest crop area and production estimation of major crops. Drought monitoring and assessment based on vegetation condition. Flood risk zone mapping and flood damage assessment. Hydro-geomorphological maps for locating underground water resources for drilling well. Irrigation command area status monitoring Snow-melt run-off estimates for planning water use in down stream projects Land use and land cover mapping Urban planning Forest survey Wetland mapping Environmental impact analysis Mineral Prospecting Coastal studies

Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (initiated in 1992) for generating locale-specific prescriptions for integrated land and water resources development in 174 districts.

[edit] IRS launch log

The initial versions are composed of the 1 (A,B,C,D). The later versions are named based on their area of application including OceanSat, CartoSat, ResourceSat. Some of the satellites have alternate designations based on the launch number and vehicle (P series for PSLV).

Serial No.

Satellite Date of Launch Launch Vehicle Status

1 IRS 1A 17 March 1988 Vostok, USSR Mission Completed

2 IRS 1B 29 August 1991 Vostok, USSR Mission Completed

3 IRS P1 (also IE)20 September 1993

PSLV-D1 Crashed, due to launch failure of PSLV

4 IRS P2 15 October 1994 PSLV-D2 Mission Completed

5 IRS 1C28 December 1995

Molniya, Russia Mission Completed

6 IRS P3 21 March 1996 PSLV-D3 Mission Completed

7 IRS 1D29 September 1997

PSLV-C1 In Service

8 IRS P4 (Oceansat-1) 27 May 1999 PSLV-C2 In Service

9Technology Experiment Satellite (TES)

22 October 2001 PSLV-C3 In Service

10 IRS P6 (Resourcesat 1) 17 October 2003 PSLV-C5 In Service

11 IRS P5 (Cartosat 1) 5 May 2005 PSLV-C6 In Service

12 Cartosat 2 (IRS P7) 10 January 2007 PSLV-C7 In Service

13 Cartosat 2A (IRS P?) 28 April 2008 PSLV-C9 In Service

14 IMS 1 (IRS P?) 28 April 2008 PSLV-C9 In Service

15 Oceansat-223 September 2009

PSLV-C14 In Service

16 Cartosat-2B 12 July 2010 PSLV-C15 In Service

[edit] Future IRS launches

Following are the remote sensing satellites planned by ISRO to be launched next strengthening the fleet of IRS satellites and widening their applications:[2][4]

RISAT (Radar Imaging Satellite) : A microwave remote sensing mission with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operating in C-band and having a 6 x 2 meter planar active array antenna based on trans-receiver module architecture. SAR is an all weather-imaging sensor capable of taking images in cloudy and snow covered regions and also both during day and night. RISAT weighs 1,750 kg.

RESOURCESAT-2: It will have imaging sensors similar to RESOURCESAT-1. Payload electronics have been miniaturised to reduce the overall weight. RESOURCESAT-2 is planned for launch by PSLV in 2010.

RESEOURCESAT-3: A follow on to Resourcesat-2, it will carry more advanced LISS-III-WS (Wide Swath) Sensor having similar swath and revisit capability as Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS), thus overcoming any spatial resolution limitation of AWiFS. Satellite would also carry Atmospheric Correction Sensor (ACS) for quantitative interpretation and geophysical parameter retrieval. It slated to be launched during 2011-12.[4].

CARTOSAT-3 : A continuation of Cartosat series , it will have a resolution 30 cm and 6 km swath suitable for cadastre and infrastructure mapping and analysis. It would also enhance disaster monitoring and damage assessment. It is slated to be launched during 2011-12.[4].

OCEANSAT-3: Oceasat-3 would carry Thermal IR Sensor, 12 channel Ocean Color Monitor, Scatterometer and Passive Microwave Radiometer. IR Sensor and Ocean Color Monitor would be used in the analysis for operational Potential Fishing Zones. Satellite is mainly for Ocean biology and sea state applications. It is slated to the launched aboard PSLV in 2012-13.[4].

[edit] Satellite data acquisition and processing

The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) at Hyderabad is the nodal agency for reception, archival, processing and dissemination of remote sensing data in the country. NRSC acquires and processes data from all Indian remote sensing satellites like CARTOSAT-1, CARTOSAT-2, RESOURCESAT-1, IRS-1D, OCEANSAT-1 and TES as well as foreign satellites like Terra, NOAA and ERS.

Indian Remote Sensing Satellites

Past Satellites

Aryabhata, 1975 Bhaskara I, 1979 Bhaskara II, 1981 Rohini Series, 1980-83 SROSS Series, 1985-92 IRS-1A, 1988 IRS-P1, 1993

Presently Working Satellites

IRS-1B, 1991 IRS-P2, 1994 IRS-1C, 1995 IRS-P3, 1996 IRS-1D, 1997 IRS-P4, 1999 (Oceansat) IRS-P6, 2003 (Resourcesat) IRS-P5, 2005 (Cartosat-1) IRS-P7, 2007 (Cartosat-2)

Future Satellites

IRS-2 Series, 2005 IRS-3 Series, 2006

IRS-Digital Products

Links to ISRO Centres

IPDPG of Space of Application Centre (SAC) Ahmedabad Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Head Quarters National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad

Aryabhatta Satellite

(First Indian Experimental Satellite)

Launch Date : April 19, 1975

Weight : 360 kg

Orbit : 619 x 562 km inclined at 50.7 deg

Lauched by : Soviet Intercosmos rocket.

Objectives : The objectives of this project were to indigenously design and fabricate a space-worthy satellite system and evaluate its perfromance in orbitr.

* to evolve the methodology of conducting a series of complex operations on the satellite in its orbital phasei.

* to set up ground-based receiving, transmitting and tracking systems

and to establish infrastructure for the fabrication of spacecraft systems.

The exercise also provided an opportunity to conduct investigations in the area of spcae sciences. The satellite carried three experiments, one each in X-Ray Astronomy, Solar Physics and Aeronomy.

Bhaskara-I Satellite

(First Indian low orbit Earth Observation Satellite)

Launch Date : June 7, 1979

Weight : 444 Kg

Orbit : 619 x 562 km inclined at 50.7 deg

Lauched by : Soviet Intercosmos rocket.

Sensor Systems

Television Cameras operating in visible (0.6 micron) and near-infrared (0.8 micron); to collect data related to hydrology, forestry and geology.

Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating at 19 GHz and 22 GHz for study of ocean-state, water vapor, liquid water content in the atmospher, etc.

Bhaskara-II Satellite

(First Indian low orbit Earth Observation Satellite)

Launch Date : Nov. 20, 1981

Weight : 444 Kg

Orbit : 619 x 562 km inclined at 50.7 deg

Lauched by : Soviet Intercosmos rocket.

Sensor Systems

Television Cameras operating in visible (0.6 micron) and near-infrared (0.8 micron); to collect data related to hydrology, forestry and geology.

Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating 19.24 GHz, 22.235 GHz and 31.4 GHz for study of ocean-state, water vapor, liquid water content in the atmospher, etc.

Rohini Satellite (RS-1)Series

(Launched by Indian launch vehicle SLV-3 )

First RS-1

Launch Date : July 18, 1980

Weight : 35 kg

Orbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period)

Lauched by : India, SLV-3 rocket

Objectives : The satelite provided data on the fourth stage performance and ranging.

Second RS-1

Launch Date : May 30, 1981

Weight : 35 kg

Lauched by : India, SLV-3 (D-1) rocket

Orbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period)

Objectives : Carried a Land Mark sensor payload whose solid state camera performed to specifications. The satellite re-entered the earth's atmosphere nine days after lauch on

account of the launch vehicle's injecting the satellite into a lower than expected altitude.

Third RS-1

Launch Date : April 17, 1983

Weight : 35 kg

Lauched by : India, SLV-3 (D-2)rocket

Orbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period)

Objectives : The Smart Sensor Camera was the primary payload on board the satellite. It was operated for over five months and sent more than 2500 pictures frames in both visible and infrared bands for identification of landmarks and altitude and orbit refinement. The camera had on-board processing capability to use the data for classifying ground features like water, vegetation, bare land, clouds and snow. After completing all its mission goals, RS-D2 was closed down on Sept. 24, 1984.

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS)

Lunched by India's Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle, ASLV, on May 20, 1992 and May 4, 1994 respectively. Carried a Retarding Potential Analyser and a Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) detector. SROSS-C2 has provided valuable scientific data.

IRS-1A Satellite (First Operational Satellite ) IRS-1A Satellite (First Operational Satellite )

This is first indigenously built sun-synchronous polar orbiting satellite.

Orbit Details

Launch date : March 17, 1988 (Soviet Launcher VOSTAK used)Altitude : 904 Kms.Inclination : 99.049 degreesPeriod : 103.19266 minutes Repetivity : 22 daysEquatorial crossong time : 10.25 AM descending Weight : 975 Kg.

Imaging Sensor Characteristics (LISS-I and LISS-II Cameras)

Parameters LISS-I LISS-II

Focal Length 166.2 324.4

Field-of-view (deg) 9.4 4.7+4.7

Instantaneous field of view(IFOV) Microrad,

80 40

Detectors (CCDs) 2048 elements CCD

2048 elements CCD

Ground Resolution (m) 72.5 36.25

Spectral range (micro meter) 0.45 - 0.86 0.45 - 0.86

Number of Bands 4 4

Swath (Kms.) 148 74x2 ( LISS-A and LISS-B)

Radiometric Resolution (grey levels) 128 128

Data rate (Mbps) 5.2 10.4x2

Weight (Kgs) 38.5 80.8x2

Power (Watts) 34 34x2

* LISS -Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor, CCD charge coupled devices. * LISS-II contains two separate identical sensors LISS-A and LISS-B with a spatial resolution of 36.25 each.* The 4 bands are:B1 - 0.42-0.52 (blue)B2 - 0.52-0.59 (green)B3 - 0.62-0.68 (red) B4 - 0.77-0.86 (near IR)The bands are similar to the LANDSAT 1, 2, 3 and 4 bands.

IRS-P1 Satellite (Indigenously Launched (P) Series)

IRS-P1 Satellite (Indigenously Launched (P) Series)

IRS-P series are being launched by indigenously developed polar launch vehicle ( PSLV ). Due to failure in last stage of rocket, satellite and rocket were plunged into sea.

IRS-1B Satellite (First Operational Satellite ) IRS-1B Satellite

This is similar to IRS-1A satellite in all aspects.

Orbit Details

Launch date : August 29, 1991 (Soviet Launcher VOSTAK used)Altitude : 904 Kms.Inclination : 99.049 degreesPeriod : 103.19266 minutes Repetivity : 22 daysEquatorial crossong time : 10.25 AM descending Weight : 975 Kg.

Imaging Sensor Characteristics ( LISS-I and LISS-II Cameras)

Parameters LISS-I LISS-II

Focal Length 166.2 324.4

Field-of-view (deg) 9.4 4.7+4.7

Instantaneous field of view(IFOV) Microrad,

80 40

Detectors (CCDs) 2048 elements 2048 elements

Ground Resolution (m) 72.5 36.25

Spectral range (micro meter) 0.45 - 0.86 0.45 - 0.86

Number of Bands 4 4

Swath (Kms.) 148 74x2 ( LISS-A and LISS-B)

Radiometric Resolution (grey levels) 128 128

Data rate (Mbps) 5.2 10.4x2

Weight (Kgs) 38.5 80.8x2

Power (Watts) 34 34x2

* LISS -Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor, CCD charge coupled devices. * LISS-II contains two separate sensors LISS-A and LISS-B with a spatial resolution of 36.25 each.* The 4 bands are:B1 - 0.42-0.52 (blue)B2 - 0.52-0.59 (green)B3 - 0.62-0.68 (red) B4 - 0.77-0.86 (near IR)The bands are similar to the LANDSAT 1, 2, 3 and 4 bands.

IRS-P2 Satellite (Indigenously Launched (P) Series) IRS-P2 Satellite (Indigenously Launched (P) Series)

Orbit Details

Launch date : Oct. 15, 1994 Altitude : 817 Kms.Repetivity : 24 days

Imaging Sensor Characteristics ( LISS-II Camera )

The Satellite is having only LISS-II Camera and its parameters are similar to that IRS-1A/1B with small modifications in arrangement of CCDs.

Parameters LISS-II

Focal Length 324.4

Field-of-view (deg) 4.7+4.7

Instantaneous field of view(IFOV) Microrad, 40

Ground Resolution (m) 36.74 m (across track)37/39 m (along track)

Spectral range (micro meter) 0.45 - 0.86

Number of Bands 4

Swath (Kms.) 130 km (Liss A + B)

Radiometric Resolution (grey levels) 128

Data rate (Mbps) 10.4x2

Weight (Kgs) 80.8x2

Power (Watts) 34x2

B1 - 0.42-0.52 (blue)B2 - 0.52-0.59 (green)B3 - 0.62-0.68 (red) B4 - 0.77-0.86 (near IR)The bands are similar to the LANDSAT 1, 2, 3 and 4 bands.

IRS-1C Satellite IRS-1C Satellite

This is one of the best satellites having highest spatial resolution of 5.8 m in Panchromatic and 23.5 m in multispectral.

Orbit Details

Launch date : Dec. 28, 1995 (Soviet Launcher Molniya used)Altitude : 817 Kms.Inclination : 99.049 degreesPeriod : 101.35 minutes Repetivity : 24 days (5 days - revisit) Equatorial crossong time : 10.30 AM descending Weight : 1250 Kg.No. of Sensors : Three; 1) PAN, 2) LISS-III and 3) WiFS

Panchromatic Camera (PAN)

Parameters Specifications (PAN)

Band (microns) 0.50 - 0.75

Resolution (m) 5.8

Effective focal lenght 980 mm

Coding 6 bits (64 grey levels)

Camera SWR 0.2

SNR (at saturation radiance) >64

Data rate (MBPS) 84.903

Swath (km.) 1. Nadir1. Off-nadir

70 91

Off-nadir viewing (deg) +/-26 for obtaining stereoscopic data and 5 day revisit

Steering step size (deg) 0.09

The data in the panchromatic region is useful in geological studies for mapping geological and geomorphological features. Higher spatial resolution will be useful for urban planning studies, detecting urban fringe growth, updating the urban transporation infrastructure etc. It is having off-nadir viewing capability and the view angle can be varied between +/- 26 deg. The advantages of off-nadir viewing are increased repetivity coverage and stereoscopy. Stereoscopic image pair obtainable by PAN can be used for topographic studies and generation of digital terrain models.

Imaging Sensor Characteristics ( LISS-III Sensor)

Parameters B2 B3 B4 B5

Spectral bands 0.52-0.59(green) 0.62-0.68(red) 0.77-0.86(NIR)

1.55-1.70 (MID)

Resolution (m) 23.5 (for bands B2,B3,B4)

70.5 (for b5)

CCD devices 6000 elements 2100

Swath (Kms) 141 148

Equi focal length (mm) 347.5 301.2

Number of grey levels 128 (7 bits) 128

The bands are similar to the IRS-1A, IRS-1B and IRS-P2 except blue band which is not included in IRS-1C.

Band 2 is centered around the first peak of the vegetation reflectance curve (refer to reflectance curves in standard books) and is useful for discrimination of vegetation. This band along with red and near IR regions forms the core data useful for discrimination of vegetation.

Band 3 is centered around the chlorophyll absorption region of vegetation. Strong correlation exists between spectral reflectance in this region and chlorophyll content. A reduction in the amount of chlorophyll can occur when the plant is stressed. This results in less chlorophyll absorption and an increase in red reflectance. This band along with the near IR band is used widely for deriving spectral indices like ratio and Normalised Difference Vegetation index (NDVI) which have been found to be very good indicators of crop vigour and biomass.

Band 4: The high reflectance plateau region of the vegetation reflectance is in this band. Plant reflectance in this region is highly governed by the internal structure of plant leaves. This band shows high reflectance for healthy vegetation and is useful for green biomass estimation and crop vigor.

Band 5: the middle infra-red region from 1.3-2.5 microns is sensitive to leaf water content. It has been shown that 1.55 - 1.70 is best suited in 0.7-2.5 region for monitoring plant canopy water status. Major applications of this band include discrimination of crop types, canopy water status, forest type separation and damage assessment. Crop classification accuracies can be improved by 1-15% when this band is included with other bands. Also useful snow-cloud discrimination. In geology, it will be useful for rock type discrimination.

Wide Field Sensor (WiFS)

Parameters Values

Spectral bands (microns) B3 - 0.62-0.68 (red)

B4 - 0.77-0.86 (near IR)

Resolution (m) 188

CCD devices 2048 elements

Swath (Kms) 810 (5 days repetivity)

Equivalent focal length (mm) 56.4

No. of grey levels 128 (7 bits)

SNR >128

This sensor is most useful for vegetation studies. With larger swath (770 Km), high repetivity ( 5 days) and operation in two vegetation specific bands, the sensor provide vegetation index at regional level, thus helping in assessment of crop condition and drought monitoring.

IRS-P3 Satellite IRS-P3 Satellite

Orbit Details

Launch date : March 21, 1996 (Indigenous PSLV-D3 rocket is used) Altitude : 817 km.Inclination : 99.049 degreesPeriod : minutes Repetivity : daysEquatorial crossong time : 10.30 AM descending Weight : Kg.No. of Sensors : Two 1) WiFs, 2) MOS

Wide Field Sensor (WiFS)

Parameters Specifications )

Spectral Bands (microns) B3 0.62 - 0.68 B4 0.77 - 0.86 B5 1.55 - 1.69

Resolution (m) B3 and B4 188x188 B5 188x246

Quantisation bits 7 (128 grey levels

Swath 810 Km.

No. of detectors 2048 x 2 for B3 2048 x 2 for B4 2100 x 2 for B5

S/N ratio >127

IRS-P3 WiFS is slightly different from IRS-1C WiFS. In IRS-P3 WiFS, another band (B5) in the middle infrared region is added for monitoring plant canopy water content.

Modular Optoelectronic Scanner (MOS)

The sensor system is primarily meant for ocean related studies. It operates in narrow spectral bands in visible, near infrared and short wave infra-red regions (SWIR) of the electromagnetc spectrum and consists of three optical modules namely MOS-A, MOS-B

and MOS-C. Further the sensor should be able to detect small changes in spectral signature. This is achieved by having 16 bits of quantisation as against 7 or 8 bits in the sensors used for land applications.

Parameters MOS-A MOS-B MOS-C

Spectral range 0.755 - 0.768 0.408 - 1.010 1.50 - 1.70

No. of Bands 4 13(*) 1

Resolution (m) 1569 x 1395 523 x 523 523 x 644

No. of detectors 140 384 299

Quantisation bits 16 16 16

Swath (kms.) 195 200 192

S/N ratio >100 >100 >100

(*) Each band with 0.001 micrometers band-width.

IRS-D2 Satellite IRS-1D Satellite (Indigenously launched operational satellite)

Satellite entered in elliptical orbits instead of circular after it was separated from rocket. Due to this problem, there is change in swath, resolution according to orbit distance from the earth center.

Launch date : Sept. 29, 1997 (indigenous PSLV-D4 rocket was used) Equatorial Crossing time: 10.40 A.MAltitude : 737 Km(Perigee)/821 Km. (Apogee)Repetivity : 24 days; ( 3 days revisit) No. of Sensors : Three; 1) PAN, 2) LISS-III and 3) WiFS

Payloads

The payloads are similar to IRS-1C (PAN, LISS-III and WiFS). The satellite is a follow on to IRS-1C

Resolution : PAN Sensor : 5.2 m (Perigee)/5.8 m (Apogee)   LISS-III sensor : 21.2

m(P)/23.5m(A)   LISS-III MIR : 63.6 m (P)/ 70.5 m (A)   WiFS sensor : 728 m (P)/812Km (A)

IRS-P4 (Oceansat-1)

Launch Date : May 26, 1999 by indigenous PSLV rocket

Payloads

OCM (Ocean Colour Monitor) with 8 spectral bands for the measurements of physical and biological oceanographic parameters.

MSMR (Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometers) Operating at 6.6, 10.65, 18.0 and 21 GHz frequencies with H and V polarizations and at spatial resolution of 150 km, 75 km, 50 km and 50 km respectively.

IRS-P6(ResourceSat)

IRS-P6 (ResourceSat)

Launch Date : Launched on Oct. 17, 2003 PSLV-C5

Payloads

It will be the state-of-art satellite, mainly for agriculture applications and will have 3 band multispectral LISS-IV camera with a spatial resolution better than 5.86 m and a swath of around 25 km with across track steerability for selected area monitoring. An improved version LISS-III with 4 bands (red, green, near IR and SWIR ), all at 23 m resolution and 140 km swath will provide the much essential continuity to LISS-III.

The sensors on board the satellite will provide data which is useful for vegetation related applications and will allow multiple crop discrimination and species level discrimination. Together with an advanced Wide Field Sensor (WiFS), with 80 m resolution and 1400 km swath, the payloads will greatly aid crop/vegetation and integrated land and water resources related applications.

The photo is taken from www.isro.org site

IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT - 1 )

IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT -1)

Launch Date : May 5, 2005 by indigenous PSLV rocket

Payloads

It has carried two state-of-the-art Panchromatic (PAN) cameras with 2.5 m resolution with fore-aft stereo capability. The swath covered by these high resolution PAN cameras is 30 km. This mission will cater the needs of cartographers and terrain modelling applications. The satellite will provide cadastral level information upto 1:5000 scale and will be useful for making 2-5 m contour maps. The Cartosat-1 also carried a solid state recorder with a capacity of 120 Gigz Bits to store the images taken by its cameras.

IRS-P7 (CARTOSAT - 2 )

IRS-P7 (CARTOSAT -2)

Launch Date : Jan 10, 2007 by indigenous PSLV-C7 rocket

Payloads

It carried a single Panchromatic (PAN) camera with 1 m resolution capable of providing scene specific spot imageries for cartographic applications at cadastral level. The swath covered by the high resolution PAN camera is 9.6 km. This mission will cater the needs of cartographers and terrain modelling applications. The satellite will have high agility with capability to steer along and across the track up to 45 degrees. It was placed in a sun-synchronous polar orbit at an altitude of 635 km. It has a revisit period of 4 days, which can be improved to one day with suitable orbit maneuvers.

for information, see ISRO web page

IRS-2 Series (OCEANSAT -2 / CLIMATSAT - 1 /ATMOS - 1 )

IRS-2 Series (CARTOSAT - 2 / CLIMATSAT - 1 /ATMOS - 1 )

Launch Date : Planned to launch in 2005

Payloads

It will be integrated mission which will cater to global observations of climate, ocean and atmosphere.

Intruments to cater oceanographic applications will be microwave sensors such as a Ku band Alitimeter, Ku band Scatterometer, Microwave Radiometer and Thermal Infra-red Radiometer for observing oceanographic parameters like winds, sea surface temperature, waves, bathymetry, internal waves etc.,.

Instruments for atmospheric chemistry applications include spectrometers, sounders and radiometers for studying the atmospheric constituents, pollution and for monotoring ozone and greenhouse effect.

Instruments to observe climate and meteorological parameters will include microwave sounders, radiometers, rain radars etc.,. These satellites are slated for launch in 2001.

IRS-3 Series

IRS-3 Series

Launch Date : Planned to launch in 2006

Payloads

It will have all weather capabilities and will have multi- frequency and multi-polarization microwave payloads and other passive instruments.

IRS-1A/IB Digital Product Information

IRS-1A/1B data contains four files which are being supplied through CD-ROM or Tapes (DAT and Exabyte).

The supplied media contains 5 files, which are 1) Volume directory file,2) Leader file 3) Imagery file4) Trailer file 5) Null volume file

Data can be extracted from Tape to disk through UNIX dd command with proper ibs and obs (block size) options or through commercial softwares.

In case of raw data (not geo-coded) of IRS-1A/1B, the file sizes are 1) volume dir file 1800 bytes 2) Leader file 13312 bytes3) Imagery file 25202520 bytes 4) Trailer file 1800 bytes5)Null volume 360 bytes.

In Imagery file, there is header with 2520 bytes. The imagery file is in BIL format. No. Lines = 2500 No. Pixels= 2520

IRS-1C/ID (LISS-III) Digital Product Information (FULL SCENE)

This product also contains 5 files with the sizes1) Volume dir file 1800 bytes 2) Leader file 97920 bytes 3) Imagery file 155624220 4) Trailer file 1800 5) Null file 360 bytes

In Imagery File, there is a header of size 540 bytes. No. of Band : 4 (BIL format) No. of Lines: 6004 No. of Pixels: 6480

IRS-1C/1D (LISS-III) Digital Product (quarter scene)

This product contains 5 files with the size 1) Volume dir file 1800 bytes 2) Leader file 91800 bytes 3) Imagery file 37430460 4) Trailer file 1800 5) Null file 360 bytes

Header size : 540 pixels Number of Lines : 3058 Number of Pixels : 3060

IRS-1C/1D PAN Geocoded Product of small area

This product contains 5 files 1800 Bytes VOLUME.PAN 73440 Bytes LEADER.PAN 8070300 Bytes IMAGERY.PAN 720 Byte TRAILER.PAN 360 Bytes NULL.PAN

Header size : 540 Pixels The number of lines : 2802 The number of pixels : 2880 Please note that 31 pixels are prefixed and 114 pixels are suffixed in 2880 pixels

Here is the program in 'C' for the separation of bands from BIL format band_sep.c For decoding Leader file of IRS-1C/1D, you please visit NRSA site and download programme.

IRS-1A/IB Digital Product Information

IRS-1A/1B data contains four files which are being supplied through CD-ROM or Tapes (DAT and Exabyte).

The supplied media contains 5 files, which are 1) Volume directory file,2) Leader file 3) Imagery file4) Trailer file 5) Null volume file

Data can be extracted from Tape to disk through UNIX dd command with proper ibs and obs (block size) options or through commercial softwares.

In case of raw data (not geo-coded) of IRS-1A/1B, the file sizes are 1) volume dir file 1800 bytes 2) Leader file 13312 bytes3) Imagery file 25202520 bytes 4) Trailer file 1800 bytes5)Null volume 360 bytes.

In Imagery file, there is header with 2520 bytes. The imagery file is in BIL format. No. Lines = 2500 No. Pixels= 2520

IRS-1C/ID (LISS-III) Digital Product Information (FULL SCENE)

This product also contains 5 files with the sizes1) Volume dir file 1800 bytes 2) Leader file 97920 bytes 3) Imagery file 155624220 4) Trailer file 1800 5) Null file 360 bytes

In Imagery File, there is a header of size 540 bytes. No. of Band : 4 (BIL format) No. of Lines: 6004 No. of Pixels: 6480

IRS-1C/1D (LISS-III) Digital Product (quarter scene)

This product contains 5 files with the size 1) Volume dir file 1800 bytes 2) Leader file 91800 bytes 3) Imagery file 37430460 4) Trailer file 1800 5) Null file 360 bytes

Header size : 540 pixels Number of Lines : 3058 Number of Pixels : 3060

IRS-1C/1D PAN Geocoded Product of small area

This product contains 5 files 1800 Bytes VOLUME.PAN 73440 Bytes LEADER.PAN 8070300 Bytes IMAGERY.PAN 720 Byte TRAILER.PAN 360 Bytes NULL.PAN

Header size : 540 Pixels The number of lines : 2802 The number of pixels : 2880 Please note that 31 pixels are prefixed and 114 pixels are suffixed in 2880 pixels

Here is the program in 'C' for the separation of bands from BIL format band_sep.c For decoding Leader file of IRS-1C/1D, you please visit NRSA site and download programme.

For the past four decades, ISRO has launched more than 50 satellites for various scientific and technological applications like mobile communications, Direct-to-Home services, meteorological observations, telemedicine, tele-education, disaster warning, radio networking, search and rescue operations, remote sensing and scientific studies of the space.

ISRO has established two major space systems, the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) series for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services which is Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) system for resources monitoring and management which is

Observation Satellites. ISRO has launched many Experimental Satellitescomparing to INSAT or IRS and Space Missions to explore the space.

     

 

 

The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system which are placed in Geo-stationary orbits is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region.

Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector and sustained the same later. INSAT space segment

consists of 21 satellites out of which 11 are in service (INSAT-2E, INSAT-3A, INSAT-3B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, GSAT-2, EDUSAT and INSAT-4A, INSAT-4B, INSAT-

4CR)

The system with a total of about 211 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands.provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, weather

forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operatilons.

Launch Date 15.04.2010 

GSAT-4 was an experimental satellite weighing 2220 kg More..

 

Launch Date 02.09.2007 

There are several Indian Communication satellites available in the GEO orbit.  More..

Launch Date 12.03.2007 

INSAT – 4B Spacecraft is the second I the INSAT 4 series of spacecrafts and is configured with exclusive communication  More..

Launch Date 10.07.2006 

INSAT-4 series is planned to have seven satellites  More..

Geo-Stationary Satellities Earth Observing Satellities

Space Missions Experimental / Small Satellite

All Satellites

Launch Date 22.12.2005 

INSAT-4a series is planned to have seven satellites, INSAT-4A through INSAT-4G More..

Launch Date 05.05.2005 

HAMSAT is ISRO’s first theme based Micro Satellite meant for providing Satellite More..

Launch Date 20.09.2004 

GSAT – 3, well known as EDUSAT is meant for distant class room education More..

Launch Date 28.09.2003 

INSAT-3E is the fourth satellite to be launched in the INSAT-3 series. More..

Launch Date 08.05.2003 

GSAT-2 is a 2000 kg class experimental communication satellite More..

Launch Date 10.04.2003 

INSAT – 3A is a multipurpose satellite for providing telecommunications, television broadcasting, meteorological and search and rescue services. More..

Launch Date 12.09.2002 

Kalpana – 1 is the first in the series of exclusive meteorological satellites built by ISRO. More..

Launch Date 24.01.2002 

INSAT – 3C To augment the existing INSAT capacity for communication and broadcasting  More..

Launch Date 18.04.2001 

GSAT-1 is envisaged as a technology demonstrator. More..

Launch Date 22.03.2000 

Insat-3B is the first of the five satellites was successfully launched under the Insat-3 series.  More..

Launch Date 03.04.1999 

INSAT - 2E, the last of the INSAT -2 series of satellites built by ISRO More..

Launch Date Jan 1998 

Second experimental remote sensing satellite similar to Bhaskara-1. More..

Launch Date 04.06.1997 

The spacecraft are similar to the earlier Insats but are 200 kg heavier at launch (2,100 kg) More..

Launch Date 07.12.1995 

Power of four C-band transponders increased to improve communication facilities in remote areas More..

Launch Date 23.07.1993 

Insat-2A, B of the Insat-2 series of satellites built by ISRO, are multi-purpose satellites for telecommunication More..

Launch Date 10.07.1992 

The Insat-2A was launched by a Delta in April 1982 but was abandoned in September 1983 when its attitude control propellant was exhausted. More..

Launch Date 12.06.1990 

The specification for the Insat-1D is the same as the Insat-1B but with expanded battery and propellant capacities. More..

Launch Date 21.07.1988 

The Insat-1C satellite was launched on 21 July 1988 from Kourou for location at 93.5° E to bring the Insat system up to full capacity. More..

Launch Date 30.08.1983 

When Insat-1B was launched on 30 August 1983, it almost suffered the same fate as the Insat-1A. More..

Launch Date 10.04.1982 

Insat-1 was a multi-purpose satellite system to provide two high power TV broadcast and twelve telecommunications national coverage transpondersMore..

 

 Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system was commissioned with the launch of IRS-1A, in 1988. With ten satellites in operation, IRS is the largest civilian remote

sensing satellite constellation in the world providing imageries in a variety of spatial resolutions, spectral bands and swaths. The data is used for several applications

covering agriculture, water resources, urban development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean resources and disaster

management.

 

Launch Date 12.07.2010 

Cartosat-2B to provide continuity of remote sensing data services to the users of multiple spot scene imageries. More..

Launch Date 23.09.2009 

Oceansat-2 is to provide continuity of operational services of Oceansat (IRS-P4) with enhanced application potential. More..

Launch Date 20.04.2009 

Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-2) is capable of taking earth images in all weather. More..

Launch Date 28.04.2008 

IMS-1, previously referred to as TWSat (Third World Satellite), is a low-cost microsatellite imaging mission of ISRO.  More..

Launch Date 28.04.2008 

CARTOSAT - 2A is the thirteenth satellite in the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite series (IRS). More..

Launch Date 10.01.2007 

The 680 kg CARTOSAT-2, launched by PSLV-C7 on January 10, 2007, is the twelfth in the Indian Remote Sensing. More..

Launch Date 05.05.2005 

CARTOSAT - 1 is the first India Remote Sensing Satellite capable of providing in-orbit stereo images. More..

Launch Date 17.10.2003 

RESOURCESAT-1 is the tenth satellite of ISRO in IRS series, intended to not only continue the remote sensing More..

Launch Date 26.05.1999 

The Technology Experiment Satellite (TES), weighing 1108 kg, was launched on October 22,2001.  More..

Launch Date 26.05.1999 

"IRS - P4 had an entirely different mission, and its primarily usage was to study the oceans. More..

Launch Date 29.09.1997 

IRS - 1D was launched on September 29, 1997 by PSLV - C1. IRS - 1D, a follow on satellite More..

Launch Date 21.03.1996 

Remote sensing of earth's natural resources Study of X-ray Astronomy Periodic calibration More..

Launch Date 28.12.1995 

IRS-1C is India's second generation operational Remote Sensing Satellite. More..

Launch Date 15.10.1994 

First Spacecraft successfully orbited onboard the second developmental flight of PSLV.  More..

Launch Date 20.09.1993 

The mission was not realised due to problems faced by Launch Vehicle. It was the first   More..

Launch Date 29.08.1991 

Improved features compared to its predecessor : gyro referencing for better orientation sensing  More..

Launch Date 13.07.1988 

Carried remote sensing payload of German space agency in addition to Gamma Ray  More..

Launch Date 17.03.1988 

The First Opetaional Remote Sensing Satellite of India. More..

Launch Date 17.04.1983 

First experimental remote sensing satellite. Carried TV and microwave cameras. Launched by  More..

Launch Date 20.11.1981 

Second experimental remote sensing satellite similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided experience  More..

Launch Date 31.05.1981 

Second experimental remote sensing satellite similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided experience  More..

Launch Date 07.06.1979 

Second experimental remote sensing satellite similar to Bhaskara-1.  More..

 

Indian space programme encompasses research in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics.

Balloons, sounding rockets, space platforms and ground-based facilities support these research efforts. A series of sounding rockets are available for atmospheric

experiments. Several scientific instruments have been flown on satellites especially to direct celestial X-ray and gamma-ray bursts.

Major space missions are Chandrayaan-l and forthcoming Megha - Tropiques.

Launch Date 22.10.2008 

Chandrayaan-1,India's first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. More..

Launch Date 04.05.1994 

Second satellite successfully orbited by ASLV. Working even four years after its launch.  More..

Launch Date 20.05.1992

First Indian satellite, launched into a near earth orbit on April 19, 1975, by an Intercosmos rocket of erstwhile USSR.  More..

Launch Date 24.03.1987

The satellite was launched onboard the first development a flilght of ASLV. It did not reach the orbit.   More..

 

ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the experimental purposes. This experiment include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development,

Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc.

Launch Date 12.07.2010 

In its seventeenth mission of PSLV carried out from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR (SDSC SHAR) More..

Launch Date 20.04.2009 

In its fifteenth mission carried out from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR (SDSC SHAR) More..

Launch Date 10.01.2007 

Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE - 1) is a 550 kg capsule intended to demonstrate the More..

Launch Date 18.07.1980 

Second experimental remote sensing satellite similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided experience in building   More..

Launch Date 10.08.1979 

Second experimental remote sensing satellite similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided experience in building  More..

Launch Date 19.06.1981 

First experimental communication satellite. Provided experience in building and operating  More..

Launch Date 19.04.1975 

The First Indigenously built Indian Satellites. More..

  Satellite Launch Date Launch Vehicle Type of Satellite

STUDSAT 12.07.2010 PSLV-C15 Experimental / Small Satellite

CARTOSAT-2B 12.07.2010 PSLV-C15 Earth Observation Satellite

GSAT-4 15.04.2010 GSLV-D3 Geo-Stationary Satellite

Oceansat-2 23.09.2009 PSLV-C14 Earth Observation Satellite

ANUSAT 20.04.2009 PSLV-C12 Experimental / Small Satellite

RISAT-2 20.04.2009 PSLV-C12 Earth Observation Satellite

Chandrayaan-1 22.10.2008 PSLV-C11 Space Mission

CARTOSAT - 2A 28.04.2008 PSLV-C9 Earth Observation Satellite

IMS-1 28.04.2008 PSLV-C9 Earth Observation Satellite

INSAT-4B 12.03.2007 Ariane-5ECA Geo-Stationary Satellite

CARTOSAT - 2 10.01.2007 PSLV-C7 Earth Observation Satellite

SRE - 1 10.01.2007 PSLV-C7 Experimental / Small Satellite

INSAT-4CR 02.09.2007 GSLV-F04 Geo-Stationary Satellite

INSAT-4C 10.07.2006 GSLV-F02 Geo-Stationary Satellite

INSAT-4A 22.12.2005 Ariane-5GS Geo-Stationary Satellite

HAMSAT 05.05.2005 PSLV-C6 Experimental / Small Satellite

CARTOSAT-1 05.05.2005 PSLV-C6 Earth Observation Satellite

EDUSAT (GSAT-3) 20.09.2004 GSLV-F01 Geo-Stationary Satellite

Resourcesat-1(IRS-P6) 17.10.2003 PSLV-C5 Earth Observation Satellite

INSAT-3A 10.04.2003 Ariane-5G Geo-Stationary Satellite

INSAT-3E 28.09.2003 Ariane-5G Geo-Stationary Satellite

GSAT-2 08.05.2003 GSLV-D2 Geo-Stationary Satellite

KALPANA-1(METSAT) 12.09.2002 PSLV-C4 Geo-Stationary Satellite

INSAT-3C 24.01.2002 Ariane-42L H10-3 Geo-Stationary Satellite

Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) 22.10.2001 PSLV-C3 Earth Observation Satellite

GSAT-1 18.04.2001 GSLV-D1 Geo-Stationary Satellite

INSAT-3B 22.03.2000 Ariane-5G Geo-Stationary Satellite

Oceansat(IRS-P4) 26.05.1999 PSLV-C2 Earth Observation Satellite

INSAT-2E 03.04.1999 Ariane-42P H10-3 Geo-Stationary Satellite

INSAT-2DT January 1998 Ariane-44L H10 Geo-Stationary Satellite

IRS-1D 29.09.1997 PSLV-C1 Earth Observation Satellite

INSAT-2D 04.06.1997 Ariane-44L H10-3 Geo-Stationary Satellite

IRS-P3 21.03.1996 PSLV-D3 Earth Observation Satellite

IRS-1C 28.12.1995 Molniya Earth Observation Satellite

INSAT-2C 07.12.1995 Ariane-44L H10-3 Geo-Stationary Satellite

IRS-P2 15.10.1994 PSLV-D2 Earth Observation Satellite

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C2) 04.05.1994 ASLV Space Mission

IRS-1E 20.09.1993 PSLV-D1 Earth Observation Satellite

INSAT-2B 23.07.1993 Ariane-44L H10+ Geo-Stationary Satellite

INSAT-2A 10.07.1992 Ariane-44L H10 Geo-Stationary Satellite

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series 20.05.1992 ASLV Space Mission

(SROSS-C)

IRS-1B 29.08.1991 Vostok Earth Observation Satellite

INSAT-1D 12.06.1990 Delta 4925 Geo-Stationary Satellite

INSAT-1C 21.07.1988 Ariane-3 Geo-Stationary Satellite

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series(SROSS-2) 13.07.1988 ASLV Earth Observation Satellite

IRS-1A 17.03.1988 Vostok Earth Observation Satellite

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-1) 24.03.1987 ASLV Space Mission

INSAT-1B 30.08.1983 Shuttle [PAM-D] Geo-Stationary Satellite

Rohini (RS-D2) 17.04.1983 SLV-3 Earth Observation Satellite

INSAT-1A 10.04.1982 Delta 3910 PAM-D Geo-Stationary Satellite

Bhaskara-II 20.11.1981 C-1 Intercosmos Earth Observation Satellite

Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE) 19.06.1981 Ariane-1(V-3) Geo-Stationary Satellite

Rohini (RS-D1) 31.05.1981 SLV-3 Earth Observation Satellite

Rohini (RS-1) 18.07.1980 SLV-3 Experimental / Small Satellite

Rohini Technology Payload (RTP) 10.08.1979 SLV-3 Experimental / Small Satellite

Bhaskara-I 07.06.1979 C-1 Intercosmos Earth Observation Satellite

Aryabhata 19.04.1975 C-1 Intercosmos Experimental / Small Satellite