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GENERALIDADES

Estructura de la oración:Afirmativa:

Sujeto + Verbo + Objeto DirectoI eat apples

You need helpWe bought a car

Negativa: el auxiliar se sitúa delante del verbo principal.

Sujeto + Auxiliar negación + Verbo + Objeto DirectoI don't eat apples

You don't need helpWe didn't buy a car

Interrogativa: el auxiliar se sitúa al comienzo de la misma.

Auxiliar + Sujeto + Verbo + Objeto Directo ?Do I eat apples ?Do you need help ?Did we buy a car ?

Otros complementos de la oración (lugar, tiempo, etc.) se suelen situar al final de la misma:

I eat apples at lunchtime.You need help in your job.We bought a car last Friday.

Normalmente, el complemento de lugar va delante del complemento de tiempo:

I eat apples at home at lunchtime.You need help in your job right now.We bought a car in Madrid last Friday.

Cuando hay adverbios en las oraciones, éstos se suelen situar delante del verbo en las formas simples, y entre el auxiliary el verbo principal en las formas compuestas (hay numerosas excepciones):

I always eat apples at home.I have always eaten apples at home.

You never need help.You have never needed help.

Frases preposicionales: Están compuestas por una preposición y un sustantivo objeto de esa preposición.Ann put her books on the desk. (Ver lista al final)


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Adjetivos: Califican al sustantivo: good, new, tall, short, young, beautiful, bad...

Adverbios: Califican al verbo: fast, slow, ever, always usually, often: He always comes to class. She finallyfinished her work.

Pronombres:

Personales:Reemplazan el

sujeto

Objeto: la accióndel verbo recaesobre el sujeto

PronombresPosesivos:

usados solos, sinun sustantivo

PronombresAdjetivos:

usados siempre conun sustantivo

PronombresReflexivos:

el sujeto y elobjeto son la

misma personaI me mine my myself

You you yours your yourselfSingular SheHeIt

herhimit

hershis

herhisits

herselfhimselfitself

We us ours our ourselvesPlural They them theirs their themselvesKate is married.

She has twochildren.

Kate is myfriend. I know

her well.The pen belongs to me . It’s mine . It is

my pen.I say myself in

the mirrow.

Sustantivos contables y no contables Que se pueden contar: a, an, one, two, three, several, a lot of, many, a few... Que no se pueden contar: beer, milk, rain, sugar, fruit, I have some fruit, I don’t have any fruit, a lot of

fruit, much fruit, a little fruit. Forma plural de los sustantivos1. Agregar una s al final a la mayoría de los sustantivos (birds, streets, roses)2. Cuando termina en sh, ch, ss y x agregar es (dishes, matches, classes, boxes)3. Cuando termina en y:

a. Consonante: Reemplazarla por ies (babies, cities)b. Vocal: agregar una s: (days, keys, boys)

4. Cuando terminan en fe y f, reemplazarla por ves (knife-knives)5. Terminan en o, remplazar por oes (tomato-tomatoes)6. Irregulares: child-children, foot-feet, man-men, mouse-mice, tooth-teeth, woman-women.

Artículos A, an, ninguno: cuando es una generalización, no se sabe de quién se está hablando. A banana is yellow. The: cuando se sabe de quién se está hablando: The sun is shining.

Verbos paralelos:Si el sujeto tiene dos verbos se conectan con and y deben estar en el mismo tiempo gramatical. Jim makeshis bed and cleans up his room.


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Oraciones Imperativas: Son usadas para dar órdenes (Don’t Open the door!), hacer sugerencias (Open thedoor, please.) y dar direcciones (Walk down street.).

Formas del verbo:

Forma Simple Pasado Simple Pasado Participio: es usado en el presente ypasado perfecto.

Verbos regularesFinishStopWait

FinishedStoppedWaited

FinishedStoppedWaited

Verbos IrregularesSee

MakePut

SawMadePut

SeenMadePut

TIEMPOS GRAMATICALES

Presente

Simple : expresa hábitos diarios, actividadesrealizadas cotidianamente y hechos.

Progresivo : expresa una actividad que se estárealizando en este preciso momento. Empezó en el

pasado, está sucediendo y seguirá sucediendo.

AfirmaciónS + VERBO FORMA SIMPLE

(I-You-We-They) work.(She-He-It) works. (Es la única situación en

la cual se adiciona s al verbo)

S + AM/ARE/IS + VERBO-INGI am working.

(You-We-They) are working.(She-He-It) is working.

Negación

S + DO/DOES NOT + VERBO FORMA SIMPLE

(I-You-We-They) do not work. Don’t(She-He-It) does not work. Doesn’t

S + AM/ARE/IS NOT + VERBO-INGI am not working.

(You-We-They) are not working.(She-He-It) is not working.

PreguntaDO/DOES + S + VERBO FORMA SIMPLE ?

Do (I-you-we-they) work?Does (she-he-it) work?

AM/ARE/IS + S + VERBO-ING ?Am I working?

Are (you-we-they) working?Is (she-he-it) working?

Respuestacorta Yes, I do/does. No, I don’t/doesn’t.

s al final del verboTermina en ch, sh, s, x, z: es

Do does, go goesTermina en y consonante: ies (tries)

Termina en y vocal: s (buys)

Conjugación TO BE PresenteI am, You are, He-she-it is, We-They are

I’m, You’re, He’s, She’s, It’s, We’re, They’reVerbos no progresivos: believe, be, exist, prefer, hate,

forget, remember, like, need, want, know, belong,love, see, hear


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Pasado

Simple : situaciones que empezaron yterminaron en el pasado. Progresivo : expresa una actividad que estaba enprogreso en un momento determinado en el pasado.

AfirmaciónS + VERBO PASADO SIMPLE

(I-You-She-He-It-We-They) work ed yesterday.

S + WAS/WERE + VERBO-ING(I-She-He-It) was working.

(You-We-They) were working.

NegaciónS + DID NOT + VERBO FORMA SIMPLE

(I-You-She-He-It-We-They) did not/didn’twork.

S + WAS/WERE NOT + VERBO-ING(I-She-He-It) wasn’t working.

(You-We-They) weren’t working.

Pregunta DID + S + VERBO FORMA SIMPLE ?Did (I-You-She-He-It-We-They) work?WAS/WERE + S + VERBO-ING ?

Was (I-She-He-It) working?Were (You-We-They) working?

Respuestacorta

Yes, (I-You-She-He-It-We-They) did.No, (I-You-She-He-It-We-They) didn’t.

Yes, (I-She-He-It) was. / No, (I-She-He-It) wasn’t.Yes, (You-We-They) were. / No, (You-We-They)

weren’t.Agregar ed y verbos irregulares(Ver lista al final)Con was o were no se usa did:

I was busy.Were you right?

Conjugación TO BEI was, You were, He-she-it was, You-We-They were

Tanto en los tiempos pasado y presente progresivo, los siguientes verbos no se usan con ING, esdecir, son verbos no progresivos: believe, be, exist, prefer, hate, forget, remember, like, need, want,know, belong, love, see, hear.

Oraciones de tiempo: When, after, before y while: When I went to Chicago, I visited my uncle. While I waswatching TV, the phone rang. The phone rang while I was watching TV. I was sleeping when the phone rang.

Futuro Afirmación Negación Pregunta

Futuro Simple :S + WILL + VERBO

FORMA SIMPLEI will dance. I’ll... Bob’ll I will not (won’t) dance. Will I dance?

Futuro Compuesto :S + WILL BE + VERBO-

INGI will be watching TV. I won’t be watching TV. Will I be watching TV?

S + AM/IS/ARE GOINGTO BE

Joe is going to be at themovies.

Joe is not (isn’t) going tobe at the movies.

Is Joe going to be at themovies?

S + WILL BE Joe will be at the movies. Joe will not (won’t) be atthe movies.Will Joe be at the

movies?

S + AM/IS/ARE GOINGTO + VERBO FORMASIMPLE

I am going to eat. I am not going to eat. Am I going to eat?

S + SHALL + VERBOFORMA SIMPLE

I shall dance. (Con I y We no es común, y, es muy formal)

I will eat (quizás). I am going to eat (Es un hecho).El presente simple y progresivo se utilizan para expresar futuro inmediato: This course ends in two weeks.


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Oraciones de tiempo: When, after, before y as soon as: As soon as the rain stops, I’m going to walkdowntown. If it rains tomorrow, I’m going to stay home.

MODALES AUXILIARES

Son los verbos que ayudan a otros verbos a expresar un amplio rango de significados. Sólo se coloca:S + VERBO AUXILIAR MODAL + VERBO FORMA SIMPLE.

Habilidad CAN (presente) – COULD (pasado): Bob can play the piano. Bob could play the piano when hewas two years old.

Posibilidad MAY(presente) – MIGHT(futuro): It may/might rain tomorrow. Permiso MAY(más formal) – CAN: Yes, you can/may have a cookie. Can I please borrow your pen? Yes, of

course. May I open the window? (no se usa con you) Pidiendo ayuda: CAN(menos formal)/WOULD/COULD/WILL you please open the door? Expresando consejo: You SHOULD/OUGHT TO/HAD BETTER study tonight. Expresando necesidad: I HAVE TO/HAVE GOT TO/MUST study tonight. Prohibición: You MUST NOT play with matches! Sugerencias: LET’S GO to the beach. Expresando preferencias: I PREFER/LIKE apples.

TIPOS DE PREGUNTAS

Preguntas cuya respuesta es SI/NO: Does Ann live in Montreal? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t. Preguntas solicitando Información:

PREGUNTA W + VERBO AUXILIAR + SUJETO + VERBO FORMA SIMPLE + OBJETO ?WHERE, WHEN, WHO, WHAT, WHICH (escoger entre opciones), WHOSE (de quién).

Where is Sara studying? When will you graduate? Who is he? What do yo see? What kind of fruit do yolike? Which do you want? Whose is that?

Uso de HOW, HOW OFTEN (frecuencia), HOW FAR (qué tan lejos): Con adjetivos How OLD/TALL/BIG ihe? How often do you go shopping? How far do you live from school? How do yo feel? How do you do? Preguntas TAG:

o Afirmativas: You know Mary. Don´t you? Mary is from Colombia. Isn’t she?o Negativas: You don’t know Mary. Do you? Mary isn’t from Colombia. Is she?

TIEMPOS GRAMÁTICALES PERFECTOS

Presente: Conjugación verbo HAVE presente: (I-you-we-they) HAVE (she-he-it) HAS

PRESENTE PERFECTO PRESENTE PERFECTO PROGRESIVO

Afirmación S + HAVE/HAS + VERBO PASADO PARTICIPIOI have finished my work. (I’ve)Jim has eaten lunch. (He’s)

S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERBO-INGI have been running.Jim has been running.

NegaciónS + HAVE/HAS NOT + VERBO PASADO PARTICIPIO

I have not finished my work. (haven’t)Jim has not eaten lunch. (hasn´t)

S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + VERBO-INGI have not been running.Jim has not been running.

Pregunta HAVE/HAS + S + VERBO PASADO PARTICIPIO ? HAVE/HAS + S + BEEN + VERBO-ING ?


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PRESENTE PERFECTO PRESENTE PERFECTO PROGRESIVOHave I finished my work?

Has Jim eaten lunch?

Have I been running?

Has Jim been running?RespuestaCorta

Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.Yes, he has. No, she hasn’t.

Yes, I have been. No, I haven’t been.Yes, he has been. No, she hasn’t been.

Expresa actividades o situaciones que ocurrieronantes de ahora, en el pasado no específico: I’venever eaten there.

Actividades que se han repetido mucho en elpasado: Pete has eaten at than restaurant manytimes.

Cuando utiliza since o for, expresa situacionesque iniciaron en el pasado y continúan en elpresente: I have known Ben for tenyears/minutes/hours. I have been here sinceeight o’clock/May/yesterday…

Expresa la duración de una actividad: Ihave been living here for two years.

Pasado: Conjugación verbo HAVE pasado: (I-you-she-he-it-you-we-they) HAD

PASADO PERFECTO: Expresa actividades o situaciones que ocurrieron antes de otro tiempo,en el pasado. Terminó completamente en el pasado: I had already eaten.

AfirmaciónS + HAD + VERBO PASADO PARTICIPIO

I had finished my work.Jim had eaten lunch.

NegaciónS + HAD NOT + VERBO PASADO PARTICIPIO

I had not finished my work.Jim had not eaten lunch.

PreguntaHAD + S + VERBO PASADO PARTICIPIO ?

Had I finished my work?Had Jim eaten lunch?

RespuestaCorta

Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.Yes, he had. No, she hadn’t.

Futuro :

FUTURO PERFECTO: describir acciones que se están ya desarrollando o que se van adesarrollar en el futuro, pero que, en cualquier caso, cuando llegue ese momento futuro al que

nos estamos refiriendo la acción ya habrá finalizado.Afirmación S + WILL HAVE/HAS + VERBO PASADO PARTICIPIOI will have finished my homework before 10 o'clock.

NegaciónS + WILL NOT HAVE/HAS + VERBO PASADO PARTICIPIOI will not have finished my homework before 10 o'clock.

Pregunta WILL + S + HAVE/HAS + VERBO PASADO PARTICIPIO ?Will I have finished my homework before 10 o'clock?

CONECTORES DE IDEAS


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AND:o Dos frases: I open the door, and she opened the window.o Dos sustantivos: I see a cat and a mouse.o Sujeto con dos verbos: I open the door and walk into the room.

BUT: I bought a pencil, but I didn’t like it. OR: Is a lemon sweet or sour? BECUASE: He drank water because he was thirsty.

GERUNDIOS

Usados como objeto: I enjoy listening to music. Verbos seguidos por gerundios: enjoy, finish, stop, quit,mind, postpone, put off, keep, keep on, consider, think about, discuss, talk about.

Usados como sujeto: Coming to class on time is important.

ORACIONES PASIVAS Y ACTIVAS

ACTIVABob mailed the letter.

Joe corrects our homework.Ben will teach this class.

PASIVA:BE (todos los tiempos) + VERBO

PASADO PARTICIPIO + BY

The letter was mailed by Bob.Our homework is corrected by Joe.

This class will be taught by Ben.

USOS DE ED Y ING

I am interested in.... Art is interestingBen is an bored person.... Classes are boring.

ORACIONES USADAS COMO ADJETIVOS

I met a famous man.... I met a famous man who lives in Chicago.

COMPARACIONES

Ted is not as old as Tina. Adjetivos de una silaba: Tes is old er than Tina. Ted is the oldest . Adjetivos de más de una silaba: Ted is more generous than Tina. Ted is the most generous person.

CONDICIONALES

Uso de IF (si): I don’t know if Eric is at home. Expresar Deseos:

o Real Situación Presente: I don’t know how to dance. Deseo: I wish I knew how to dance. (pasadosimple)


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o Real Situación Pasado: I didn’t study for the test. Deseo: I wish I had studied for the test. (pasadoparticipio)

Condicionales:

SITUACIÓN CONDICIÓN(oración IF)RESULTADO DE LA

CONDICIÓN EJEMPLOReal en elpresente y en elfuturo

Presentesimple

WILL/CAN + VERBOFORMA SIMPLE

If I have money, I will/can buy a car.If you study , you will pass your exams.

Falsa en elpresente y en elfuturo

Pasado simple WOULD/COULD +VERBO FORMA SIMPLEIf I had money, I would/could buy a car.

If he were rich, he would buy a castle. (Para todoslos sujetos la conjugación del verbo TO BE es WERE)

Falsa en elpasado

Pasadoperfecto

WOULD HAVE/COULDHAVE + VERBO EN

PASADO PARTICIPIOIf I had had enough money, I would have/could

have bought a dress.


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VERBOS IRREGULARES

Infinitivo/Presente Significado Forma pasada Participio To stand soportar stood stoodTo come up surgir came up come upTo wake despertar woke wokeTo be ser / estar was beenTo stand aguantar stood stoodTo beat golpear beat beatenTo become llegar a ser became becomeTo happen ocurrir happened happenedTo procreate procrear procreated procreatedTo begin empezar began begunTo notice observar noticed noticedTo bend doblar bent bentTo grieve estar afligido grieved grievedTo keep asking preguntar con insistencia kept asking kept askingTo bet apostar betted / bet betted / betTo bid ordenar bade biddenTo bid pujar bid bidTo bind atar bound boundTo bite morder bit bittenTo bleed sangrar bled bledTo blow soplar blew blownTo break romper broke brokenTo breed engendrar bred bredTo bring traer brought broughtTo broadcast retransmitir broadcast broadcast

To build construir built builtTo burn quemar burned / burnt burned / burntTo burst explotar burst burstTo buy comprar bought boughtCan poder could be ableTo throw away arrojar / lanzar threw away thrown awayTo catch coger caught caughtTo chide regañar chid chiddenTo choose elegir chose chosenTo cut cortar / romper cut cutTo cling agarrarse clung clungTo clothe vestir clothed / clad clothed / cladTo come venir came come

To cost costar cost costTo creep deslizarse con sigilo crept creptTo sing cantar sang sungTo cut cortar cut cutTo dare desafiar dared / durst dared / durstTo deal tratar con dealt / delt dealt / deltTo dig cavar dug dug


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Infinitivo/Presente Significado Forma pasada Participio To do hacer did done

To draw dibujar drew drawnTo dream soñar dreamed / dreamt dreamed / dreamtTo drink beber drank drunkTo drive conducir drove drivenTo live in habitar lived in livledTo eat comer ate eatenTo fall caer fell fallenTo feed alimentar fed fedTo feel sentir felt feltTo fight luchar fought foughtTo find encontrar found foundTo run away escapar ran away run awayTo fling arrojar flung flung

To fly volar flew flownTo stop desistir stopped stoppedTo forbid prohibir forbade forbiddenTo forget olvidar forgot forgottenTo forgive perdonar forgave forgivenTo leave renunciar a algo left leftTo freeze helar(se) froze frozenTo get coger got gotTo make golden dorar made golden made goldenTo fasten sujetar con cinturón fastened fastenedTo give dar gave givenTo go ir went goneTo grind moler ground ground

To grow crecer grew grownTo hang colgar hanged / hung hanged / hungTo have haber / tener had hadTo hear oír heard heardTo hide esconder hid hiddenTo hit golpear hit hitTo hold sostener held heldTo hurt herir hurt hurtTo keep mantener kept keptTo kneel arrodillarse knelt kneltTo knit tejer knit knitTo know saber knew knownTo lay colocar laid laid

To lead guiar led ledTo lean inclinar leaned / leant leaned / leantTo leap brincar leaped / leapt leaped / leaptTo learn aprender learned / learnt learned / learntTo leave dejar left leftTo lend prestar lent lentTo let permitir let let


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Infinitivo/Presente Significado Forma pasada Participio To hit golpear hit hit

To sow sembrar sowed sowed / sownTo speak hablar spoke spokenTo speed acelerar speeded / sped speeded / spedTo spell deletrear spelled / spelt spelled / speltTo spend gastar spent spentTo spill derramar spilled / spilt spilled / spiltTo spin dar vueltas spun spunTo spit escupir spat spatTo split dividir split splitTo spread extender spread spreadTo spring saltar sprang sprungTo stand levantarse stood stoodTo steal robar stole stolen

To stick hincar stuck stuckTo sting picar stung stungTo stink oler mal stank / stunk stunkTo strew diseminar strewed strewed / strewnTo stride andar a zancadas strode striddenTo strike golpear struck struckTo string colgar algo strung strungTo strive esforzarse strove strivenTo swear jurar swore swornTo sweep barrer swept sweptTo swell hinchar swelled swelled / swollenTo swim nadar swam swumTo swing balancearse swung swung

To take coger took takenTo teach enseñar taught taughtTo tear rasgar tore tornTo tell decir told toldTo think pensar thought thoughtTo thrive prosperar thrived / throve thrived / thrivenTo throw tirar threw thrownTo thrust lanzar adelante thrust thrustTo tread pisar trod trodden / trodTo understand comprender understood understoodTo undertake acometer undertook undertakenTo wake despertarse waked / woke waked / wokenTo wear usar wore worn

To weave tejer wove wovenTo weep llorar wept weptTo wet mojar wetted / wet wetted / wetWill (auxiliar futuro) would ----To win ganar won wonTo wind dar cuerda wound woundTo wring retorcer wrung wrung


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Infinitivo/Presente Significado Forma pasada Participio To write escribir wrote written

PREPOSICIONES

Lista de las preposiciones simples más comunes en inglés:

Aboard (a bordo de) About (alrededor de, sobre) Above (Por encima de) Across (a través de) After (detrás de, después de) Against (contra) Along (por, a lo largo de) Alongside (junto a, junto con) Among (entre (tres o más)) Apropos (of) (hablando (de)) Around (alrededor de) As (como) At (en, junto a, a) Before (antes de, delante de) Behind (detrás de) Below (debajo de) Beneath (debajo de) Beside (junto a) Besides (aparte de) Between (entre (dos o más)) Beyond (más allá de) But (excepto, pero) By (por, junto a) Despite (a pesar de, pese a) Down (hacia abajo) During (durante) Except (excepto) For (para, por, durante, desde hace) From (de, desde) In (en, dentro de) Inside (dentro de) Into (en, adentro) Like (como, igual a Minus (menos) Near (cerca de) Of (de) Off (de (alejándose), fuera de)

On (en, sobre) Opposite (enfrente de) Outside (fuera de) Over (por encima de, al otro lado) Past (por delante de, más allá de) Per (por) Plus (más) Round (alrededor de) Since (desde) Than (que) Through (a través de) Throughout (por todo) Till = Until (hasta) To (a, hasta, hacia) Towards (hacia, para) Under (por debajo de, debajo de) Underneath (debajo de, bajo) Until (hasta) Up (hacia arriba) Upon ((poniendo) sobre, encima) With (con) Within (dentro de, a menos de, en menos

de) Without (sin)

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