INSIDE THE CELLYellow –HeadingsRed – Vocabulary

Purple – Important Stuff

Cell Diversity and Size

INTERNAL ORGANIZATION

• ORGANELLES:– CELL COMPONENT THAT PERFORMS SPECIFIC

FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL

EUKARYOTES

• ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS CONTAIN:– MEMBRANE-

BOUND NUCLEUS

– OTHER ORGANELLES

PROKARYOTES• UNICELLULAR

ORGANISMS THAT LACK A MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCLEUS

• LACK OTHER ORGANELLES

• EXAMPLE= BLUE-GREEN ALGAE & BACTERIUM

Fossil algae 2 billion years old (left) and living algae (right). Note the similarities in appearance. Interspersed among the living algae are chains of rod-shaped

bacteria.

INSIDE THE CELL• CYTOPLASM:

– B/T THE NUCLEUS AND THE CELL MEMBRANE

– WHERE THE ORGANELLES ARE LOCATED

CYTOSOL:– GELATIN-LIKE FLUID

THAT SURROUNDS THE ORGANELLES

NUCLEUS:– LARGE

– NEAR CENTER OF CELL

– CONTAINS MOST OF CELLS GENETIC INFO

– DIRECTS MOST ACTIVITIES OF CELL

• NUCLEAR MATRIX= PROTEIN SKELETON

• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE= DOUBLE MEMBRANE AROUND NUCLEUS

• CHROMATIN= COMBO OF DNA & PROTEIN (stretched out chromosome)

• CHROMOSOME= DENSELY PACKED (“X”) CHROMATIN

• NUCLEAR PORE= SMALL HOLES (EXIT)

• NUCLEOLUS= RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS, PRODUCTION

MITOCHONDRIA• THE “MIGHTY

MOUSE” OF THE CELL!!!

• CONTAIN THEIR OWN DNA

• SURROUNDED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE

• NEW MITO. MADE WHEN EXISTING ONES GROW AND DIVIDE

• TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO ATP VIA CHEMICAL RXN’S

• ATP = (AdenosineTriPhosphate) MOLECULE THAT MOST CELLS USE AS ENERGY CURRENCY

• CAR (MITOCHONDRIA)• GASOLINE (CHEMICAL

RXN)• GAS + ENGINE = CAR

STARTS (ATP MADE)• CAR RUNS (ENERGY)

MITOCHONDRIA IN HUMAN LIVER CELL

• SURROUNDED BY: 2 MEMBRANES– OUTER & INNER

• CRISTAE:– THE LONG FOLDS

INSIDE THE INNER FOLD

– ENLARGE SURFACE AREA OF INNER MEMBRANE

– CHEMICAL RXNS TAKE PLACE

RIBOSOMES• MOST NUMEROUS

ORGANELLE IN THE CELL

• NO MEMBRANE

• 60% RNA AND 40% PROTEINS MAKE UP RIBOSOME'S

• PRODUCED & ASSEMBLED IN THE NUCLEOLUS

• Many Proteins are produced by a specialized cell, e.g. antibodies– transported and used

elsewhere in the organism• WHEN RIBOSOMES ARE

ATTACHED TO ER:– PROTEINS INSERTED TO

MEMBRANES

– PROTEINS EXPORTED FROM CELL

 

   

Electron Micrograph of ribosomes. The ribosomes

operate in chains when translating a mRNA.

                                       

 

   

                             

 Proteins being made by DNA

Amino acids attach to the other end of our translators to form a chain. This chain is now a protein, and can

be used by the body.

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PROTEIN CHAIN

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RIBOSOMES HELP MAKE THE PROTEIN CHAIN

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)• A SYSTEM OF MEMBRANE BOUND SACS AND TUBULES• INTRACELLULAR “HIGHWAY”

– MOLECULES MOVE FROM ONE PART OF CELL TO ANOTHER• 2 TYPES OF ER:

– SMOOTH ER= (no ribosomes)

– ROUGH ER= (COVERED W/RIBOSOMES)

ROUGH ER:• IN CELLS THAT

MAKE A LOT OF PROTEINS

• USED FOR EXPORT OUT OF THE CELL

• ALSO TO BE INSERTED INTO THE CELL MEMBRANE

SMOOTH ER: • INVOLVED IN

PRODUCTION (SYNTHESIS) OF STEROID GLAND CELLS

• REGULATION OF CALCIUM LEVELS

• BREAKDOWN OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES BY LIVER CELLS

SMOOTH ER

ROUGH ER

GOLGI APPARATUS• PROCESSING• PACKAGING• SECRETING

ORGANELLE• SYSTEM OF

MEMBRANES “PANCAKES”

• SERIES OF FLATTENED SACS W/CONVEX SHAPE IN THE CYTOSOL

• MODIFIES PROTEINS FOR EXPORT BY CELL

LYSOSOME• SMALL• SPHERICAL ORGANELLE • ENCLOSE ENZYMES W/I

SINGLE MEMBRANES• DIGEST PROTEIN, CARBS.,

LIPIDS, DNA, RNA– SOMETIMES DIGEST:

OLD ORGANELLES, VIRUSES, BACTERIA THAT WERE INGESTED

• RARE IN PLANT CELLS

• LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT ALL OF THE ORGANELLES WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT SO FAR. CAN YOU TELL ME THE MAIN FUNCTION OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING:

1. NUCLEUSa. NUCLEOLUS

2. ER a. THE 2 TYPES

3. RIBOSOME

4. MITOCHONDRIA

a. CRISTAE

5. LYSOSOME

6. GOLGI APPARATUS

CYTOSKELETON• NETWORK OF LONG

PROTEIN STRANDS IN THE CYTOSOL

• NO MEMBRANE• AIDS IN MOVEMENT

OF ORGANELLES • MICROFILAMENTS:

– THREADS OF A PROTEIN CALLED ACTIN.

– SMALLEST STRAND MAKES UP CYTOSKELETON

MICROTUBLES:• LARGEST STRANDS • HOLLOW TUBES• WHEN CELL IS ABOUT TO DIVIDE BUNDLES COME TOGETHER AND EXTEND ACROSS THE CELL

SPINDLE FIBERS:

• THICK BUNDLES

• ASSISTIN MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOME DURING CELL DIVISION

HOW CELLS MOVE• CELLS USE HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES THAT

EXTEND FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CELL

• SHORT & IN LARGE QUANTITIES = CILIA

• LONG & LESS NUMEROUS = FLAGELLA