infectious disease disease that can pass from one person to another also known as communicable...
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Infectious DiseaseInfectious Disease
Disease that can pass from one person to another
Also known as communicable diseases
1860s1860s Joseph Lister
British surgeon hypothesized that microorganisms cause infections
Used carbolic acid to wash his hands and instruments before surgery/ covered patients bandages with it after surgery
This reduced the deaths from infections from 45% to 15%
Louis Pasteur French scientist showed
that microorganisms causes certain diseases
Showed that killing these microorganisms could prevent spread of the diseases
Led to pasteurization (heating process widely used today to kill microorganisms in foods like milk)
PathogensPathogens
Pathogens Micro-organisms that enter the body & multiply to cause disease
4 major groups of pathogens: Bacteria Virus Fungi Protists
BacteriaBacteria Single-cell micro-organisms
Release toxins
Examples Escherichia coli, a type of bacteria, is a
leading cause of food-borne illnesses Tetanus – bacteria on objects/soil Staphylococcus and Streptococcus can
cause skin and respiratory infectionsStaph
VirusVirus Smallest parasite
Enter cells, multiply & take over
Examples: Influenza virus causes flu West Nile virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
HIV
FungiFungi Not all are harmful
Mushroom/ yeast/ mold/ fungi
Some cause rashes Ringworm & athlete’s foot
Spreading Infectious Spreading Infectious DiseaseDisease
Pathogens need food and a place to live & reproduce Your body may the perfect place for this!
You can become infected by a pathogen in one of several ways: Physical contact with infected person Contact with contaminated object Environmental sources Contact with contaminated animals
Person-to-Person Transfer Person-to-Person Transfer Direct physical contact (kissing, hugging, shaking hands)
Ex: If you kiss someone with a cold sore, cold sore viruses can get into your body too.
Indirect contact (sneeze, cough) Ex: If a person with pneumonia sneezes, pathogens get into the air. If
someone else inhales them, they may catch pneumonia too. Colds, flu and tuberculosis can spread by coughing and sneezing.
Animal BitesAnimal Bites If an infected animal bites a
person then it can pass the pathogen to that person.
Examples: Rabies (dogs,raccoons) Lyme disease (ticks) Malaria (mosquitoes)
Contaminated Object Contaminated Object Some pathogens can survive for a time
outside a person’s body.
Water and food can become contaminated.
People can pick up pathogens by using objects that have been touched by an infected person.
Examples: Colds and flu Tetanus bacteria
Environmental Environmental Sources Sources
Some pathogens occur naturally in the environment.
Examples: Bacteria causing tetanus live in
soil/water Bacteria causing botulism (severe
form of food poisoning) lives in soil
www.nature.com
The Body’s DefensesThe Body’s Defenses
Your body has 3 first-lines of defense against pathogens which trap and kill most pathogens with which you come into contact. Skin Breathing passages Mouth and stomach
Go to http://www.diseasedetectives.org/online_activities and complete the following:
“Disease Detectives”choose 3 occupations involving infectious disease and summarize what each does
“Microbe Gallery”Choose 3 and answer:
What it is ,where it is found and 2 other factsLISTEN TO THE 3 STORIES LISTED BELOW AND WRITE 2 THINGS YOU LEARN FROM EACHwrite 2 things you learn from each story (total of 4)
http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=sYoCIfeVcFk
http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1uBh7Z8QXUE
http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HZcjGedqRR8
THIS CAN ALL BE DONE ON IPAD OR PAPER
Now what???
General DefensesGeneral Defenses Despite the barriers, pathogens can still get into your body.
Cells of the body release chemicals that trigger an inflammatory response when they are damaged. (2nd line of defense) Fluid and certain types of white blood cells leak from blood
vessels into nearby tissues to fight the pathogens. All white blood cells fight disease but it is the phagocytes
that are involved in the inflammatory response. Phagocytes engulf the pathogen & breaks it down to
destroy it. During the inflammatory response, blood vessels widen to
increase blood flow, making the area red & swollen.
The Immune SystemThe Immune System If the infection by a pathogen is severe enough to cause a fever, it
triggers the 3rd line of defense- the immune response. Cells of the immune system distinguish between different kinds of
pathogens and react to each with a specific defense. White blood cells that do this are called lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes
and B-lymphocytes aka T-cells and B-cells). T-cells distinguish one kind of pathogen from another by
recognizing markers (called antigens) on each pathogen. These are markers on cells that the immune system recognizes either as part of your body or coming from outside your body. Each person’s antigens are different from other peoples’.
B-cells produce chemicals called antibodies to destroy the pathogens. Antibodies lock onto antigens like puzzle pieces. When antibodies
bind to the antigen of a pathogen, they mark it for destruction.
Preventing Infectious Preventing Infectious DiseaseDisease
As people recover from some diseases, they develop immunity to the diseases. Immunity is the body’s ability to destroy pathogens before
they can cause disease. 2 kinds of immunity: active and passive
Active immunity: occurs when a person’s own immune system produces antibodies in response to the presence of a pathogen Ex: chicken pox; unlikely to get them again once you’ve had
them Usually lasts for many years and sometimes for life
Active immunity can be gained by having the disease or by being vaccinated against it. A vaccine is made of pathogens that have been weakened or
killed but can still trigger the immune response.
Preventing Infectious DiseasePreventing Infectious Disease
Passive immunity Occurs when the antibodies that fight the pathogen come from
another source rather than from the person’s own body. Ex: If bitten by a dog, a rabies shot is given which contains
antibodies to the rabies antigen. Usually lasts no more than a few months.