instrument of surrender/67531/metadc283775/... · p-61 black widow northrop 702 aaf tbf avenger...

1914

INSTRUMENT OF SURRENDER

We, acting by command of and in behalf of the Emperor of Japan, the Japanese Government and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, hereby accept the provisions set forth in the declaration issued by the heads of the Governments of the United States, China, and Great Britain on 26 July 1945 at Potsdam, and subsequently adhered to by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which four powers are hereafter referred to as the Allied Powers.

We hereby proclaim the unconditional surrender to the Allied Powers of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters and of all Japanese armed forces and all armed forces under the Japanese control wherever situated.

We hereby command all Japanese forces wherever situated and the Japanese people to cease hostilities forthwith, to preserve and save from damage all ships, aircraft, and military and civil property and to comply with all requirements which my be imposed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers or by agencies of the Japanese Government at his direction.

We hereby command the Japanese Imperial Headquarters to issue at once orders to the Commanders of all Japanese forces and all forces under Japanese control wherever situated to surrender unconditionally themselves and all forces under their control.

We hereby command all civil, military and naval officials to obey and enforce all proclamations, and orders and directives deemed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to be proper to effectuate this surrender and issued by him or under his authority and we direct all such officials to remain at their posts and to continue to perform their non-combatant duties unless specifically relieved by him or under his authority.

We hereby undertake for the Emperor, the Japanese Government and their successors to carry out the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration in good faith, and to issue whatever orders and take whatever actions may be required by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers or by any other designated representative of the Allied Powers for the purpose of giving effect to that Declaration.

We hereby command the Japanese Imperial Government and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters at once to liberate all allied prisoners of war and civilian internees now under Japanese control and to provide for their protection, care, maintenance and immediate transportation to places as directed.

The authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate these terms of surrender.

Signed at TOKYO BAY, JAPAN at 0904 on the SECOND day of SEPTEMBER, 1945

MAMORU SHIGMITSU

By Command and in behalf of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese Government

YOSHIJIRO UMEZU

By Command and in behalf of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters

Accepted at TOKYO BAY, JAPAN at 0903 on the SECOND day of SEPTEMBER, 1945, for the United States, Republic of China, United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and in the interests of the other United Nations at war with Japan.

DOUGLAS MAC ARTHUR

1915

Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers

C.W. NIMITZ

United States Representative

HSU YUNG-CH'ANG

Republic of China Representative

BRUCE FRASER

United Kingdom Representative

KUZMA DEREVYANKO

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Representative

THOMAS BLAMEY

Commonwealth of Australia Representative

L. MOORE COSGRAVE

Dominion of Canada Representative

JACQUES LE CLERC

Provisional Government of the French Republic Representative

C.E.L. HELFRICH

Kingdom of the Netherlands Representative

LEONARD M. ISITT

Dominion of New Zealand Representative

1916

APPENDIX I

Naval Data

1917

14

2

4

Japanese Capitol Ships Lost to Allied Submarines

British

Dutch

United States

28

5 7

2 2

611

Japanese Capitol Ships Lost to the Allies

British

Australian

Dutch

Russian

New Zealand

United States

1918

0 5 10 15 20

Australia

British

Dutch

United States

Japanese Capitol Ships Sunk By Allied Mines

Japanese capitol ShipsSunk By Allied mines

1919

0

50

100

150

200

250

Japanese Capitol Ships Sunk by The United States

Japanese Capitol Ships Sunk by TheUnited States

8 42 3 15 2

2,117

Japanese Merchant Shipping Lost During World War II

Australian

British

Chinese

Dutch

Russia

United States

1920

2 4 3 5 2

687

Japanese Merchant Ships Lost to Allied Aircraft

Australian Aircraft

British Aircraft

Chinese Aircraft

Dutch Aircraft

Russian Aircraft

United States Aircraft

29

10

51

Japanese Merchant Ships Lost to Allied Submarines

British

Dutch

United States

1921

Japanese Shipping Sunk By U.S. Submarines World War II

Tonnage of Japanese Ships Sunk By U.S. Submarines World War II

6

7

247

0 100 200 300

Australia

British

United States

Japanese Merchant Ships Sunk By Allied Mines

Japanese Merchant ShipsSunk By Allied Mines

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

Japanese Ships Sunk By Year

1922

United States Naval Ships Damaged or Sunk By Kamikaze Attacks

Type of Ships Damaged Sunk Auxiliaries 61 9 Battleship (BB) 15 0 Carrier, Escort (CVE) 17 3 Carrier, Fleet (CV) 16 0 Carrier, Light (CVL) 0 3 Cruiser, Heavy (CA) 5 0 Cruiser, Light (CL) 10 0 Destroyer (DD) 87 13 Destroyer, Escort (DE) 24 1 Landing Ship Tank (LST) 11 5 Minelayer, High-speed (AMS) 15 2 Minelayer, Light (DM) 13 0 Minesweeper (AM) 10 1

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

1923

Cause of U.S. Capitol Ship Sinking’s Pacific Ocean Area

Submarine

Surface Ship Aircraft Kamikaze Mine Storm Collision/Wreck Scuttled

Damaged Not Repaired

Battleships BB 2

Aircraft Carriers CV 2 2

Small Aircraft Carriers CVL 1

Escort Carriers CVE 1 1 1 3

Heavy Cruisers CA 1 5 1

Light Cruisers CL 1 1 1

Destroyers DD 3 16 8 13 2 3 3 1 9

Destroyer Escort DE 2 1 1 2

Light Minelayers DM 1 High Speed Minesweeper AMS 2 3 1

Minesweeper AM 3 1 3 1

Aircraft Carrier Construction 1941-1945

British Royal Navy Carrier Class Displacement Plane Capacity Commissioning Date

Illustrious Illustrious 28,661 57 May-40 Formidable Illustrious 23,000 45 Nov-40 Victorious Illustrious 23,000 45 May-41 Indomitable Illustrious 23,000 45 Oct-41 Indefatigable Implacable 23,450 60 May-44 Implacable Implacable 23,450 60 Aug-44 Colossus Colossus 13,190 48 Dec-44 Vengeance Colossus 13,190 48 Jan-45 Venerable Colossus 13,190 48 Jan-45 Glory Colossus 13,190 48 Apr-45 Ocean Colossus 13,190 48 Aug-45

Imperial Japanese Navy

Hosho Hosho 7,470 21 Nov. 21 Kaga Kaga 38,200 90 Nov. 21

1924

Akagi Akagi 41,300 66 27-Mar Ryujo Ryujo 10,600 48 Apr-31 Shoho Shoho 11,262 30 Jun-35 Soryu Soryu 15,900 73 Dec-35 Kaiyo Kaiyo 13,600 24 Dec-38 Chuyo Taiyo 17,830 27 May-39 Unyo Taiyo 17,830 27 Oct-39 Taiyo Taiyo 17,830 27 Sept. 40 Zuiho Shoho 13,950 30 Dec-40 Shokaku Shokaku 29,800 75 Aug-41 Zuikaku Shokaku 29,800 75 Sept. 1941 Junyo Hiyo 27,500 53 May-42 Hiryu Soryu 17,300 73 Jun-42 Hiyo Hiyo 27,500 53 Jul-42 Ryuho Ryuho 15,300 36 Nov-42 Ibuki Ibuki 12,500 27 May-43 Chiyoda Chiyoda 56,800 30 Oct-43 Shinyo Shinyo 34,200 33 Dec-43 Chitose Chiyoda 20,400 30 Jan-44 Taiho Taiho 20,400 75 Mar-44 Unryu Unryu 20,200 63 Aug-44 Amagi Unryu 20,200 63 Aug-44 Kasagi Unryu 64,800 64 Oct. 44 Katsuragi Unryu 17,150 63 Oct-44 Shinano Shinano 17,150 47 Oct. 44 Aso Unryu 14,500 64 Nov. 44 Ikoma Unryu 14,500 53 Nov. 44 Otakisan Maru 14,500

12

Shimane Maru 14,500

12

United States Navy Langley Prewar 11,700 34 Mar-22

Saratoga Prewar 38,746 91 Nov-27 Lexington Lexington 38,746 91 Oct-25 Yorktown Prewar 25,500 90 Aug-33 Ranger Prewar 17,577 76 Jun-34 Wasp Prewar 19,116 76 Sep-35 Enterprise Prewar 25,500 90 May-38 Hornet Prewar 26,507 90 Jun-41 Essex Essex 36,380 100 Dec-42 Independence Independence 14,751 30 Jan-43 Lexington Essex 38,746 91 Feb-43 Princeton Independence 13,000 45 Feb-43 Belleau Wood Independence 11,000 31 Mar-43 Yorktown Essex 36,380 100 Apr-43 Bunker Hill Essex 36,380 100 May-43 Cowpens Independence 11,000 45 May-43 Cabot Independence 11,000 45 Jul-43 Intrepid Essex 36,380 100 Aug-43 Langley Independence 11,000 45 Aug-43 Hornet Essex 36,380 100 Nov-43

1925

Wasp Essex 36,380 100 Nov-43 Bataan Independence 11,120 45 Nov-43 San Jacinto Independence 11,000 45 Dec-43 Franklin Essex 36,380 100 Jan-44 Hancock Ticonderoga 27,100 100 Apr-44 Ticonderoga Ticonderoga 27,100 100 May-44 Bennington Essex 36,380 100 Aug-44 Shangri-La Essex 27,100 100 Sep-44 Randolph Ticonderoga 27,100 100 Oct-44 Bon Homme Richard Essex 36,380 100 Nov-44 Lake Champlain Essex 27,100 100 Jun-45

1926

U.S. Navy Organization Structure

Unit Name Number of Ships Officer in Command

Task Element 1 Ship Captain/Commander

Flotilla Two or more non-capital

Commodore/Rear Admiral

ships, mostly of same or similar type.

Squadron Small number of capital Commodore/Rear Admiral

ships Task Group 2 or more Squadrons Rear Admiral Task Force 2 or more Task Groups Vice Admiral Fleet 2 or more task Force Admiral Navy 2 or more Fleets Admiral of the Navy

U.S. Marine Corp Organization Structure

Unit Name Strength Number of Units Commanded by

Squid 13 Men Corporal/Sergeant Platoon 42 Men 3 Squads + Corpsman 1st /2nd Lieutenant Company 126 Men 3 Platoons + one Captain weapons company Battalion 378 Men 3 Companies + one Lieutenant Colonel weapons company Regiment 3000+ Men 3 Battalions Colonel Division 17,000-21,000 3 Regiments + Major General artillery regiment Corp 20,000-45,000 2+ Divisions Commandant of the

Marine Corp (4 Stars)

1927

APPENDIX II

Air Force Data

1928

26,277

5,088 0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

United States Japan

Aircraft Production 1941

United States

Japan

47,836

8,861 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

United States Japan


United States

Japan

1929

85,898

16,693

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

United States Japan


United States

Japan

96,318

28,180

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

United States Japan


United States

Japan

1930

49,761

11,066

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

United States Japan


United States

Japan

306,090

69,888

Total Aircraft Production 1941-1945

United States

Japan

1931

U.S. Aircraft World War II

Aircraft Name Manufacturer

Quantity Produced Service

Bombers A-20 Havoc Douglas 7,385 AAF

A-24 Banshee Douglas 52 AAF A-26 Invader Douglas 2,452 AAF B-17 Fortress Boeing 12,711 AAF B-18 Bolo Douglas 350 AAF B-24 Liberator Consolidated 18,331 AAF B-26 Marauder Martin 5,157 AAF B-29 Superfortress Boeing 3,970 AAF PV-1 Ventura Lockheed 3,028 Navy SB2C Helldiver Curtiss 7,140 Navy SBD Dauntless Douglas 5,938 Navy TDB Devastator Douglas 130 Navy

Cargo C-46 Commando Curtiss-Wright 10,368 AAF

C-47 Dakota Douglas 1,162 AAF C-54 Skymaster Douglas 1,120 AAF

Fighter F4F Wildcat Grumman 7,885 Navy

F4U Corsair Vought 4,049 USMC/Navy F6F Hellcat Grumman 12,274 Navy F8F Bearcat Grumman 1,266 Navy P-38 Lighting Lockheed 9,536 AAF P-39 Airacobra Bell 9,588 AAF P-40 Warhawk Curtiss-Wright 13,738 AAF/AVG P-47 Thunderbolt Republic 15,683 AAF P-51 Mustang North American 14,686 AAF P-61 Black Widow Northrop 702 AAF TBF Avenger Grumman 2,291 USMC/Navy TBM Avenger General Motors 7,546 USMC/Navy

Patrol Boats

PBM Mariner Martin 1,285 Navy PBY Catalina Consolidated 4,051 Navy PB2Y Coronado Consolidated 217 Navy PB4Y-2 Privateer Consolidated 1,370 Navy

1932

Japanese Aircraft World War II

Aircraft Name Code Name Manufacturer

Quantity Produced Service

Bombers G4M

Betty Mitsubishi 2,414 Navy

Ki-21

Sally Mitsubishi 2,064 IJAF Ki-49 Donryu Helen Nakajima 819 IJAF Ki-67 Hiryu Peggy Mitsubishi 698 IJAF P1-Y1 Ginga Frances Yokosuks 1,100 Navy

Dive-Bomber D3A

Val Aichi 1,495 Navy D4Y Suisei Judy Yokosuka 2,035 Navy

Fighter A5M

Claude Mitsubishi 1,094 Navy A6M Reisen Zeke Mitsubishi 10,964 Navy J2M Raiden Jack Mitsubishi 524 Navy

Ki-45 Toryu Nick Kawasaki 1,701 IJAF Ki-46-III

Dinah Mitsubishi 1,742 IJAF

Ki-61 Hien Tony Kawasaki 3,028 IJAF KI-84 Hayate Frank Nakajima 3,500 IJAF NIK-J Shiden George Kawanishi 1,435 Navy

Float Plane E13A

Jake Aichi 1,418 Navy E16A

Paul Aichi 256 Navy

Flying Boat H6K Mavis Emily Kawanishi 1,435 Navy

E13A

Jake Aichi 1,418 Navy

Night Fighter J1N1-S Gekko Irving Nakajima 400 IJAF

Torpedo Bomber

B5N

Kate Nakajima 1,149 Navy B6N Tenzan Jill Nakajima 1,266 Navy

1933

United States Aircraft Production

TYPE 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 TOTAL

FIGHTERS 1,727 5,213 11,766 18,291 10,591 47,588

LIGHT BOMBERS 373 1,153 2,371 2,980 3,079 9,956

MEDIUM BOMBERS

745 2,556 4,370 6,189 5,384 19,244

HEAVY BOMBERS 288 2,076 8,027 12,813 11,065 34,269

B-29 BOMBERS 3 91 977 2,865 3,936

TRANSPORTS 254 1,857 6,466 10,456 9,561 28,594

Japanese Aircraft Production

Type of Aircraft Army 1941 Navy 1941 Army 1945 Navy 1945

Reconnaissance 290 30 136 35

Fighters 550 371 800 640

Bombers 660 644 315 570

Kamikaze 0 0 850 3,100

1934

Aircraft Statics

TYPE

AIR SPEED (mph) ARMANMENT

BOMB LOAD (pounds) CREW

MAX CEILING

(feet) RANGE (miles)

Bombers: A-20 339 4,000 3 25,098 1,091

B-17 317 1-30 cal/8-50

cal. 6,000 10 35,000 2,000 B-24 290 11-50cal 5,000 10 28,000 2,200

B-25 275 15-50cal/1-

75mm 4,000 7 24,000 1,500

B-26 282 2-30 cal/2-50

cal. 5,200 7 23,507 675

B-29 357 12-50cal/1-

20mm 20,000 11 36,000 3,250 CAC Boomerang 305

4-7.7mm/2-20mm 1 34,006 1,600

Mitsubishi GM 283

4-12.7mm/1-20mm 2,000 5 to 7 30,000 2,200

Mitsubishi KI-7 294 2,000 30,500 1,635 Mitsubishi KI-21 302 6-12,7mm 2,205 5 32,808 1,678 Mitsubishi KI-67 334 3-12.7/120mm 1,764 6 to 8 31,070 1,740 Dive Bombers: Aichi D3A1 281 3-7.7mm 800 2 31,750 1,131 SB2C Helldiver 281 2-20mm 1,000 1 24,100 1,100 SBD Dauntless 252

2-30 cal./2-50 cal 1,000 2 24,300 985

Yokosuka D4Y 360 680 34,500 749 Fighter: Brewster Buffalo 321 4-50cal 1 33,202 1,600 Bristol Beaufighter 333

4-20mm/6-7.62mm 2 26,519 1,479

F4F Wildcat 318 4-50cal/20mm 1 35,000 900 F6F Hellcat 376 6-50cal 1 37,500 1,090 F4U Corsair 415 6-50cal 1 37,000 1,015 Hurrican 340 12-303cal 500 1 40,000 460 Kawasaki Ki-61 367

2-20mm/2-12.7mm 1 32,808 1,118

Ki-43 360 3-13.2MM 1 39,370 1,000 Mitsubishi 360 3-13.2MM 1 39,370 1,000

1935

Total Cost of the Air War in the Pacific against the Empire of Japan

Total Army Air Force losses against the Japan for all causes were 13,055 planes, which breaks down to 1,197 heavy bombers: B-17s, B-24s, B-32s, B-29s; 864 medium and light bombers: A-20s, A-26s, B-18s, B-24s, B-26s; 2,469 fighters: P-38s, P-39s, P-40s, P-47s, P-51, P-400s: destroyed in combat. Army Air Force

Zero-Sen Nakajima Ki-84 392

2-12.7mm/2-20mm 1,102 1 34,449 1,052

P-38 Lighting 414 4-50cal/20mm 3,200 1 40,000 800 P-40 Warhawk 362 6-50cal 500 1 31,000 P-47 Thunderbolt 430 8-50cal 2,500 1 40,000 800 P-51 Mustang 440 6-50cal 2,000 1 41,900 755

Spitfire 354 2-7.9MM/2-

20MM 1 30,100 412 Torpedo Bomber: Bristol Beaufort 265

4-12.7mm/1-20mm 2,000 4 16,499 1,600

Nakajima B5N2 235 1-7.7mm 1,650 2 to 3 27,100 1,237 Nakajima B6N 299

1-7.7mm/1-13mm 1,764 3-Jan 29,659 1,085

TBD Devastator 207 3-30cal/1-50cal 1,200 2 to 3 19,500 985 TBF/TBM Avenger 259 4-30cal 2,000 3 23,000 1,000 Patrol Planes: Kawanishi H6K 239

1-20mm/4-7.7mm 4,409 9 31,496 4,210

Kawanishi H8K 290

4-20mm/4-7.7mm 4,409 10 28,740 4,461

Nakajima J1N1 314 2-20mm 1,110 2 30,577 981 PBY Catalina 196 3-30cal/2-50cal 4,000 8 15,800 2,520 PB2Y Coronado 223 8-50cal 8,000

10 to 45 20,505 2,371

PB4Y Privateer 287

12-50cal/1-20mm 12,88 11 20,669 2,796

PBN-5 Mariner 211 8-50cal 8,000 7 to 9 19,800 2,240

1936

battle casualties were 24,230 which breaks down to 10,406 killed in action, 4,643 wounded, and 9,181 missing, captured, or POW.

U.S. Army Air Force Organization Structure

Unit Name Number of Units Number of

Planes Number of Personnel Officer in Command

Section 5 to 20 NCO Flight 2 sections 4 to 6 20 to 100 Captain Squadron 3 to 4 Flights 7 to 16 100 to 300 Lt. Colonel

Group/Wing 3 to 10 Squadrons 17 to 48 300 to 1,000 Colonel

Wing/Group 2 or more Groups 48 to 100 1,000 to 5,000 Brig. General

or Wings

Numbered 2 or more Groups 100 or more 5,000+ Major General

Air Force or Wings U.S. Army Air Force in All planes in All Personnel in General of the Air Force Theater Theater Theater Air Force

Source: Wikipedia. Military organization. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_organization

United States Army Air Force

5th Air Force: Australia, New Guinea, Schouten Islands, Philippines, Okinawa

7th Air Force: Hawaii, Central/Western Pacific, Saipan, Philippines, Okinawa

10th Air Force: India, Burma, China

11th Air Force: Alaska

13th Air Force: New Caledonia, Espiritu Santo, Mexico, Guadalcanal, Los Negros, New Guinea, Noemfoor, Morotai, Philippines 14th Air Force: Kunming, China; Peishiyi, China

20th Air Force: India, China, Iwo Jima, Mariana Islands: Saipan, Guam, Tinian

1937

Imperial Japanese Army Air Service

Phase One of B-29s Incendiary Attack on Japan's Cities

March 10, 1945 - June 15. 1945

City Date No. of Planes Tonnage Percent Destroyed Sq. Miles Burned

Amagasaki 6/15/1945 444 18.9

Kawasaki 4/15/1945 303 36.2

Kobe 2/4/1945 307 of 330 2,355 2.90

6/5/1945 473 of 531 3,077 55.7 4.35

Nagoya 1/3/1945 97 0.17

3/11/1945 285 of 310 1,790 2.05

3/19/1945 290 of 313 1,858 3.00

5/14/1945 472 of 529 2,515 3.15

5/16/1945 457 of 522 3,609 40 3.82

Osaka 3/13/1945 274 of 301 1,733 8.1

6/1/1945 458 of 521 2,788 3.15

6/7/1945 458 2,540 2.21

6/15/1945 444 of 516 3,157 35.1 1.9

Tokyo 2/25/1945 174 1

3/9/1945 279 of 325 1,665 15

4/13/1945 327

4/15/1945 303

5/23/1945 520 of 562 3,646 5.3

5/25/1945 502 3,262 56.3 56.3

Yokohama 4/15/1945 303

5/29/1945 454 of 517 2,570 58 6.9

Air Force Name Area of Operation Headquarters Location

1st IJAAF Home Islands, Korea, Karafuto, Taiwan Tokyo, Japan

2nd IJAAF Manchukuo Hsinking, Manchukuo 3rd IJAAF Southeast Asia Singapore, Malaya 4th IJAAF New Guinea, Solomon Islands Rabaul, New Britain 5th IJAAF Eastern and Southern China Nanking, China 6th IJAAF Okinawa, Taiwan Kyushu, Japan

1938

Phase Two of B-29s Incendiary Attack on Japan's Cities June 16, 1945 - August 15, 1945

City Date Percent Destroyed Akashi 7/6/1945 18.9 Aomori 7/28/1945 30 Chiba 7/6/1945 41 Choshi 7/19/1945 44.2 Fukui 7/19/1945 86 Fukuoka 6/19/1945 24.1 Gifu 7/9/1945 63.6 Hachioji 8/1/1945 65 Hamamatsu 6/17/1945* 60.3 Himeji 7/3/1945 49.4 Hiratsuka 7/16/1945 48.4 Hitachi 7/19/1945 72 Ichinomiya 7/12/1945 7/28/1945 56.3 Imabari 8/5/1945 63.9 Kagoshima 6/17/1945* 63.4 Kochi 7/3/1945 55.2 Kofu 7/6/1945 78.6 Kumamoto 7/1/1945 31.2 Kura 7/1/1945 41.9 Maebashi 8/5/1945 64.2 Matsuyama 7/26/1945 64 Mito 8/1/1945 68.9 Moji 6/28/1945 23.3 Nagaoka 8/1/1945 64.9 Nishinomiya 7/16/1945 8/5/1945 11.9 Nobeoka 6/28/1945 25.2 Ogaki 7/28/1945 39.5 Oita 7/16/1945 28.2 Okayama 6/28/1945 68.9 Okazaki 7/19/1945 32.2

1939

Omuta 6/17/1945* 7/26/1945 35.8

Phase Two of B-29s Incendiary Attack on Japan's Cities June 16, 1945 - August 15, 1945

City Date Percent Destroyed Saga 8/5/1945 44.2 Sakai 7/9/1945 48.2

Sasebo 6/28/1945 41.4 Sendai 7/9/1945 21.9

Shimizu 7/6/1945 42 Shimonoseki 7/1/1945 37.6 Takamatsu 7/3/1945 67.5 Tokushima 7/3/1945 85.2

Toyama 7/26/1945

8/1/1945 99

Tsu 7/28/1945 69.3 Tsuruga 7/12/1945 65.1

Ube 7/1/1945 20.7 Ujiyamada 7/28/1945 41.3 Utsunomiya 7/12/1945

7/28/1945 43.7 Wakayama 7/9/1945 50

Yawata 8/8/1945 21.2 Yokkaichi 6/17/1945* 33.6

Approximately 330,000 Japanese civilians are killed by the air attacks, 476,000 injured, and 9,200,000 made homeless. Nearly 2.5 million homes are destroyed during the air assaults. More than 600,000 homes are destroyed by the government to create firebreaks. B-29 loss rate during the fire bomb campaign is 1.9 percent.

1940

U.S. Army Air Force Cost of Planes in the War in the Pacific

Heavy Bombers Medium and Light Bombers Fighters Total Losses

1,197

864

2,469

13,055

U.S. Army Air Force Cost of Personnel in the War in the Pacific

KIA Wounded Missing/POW Total

Casualties

10,406

4,643

9,181

24,230

1941

B-29s 92%

4% U.S. Army

4% U.S. Navy

160,800 Tons of Bombs Dropped on the Japanese Home Islands

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

U.S. Strategic Bombing of Japan Total Tonnage Dropped

Urban Areas Aircraft Factories Oil Refineries

Arsenals Industrial Targets Airfields/Sea Plane Bases

1942

Physical Damage Caused by Strategic Bombing of Japan

Installation Bombed Percentage Damaged Chemical Plants 10 Ingot Steel 15 Ship Yards 15 Naval Ordnance Plants 28 Army Ordnance Plants 30 Light Metals 35 Air Frame Assembly 60 Electronic/Communications 70 Aircraft Engine Plants 75 Oil Refineries 83

1943

APPENDIX III

Military Data

1944

JAPANESE ESTIMATED STRENGTH OF FORCES IN CAPTURED TERRITORIES

August 15, 1945

JAPANESE IMPERIAL IMPERIAL TOTAL

TERRITORY ARMY NAVY

ANDAMAN-MALAYA 95,581 36,473 132,054

BISMARK ISLANDS 57,530 30,854 88,384

BONIN ISLANDS 14,996 7,735 22,731

BORNEO 24,850 10,879 35,729

BURMA 70,350 1,372 71,722

CELEBES ISLAND 17,650 6,518 24,168

CHINA 1,049,700 63,755 1,113,455

FORMOSA 128,080 46,713 174,793

FRENCH INDOCHINA 90,370 8,914 99,284

JAVA 40,360 15,180 55,540

KOREA 274,200 29,431 303,631

KURIL ISLANDS 50,000 1,621 51,621

LESSER SUNDAS, TIMOR 17,500 4,238 21,738

MANCHURIA 760,000 1,185 761,185

MANDATE ISLANDS 48,644 44,178 92,822

NEW GUINEA 30,230 7,158 37,388

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 97,300 36,151 133,451

RYUKUS ISLANDS 40,882 9,766 50,648

SAKHALIN ISLAND 20,000 1,328 21,328

SOLOMON ISLANDS 12,330 16,729 29,059

SUMATRA ISLAND 59,480 4,984 64,464

THAILAND 106,000 3,051 109,051

TOTAL FORCES 3,157,683 406,890 3,564,573

1945

Comparison of Army Ranks Among the Military Powers

Australian British Chinese Dutch

Generalissimo

Field Marshal Field Marshal

General

General General Lt. General General

Lt. General Lt. General Major General Lt. General

Major General Major General

Major General

Brigadier Brigadier

Colonel

Colonel Colonel Lt. Colonel Colonel

Lt. Colonel Lt. Colonel Major Lt. Colonel

Major Major Captain Major

Captain Captain

Captain

1st. Lieutenant

Lieutenant Lieutenant

1st. Lieutenant

2nd. Lieutenant

2nd. Lieutenant 2nd. Lieutenant

2nd. Lieutenant

Regimental Sergeant Major Regimental Sergeant Major 1st. Sergeant Sergeant Major

Sergeant Major Sergeant Major

Sergeant 1st. Class

Quartermaster Sergeant Quartermaster Sergeant

Staff Sergeant Staff Sergeant

Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant

Corporal Corporal Corporal Corporal

Lance Corporal Lance Corporal

Senior Private Senior Private Private 1st. Class Private 1st. Class

Private 2nd. Class

Private Private Private 3rd. Class Private

1946

Japanese Russian United States USMC

General of the Army

General Commissar of the Army General General

Lt. General Commissar of the Army Corp Lt. General Lt. General

Major General Commissar of the Division Major General Major General

Commissar of the Brigade Brigadier General Brigadier General

Colonel Commissar of the Regiment Colonel Colonel

Lt. Colonel

Lt. Colonel Lt. Colonel

Major Commissar of the Battalion Major Major

Captain Senior Politruk Captain Captain

Lieutenant Politruk 1st. Lieutenant 1st. Lieutenant

2nd. Lieutenant

2nd. Lieutenant 2nd. Lieutenant

Sergeant Major

Master Sergeant Master Gunnery Sergeant

1st. Sergeant 1st. Sergeant

Technical Sergeant Gunnery Sergeant

Staff Sergeant Staff Sergeant

Sergeant

Sergeant Sergeant

Corporal

Corporal Corporal

Leading Private

Lance Corporal Lance Corporal

Superior Private

Private 1st. Class

Private 1st. Class Private 1st. Class

Private 2nd. Class

Recruit

Private Private

1947

Comparison of Navy Ranks Among the Military Powers

Australian British Japanese United States

Admiral of the Fleet Admiral of the Fleet

Fleet Admiral

Admiral Admiral Admiral Admiral Vice Admiral Vice Admiral Vice Admiral Vice Admiral Rear Admiral Rear Admiral Rear Admiral Rear Admiral Commodore Commodore

Commodore

Captain Captain Captain Captain Commander Commander Commander Commander

Lt. Commander Lt. Commander Lt. Commander Lt. Commander Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant Sr. Grade Lieutenant

Sub-Lieutenant Sub-Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant JG

2nd. Lieutenant Ensign

Chief Petty Officer Chief Petty Officer Senior Petty Officer Chief Petty Officer Sergeant Major Sergeant Major

Quartermaster Sergeant Quartermaster Sergeant

Petty Officer 1st Class Staff Sergeant Staff Sergeant Petty Officer 1st Class Petty Officer 2nd Class

Sergeant Sergeant Petty Officer 2nd Class Petty Officer 3rd Class

Leading Seaman Leading Seaman Leading Seaman Seaman 1st Class

Senior Seaman

Seaman 2nd Class

Seaman 1st Class

Seaman Seaman Seaman Apprentice Seaman

1948

U.S. Army Organization Structure

Unit Name Strength Number of Units Commanded by

Squid 9-12 Men Corporal/Sergeant Platoon 16-44 Men 3-4 Squads 1st /2nd Lieutenant Company 62-193 Men 3-4 Platoons Captian/Major Battalion 860 Men 3-4 Companies Lieutenant Colonel Regiment 3000+ Men 3-4 Battalions Colonel Brigade 3,000-5,000 2-4 Regiments Colonel

Division 17,000-21,000 3-4 Brigades/Regiments Major General

Corp 20,000-45,000 2+ Divisions Lieutenant General Army 80,000-200,000 2-4 Corp General

Army Group 400,000-1,000,000 2 Armies General of the Army

DIVISIONAL STRENGTH COMPARISON

MILITARY BRANCH

UNIT SIZE WITH SUPPORT PERSONNEL

Japanese Infantry 18,000 Chinese Infantry 12,000 (varied) British Infantry 18,000 U.S. Army Infantry 14,000 U.S. Marine 17,000

1949

Australian Army Organization Structure

Unit Name Strength Number of Units Commanded by Soldier 1 Man Section 9-13 Men Corporal Platoon 39 Men 3 Sections Lieutenant Company 140 Men 3 Platoons Captian Battalion 850 Men 5 Companies Lieutenant Colonel Brigade 3,300 3 Battalions Brigadier General Division 14,000 3 Brigades Major General Corp 42,000 3 Divisions General

Japanese Imperial Army Division Organization Structure

Personnel 21,945

Number of Horses 5,849

Horse-drawn Carts 555

Rifles/Small Arms 9,476

Light Machine Guns 541

Heavy Machine Guns 104

Grenade Launchers 576

Howitzers 64

Heavy Artillery 44

Tanks 24

Small Vehicles 262

Trucks 266

1950

APPENDIX IV

General Data

1951

Allied Code Names for Pacific Operations

ABDA: acronym for the 1942 cooperative American-British-Dutch-Australian defence of the Pacific and Indian Ocean theatre. ABERDEEN: code name for Chindit stronghold near Manhton, Burma. ALAMO: Name for the task force for operations in New Guinea. ALPHA: Plan to defend Kunming and Chungking. ANAKIM: Plan to recapture Burma. ARCADIA: Name for the Washington Conference, December 1941-January 1942. BACKHANDER: Name for the task force to conduct operations on Cape Gloucester on the island of New Britain. BAZAAR: Plan for American air support of the USSR in the event of a Japanese attack on the Soviet Union. BETA: Plan to open a port on the coast of China. BIRDCAGE: Airborne leaflet drop on POW camps announcing Japanese surrender. BLACKPOOL: Name for Chindit roadblock on the railroad near Namkwin, Burma. BLISSFUL: U.S. Marine landing on Choiseul in Solomon Islands, October 1943. BOSTON: Southwest Pacific Area of Operations plan to occupy and construct an airfield in the Abau-Mullins Harbour region of New Guinea. BREWER: Operations in the Admiralty Islands. BROADWAY: Name for a drop site about fifty miles northwest of Indaw, Burma, to resupply the Chindits. BROADWAY: Name for a drop site about fifty miles northwest of Indaw, Burma, to resupply the Chindits. BUCCANEER: plan (cancelled) for the amphibious capture of the Andaman Islands. BUNKUM: British operation to land six men by submarine on Middle Andaman Island to reconnaissance of Japanese defences. CACTUS: Operation to capture Guadalcanal (a part of WATCHTOWER). CANNIBAL: British unsuccessful attempt to recapture the Burmese port of Akyab in March

1952

1943. CAPITAL: Plan for the attack across the Chindwin River towards Mandalay. CARBONADO: Plan to open a port on the coast of China (revised BETA). CARTWHEEL: Operations to capture the Solomon Islands of New Britain and New Ireland involving convergent operations from the South Pacific and Southwest Pacific Areas of Operations against Rabaul. CATCHPOLE: Plan for operations against the Atolls of Eniwetok and Ujelang in the Marshall Islands Group. CAUSEWAY: Plan to capture Formosa, Planned for 1944, but was not executed. CENTREBOARD: Operations for dropping the atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, August 1945. CHAMPION; Plan (late 1943) for a general offensive in Burma. CHARACTER: Allied Commando attack on Japanese positions and gather intelligence in Burma, April 1945. CHERRYBLOSSOM: U.S. Marines landings on Bougainville, November 1943. CHRONICLE: Operation to capture Woodlark Island and Kiriwina Island. CLEANSLATE: Operation to occupy the Russell Islands. COCKPIT: Aircraft from British warships attacks against the Japanese port and oil installations on Sabang Island, Sumatra July 1945. CORONET: U.S. contingency plan to invade the island of Honshu on the Tokyo plain, 1946. See Code names OLYMPIC and DOWNFALL. COTTAGE: Recapture of Kiska, 1943. COUNTENANCE: British and Indian forces occupy Iran's southern oilfield region. CUDGEL: Plan for small-scale operations on the Arakan coast of Burma, unfulfilled. CULVERIN: Plan for the assault on Sumatra. CYCLONE: Operation to capture Noemfoor, 1944. DEXTERITY: operations name for western New Britain and Saidor. DIRECTOR: Code name for the task force for the invasion of Arawe in New Britain. DIXIE: Code name for the U.S. observer mission to the Chinese communists. DOVETAIL: Rehearsal at Fiji of the Marine landing to capture Guadalcanal and a lodgement in the southern Solomon Islands (a sub-task of PESTILENCE). DOWNFALL: Overall U.S. contingency plan for the invasion of Japan in 1946. Also see

1953

CORONET and OLYMPIC. DRACULA: Plan for an attack on Rangoon, 1944. DRYGOODS: Logistical operation to mass supplies at Guadalcanal, February 1943. ELKTON: General MacArthur's plan (not executed) for the capture of Rabaul. END RUN: Code name for the task force built around the survivors of Task Force GALAHAD, that was used for the drive towards Myitkyina, Burma. EUREKA: Codeword name for the Tehran Conference, November 1943. FANTAN: Code name for the Fiji Islands. FIVESOME: Code for the coordination of Allied operations in the Southwest Pacific. FLINTLOCK: Operation to capture of the Marshall Islands. FORAGER: Operation to capture the Mariana Islands, Central Pacific. GALAHAD: Code for American long-range penetration groups in Burma. GALVANIC: Operation to capture the Gilbert and Makin Islands. GLOBETROTTER: U.S. capture of Sansapor in New Guinea, July 1944. GOODTIME: New Zealand troops land on Treasury Island, Solomon Islands, October 1943. GRANITE: Tentative plan for the capture of the Marshall Islands, 1944. HAILSTORM: U.S. bombers and carrier plane attacks to destroy Japanese warships, cargo ships, installations, and aircraft on the Island of Truk, February 1944. HALPRO: Halverson Project -bombing detachment for China-Burma-India Theatre. HURRICANE: Operation to capture Biak, 1944. ICEBERG: Operation to capture Okinawa, 1945. KING TWO: Operation to capture Leyte and the southern Philippines, 1944. LANDGRAB: U.S. attacks on the Aleutian Island of Attu, May 1943. LEATHERBACK: Code name for Woodlark Island. LILLIPUT: Operation to defend Buna, 1942. LOINCLOTH: Expedition by Chindits to sabotage the Mandalay railway line in Burma, February 1943. MAGIC: Intelligence derived from interception and deciphering of Japanese encoded radio message. MAGNETO: Code name for the Yalta portion of the Argonaut Conference. MAILFIST: Recapture of Singapore, 1945. MAINYARD: code name, not an operation name, for the island of Guadalcanal. MANHATTAN: Code name for atomic bomb project. MARS: Code name for the U.S. task force in the China-Burma-India theatre of operations. MASTERDOM : Allied occupation of French Indochina. MASTIFF: Medical aid to liberated Japanese.

1954

MERIDIAN: British aircraft attacks on Japanese oil refineries, Sumatra, January 1945. MICHAELMAS: Code name for the seizure of Saidor, New Guinea. MIKE ONE: Plan for the invasion of Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. MIKE TWO: Plan for the invasion of Dingalan Bay, Philippines. MIKE THREE: Plan for the invasion of Vigan, Philippines. MIKE FOUR: Plan for the invasion of Nasugbu and Balayan Bays, Philippines. MIKE SIX: Plan for the invasion of Batangas and Tayabas Bays, Philippines. MIKE SEVEN: Plan for the invasion of the Zambales coast, Philippines. MUSKETEER: Plan for basic operation to liberate the Philippine Islands. NEW GALAHAD: code name for American long-range penetration groups in Burma. OCTAGON: Code name for the Quebec Conference, September 1944. OLYMPIC: The Contingency plan for the March 1946 invasion of the island of Kyushu. ORANGE: Pre-World War II war plan within the RAINBOW matrix for unilateral conflict between the United States and Japan; ORANGE 1 was approved in 1938, ORANGE 3, April 1941. PEACOCK: Shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto's Betty bomber over Bougainville, May 1943. PERSECUTION: Operation to capture Hollandia and Aitape, April 1944. PESTILENCE: Offensive operation on Guadalcanal and in and around the southern Solomon Islands, July 1942. PICADILLY: Code name the drop site for the Chindits, Burma. POSTERN: Operation to capture Lae-Finschhofen-Madang, New Guinea. PRINCETON: Plan for the reoccupation of the Visayas-Mindanao-Borneo-Dutch East Indies area (later renamed MUSKETEER). PROVIDENCE: Code name for the Plan to occupy the Buna area of New Guinea by Australian troops, July 1942. QUADRANT: Code name for the Quebec Conference, August 1943. RAVENOUS: Plan by IV Corps for the recapture of northern Burma. RECKLESS: Operation to capture Hollandia, New Guinea, 1944. RENO: General MacArthur's plan for an advancing along the northern coast of New Guinea to Mindanao in the Philippines. RINGBOLT: operation to capture Tulagi,sub-task of WATCHTOWER. ROGER: Codename for the capture of Phuket Island of the Kra Isthmus, Burma. ROMULUS: Arakan part of CAPITAL.

1955

ROOSTER: Operation to fly the Chinese 22nd Division to Chihchiang. SAUCY: Limited offensive to reopen a land supply route from Burma to China. SPOONER: Code name for new Zealand. STALEMATE: Invasion of the Palaus. STAMINA: Airlift of supplies to besieged British and Indian troops at Imphal, April 1944. SUMAC: Code name for Australia. SYMBOL: Code name for the Casablanca Conference, January 14-23, 1943. TALON: Retaking of Akyab in Burma, part of the plan CAPITAL. TARZAN: India-based portion of the general offensive in Burma. TED: Code name for a task force operating in the Aitape area of New Guinea. TERMINAL: Code name for the Potsdam Conference, July 16 through August 2, 1945. THURSDAY: Chindit operation in Burma, 1944. TOENAILS: Operation to capture New Georgia. TOREADOR: Airborne assault on Mandalay. TORNADO: Operation to capture Wakde-Sarmi, 1944. TRADEWIND: Operation to capture Morota, 1944. TRIDENT: Code name for the Washington Conference, May 12-25, 1943. TULSA: First outline plan by General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area, for operations aimed at the capture of Rabaul. TWILIGHT: Plan to base B-29 Superfortress in the China-Burma-India Theatre of Operations. TYPHOON: Operation to capture Sansapor-Mar, New Guinea, 1944. VICTOR I: Operation in Panay and Negros Occidental, Philippines, 1945. VICTOR II: Operation in Cebu, Bohol, and Negros Oriental, Philippines. VICTOR III: Eighth Army operation against Palawan, Philippines, 1945. VICTOR IV: Eighth Army operation against the Sulu Archipelago and the Zamboanga area of Mindanao, Philippines, 1945. VICTOR V: Eighth Army operations against western Mindanao. WATCHTOWER: Operation to capture Guadalcanal and Tulagi (a part of PERSECUTION), 1942. WEDLOCK: Spurious U.S. plan to attack the Kurile Islands in northern Japan. WHITE POPPY: Code name for Noumea, New Caledonia. X: Code for Australia. YOKE: Code word for all U.S. organizations working with Y-Force in the China-Burma-India Theatre of operation. ZEBRA: Code word for U.S. sponsored Chinese division in east China. ZIPPER: 1945 plan for the assault on Malaya.

1956

Japanese Code Names for Pacific Operations:

OPERATION A-Go (1944): attack on the American fleet off Saipan in the Mariana Islands. OPERATION AL (1942): - invasion of the Alaska’s Aleutian. OPERATION Arashi (1945): air raid on Carolina Islands’ Ulithi Atoll. OPERATION B (1941): invasion of Sarawak and British Borneo. OPERATION B (1942): invasion of Burma. OPERATION Ban-Go (1944): defensive at the Irrawaddy River in Burma. OPERATION C (1942): reconnaissance and raiding in the Indian Ocean. OPERATION D (1942): invasion of the Andaman Islands. OPERATION Dan-Go (1944): after the failed OPERATION: U-Go offensive in India. OPERATION E (1941): invasion of Thailand and Northeast Malaya. OPERATION FS (1944): cancelled plan for capturing Fiji, New Caledonia and Samoa to isolate Australia. OPERATION FU (1941): invasion of French Indochina. OPERATION Fu-Go (1944): aerial bombing of the United States using balloons. OPERATION H (1942): invasion of Ambon, Celebes, and Timor. OPERATION Ha-Go (1944): plan to isolate and destroy Anglo-Indian forces at Arakan in Burma. This action is the precursor to OPERATION U-Go. OPERATION I (1943): air raid against Allied advances on New Guinea as well as Guadalcanal. OPERATION Ichi-Go (1944): attack in Eastern China to link up Northern China and French Indochina. OPERATION J (1942): Japanese invasion of Java and the Dutch East Indies. OPERATION K (1942): Japanese reconnaissance and air raid on Pearl Harbor. OPERATION Ka (1942): Japanese plan to destroy the American fleet and recapture Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. OPERATION Kan-Go (1944): defensive plan in Southern Burma. OPERATION KE (1943): evacuation of Kiska Island in the Aleutian. OPERATION KE (1943): evacuation of Kiska Island in the Aleutian.

1957

OPERATION Ken (1945) - plan to transport and land troops for a suicide attack on American airfields located in the Mariana Islands. (Cancelled). OPERATION Ketsu-Go (1945): defensive plan against potential American invasion of the Home Islands of Japan. OPERATION Kikusui (1945): special attacks against American ships off the coast of Okinawa. OPERATION Kon (1944): defensive plan for Biak Island off New Guinea. OPERATION Kon-Go (1945): offensive against American ships using manned torpedoes. (Cancelled). OPERATION L (1942): landing in Palembang and Sumatra. OPERATION M (1941): invasion of the Philippine Islands. OPERATION MI (1942): invasion of Midway Island. OPERATION MO (1942): invasion of Port Moresby on New Guinea’s Southern Coast. OPERATION Pokemon (1945): reconnaissance of Ulithi Atoll, Caroline Islands; part of OPERATION: Arashi. OPERATION R (1942): invasion of Rabaul on New Britain and Kavieng on New Ireland. OPERATION RO (1943): defensive plan against Allied attacks on Rabaul, New Britain OPERATION RY (1942): invasion of Nauru and Ocean Islands. OPERATION Sho-Go (1944): defensive plan for American advances toward Japan. OPERATION Sho-I (1944): attack on the American fleet off Leyte, Philippine Islands; part of OPERATION Sho-Go. OPERATION Sho-II (1944): defensive plan for Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands; part of OPERATION: Sho-Go. OPERATION Sho-III (1944): defensive plan for Honshu, Island, Japan Home Island; part of OPERATION: Sho-Go. OPERATION Sho-IV (1944): defensive plan for Hokkaido, Island, Japan Home Island; part of OPERATION: Sho-Go. OPERATION SR (1942): invasion of Lae and Salamaua, New Guinea. OPERATION T (1942): invasion of northern Sumatra. OPERATION Ta (1943): attack on Bougainville, Solomon Islands. OPERATION Ta (1944): attack on American forces at Cape Torokina at Bougainville, Solomon Islands. OPERATION Take-Ichi (1944): convoys to the Doberai Peninsula on the Western edge of New Guinea. OPERATION Tan 2 (1945): special attack mission against the Allied anchorage at Ulithi, Caroline Islands. OPERATION Tasumaki (1944): attack on Bougainville, Solomon Islands.

1958

OPERATION Ten-Go (1945): naval attack against the American fleet off Okinawa; alternate name of Operation Tenichi-Go. OPERATION To-Go (1944): phase one of attacks in the Eastern China region; part of OPERATION: Ichi-Go. OPERATION U (1942): invasion of Burma. OPERATION U-Go (1944): assault on Impal and Kohima in India. OPERATION Z (1941): attack on Pearl Harbor. OPERATION Ta (1944): attack on American forces at Cape Torokina at Bougainville, Solomon Islands. OPERATION Tan 2 (1945): special attack mission against the Allied anchorage at Ulithi, Caroline Islands. OPERATION Kon-Go (1945): offensive against American ships using manned torpedoes (Cancelled).

1959

COMMAND ORGANIZATION, SOUTH PACIFIC FORCES, August 1943

Source: United States Army in World War II The War in the Pacific Strategy and Command: The First Two Years

1960

Organization of South Pacific Air Forces, Solomon Islands, July 1943


1961

Command Organization, Southwest Pacific Area, July 1943


1962

JAPANESE HIGH COMMAND


1963

Organization of Japanese Forces, Southeast Area, July 1943


http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/charts/USA-P-Strategy-12.jpg

1964

Organization of Japanese Forces in Pacific and Southeast Asia, November 1943


http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/charts/USA-P-Strategy-16.jpghttp://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/charts/USA-P-Strategy-16.jpg

1965

Japanese Special Attack Units Used in the War in the Pacific

During the War in the Pacific the Japanese Imperial Army and Navy used several different types of Special Attack Units in an attempt to change the direction of a battle in their favor but normally these units were formed for suicide missions. It is not uncommon in warfare for a wounded soldier to try and take one or more of the enemy with him. The most dramatic form of this is that of a combat pilot that is flying a damaged aircraft or a plane low on fuel, with no hope of getting home and/or not wanting to be at drift at sea alone, to dive into the enemy.

Japan has a history of ritual suicide known as Seppuku, also referred to as Hara-kiri, which was a privilege reserved by law for the Samurai warrior through the honor code known as Bushido. This form of taking one’s life was used to avoid the disgrace of being capture, as a mark of respect for one's lord, for act that has brought dishonor to them or their family, to protest the action of a superior, or as a form of punishment.

World War II in the Pacific Theater bore witness to the Japanese use of several different types of Special Attack Units or suicide attacks by individual pilots, charges by groups of soldiers, small one to two man submarines, swimmers, rocket powered planes, divers, and/or by boats. Late in the war, as the tide of war turned against the Japanese military the use of the most well known type of Special Attack Units was the Kamikaze pilot. They would attempt to crash their planes into Allied ships. The Kamikaze attack would kill the pilots and hopefully cause extreme damage with a large loss of American lives or sink the ship all the name of the Japanese Samurai Spirit, in accordance with the “one person, one machine, one shell for a ship.” The Japanese believed with this policy would cause the United States to negotiate for peace to save American lives once they have seen the Japanese determination to fight to the last citizen.

Banzai Charge

The Banzai Charge was used throughout the Pacific War from Guadalcanal to Okinawa. The charge would employed a group of Japanese soldiers attacking Allied positions in a human-wave, sometimes using soldiers that are sick or wounded, sometimes on crutches.

The largest Banzai charge took place at Saipan on July 7, 1944. The Japanese garrison was reduced to 3,000 troops from the 30,000 at the beginning of the

1966

battle. They charged the U.S. lines at night, as most charges took place, and killed over 400 American troops before the last man was wiped out. Those Japanese that survived the charge would commit suicide to avoid capture out of loyalty to the emperor and in the ancient Samurai code of Bushido.

Boats

The Shinyo or Sea Quake was a suicide boats driven by one man at speeds of around 30 knots. They were part of the expanding Special Attack Units developed to slow down or discourage the Americans. They were typically equipped with two depth charges or a bow-mounted explosive. The Shinyo’s mounted with depth charges were not meant to be used as a suicide boats. The idea was for a driver to speed up to a warship and drops the depth charges as close as possible to the side of the ship and then speed off before the depth charges would go off.

Around 3,000 Maru-ni, Imperial Japanese Army version of the Shinyo, were produced in World War II. 6,200 Shinyo’s were made for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Around 400 suicide boats were shipped to Formosa and Okinawa, and the rest were stationed around the Home water of Japan in preparation for the Allied invasion to come.

Divers

Suicide divers called Crouching Dragons were also part of the Special Attack Units. They were developed to attack the Allied invasion fleet once they were in the Home waters of Japan. The divers would be armed with 33 pounds of explosive, attached to 16 foot bamboo pole. They would be dressed with a diving jacket, trousers, diving shoes, and a diving helmet. They would be weighed down with 20 pounds of lead, and carried two bottles of compressed air. The divers were to drop to a depth of 15 to 24 feet and then walk up to six hours. Once under an enemy ship they stick the pole into the bottom of the hull, blowing them up and sinking the vessel.

Kamikaze

The concept for crash-dive aircraft into American warships was conceived of by Captain Motoharu Okamura, commander of the 341st Air Group of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Captain Okamura felt such a suicide program using to dive aircraft into warships was the only way to prevent a U.S. advance on the Japanese Home Islands. He told Vice Admiral Takijiro Onishi in June 1944 at a conference “Provide me with 300 planes, and I will turn the tide of the war.”

The first official suicide squad made up of twenty-four volunteers of the Imperial Japanese Navy's 201st Air Group was on Leyte. They were referred to as the Divine Wind Special Attack Force. The term Divine Wind, Kamikaze,

1967

was from the name given winds of a super-typhoon that destroyed the Mongol fleet planning to invade Japan in 1274.

The Imperial Japanese Navy began organized suicide attacks against warships on October 25, 1944, in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Before this date individual Japanese pilots had routinely aimed their damaged aircraft at U.S. ships when they had no hope of returning safely to their airfields or carriers.

The first U.S. ship to be hit by a member of the Divine Wind Special Attack was the escort carrier St. Lo, when it was hit by a Zero. The St. Lo sunk in less than an half an hour, with 100 crew members still on board. The escort carriers Sangamon and Suwannee were also damaged by Kamikazes on October 25.

The Japanese sent more than 1,250 aircraft flown by volunteers on Kamikaze attacks against U.S. warships during the battles for the Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. The pilots’ suicide planes sank 26 warships, including three escort carriers, 13 destroyers, and a destroyer escort. The attacks also damaged approximately 300 others ships. Approximately 3,000 American and British sailors were killed in Kamikaze attacks, and another 6,000 were in juried.

Manned Torpedoes

The Kaiten was an Imperial Japanese Navy manned suicide torpedo. The word Kaiten in Japanese means returning towards heaven. Research on the first Kaiten began in February 1944. The first prototype, which was not more than a type 93 torpedo engine compartment attached to a pilot's chamber with ballast for trimming in place of the warhead and needed controls. The final model was piloted by a single person and fitted with a self destruction control if an attack failed or the impact did not detonate the warhead.

Kaitens were designed to be launched from the deck of a submarine, surface ship, or from coastal installations as a coastal defense weapon. After trails the submarine delivery method, was used in delivering the weapon. Specially equipped submarines carried two to six Kaitens, depending on their class. There was a narrow access tube connected from the submarine to the lower hatch of the Kaiten. This allowed the pilot to enter from the submarine while still submerged.

One drawback to using the weapon was it had a limited diving depth. This factor limited the diving depth of the submarine used to deliver the Kaiten. This factor caused eight submarines to be sunk while the Kaiten was credit with sinking two enemy ships and damage several others.

Once an enemy ship was targeted the mother submarine moved as close as possible. The Kaiten pilot was briefed, air bottles were charged and the cockpit was ventilated. The pilot then entered the Kaiten, the gyroscope would be programmed with bearing and depth and the pilot given his final briefing.

1968

The Kaiten left the mother submarine moved towards the targeted ship. Once pilot felt that he was within range of the ship to be attacked the Kaiten move to periscope depth and check his bearing, range, and make any adjustments if necessary. The pilot submerged to attack depth, arm the warhead, and made the final run to the target. If there was a missed of the targeted ship adjustments would be made and another attempt would take place. If this procedure failed the pilot would self destruction the craft.

On November 20, 1944 the Kikusui group launched the first Kaiten at Ulithi. The fleet oiler Mississinewa was struck and sunk with the loss of over 60 crew members. Two other ships American ships were credited to being sunk by Kaitens during the war. The landing craft LCI-600 and the destroyer escort Underhill. 15 Kaiten pilots died in training or accidents and 80 died on suicide missions.

Midget Submarines

The Kairyu or Sea Dragon was an Imperial Japanese Navy class of suicide midget submarine designed in 1943-1944. These submarines were produced in early 1945 to be used to meet the American invasion fleet as their approach Tokyo.

Approximately 200 two-man suicide midget submarines were built and fitted with an internal warhead out of the 760 that were planned.

Pulsejets

The Kawanishi Baika (Ume Blossom) was a pulsejet-powered Kamikaze aircraft under development for the Imperial Japanese Navy towards the end of the Pacific War however the surrender took place before any were built.

Rocket-Propelled Aircraft

The Ohka or Yokosuka MXY-7 Cherry Blossom was an Imperial Japanese Navy suicide aircraft powered by rockets. American sailors called the aircraft the Baka or the idiot bomb. The Ohka was carried by a mother bomber usually a Mitsubishi G4M “Betty” or Nakajima G8N “Rita” to approximately 25 miles from the American Fleet. The single pilot riding in the Ohka would separate himself and his craft from the mother plane and glide towards the fleet. When the pilot had selected his target ship he would ignite the rocket and dive in an attempt to hit and destroy the ship. This type of approach was almost unstoppable due to speeds of over 300 mph. This speed was its strength because it made intercept by aircraft impossible, and very difficult to be shot down by ship anti-aircraft defensive guns. The weakness was that the Ohka was delivered to the contact area by a slow-moving prop-engine bomber which made it very easy to shot down for U.S. fighters planes.

1969

Surface Special Attack Force (Operation Ten-Go)

On April 1, 1945, American forces make their initial landing on Okinawa. The Imperial Japanese Navy organized a suicide mission codenamed Operation Ten-Go to support the Imperial Japanese Army on Okinawa. The Navy committed of much of what was left Japan's remaining naval fleet. The super battleship Yamato with her 18.1 inch main guns, cruiser Yahagi and eight destroyers would sail from Tokuyama on Kyushu as the Surface Special Attack Force on April 6.

The Surface Special Attack Force was to sail on April 6 to Okinawa in junction with a mass Kamikaze attack on the Allied fleet anchored around Okinawa. The Surface Special Attack Force was lending support to this Kamikaze mission. Then the Yamato would beach herself to become as an unsinkable artillery platform and continue to fight until destroyed. Nonessential crew members were to go ashore and join the military in attacking the Americans.

American cryptologist had already intercepted radio messages with the details of the Yamato and her mission. U.S submarines Hackleback and Threadfin made visual contact with the Surface Special Attack Force as they were sailing through Bungo Strait that separates the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku with the Pacific Ocean. The American carrier strike force was contacted with information of the attack force position and make up by the submarines.

On April 7, 1945, American carrier bombers and torpedo planes begin three separate attacks on the Japanese force causing the destruction of the Yamato.

United States Army Divisions

Airborne Division

11th Airborne Division: Formed 1943, served from June 1944 to the end of the war.

503rd Parachute RCT: Formed 1942, served from December 1942 to the end of the war.

Cavalry Division

1st Cavalry Division: Existing prior to 1940, served from December 1943 to the end of the war.

Infantry Divisions

1970

6th Infantry Division: Existing prior to 1940, served from January 1944 to the end of the war.

7th Infantry Division: Formed in 1940, served from May 1943 to the end of the war.

12th Infantry Division: Formed as the Philippine Division and surrendered at Bataan in April 1942.

23rd Infantry Division: Formed as the Americal Division in 1942, served from October 1942 to the end of the war.

24th Infantry Division: Formed in 1941, served from April 1944 to the end of the war.

25th Infantry Division: Formed in 1941, served from December 1942 to the end of the war.

27th Infantry Division: Formed in 1940, served from June 1944 to the end of the war.

31th Infantry Division: Formed in 1940, served from March 1944 to the end of the war.

32nd Infantry Division: Formed in 1940, served from September 1942 to the end of the war.

33rd Infantry Division: Formed in 1941, from December 1944 to the end of the war.

37th Infantry Division: Formed in 1940, from July 1943 to the end of the war.

38th Infantry Division: Formed in 1941, from December 1944 to the end of the war.

40th Infantry Division: Formed in 1941, from April 1944 to the end of the war.

41th Infantry Division: Formed in 1940, from January 1943 to the end of the war.

43rd Infantry Division: Formed in 1941, from July 1943 to the end of the war.

1971

77th Infantry Division: Existing prior to 1940, from 21 July 1944 until 15 March 1946

81th Infantry Division: Existing prior to 1940, from June 1944 to January 1946

86th Infantry Division: Existing prior to 1940, transferred from Germany after the surrender to the Philippines August 1945

93rd Infantry Division: Existing prior to 1940, the 93rd was a segregated division which saw combat in the South Pacific from 1944 to the end of the war

96th Infantry Division: Formed in 1942, served from October 1944 to June 1945

97th Infantry Division: Formed in 1943, served from 1945 - March 1946 - only one of two divisions to serve in these two theatres

Source: Wikipedia. List of United States Army divisions during World War II. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_divisions_during_World_War_II

U.S. Army Divisions in the War in the Pacific

DIVISION SOURCE DAYS OF COMBAT CASUALTIES CAMPAIGNS

1st Cavalry Regular 521 4,055 New Guinea, Bismark Archipelago, Hell for Leather Army Leyte, Luzon, Southern Philippines 6st Infantry Regular 306 2,370 New Guinea, Luzon Sightseeing Sixth Army 7th Infantry Regular 208 9,212 Aleutian Islands, Leyte, Eastern Hourglass Division Army

Mandates, Ryukyus, South Philippines

12th Infantry 52 79,500 Luzon 11th Airborne Regular 204 2,431 Leyte, Luzon, Occupation of Angels Army Japan 24th Infantry Regular 260 7,012 Central Pacific, New Guinea, South Victory Division Army Philippines, Leyte, Luzon 25th Infantry Regular 260 5,432 New Guinea, Luzon, Southern Tropic Lightning Army Philippines 32 Infantry National 654 7,268 Papau. New Guinea, Southern

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_divisions_during_World_War_II

1972

Red Arrow Division Guard Philippines, Luzon 33rd Infantry National 139 2,426 New Guinea, Luzon Prairie Guard 37th Infantry National 592 5,960 Northern Solomons, Luzon Buckeye Division Guard 40th Infantry National 265 3,025 Bismark Archipelago, Leyte, South Sunshine Division Guard Philippines, Luzon 41st Infantry National 380 4,260 New Guinea, Luzon, southern Jungleers Guard Philippines 43rd Infantry Regular 370 6,026 Guadalcanal, Northern Solomons, Winged Victory Army New Guinea, Luzon 77 Infantry Organized 260 7,461 Western Pacific, Southern Statue of Liberty Reserves Philippines, Ryukyus 81st Infantry Organized 166 2,314 New Guinea, Western Pacific, Leyte Wildcat Reserves Southern Philippines 96th Infantry Organized 200 8,812 Ryukyus, Southern Philippines, Deadeye Division Reserves Leyte Americal Infantry Regular 600 4,050 Guadalcanal, Northern 23rd Division Army Solomons, Southern Philippines

Casualties are number of killed in action, wounded in action, missing in action, and captured.

Source: History Shots. U.S. Army Divisions in World War II. www,historyshot.com

United States Marine Corps Divisions

1st Marine Division

2nd Marine Division

3rdMarine Division

4st Marine Division

5st Marine Division

6st Marine Division: created for the Okinawa campaign and the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands, only Marine division to be formed and disbanded overseas.

http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/i/Bismarck_Archipelago.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Marine_Division_(United_States)

1973

Imperial Japanese Army

Imperial Japanese Army was not organized in the structure that western armies used during World War II. The term army was used to designate a variety of large military formations such as General Army, Area Army, and Army.

General Army

In the Imperial Japanese Army a General Army looked upon as the top level in the structure of the military organization. A General Army is similar to an army group in most western military language.

General Army Name Formed

Area of Operation

Kwantung 1906

Manchukuo China Expeditionary 1939

China

Southern Expeditionary Group 1941

Southeast Asia, Southwest Pacific General Defense Command 1941

Japanese Home Islands

First 1945

Japanese Home Islands Second 1945


Air 1945


Area Army

Army Area of Operation 1st China 2nd China 3rd Manchukuo 4th Manchukuo 5th Manchukuo 6th Manchukuo

1974

10th China 11th China 12th China 13th China 14th China 15th Burma 16th Java 17th Solomon Islands 18th New Guinea 19th Dutch East Indies 20th China 21st China 22st China 23rd China 25th Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra 27th Chishima Islands 28th Burma 29th Malaya, British 30th Manchukuo 31st Truk 32nd Okinawa 33rd Burma 34th Manchukuo 35th Philippines 36th Home Islands 37th Borneo 38th French Indochina 39th Thailand 40th Home Islands 41st Home Islands 43rd China 44th Manchukuo 50th Home Islands 51st Home Islands 52nd Home Islands 53rd Home Islands 54th Home Islands 56th Home Islands 57th Home Islands 58th Korea

1975

Area Army Name

Formed Area of Operation

1st Area Army 1942 Manchukuo 2nd Area Army 1942 Manchukuo 3rd Area Army 1942 Manchukuo 5th Area Army 1942 Home islands 6th Area Army 1944 China

7th Area Army 1944 Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra

8th Area Army 1942 New Guinea, Solomon Islands

10th Area Army 1944 Taiwan 11th Area Army 1945 Home islands 12th Area Army 1945 Home islands 14th Area Army 1942 Philippines 15th Area Army 1945 Home Islands 16th Area Army 1945 Home Islands 17th Area Army 1945 Korea 18th Area Army 1943 Thailand Eastern District Area Army 1923 Home Islands Shanghai Expeditionary Army 1937 China Central China Area Army 1937 China Northern China Area Army 1937 China Western District Area Army 1937 Home Islands Southern China Area Army 1940 China Northern District Area Army 1940 Home Islands Burma Area Army 1943 Burma

59th Home Islands China Garrison China Mongolia Garrison Inner Mongolia

1976

Army

In the Imperial Japanese Army the term Army corresponded to a western military equivalent of a corps.

United States Loses on Sunday, December 7, 1941 at Pearl Harbor

Casualties: U.S. Army: 218 KIA 364 WIA U.S. Navy: 2,008 KIA 710 WIA U.S. Marine Corp: 109 KIA 69 WIA Civilians: 68 KIA 35 WIA TOTAL: 2,403 KIA 1,178 WIA Battleships: USS Arizona (BB-39) - Total loss when a bomb hit her magazine. USS Oklahoma (BB-37) - Total loss when she capsized and sank in the harbor. USS California (BB-44) - Sunk at her berth. Later raised and repaired. USS West Virginia (BB-48) - Sunk at her berth. Later raised and repaired. USS Nevada - (BB-36) - Beached to prevent sinking. Later repaired. USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) - Light damage. USS Maryland (BB-46) - Light damage. USS Tennessee (BB-43) - Light damage. USS Utah (AG-16) - (former battleship used as a target) - Sunk. Cruisers: USS New Orleans (CA-32) - Light Damage. USS San Francisco (CA-38) - Light Damage. USS Detroit (CL-8) - Light Damage. USS Raleigh (CL-7) - Heavily damaged but repaired. USS Helena (CL-50) - Light Damage. USS Honolulu (CL-48) - Light Damage. Destroyers: USS Downes - (DD-375) - Destroyed. Parts salvaged. USS Cassin - (DD -372) - Destroyed. Parts salvaged. USS Shaw - (DD-373) - Very heavy damage. USS Helm - (DD-388) - Light Damage.

1977

Minelayer: USS Ogala (CM-4) - Sunk but later raised and repaired. Seaplane Tender: USS Curtiss (AV-4) - Severely damaged but later repaired. Repair Ship: USS Vestal (AR-4) - Severely damaged but later repaired. Harbor Tug: USS Sotoyomo (YT-9) - Sunk but later raised and repaired. Aircraft: 188 Aircraft destroyed - (92 U.S.N. and 96 U.S. Army Air Corps.

Military Losses by Battle

Battle of: Date Military Losses

Aleutian Islands Wednesday, June 03, 1942 Japan: 4,350

Sunday, August 15, 1943

United States: 1,481

Anguar Sunday, September 17, 1944 Japan: 1,338

Saturday, September 30, 1944 United States: 260

Arawe Wed., December 15, 1943 Japan: 304

Thursday, February 24, 1944

Australia/United States: 118

Bataan Wednesday, January 07, 1942 Japan: 7,000

Thursday, April 09, 1942 Philippines: 7,500


Biak Saturday, May 27, 1944 Japan: unknown

Thursday, June 01, 1944 United States: 460

Buna-Gona Monday, November 16, 1942 Japan: 6,100

Friday, January 22, 1943 Australia: 1,300


1978

Cape Gloucester Sunday, December 26, 1943 Japan: 1,000

Saturday, April 22, 1944

Australia/USA: 310

Corregidor Monday, February 16, 1942 Japan: 900

Wednesday, May 06, 1942 United States: 800

Corregidor Friday, February 16, 1945 Japan: 6,600

Monday, February 26, 1945 United States: 207

Eniwetok Atoll Thursday, February 17, 1944 Japan: 2,677

Thursday, February 24, 1944 United States: 262

Guadalcanal Friday, August 07, 1942 Japan: 23,800

Tuesday, February 09, 1943


Guam Monday, December 08, 1941 Japan: 1

Wed., December 10, 1941 United States: 17

Guam

Friday, July 21, 1944

Japan: 18,250

Thursday, August 10, 1944


Hiroshima Monday, August 06, 1945

Japan: 92,133 Average

Hong Kong Monday, December 08, 1941

British Commonwealth: 2,113

Thursday, December 25, 1941 Japan: 1,996

Humbolt Bay Saturday, April 22, 1944 Japan: 3,300

Tuesday, June 06, 1944 United States: 152

Imphal Wednesday, March 08, 1944


Monday, July 03, 1944 Japan: 53,000

Iwo Jima Monday, February 19, 1945 Japan: 21,844

Monday, March 26, 1945


Kohima Tuesday, April 04, 1944


Thursday, June 22, 1944 Japan: 5,764

Kokoda Track Tuesday, July 21, 1942

British Commonwealth & USA: 625

Monday, November 16, 1942 Japan: 6,500

1979

Kwajalein Atoll Monday, January 31, 1944 Japan: 7,875

Thursday, February 03, 1944 United States: 373

Leyte Friday, October 20, 1944 Japan: 49,000

Sunday, December 31, 1944


Luzon Tuesday, January 09, 1945 Japan: 205,535

Wednesday, August 15, 1945


Malaya Monday, December 08, 1941


Saturday, January 31, 1942 Japan: 5,171

Manchuria Thursday, August 09, 1945 Japan: 83,737

Monday, August 20, 1945 Russia: 8,219

Manila Saturday, February 03, 1945 Japan: 16,050

Saturday, March 03, 1945

Filipino Citizens: 100,000


Meiktila/Mandalay Friday, January 19, 1945


Thursday, March 29, 1945 Japan: 6,513

Milne Bay Tuesday, August 25, 1942 Australia: 167

Monday, September 07, 1942 Japan: 625

United States: 14

Mindanao Saturday, March 10, 1945 Japan: 10,000

Wednesday, August 15, 1945 Filipino/USA: 820

Nagasaki Thursday, August 09, 1945

Japan: 47,600 Average

Noemfoor/Sansapor Sunday, July 30, 1944

Australia/USA: 100

Thursday, August 31, 1944 Japan: 1900

Okinawa Sunday, April 01, 1945 Japan: 110,000

Thursday, June 21, 1945 Citizens: 75,000


Palawan Wed., February 28, 1945 Japan: 900

Sunday, April 22, 1945 United States: 12

Peleliu Friday, September 15, 1944 Japan: 10,690

Monday, November 27, 1944


1980

Saipan Thursday, June 15, 1944 Japan: 29,000

Wednesday, July 19, 1944


Sattelberg Wed., November 17, 1943 Australia: 50

Thursday, November 25, 1943 Japan: +/- 2,250

Singapore Sunday, February 08, 1942


Sunday, February 15, 1942 Japan: 4,485

Tarakan Sunday, January 11, 1942 Japan: 255

Monday, January 12, 1942 KNIL: +/-1,300

Tarakan Tuesday, May 01, 1945 Allied Force: 251

Thursday, June 21, 1945 Japan: 1,540

Tarawa Saturday, November 20, 1943 Japan: 4,983

Tuesday, November 23, 1943


Tinian Monday, July 24, 1944 Japan: 8,009

Tuesday, August 01, 1944 United States: 330

Visayas Thursday, March 15, 1945 Japan: 14,300

Sunday, July 15, 1945

Filipino guerrillas/USA:835

Wakde-Sarmi Wednesday, May 17, 1944


Friday, September 01, 1944 Japan: 4000

Wake Island Monday, December 08, 1941 Japan: 820

Tuesday, December 23, 1941 United States: 122

Wau Saturday, January 23, 1943


Sunday, January 31, 1943 Japan: 1,200

1981

United States Serviceman Profile 1941-1945 11,535,000 (61.2%) men were drafted. 1 6,332,000 (38.8%) men and women were volunteers. 2 Out of the 17,955,000 of the men reporting for military duty 6,420,000 or 35.8%, were turned down for either mentally or physical conditions. 3 11,535,000 (73%) were stationed overseas and served approximately 33 months out of the country. Officers earned an average base pay of $203.50 while enlisted men average monthly pay was $71.33. 4 116 out of 1000 (8.6%) men were killed in action and .003% or three men out of 1000 died of other causes. 56.5 men (17.7%) out of 1000 received non-combat injuries. 5 Congress after Pearl Harbor passed a new Selective Service Act which removed restrictions and extended the draft to men that were 18 to 38 years of age. The average of a GI in the army or air force during the War in the Pacific was 26. The average age of a U.S. Marine was between 17 and 21. 6 6,335,000 (38.8%) of enlisted men were assigned to noncombat rolls in rear echelon areas. 7T The typical serviceman was a product of the Great Depression, with two years of high school. 8 U.S. serviceman was raised in a democratic society that stressed working together as a community to accomplish goals. They fought for men in his unit, for his Country, and for God. 9 1-5,7 Sources: World War II Almanac: 1931-1945. Robert Goralski. Bonanza Books, New York. 1984. P. 422.a 6, 8-9 Greatest Generation. The Myth of the Invincible Japanese Soldier. http://greatestgeneration. tumblr.com/post/2786211635/the-myth-of-the-invincible-japanese-soldier

Japanese Serviceman Profile 1941-1945 era

Japanese serviceman thought of themselves as a superior race because historically their country been a country that feared foreign cultures as well as being a racist

http://greatestgeneration.tumblr.com/post/2786211635/the-myth-of-the-invincible-japanese-soldier

1982

culture. In accordance the military regarded everyone in contempt, and treated them accordingly. The common soldier found an outlet after a life filled with suppression and rigorously enforced obedience. The military of Japan during the 1930s and 1940s was barbaric and inhumane culture. The military was in control of the government and they used a modified form of the Code of Bushido to brainwash and control the ordinary soldier. Bushido was a centuries old moral code followed by the ancient Samurai1 warriors that emphasized self discipline, righteousness, justice, unselfishness, virtue, martial arts, and valued honor above life. Living by the sword, dying by the sword.1 To surrender was showing dishonorable to the Emperor, to the country and family. This was why most soldiers took their own lives rather than be taken as a prisoner. Before a Japanese man became a soldier he had already gone through of years of military indoctrination and training starting in the third grade and continued through high school from teachers that had been in the military.2 The expansion and modernization of the Japanese military through conscription included recruiting the outcast, those who were the lower cast of society and adjudged mentally inferior. Conscription in Japan affected the Code of Bushido and therefore the Japanese Imperial Army; it took away the notion of the noble warrior and it forced unwilling men into combat. 3 Officers were allowed to strike non-commissioned officers and non-commissioned officers routinely struck the enlisted ranks. Japanese soldiers were trained to never surrender and the Western virtue of mercy had no place in his training and way of life. In the Japanese social system, individualism has no place. Children are taught that, as members of the family, they must obey their parents implicitly and, forgetting their own selfish desires, help each and every one of the family at all times. This system of obedience and loyalty is extended to the community and Japanese life as a whole; it permeates upward from the family unit through neighborhood associations, schools, factories, and other larger organizations, till finally the whole Japanese nation is imbued with the spirit of self-sacrifice, obedience, and loyalty to the Emperor himself. 4 All eligible men between the ages of 17 to 40 were subject to recruitment for military service. 5

Average Japanese soldier was about 5 feet 3 inches tall and weighed around 120 pounds. 7

The nominal term of service is 3 years. 8

Officers earned an average base pay of Y254.00 while enlisted men average monthly pay was Y26.83. 9

1983

1.Answer.com. What is the Bushito Code of Japanese soldiers? http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_Bushito_Code_of_Japanese_soldiersAv 2 Fighting techniques of the Japanese Infantryman. Leo J. Daugherty. http://books.google.com/books?id=aLilcBtI41EC&pg=PA7&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false 3 Military History Online. com Bushido: The Valor of Deceit. Holly Senatore. http://www.militaryhistory online.com/wwii/articles/bushido.aspx 5-6 Fighting techniques of the Japanese Infantryman. Leo J. Daugherty. http://books.google.com/books?id=aLilcBtI41EC&pg=PA7&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false 7-9 Hyperwar: Handbook on Japanese Military Forces. Chapter I Recuritment and Training. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJA/HB/HB-1.html

Japanese War Dead 1941-1945

Imperial Japanese Army Dead by Country:

1. Australia: 199,511 2. China: 202,958 3. French Indochina: 2,803 4. Russia: 7,483 5. United Kingdom/Dutch: 208,026 6. United States: 485,717 7. Other causes overseas: 23,388 8. In the Home Islands: 10,543

1,140,429

Imperial Japanese Navy Dead:

414,879 (includes 8,000 in China)

1,555,308 total dead War in the Pacific (IJA and IJN)

IJA & IJN wounded and missing = 309,402

According to the Japanese Foreign Office the Russians held 347,000 military personnel (IJA and IJN) and civilians after the war. The Russians claimed they held 61,855 military personnel and 214 collaborators (Chinese and Manchurian).

Imperial Japanese Army POWs held by the Allies: 30,000

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_Bushito_Code_of_Japanese_soldiersAvhttp://books.google.com/books?id=aLilcBtI41EC&pg=PA7&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=aLilcBtI41EC&pg=PA7&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJA/HB/HB-1.html

1984

Imperial Japanese Navy POWs held by the Allies: 10,000

Imperial Japanese Army personnel that served: 6,300,000

Imperial Japanese Navy personnel that served: 2,100,000

Japanese citizens lost in the Home Islands: 393,400

American Military War Dead 1941-1945

U.S. Army ground forces: 40,382 U.S. Army Air Force: 10,406 Marines Corp: 19,733 U.S. Navy: 31,485 Total War in the Pacific: 102,006

Source: US combat deaths in War against Japan. http://siadapp.dior.whs.mil/personnel/C ... NCIPAL.pdf

American Civilian Deaths in War in the Pacific Died in Japanese internment camps: 1,563

Merchant Marines: 4,000

Oregon balloon bomb: 6

Pearl Harbor attack: 68

5,637

Average Casualty Rates for U.S. Ground Combat Units Killed in Action: 1.78 Wounded in Action: 5.50

Missing in Action: .17

7.45

Allied Countries Military Casualties 1941-1945

http://siadapp.dior.whs.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/WCPRINCIPAL.pdf

1985

Dead or Missing Wounded Australia: 9,470 13,997 British: 5,670 12,840

India: 5,700 12,858

UNITED STATES MILITARY LOSSES WW II ALL THEATHERS 1941-1945

Branch of Service Killed in Action Wounded in Action

Army & Army Air Force

234,874 565,861

U.S. Marine Corp 19,733 67,207

Merchant Marine 6,833

U.S. Navy 36,950 37,778

U.S. Coast Guard 574 432

PRISONERS of WAR (Approximate numbers) POWs UNITED

STATES BRITISH DUTCH JAPAN

Held by Allies 11,600

Held by Japan 15,000 108,000 22,000

1986

2,000

1,900

1,680

Average Caloric Intake of Japanese Citizens per Day

1945 1944 1941-1943

1987

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, Gwenfread. Hawaii’s War Years. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 1950. Appleman, Roy E., James M. burns, Russell A. Gugeler, and John Stevens. Okinawa: The Last

Battle. Center of Military History, Washington D.C. 2000. Alexander, Joseph H. Edson's Raiders: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. 2000. Astor, Gerald. Operation Iceberg: The Invasion and Conquest of Okinawa in World War II. Dell Publishing, New York. 1996. Bailey, Thomas A., Editor. A Diplomatic History of the American People. Appleton-Century Crofts, NY. 1969. Baker, AJ. Pearl Harbor. Ballantine Books, NY. 1969. Benter William. The Annual of America The Second World War and After 1940-1949. Vol. 16.

Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago. 1968. Bergamini, David, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy Vol. 1,William Morrow and Company, Inc.,

N.Y. 1971. Berger, Carl. B 29 Superfortress. Ballantine Books, NY. 1970. Berry, Henry. Semper Fi Mac Living Memories of the U.S, Marines in World War II. William

Morrow and Co., 1982. Bix, Herbert P. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Duckworth Publishing Co., London.

2000. Blair, Clay Jr. Silent Victory The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan. J.B. Lippincott

Company, Philadelphia. 1975. Blair, Joan and Clay Jr. Return From the River Kwai. Simon and Schuster, NY. 1979. Blassingumo, Wyatt. The U. S. Frogman of WW II. Random House, NY. Bloch, Michael. Ribbentrop. New York: Crown Publishing, 1992. Boyington, "Pappy." Baa Baa Black Sheep. Bantam Books, NY. 1977. Boyle, Martin. Yanks Don't Cry. Pocket Books, Inc., NY. 1966 Braddon, Russell. The Naked Island. Birlinn Limited, Great Britain. 2001 Bradley, James. Flyboys. Little, Brown, and Company. Boston. 2003. Bradley, James with Ron Powers. Flag of Our Fathers. Bantam Books, NY. 2000 Brever, William. Devil Boats The War Against Japan. Presidio Press, Navate, Calif. 1987. Breuer, William B. Retaking the Philippines America’s Return to Corregidor and Bataan:

October 1944-March 1945. St. Martin’s Press, NY. Browne, Courtney. Tojo: The Last Banzai. Da Capo Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

1998 Brown, Courtney. Tojo: The Last Banzai. Paper Book Library, NY. 1967. Brown, David. Warship Losses of World War Two. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis Maryland, 1990. Buchanan, Russell. The United States and World War II. Vol. II. Harper and Row Bulkley, Jr., Captain Robert J. At Close Quarters PT Boats in the United States Navy. Naval

History Division, Washington D.C. 1962. Bustin, Steven George. Humble Heroes, How the USS Nashville CL-43 Fought WWII. E-Book,

www.booksurge.com. 2007. Byrd, Martha. Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. 1987. Caidin, Martin. A Tourch to the Enemy. Ballantine Books, NY. 1966. Calvert, Michael. Chindits-Long Range Penetration. Ballantine Books, Inc., NY. 1973.

http://www.booksurge.com/

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Casey, Maj. Gen. Hugh J. Engineers of the Southwest Pacific 1941-1945, Vol. VIII. United States Government Printing Office, Washington. 1951.

Craven, Wesley Frank and James Lea Cate, Editors. The Army Air Forces in World War II: The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki June 1944 to August 1945, Vol. 5. Princeton, New Je

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