integrated state water plan for west flowing river … ii ch 12 to 25.pdf · 13.5.4 present...
TRANSCRIPT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
1 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR
WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN
MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME – II : INTEGRATED PLAN
(Approved by Maharashtra State Water Council on Dated 22.06.2018)
KONKAN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, THANE
JUNE 2018
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
2 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
3 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING
RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME - II
INTEGRATED PLAN
(Upto year 2030)
CHAPTERS 12-25
KOKAN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, THANE
GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
JUNE 2018
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
4 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
5 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Contents Contents .......................................... .................................................................................................. 5
Glossary .......................................... ................................................................................................. 15
12 Water for Energy .................................. .................................................................................... 29
12.1 Conventional energy projects ...................... .................................................................. 29
12.1.1 Hydro power generation ....................................................................................... 29
12.1.2 Thermal power generation ................................................................................... 31
12.1.3 Nuclear power generation .................................................................................... 31
12.1.4 Gas based power generation ............................................................................... 32
12.2 Renewable sources of power generation ............. ......................................................... 32
12.2.1 Small hydro projects ............................................................................................ 33
13 Traditional Water Devices ......................... .............................................................................. 37
13.1 Preamble .......................................... ............................................................................... 37
13.2 An Overview of the Traditional Devices ............ ............................................................ 40
13.2.1 Emergence of Different Initiatives ......................................................................... 40
13.2.2 Variety of the Structures....................................................................................... 41
13.2.3 Participatory Approach ......................................................................................... 41
13.3 Present Status of the Devices in the Sub Basins ... ....................................................... 42
13.4 Some significant structures in WFR basin .......... .......................................................... 42
13.5 Maji Malgujari Tanks/Kharland Schemes ............. ......................................................... 42
13.5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… ……..……………..42
13.5.2 Historical Background .......................................................................................... 43
13.5.3 Major Features of Kharland Schemes .................................................................. 44
13.5.4 Present Scenario ................................................................................................. 44
13.5.5 Recommendation of different commissions /committees: ..................................... 48
13.6 Suggestions and recommendations ................... ........................................................... 48
13.7 Executive Summary ................................. ....................................................................... 48
14 Development and Management of Galper Land ............................................. ........................ 49
14.1 Introduction ...................................... .............................................................................. 49
14.2 Present Status of Galper land ........................................................................................ 49
14.2.1 Ownership of these lands ..................................................................................... 49
14.2.2 Types of Galper Lands: ........................................................................................ 49
14.2.3 Rules for allotting these lands: ............................................................................. 50
14.2.4 Availability and Utilisation of Galper Land: ............................................................ 52
14.2.5 Crops grown on Galper land: ............................................................................... 52
14.2.6 Revenue Collection: ............................................................................................. 52
14.2.7 Agricultural Production and employment generation ............................................. 52
14.2.8 Difficulties faced in utilising Galper land for cultivation: ......................................... 52
14.3 Recommendations of study groups / commission / comm ittees: ................................ 53
14.4 Recommendations/Suggestions for better utilization of Galper land. ......................... 53
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
6 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
14.5 ‘Development Plan’ of Galper Land ............................................................................... 54
14.5.1 The objective ....................................................................................................... 54
14.5.2 Guidelines for Preparation of ‘Development Plan’ ................................................. 54
14.6 Allotting Galper land ............................................. ......................................................... 56
14.7 Management of Galper land ........................................................................................... 56
14.8 Disposal of lands in beds of rivers / nallas ...... ............................................................. 59
14.9 Physical and Financial planning ................... ................................................................. 59
14.10 Action Points ..................................... ............................................................................. 59
15 Diversion of Irrigated Land for Non- Agricultural A ctivity ........................................... .......... 61
15.1 Introduction ...................................... .............................................................................. 61
15.2 Present Status .................................... ............................................................................ 61
15.3 Recommendations / Suggestions ..................... ............................................................. 62
16 Water Quality ..................................... ...................................................................................... 63
16.1 Preamble: Water Quality ........................... ..................................................................... 63
16.2 Water Pollution ................................... ............................................................................ 64
16.2.1 Domestic Water Pollution ..................................................................................... 64
16.2.2 Industrial Water Pollution ..................................................................................... 65
16.2.3 Control on pollution due to release of untreated effluent – .................................... 65
16.2.4 Water Pollution due to Irrigated Agriculture .......................................................... 66
16.3 Water Quality Monitoring Agencies ................. .............................................................. 67
16.3.1 National Water Quality Monitoring Program ........................................................ 67
16.3.2 Monitoring network in Maharashtra – GEMS and MINARS ................................... 68
16.4 Water Quality Index ............................... ......................................................................... 70
16.4.1 WQI for surface water .......................................................................................... 70
16.4.2 WQI for Groundwater ........................................................................................... 72
16.4.3 Water Quality for Drinking .................................................................................... 75
16.4.4 Water Quality for Irrigation ................................................................................... 76
16.5 Water Quality Analysis for Surface Water .......... ........................................................... 79
16.6 Water Quality Analysis for Groundwater ............ ........................................................... 83
16.7 Polluted River Stretches .......................... ...................................................................... 87
16.8 Summary and Recommendations ....................... ........................................................... 88
16.8.1 Commission/Committees and their Recommendations ......................................... 88
16.8.2 Overview of the Difficulties, Gaps, Suggestions and Recommendations ............... 90
16.8.3 Action Points and Recommendations– ................................................................. 90
17 Recycle and Reuse of Water ........................ ........................................................................... 93
17.1 Prologue .......................................... ................................................................................ 93
17.1.1 Quantity of effluent generated after urban and industrial use of water - ................. 94
17.1.2 Regenerated water after use in irrigated agriculture ............................................. 95
17.1.3 Effluent generated from Industrial use .................................................................. 95
17.1.4 Effluent generated from Domestic use ................................................................. 95
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
7 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
17.1.5 Treatment of effluent prior to its release in rivers .................................................. 96
17.2 Status in West Flowing River Basin................. .............................................................. 96
17.2.1 Industrial Water use ............................................................................................. 96
17.2.2 Domestic use of Water ......................................................................................... 97
17.2.3 Waste Water management ................................................................................ 100
17.2.4 Abstract of Domestic Waste Generation and Cost.............................................. 105
17.2.5 Irrigation from reuse of effluent .......................................................................... 106
17.3 Way forward ....................................... ........................................................................... 107
18 Prevention of Losses............................... .............................................................................. 109
18.1 Preamble ..................................... ................................................................................... 109
18.1.1 Losses can be classified in the following manner ............................................... 109
18.1.2 Factors affecting the Losses .............................................................................. 109
18.1.3 Estimation and measurements of Losses .......................................................... 110
18.2 Measurements Losses ............................... .................................................................. 110
18.2.1 Major factors. .................................................................................................... 110
18.2.2 Evaporation Losses ........................................................................................... 111
18.3 Conveyance and Distribution Systems ............... ........................................................ 112
18.4 Seepage, Leakage and Siltation .................... ............................................................... 112
18.5 Reduction and Control of Losses ................... ............................................................. 114
18.5.1 Aspects ……. .................................................................................................... 114
18.5.2 Means for Prevention of Losses ......................................................................... 115
18.5.3 Potential of Prevention of Losses ...................................................................... 119
18.6 Recommendetions of study group/ commissions / commi ttee .................................. 119
19 Evaporation Control ............................... ............................................................................... 123
19.1 Preamble .......................................... ............................................................................. 123
19.2 Evaporation........................................ ........................................................................... 123
19.3 Evaporation Losses ................................ ...................................................................... 123
19.3.1 Instrumentation in the WFR Basin ...................................................................... 123
19.3.2 Indirect Measurement of Evaporation ................................................................. 124
19.3.3 Reservoirs ......................................................................................................... 125
19.3.4 Conveyance System ……………………………………………………..................126
19.3.5 Field Application ................................................................................................ 126
19.4 Remedial Measures for Evaporation Control ......... ..................................................... 126
19.5 Recommendation of Study Group / Commissions / Commi ttees ............................... 128
20 Land Acquisition for Irrigation Infrastructure Dams (Displacement of Project Affected Persons), Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R & R) .............................................. 131
20.1 Introduction and Background ....................... ............................................................... 131
20.2 Historical antecedents ............................ ...................................................................... 131
20.3 Guiding criteria’s for conducting Land acquisition of R&R: ...................................... 132
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
8 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
20.4 Past Experiences .................................. ........................................................................ 132
20.5 Administration, Law and Policy in Maharashtra ..... .................................................... 132
20.6 Government of Maharashtra's Approach to R & R ..... ................................................. 133
20.6.1 The R & R Act, 1976 .......................................................................................... 133
20.6.2 Maharashtra Project affected Persons Rehabilitation Act 1986. .......................... 134
20.6.3 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, 2013: .............................................................. 135
20.6.4 IBRD policy on involuntary resettlement ............................................................. 136
20.6.5 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification and resettlement plan (Environment Protection Act, 1986): ................................................................... 137
20.7 Conclusions: ...................................... ........................................................................... 140
20.8 An overview of the difficulties, gaps, suggestions and recommendations ............... 140
21 Drought Mitigation ................................ ................................................................................. 143
21.1 Introduction ...................................... ............................................................................ 143
21.2 Definitions ....................................... .............................................................................. 143
21.3 Climate change /global warming: ................... ............................................................. 144
21.4 Agroclimate Zones ................................. ...................................................................... 145
21.5 Rainfall……………………………………………………………………………………………..… 145
21.6 Various Commissions/Committees and their recommenda tions in respect of draught management/mitigation: .................... ............................................................ 146
22 Disaster Management: Risk Assessment and Aversion . ..................................................... 151
22.1 Introduction ...................................... ............................................................................ 151
22.2 Legal Framework for Risk Assessment and Disaster Ma nagement ........................... 151
22.2.1 The Disaster Management Act, 2005 ................................................................. 151
22.2.2 National Disaster Management Guidelines, Preparation of State Disaster Management Plans, 2007 .................................................................................. 151
22.2.3 The Report of the High Powered Committee on Disaster Management,Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government. of India ..... 152
22.2.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Manual and National Environment Policy (NEP) 2006, MoEF, Government. of India .......................................................... 152
22.3 Disaster Management ............................... .................................................................... 152
22.3.1 Institutional Framework for the implementation of the DMP - .............................. 153
22.3.2 Incidences of Floods in the WFR Basin .............................................................. 158
22.3.3 Flood Management Strategies. .......................................................................... 166
22.3.4 Recommendations related to Floods .................................................................. 168
22.3.5 Earthquake Management ................................................................................... 168
22.3.6 Recommendations related to earthquakes ......................................................... 169
22.4 The Role of Risk Aversion in Disaster Management .. ................................................. 169
22.4.1 Risk Management – Procedure and Plan ........................................................... 170
22.5 Rehabilitation and Resettlement of Disaster Affecte d Persons ................................. 172
22.6 Recommendations.................................... .................................................................... 172
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
9 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
22.6.1 Recommendations related to disasters............................................................... 172
22.6.2 Recommendations related to risks related to financial and management efficiency….. .... 174
22.7 Sources ........................................... .............................................................................. 174
23 Socio-Economic Impact ............................. ........................................................................... 177
23.1 Introduction ...................................... ............................................................................ 177
23.2 Previous studies and their results ................ ............................................................... 177
23.3 Socio-economic indicators of the WFR basin ........ ..................................................... 178
23.4 Features of WFR Basin ............................. .................................................................... 180
23.4.1 Migration Trends in the WFR basin. ................................................................... 181
23.4.2 Naxalism in Eastern basins, Vidarbha ................................................................ 181
23.5 Recommendations.................................... .................................................................... 181
23.6 Conclusions ....................................... ........................................................................... 182
23.7 References ........................................ ............................................................................ 182
24 Planning .......................................... ....................................................................................... 183
24.1 Introduction ...................................... ............................................................................ 183
24.1.1 Early Experiences in Planning and Development of Water Resources ................ 183
24.1.2 Recent Developments ........................................................................................ 184
24.2 Integrated River Basin Planning ................... ............................................................... 184
24.2.1 Principles governing IRBP ................................................................................. 185
24.2.2 Assessment of Past Performance ...................................................................... 185
24.3 Planning .......................................... .............................................................................. 186
24.3.1 Mission Statement ............................................................................................. 186
24.3.2 Objectives .......................................................................................................... 186
24.3.3 Conceptual Framework ...................................................................................... 187
24.4 Action Plan........................................ ............................................................................ 188
24.4.1 Prioritisation – Conceptual Framework ............................................................... 188
24.4.2 Prioritisation of Major and Medium Projects in the WFR Basin ............................ 190
25 Institutional & Legal Arrangements ................ ...................................................................... 195
25.1 Background ........................................ .......................................................................... 195
25.2 What is ILA? ...................................... ............................................................................ 195
25.3 Water and Constitution of India: .................. ................................................................ 195
25.4 State Water Policy ................................ ........................................................................ 196
25.5 MWRRA Act, 2005: Theory ........................... ................................................................ 197
25.5.1 Provisions for Water Governance: ...................................................................... 197
25.5.2 River Basin Agency ........................................................................................... 197
25.5.3 State Water Board: ............................................................................................ 197
25.5.4 State Water Council ........................................................................................... 198
25.6 Sanctioning projects with particular reference to I ntegrated State Water Plan ......... 198
25.7 Resolution of water conflicts ..................... .................................................................. 198
25.8 MWRRA ACT, 2005: Practice.......................... .............................................................. 198
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
10 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
25.8.1 Constraints in implementing the ISWP: .............................................................. 198
25.8.2 Conversion of Irrigation Development Corporations into River Basin gencies ..... 199
25.9 Linkages of ISWP & MWRRA with other Water Laws..... ............................................. 199
25.9.1 Acts in force: ...................................................................................................... 199
25.9.2 Why MIA is a Parent Act? .................................................................................. 200
25.9.3 Role of Canal Officers in implementation of MMISF & MWRRA Act: ................... 200
25.9.4 Appointment & Empowerment of Canal Officers as per MIA 76 .......................... 201
25.10 Rules of the Acts ................................. ........................................................................ 202
25.10.1 River & Command Notifications under MIA: ........................................................ 202
25.10.2 Notification for Lift Irrigation Water Users Associations: ...................................... 203
25.11 Revisiting MWRRA: ................................. ..................................................................... 203
25.11.1 Understanding the problem ................................................................................ 203
25.11.2 Restructuring of MWRRA ................................................................................... 203
25.12 Conclusion ........................................ ............................................................................ 204
25.13 Recommendations.................................... .................................................................... 204
25.14 References ........................................ ............................................................................ 205
25.15 Annexures ......................................... ............................................................................ 206
Annexure 25.1………………………………………………………………………… ………206
Annexure 25.2………………………………………………………………………................207
Annexure 25.3………………………………………………………………………................209
Annexure 25.4………………………………………………………………………………… 213
Annexure 25.5…………………………………………………………………………….....….218
Annexure 25.6……………………………………………………………………................…219
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
11 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 12-1: Summary of Hydropower Projects………… ..................................................... 30 Table 12-2: List of Completed Large HP…………………………………………… .……... ….30 Table 12-3: List of Future Large HP…………………………… ……………….…………...30 Table 12-4: Thermal power generation………………………………………… . …………..31 Table 12-5: Gas based power generation………………………………………….………..…..32 Table 12-6: Potential, Penetration levels, and targets of RE power in Maharashtra… …….32 Table 12-7: Small Hydro Projects………………………………………………...………...........33 Table 13-1: Chronology of Traditional Water Devices and their Illustrative Locations…… .. 40 Table 13-2: Districtwise no. Of Kharland Schemes & area reclaimed by Kharland Board .............. 43 Table 13-3: Districtwise abstract of Kharland Schemes as per master plan ........................ 45 Table 14-1: Proposed structure of monitoring committees .................................................. 58 Table 15-1: Details of diversion of irrigated land for non-agricultural activity in 8 Sub-basins: ................... 61 Table 16-1 Status of applications filed by the MPCB to the Court ....................................... 66 Table 16-2 Agency wise Water Quality Monitoring details: ................................................. 67 Table 16-3 Water Quality Monitoring Stations In WFR Basin .............................................. 67 Table 16-4 List of parameters tested and analyzed by MPCB............................................. 68 Table 16-5 The WQ sampling location category & frequency of sampling designed for SW by HP ............. 69 Table 16-6 Statement showing Frequency of Sampling & Parameters to be analyzed .................. 69 Table 16-7 Modified weights for computation of WQI And Sub index equation used to calculate NSF WQI for DO, FC, pH and BOD ........................................................................... 71 Table 16-8 Water Quality Classification And Best Designated Use ..................................... 72 Table 16-9 Relative Weight of Chemical Parameters used for calculating WQI for Ground Water .............. 73 Table 16-10 Water Quality Classification And Best Designated Use ................................... 74 Table 16-11 CPCB Water Quality Criteria ........................................................................... 75 Table 16-12 Drinking Water Standards ............................................................................... 76 Table 16-13 Criteria as per IS for suitability of water for Irrigation ....................................... 77 Table 16-14 Suitability of irrigation water for semi-tolerant and tolerant crops in different soil types ................................................................................................................................... 77 Table 16-15 Tolerance of field and vegetable crops to salinity, sodicity and boron ....................... 78 Table 16-16 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations in WFR Basin ............................... 82 Table 16-17 Ground Water Quality Monitoring Stations in WFR Basin ............................... 86 Table 16-18 Pollution priorities - River stretches ................................................................. 87 Table 16-19 Polluted River Stretches .................................................................................. 87 Table 16-20: Polluted River Stretches and PRIORITY CLASSES ....................................... 88
Table 17-1 Industrial and Domestic Effluent ....................................................................... 97 Table 17-2 Population and Domestic Water Demand ......................................................... 98 Table 17-3 Treated Urban Effluent Available For Reuse ..................................................... 99 Table 17-4 Cost Of Sewage Treatment ............................................................................ 100 Table 17-5 Cost Of Sewage Treatment For Rural Effluent ................................................ 102 Table 17-6 Domestic Waste Generation and Cost ........................................................... 105 Table 17-7 Costruction Programme of STPfor Urban and Sewage Disposal for Rural ..... 106 Table 17-8 Sewage Irrigation From Domestic Effluent ...................................................... 106 Table 18-1 Basin Characteristics / Parameters and Losses .............................................. 109 Table 18-2 Estimation and Measurement of Losses ........................................................ 110 Table 18-3 Major Factors and its Contribution to Reservoir Losses .................................. 110 Table 18-4 Reservoir Evaporation ................................................................................... 111 Table 18-5 D.I.R.D. Studies Regarding Losses ................................................................ 112 Table 18-6 Description of Losses ..................................................................................... 113 Table 18-7 Summery of Seepage Losses ......................................................................... 113 Table 18-8 Aspects, Tools, Priorities and actions for Reduction and Control of Losses . …115
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
12 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 18-9 Suggestions for Prevention of Losses ............................................................. 116 Table 18-10 Typical Proposals for Pipe Distribution Network ............................................ 117 Table 18-11 Transfer of Irrigation Manegment to Farmers ................................................ 117 Table 18-12 Potential ofr Prevention of Losses ................................................................ 119 Table 19-1 Indirect Methods for Measurements and Estimation of Evaporation ................ 124 Table 19-2 Remedial Measures for Evaporation Control of various Sub Basins................ 127 Table 20-1 Representing current status of R & R in WFR Basin: ...................................... 138 Table 20-2 ........................................................................................................................ 139 Table 21-1: Average Rainfall in Sub Basins ...................................................................... 145 Table 23-1: Population. Sex Ratio, Literacy, PCI, BPL Population and HDI of WFR Basin ..................... 178 Table 23-2: Statistics of Geographical Area, Net Sown Area, Towns, Municipal Corporations,
Electrified Villages, Railways and Roads in the WFR Basin ................................... 179 Table 23-3: No. of Cooperative Societies, Educational Institutions, PHCs, Bank Branches
and Newspapers and Magazines in the WFR Basin .............................................. 180 Table 25-1: Provisions for Water Governance .................................................................. 197
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
13 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure 12-1: Tata Hydro Electric power plant ....................................................................................29
Figure 13-1: Parrah Irrigation rejuvenated after desilting Golap river in Ratnagiri ............................38
Figure 13-2: Moti Talav, Sawantwadi) .............................................................................................38
Figure 13-3: Dhamapur Lake Tal-Malvan Dist-Sindhudurg ................................................................39
Figure 13-4: Gangasagar lake, Raigad……………………………………………………………………………..……….....…39
Figure 13-5: Farmer lifts water from Shastri River with Traditional device called Ukti……………………..40
Figure 13-6: Cross Section of Kharland bund………………………………………………………………………………… ..44
Figure 13-7: Baparde Kharland Scheme Ta. Deogad, Dist, Sindhudurg…………………………………………....45
Figure 13-8: Kharland scheme at village Hadi Kandalgaon Tal:Malvan Dist: Sindhudurg…………………46
Figure 13-9: Kharland scheme at village Manche Tal:Deogad District Sindhudurg showing earthen
bund and paddy field in reclaimed area……………….……………………………………………………..46
Figure 13-10: Kharland scheme at village Kharigaon Tal:Thane Dist:Thane…………………………………….47
Figure 13-11: Nevare chinchavane kharland scheme Tal. & Dist-Rantagiri…………………………………..….47
Figure 13-12: Manjare Kharland Scheme, Ta. Sangameshwar, Dist Ratnagiri ………………………………….48
Figure 16-1 Trend of annual average WQI across districts of WFR basin ...........................................80
Figure 16-2 Trend of average occurrence for different category of WQI in WFRB .............................81
Figure 16-3 Parametric values of pH recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at Kalyan, Navi
Mumbai, Raigad and Thane.................................................................................................................84
Figure 16-4 Parametric values of Nitrate recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at Kalyan,
Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane.…………………………………………………………………………………………………….84
Figure 16-5 Parametric values of Fluoride recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at Kalyan,
Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane ......................................................................................................85
Figure 16-6 Parametric values of Hardness at CaCo3 recorded at WQMS monitoring ground-
water at Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane. ...........................................................................85
Figure 17-1 Flow Diagram For Main Pumping Station ..................................................................... 101
Figure 17-2 Flow Diagram For Sludge Treatment Plant .................................................................. 102
Figure 22-1: A Typical DM Structure ............................................................................................... 153
Figure 22-2: Information Flow Chart of the State Control Room ..................................................... 154
Figure 22-3: Activity-wise Flow of Information ............................................................................... 154
Figure 22-4: Early Warning Dissemination ...................................................................................... 155
Figure 22-5: Emergency Response Structure .................................................................................. 156
Figure 22-6: Community Level Institutional Structure..................................................................... 157
Figure 22-7: Map showing Prohibitive, Restrictive and Caution Zones ............................................ 164
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
14 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
15 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Glossary
S. No. Abbreviation Full form
1 AA Administrative Approval
2 ACP Ari commodity Parks/Assistant Commissioner of Police
3 ACS Additional Chief Secretary
4 ACZ Agro-Climatic Zones
5 AD Anno Domini
6 ADF Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development and Fisheries
7 AFCL. Agricultural Finance Corporation Ltd.
8 AFS Annual Financial Statement
9 AIBP Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Program
10 AICTE All India Council for Technical Education
11 AIDC Agro-Industries Development Corporation
12 AIDP Agro Industry Development Programme
13 ALTS Agriculture Labour Training School
14 AM&R Annual Maintenance and Repairs.
15 AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
16 ANC Ante Natal Care
17 ANM Auxiliary Nurse Midwife
18 APMC Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee
19 AR Assured Rainfall zone
20 ARG Autographic Raingauge Station
21 ARI Acute Respiratory Infection
22 Art Article
23 ARWSP Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program
24 AS Sickle Cell Carrier
25 ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist
26 ASPG Agro Services Provider Groups
27 ATC Additional Tribal Commissioner
28 ATMA Agricultural Technology Management Agency
29 ATS Agriculture Technical School
30 AYUSH Ayurveda,Yoga& Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homeopathy
31 B.A. Bachelor of Arts
32 B.C. Before Chriest
33 B.Com. Bachelor of Commerce
34 B.Sc. Bachelor of Science
35 BAIF Bhartiya Agro Industries Foundations
36 BAM Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
37 BAMU Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
38 BCM Billon Cubic Meter
39 BDO Block Development Officer
40 BEAMS Budget Estimation, Allocation & Monitoring System
41 BHEL Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
42 BMI Body Mass Index
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
16 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
43 BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
44 BOT Build, Operate &Transfer
45 BPC Block Planning Committee
46 BPL Below Poverty Line
47 BPO Business Processing Outsourcing
48 CAD Command Area Development
49 CADA Command Area Development Authority
50 CADWM Command Area Development &Water Management
51 CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
52 CBA Cost Benefit Analysis
53 CBIP Central Board of Irrigation and Power
54 CBR Crude Birth Rate
55 CC Community College
56 CCA Culturable CommandArea
57 CCT Continuous Contour Trenches
58 CDO Central Design Organisation
59 CEO Chief Executive Officer
60 CEPI Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index
61 CETP Central Effluent Treatment Plant
62 CETP Common Effluent Treatment Plant
63 CFC Common Facility Centre
64 CGB Central Godavari Basin
65 CGWB Central Groundwater Board
66 CHC Community Health Centre
67 CHW Community HealthWorkers
68 CIDCO City and Industrial Development Corporation
69 CIE Co-operative Industrial Estate
70 CII Confederation of Indian Industries
71 CIL Coal India Limited
72 CM Chief Minister
73 Cm. Centimetre
74 Col. Collectively
75 COTS Commercial on the Shelf
76 CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
77 CPHEEO Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organisation
78 CRF Central Roads Fund
79 CRHP Comprehensive Rural Health Project
80 CRIDA Central Research Institute for Dry LandAreas
81 CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone
82 CSS Centrally Sponsored Scheme
83 cum. Cubic meter
84 CV Coefficient of Variation
85 CWC Central Water Commission
86 DADM Dry-Land Agriculture Development Mission
87 DCM Deputy Chief Minister
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
17 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
88 DCR Development Control Regulations
89 DEO District Extension Officer
90 DEOC District Emergency Operation Centre
91 DES Directorate of Economics and Statistics
92 DESU District Extension Services Unit
93 DFID Department for International Development (UK)
94 DIC District Industries Centre
95 DIPP Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion
96 DIRD Directorate of Irrigation Research and Development
97 DIV Division
98 DLHS District Level Household Survey
99 DMIC Delhi - Mumbai Industrial Corridor
100 DMP Disaster Management Plan
101 DP Drought Prone
102 DPA Drought Prone Area
103 DPAP Drought ProneArea Programme
104 DPC District Planning Committee
105 DPDC District Planning and Development Council
106 DRDA District Rural Development Agency
107 DSR District Schedule of Rates
108 DST Distribution Network
109 DTE Directorate of Technical Education
110 DWMC District Watershed Management Committee
111 EBM Education Backwardness Measure
112 EDP Educational Development Plan
113 EGB Eastern Godavari Basin
114 EGoM Empowered Group of Ministers
115 EGS Employment Guarantee Scheme
116 EHV Extra-HighVoltage
117 EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
118 EMI Eight Monthly Irrigation
119 ESIC Employees State Insurance Corporation
120 ESP Electrostatic Precipitator
121 EXIM Export Import
122 F.R.L. Full Reservoir Level
123 FAO Food & Agriculture Organisation
124 FC Forest Conservation
125 FCI Food Corporation of India
126 FCS Flood Control Station
127 FCS Full Climatological Stations
128 FDA Food and Drugs Administration
129 FFC Fact Finding Committee
130 FFT Fact FindingTeam
131 FLIM Fodder and Livestock Improvement Mission
132 FRA Forest Rights Act
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
18 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
133 FRBM Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management
134 FReL Fiscal Responsibility Law
135 FSI Floor Space Index
136 FTK Field Testing Kits
137 FTWZ FreeTrade Warehousing Zone
138 FW Family Welfare
139 FWTI Farm Women Training Institute
140 FY Financial Year
141 FYP Five Year Plan
142 G & D Gauge & Discharge
143 GA Geographical Area
144 GB Godavari Baisn
145 GCA Gross Command Area
146 GDDP Gross District Domestic Product
147 GDDPCI Gross District Domestic Per Capita Income
148 GDP Gross Domestic Product
149 GDP Gross Domestic Product
150 GDS Gauge discharge sites
151 GEMS Global Environmental Monitoring System
152 GGE Gender Gaps in Education
153 GH Ghat Zone
154 GIA Grant-in-Aid
155 GIS Geographical Information Systems
156 GIWP Godavari Integrated Water Plan
157 GMR Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao
158 GoI Government of India
159 GoM Government of Maharashtra
160 GOS Gate Operation Schedule
161 GR Government Resolution
162 GSDA Groundwater Surveys & Development Agency
163 GSDP Gross State Domestic Product
164 GST Goods and ServiceTax
165 GW Groundwater
166 GWDT Godavari Water Dispute Tribunal
167 GWMA Ground Water Management Association
168 GWP Global Water Partnership
169 Ha Hectare
170 HDI Human Development Index
171 HFL High Flood Level
172 HIG High Income Group
173 HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
174 HLEG High Level Expert Group
175 HMIS Health Management Information System
176 Hon'ble Honorable
177 HP Horse Power
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
19 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
178 HR Human Resources/ Head Regulator (Tudumb).
179 HRA House Rent Allowance
180 HRD Human Resource Development
181 HRM High Rainfall zone with soil from Mixed parent material
182 HSC Higher Secondary Certificate
183 HW Hot Weather
184 HYV High Yield Variety
185 I&BC Indicators and Backlog Committee
186 IAM Institute of Agricultural Mechanization
187 IAP Integrated Action Plan
188 IAS Indian Administrative Service
189 IBSSA Incentive Based Scheme for Skill Acquisition
190 ICA Irrigable Command Area
191 ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
192 ICDS Integrated Child Development Scheme
193 ICT Information and Communications Technology
194 ICTC Integrated Counselling and Treatment Centre
195 IDCs Irrigation Development Corporations
196 IDMO Integrated Disaster Management Organization
197 IEA Independent Evaluation Agency
198 IEM Industrial Entrepreneurs Memorandum
199 IEO Independent Evaluation Office
200 IEPL Ideal Energy Projects Ltd.
201 IGIDR Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
202 IID Integrated Infrastructure Development
203 IIM Indian Institute of Management
204 IIPS International Institute for Population Sciences
205 IIT Indian Institute of Technology
206 IIUS Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme
207 ILA Institutional & Legal Arrangements
208 IMD Indian Meteorological Department
209 IMF International Monetary Fund
210 IMFL Indian Made Foreign Liquor
211 IMR Infant Mortality Rate
212 INM Integrated Nutrient Management
213 IP Irrigation Potential
214 IPHS Indian Public Health Standards
215 IPI Irrigation Project Investigation
216 IRBP Integrated River Basin Planning
217 IRC Indian Roads Congress
218 IRD Irrigation Research Directorate
219 ISRO Indian Space Research Organization
220 ISSP Indian Statistical Statement Project
221 ISWP Integrated State Water Plan
222 IT Information Technology
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
20 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
223 ITDP Integrated Tribal Development Project
224 ITES Information Technology Enabled Services
225 ITI Industrial Training Institute
226 IWRDM Integrated Water Resource Development & Management
227 IWRDP Integrated Water Resources Development Plan
228 IWT Inland Water Transport
229 JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
230 JNPT Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
231 JRMMC Joint Risk Monitoring and Management Committee
232 KEM Konkan Excluding Mumbai
233 KFW Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (Reconstruction Credit Institute)
234 Kg./Ha Kilogram per Hectare
235 Khar Pan Patta Saline Area of Amravati and Akola Districts
236 KIDC Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation
237 KM Kilo Meter
238 KT Kolhapur Type
239 KVI Key Volume Indicator
240 KVK KrishiVigyan Kendra
241 KW KiloWatt
242 KWDT Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal
243 KWH Kilo Watt Hour
244 L&Jd Law and Judiciary Department
245 LBC Left Bank Canal
246 LHV Lady Health Visitor
247 LIG Low Income Group
248 LIS Lift Irrigation Scheme
249 LPCPD Litres Per Capita Per Day
250 LRDS Limited Rate Demand Schedule
251 LS Local Sector
252 LWE Left Wing Extremism
253 LWL Lowest water level
254 M Meter
255 M&R Maintance& Repairs
256 M2 Square Meter
257 M3 Cubic meter
258 MAAS Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences
259 MADC Maharashtra Airport Development Company
260 MAFSU Maharshtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University
261 MAHAGENCO Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited
262 MAIC Maharashtra Agro-Industrial Corporation
263 MAID Maharashtra Agro-Industries Development Corporation
264 MARD Marathwada Aurangabad Revenue Division
265 MASA Maharashtra Agriculture StatisticalAgency
266 MAU Marathwada Agricultural University
267 MAX Maximum
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
21 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
268 MBA Master of Business Administration
269 MBBS Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
270 MCAFR Maharashtra Council for Agriculture Education and Research
271 MCAR Maharashtra Council of Agricultural Research
272 Mcft Million Cubic feet
273 MCL Mahanadi Coalfields Limited
274 Mcum Million Cubic Meter
275 MDDL Maximum Draw Down Level
276 MDR Major District Roads
277 MDRC Maharashtra Development Research Council
278 MEDA Mission Economic Development Association
279 MEDC Maharashtra Economic Development Council
280 MEGS Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Scheme
281 MERI Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute
282 MFP Minimum Foundation Programme
283 MGA Maharashtra Ground Water Act.
284 MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
285 MGW (D&M) Maharashtra Ground Water (Development and Management) Act, 2009/2013
Act 2009
286 MHADA Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority
287 MHRD Ministry of Human Resource Development
288 MI Minor Irrigation
289 MIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation
290 MIG Middle Income Group
291 MIHAN Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur
292 MIN Minimum
293 MINARS Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources
294 MIS Management Information System
295 MIS Micro Irrigation System
296 MIT Maharashtra Information of Technology
297 MJP Maharashtra JeevanPradhikaran
298 MKVDC Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Corporation
299 MLA Member of Legislative Assembly
300 MLC Member of Legislative Council
301 MLD/mld Million Litres per Day
302 MLLA Maharashtra Land Lease Act
303 MM MajiMalgujari (In the context of Nagpur)
304 MM Mille Meter
305 Mm3 Million Cubic Meter
306 MMISF Maharashtra Management of Irrigation System by Farmers Act.
307 MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio
308 MMTs MajiMalgujari Tanks
309 MNC Multi National Company
310 MNP Minimum Needs Programme
311 MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
22 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
312 Mono- croping Paddy crop
313 MoRD Ministry of Research & Development
314 MoWRGOI Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India
315 MP MP Member of Parliament
316 MPCB Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
317 MPCE Monthly Per capita Consumer Expenditure
318 MPHW Multi-Purpose Health Worker
319 MPKV Mahatma PhuleKrishiVidyapeeth
320 MPLAD Members of Parliament LocalArea Development
321 MPR Monthly Progressive Report
322 MPW MultipurposeWorker
323 MR Moderate Rainfall zone
324 MRSAC Maharashtra Remote Sensing Application Center
325 MSE-CDP Micro and Small Enterprises - Cluster Development Programme
326 MSH Major State Highway
327 MSL Mean Sea Level
328 MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise
329 MSP Minimum Support Price
330 MSSIDC Maharashtra Small Scale Industries Development Corporation
331 MT Metric Tonne
332 MTA Million Tonnes per Year
333 MTDC Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation
334 mtr. Meter
335 MTSE Maharashtra Talent Search Examination
336 MUs Million Units
337 MVET Maharashtra Vocational and Education Training
338 MW Mega Watt
339 MWIS Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission
340 MWRDC Maharashtra Water Resources Developement Corporation
341 MWRRA Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority
342 MWSIP Maharashtra Water Sector Improvement Project
343 NABARD National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development
344 NAC National Agricultural Commission
345 NAREGA National Rural Employment GuaranteeAct
346 NASSCOM National Association of Software and Services Companies
347 NBSS National Bureau of Soil Survey
348 N-CADA New CommandArea DevelopmentAuthority
349 NDMA National Disaster Management Authority
350 NDWM National Drinking water Mission
351 NEERI State Level Water Quality Review Committee
352 NEP National Environment Policy ()
353 NFHS National Family Health Survey
354 NGO Non GovernmentOrganisation
355 NH National Highway
356 NHDP National Highways Development Project
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
23 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
357 NHP National Health Package
358 NIC National Irrigation Commission
359 NIMZ National Investment and Manufacturing Zone
360 NIT National Institute ofTechnology
361 NNMB National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau
362 NPK Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Kalium (Potassium)
363 NPV Net PresentValue
364 NRCP National River Conservation Plan
365 NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Program
366 NRHM National Rural Health Mission
367 NRLD National Register on Large Dams
368 NRSC National Remote Sensing Center
369 NSFWQI National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (USA)
370 NSSO National Sample Survey Organization
371 NTFP Non-Timber Forest Produce
372 NVEQF NationalVocational Education Qualifications Framework
373 NWDA. National Water Development Authority
374 NWMP National Water Quality Monitoring Program
375 NWP National Water Policy
376 O & M Operation & Maintenance
377 OCR Optical Character Recognition
378 ODR Other District Road
379 OTSP OutsideTribal Sub Plan
380 P.G. Post Graduation
381 PAPs Project Affected Persons
382 PAR Performance Appraisal Report
383 PCI Per Capita Income
384 PDN Pipeline Distribution Network
385 PDROs Primary Dispute Resolution Officers
386 PDS Public Distribution System
387 PESA Panchayat Extension to ScheduledAreas
388 PHC Primary Health Centre
389 PHCC Primary Health Care Centre
390 PHN Public Health Nurse
391 PIM Participatory Irrigation Management
392 PKV PanjabraoKrishiVidyapeeth
393 PLF Plant Load Factor
394 PMF Probable Maximum Flood (
395 PMGSY Pradhan Mantri Gram SadakYojna
396 PMKSY Pradhan MantriKrishiSinchaiYojana
397 PPP Public Private Partnership
398 PRBC Pravara Right Bank Canal
399 PRI Panchayati Raj Institution
400 PSI Package of Scheme of Incentives
401 PSU Public Sector Undertaking
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
24 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
402 PTG PrimitiveTribal Groups
403 PURA Provision of UrbanAmenities to Rural Areas
404 PV Photovoltaic
405 PWD Public Works Department
406 R&D Research and Development
407 R&R/RR Rainfall & Runoff
408 RAA Revised Administrative Approval
409 Rabi Season Winter Season
410 RAMM Regional Agriculture Mechanization Mission
411 RBA River Basin Agency
412 RBC Right Bank Canal
413 RCH Reproductive&Child Health
414 RD Revenue Division
415 RDB Regional Development Board
416 RDC Regional Development Commissioner
417 RDD Rural Development Department
418 RDP Road Development Plan
419 REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation
420 RF Reserved Forest
421 RFI Rural Financial Institutions
422 RGNDWM Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission
423 RGS River Gauging Station
424 RH Rural Hospital
425 RIP Revision of Irrigation Potential
426 RL Reduce Level
427 RM Rising Main
428 RMP Risk-Management plan
429 RoM Rest of Maharashtra (Pune, Nashik&Konkan Revenue Divisions)
430 ROS Reservoir Operation Schedule
431 RRO Relief and Rehabilitation Organization
432 RRR Repairs Renovation & Restoration
433 Rs. Rupees
434 RTE Right to Education
435 RTI Right to Information
436 RTM Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj
437 RUSA Rashtriya Uccha Shiksha Abhiyan
438 SC Scheduled Caste
439 SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
440 SCD Survey of Cause of Death
441 SCSP Scheduled Caste Sub Plan
442 SD Standard Deviation
443 SDB Statutory Development Board
444 SDP State Domestic Product
445 SEARCH Society for Education,Action and Research in Community Health
446 SECL South Eastern Coalfields Limited
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
25 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
447 SEIA Socio-Economic Impact Assessment
448 SEOC State Emergency Operation Centre
449 SEZ Special Economic Zone
450 SH State Highway
451 SHC Sub Health Centre
452 SHG Self Help Group
453 SIT Special Investigation Team
454 SME Small and Medium Enterprise
455 SNDT Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey
456 SPV Special PurposeVehicle
457 Sq.Ft. Square Feet
458 Sq.Km. Square Kilometre
459 SR Special Repairs
460 SRG Standard Rain Gauge
461 SRI System of Rice Intensification
462 SRTM Swami Ramanand Tirtha Marathwada
463 SS Sickle cell Society
464 SS State Sector Projects
465 SSA SarvaShiksha Abhiyan
466 SSC Secondary School Certificate
467 SSI Small Scale Industries
468 SSSP State Statistical Strengthening Project
469 ST ScheduledTribe
470 Std. Standard
471 STDEV Standard Deviation
472 STP Systematic Transfer Plan
473 SWB State Water Board
474 SWC State Water Councial
475 SWP State Water Policy
476 TAC TribalAdvisory Council
477 Tb Tuberculosis
478 TCS Tata Consultancy Services
479 TDD Tribal Development Department
480 TDI Taluka Development Index
481 TDR Transfer of Development Rights
482 TFR Total Fertility Rate
483 TGA Total Geographical Area
484 Th.HA. Thousand Hectare
485 TIDC Tapi Irrigation Development Corporation
486 TINA There Is No Alternative
487 TMC Thousand Million Cubic feet
488 ToR Terms of Reference
489 TP Transit Permit / Treatment Plant
490 TPP Thermal Power Plant
491 TRDF Technical Research and Development Fund
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
26 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
492 TRI Transition Zone - I
493 TRTI Tribal Research&Training Institute
494 TSP Tribal Sub Plan
495 TTR2 Transition Zone - II
496 TUF Technology Upgradation Fund
497 UGC University Grants Commission
498 UHC Universal Health Care
499 UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns
500 ULB Urban Local Bodies
501 UMPP Ultra Mega Power Plant
502 UNDP United Nations Development Programme
503 UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change
504 UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
505 Unicef United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
506 US United States
507 USA United States ofAmerica
508 USFDA United States Food and Drug Administarion
509 VAT Value Added Tax
510 VATI Vocational Agriculture Training Institute
511 VGF Viability Gap Funding
512 VIDC Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation
513 Viz Used for 'for example', 'as like'
514 VM Volumetric Measurement
515 VR Village Road
516 VRL Very high Rainfall zone with Lateritic with black and red soil (vertisol&Oxysol)
517 VRN Very high Rainfall zone with Non-Lateritic soils
518 VSI Vasantdada Sugar Institute
519 VTDC VidarbhaTourism Development Corporation
520 w.r.t. With reference to
521 WALMI Water and Land Management Institute
522 WAT Water Absorption Trenches
523 WCD Water Conservation Department
524 WCL Western Coalfields Limited
525 WER Water Evaporation Retardant
526 WFR west Flowing Rivers
527 WGB Western Godavari Basin
528 WHO World Health Organisation
529 WMGR Water Management, Governance & Regulation
530 WMO World Meteorological Organization
531 WQAA Water Quality Assessment Authority
532 WQI Water Quality Index
533 WQRC Water Quality Review Committee
534 WRD Water Resources Department
535 WRMT Water Resources Management & Training
536 WSD Watershed Development
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
27 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
537 WSSD Water Supply and Sanitation Department
538 WUAs Water Users' Associations
539 WW Waste weir
540 YAP Yamuna Action Plan
541 YASHADA Yashwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration
542 YOY Year on Year
543 ZP Zilla Parishad
544 ZREAC Zonal Reserch And Extension Advisory Committee
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
28 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
29 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
12 Water for Energy
12.1 Conventional energy projects
12.1.1 Hydro power generation
Hydro power has modern history associated with it in Maharashtra. The 3rd power station in
India was erected in Satara district of Maharashtra. Water used for power generation is routed
through the turbines and again let into rivers, canals etc for its use such as irrigation, domestic or
industrial use etc. Hydro Power was used firstly for running in areas a flour mill at Aurangabad
way back in 17th Century. This is a non-consumptive as far as water use for green power
generation is concerned.
In West flowing river basin in particular Tata Power commissioned first Major power plant-
the hydro-electric station- in Khopoli (72 MW) in 1915, the second hydro station one in Bhivpuri
(75 MW) in 1919 and the 3rd one in Bhira (300 MW) in 1922. With these three hydro stations and
the 1,580 MW (100 MW merchant) thermal power station in Trombay, Mumbai; Tata Power is
the largest integrated power company in India and is the most trustworthy power supplier to
Mumbai.
Fig. 12.1-Tata Power Hydro electric Power plant
The tail-waters of the Khopoli power project are let into the Patalganga river near Khopoli in
Maharashtra.The Bhira plant maximum output capacity is nominally 300 MW, generated by six 25
MW Pelton turbines and a 150 MW pumped storage generator added in 1997.
There is scope to construct reversible hydro turbines by storing and diverting water of some
east flowing or west flowing rivers towards west. Water stored would be used to generate power
during day time (peak demand hours) and would be pumped back during night time during off-peak
hours, when surplus power is available at cheap rates. Hydropower generation is a non-consumptive
use of water because water used for power generation can be used again for irrigation, domestic or
industrial use.
Hydroelectric power generation scenario of WFRB is summarised in Table No.12.1 given
below.
In Maharashtra state large project imply capacity above 25 MW while Mini Hydel schemes
have 2 MW or less capacity. Hydel project in between are small.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
30 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table -12.1 : Summary of Hydropower Projects
Sr.
No.
Description Tota
l No
Total
MW
Completed Ongoing Future Remark
State/Private No MW No MW No MW
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 Large H 12 4442 8 1217 - - 4 3225 9 State sector
3 Private sector
2 Small 33 282 5 36 10 62 18 185 6 State sector
27 Private sector
3 Mini 22 18 8 8 7 3 7 6 4 State sector
18 Private sector
Total 67 4742 21 1261 17 65 29 3416 19 State sector
48 Private sector
Table – 12.2 List of Completed Large HP.
State/Private/BOT
Completed Project
Taluka /District Completed
year
Capacity in
MW
Electric
generated upto
June
2017(M.Unit)
Remark
Koyna stage -3
/(Kolkewadi dam)
Chiplun/ Ratnagiri Oct-1978 320 23930.11 State
Bhira Tail race
station
Mangaon/Raigad Sep-1987 80 2180.228 State
Vaitarna Igatpuri/Nashik June-1976 60 5403.566 State
Tillari Chandgad/Kolhapur Oct-1986 60 3014.938 State
Khopoli Poladpur/Raigad 1955 72 - Private
Bhivpuri Karjat/Raigad 1922/1997 75 - Private
Bhira Mangaon/Raigad 1927/1996 300 - Private
Ghatghar lift Shahapur/Thane June-2008 250 1447.183 State
Total 1217 35976.025
The total present energy generation of large hydro project is 1217 MW.
Table – 12.3 List of Future Large HP.
Sr.
No.
State/Private/BOT
Future Project
Taluka /District Capacity in
MW
Completion
Programme
Remark
1 Ghathgar stage II Lift
Hydro electric project
Shahapur/ Thane 125 2030 State
2 Athwan lift hydro
electric project
Pune /Raigad 1200 2030 State
3 Nivhe lift hydro
electric project
Pune/Raigad 1200 2030 State
4 Malshejghat lift hydro
electric project
Murbad/Thane 700 2030 State
Total 3225
The total Future energy generation of large hydro project will be 3225.00 MW.
Small and Mini HP projects details are attached at the end of chapter.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
31 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
12.1.2 Thermal power generation
The total capacity in thermal power is 3280 MW.
Table 12.4 : Thermal power generation
Sr.no Name of project Capacity in MW Year of Completion
1
Dahanu Thermal Power station 250 January 1995
250 March 1995
2 JSW Ratnagiri thermal power station 1200 2011
3 Trombay Thermal Power station
1580 N.A
Total 3280
12.1.2.1 Dahanu Thermal Power Station
The installed capacity of Dahanu Thermal Power Station or Reliance Dahanu Thermal Power
Station is 500 MW.The existing water reservation with WRD is 2.00 Mm3. Presently Dahanu Thermal
power station take water through in Palghar districts stream between Damanganga and Vaitarna
basin.
12.1.2.2 JSW Ratnagiri thermal power station
JSW Ratnagiri thermal power station is coal based thermal power plant located in Nandiwade
village in Ratnagiri district of WFRB. It has installed capacity of 1200 MW (4X300MW). The plant
became fully operational in year 2011.
12.1.2.3 Trombay Thermal Power station :
Trombay thermal power station is a coal based thermal power plant located at Trombay near
Mumbai in Maharashtra. The power plant is owned by Tata Power. The total installed capacity of
Thermal Power station is 1580 MW.
It has an installed capacity of 1580 MW. It has following generating units:
• 150 MW Oil (unit 1 to unit 4).
• 500 MW Coal (unit 5).
• 500 MW running on oil (unit 6, this is being converted to run on coal).
• 180 MW Gas based (unit 7)
• 250 MW Coal (unit 8).
The first 4 units have been decommissioned and are no more functional.
12.1.3 Nuclear power generation
12.1.3.1 Tarapur Atomic Power Station:-
It is located in Tarapur, Palghar District in Maharashtra.Tarapur is the First largest nuclear
power station in India. With a total capacity of 1400 MW, The facility is operated by NPCIL (Nuclear
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
32 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Power Corporation of India). The existing water reservation with WRD is 2.190 Mm3, Presently
Tarapur Atomic Power station takes water through Surya Dam.
12.1.3.2 Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project:-
Located at Madban village of Ratanagiri districts Jaitapur Nuclear power project has a
capacity of 9900 MW.
12.1.4 Gas based power generation
12.1.4.1 Uran gas turbine power station
Uran gas turbine power station is gas based thermal power plant located at Uran in Raigad
district, Maharashtra. The power plant is operated by the Mahagenco. It has an installed capacity of
672 MW.This gas turbine power station comes under Patalganga basin.
Table -12.5: Gas based power generation
Station Unit and Size(MW) Installed Capcity (MW)
Uran G.T 4X108 432
W.H.R 1&2 2X120 240
Mahagenco gas 672
12.1.4.2 Ratnagiri Gas and Power Private Limited(RGPPL)
It is joint Venture of NTPC limited, GAIL, and Government of Maharashtra. The company was
established to take over and revive the assets of defunction Dabhol Power Company. RGPPL owns
India largest gas-based power plant and the LNG regasification terminal at Dabhol. Its three power
blocks supply a combine 1967 MW of electricity to India Western grid.
12.2 Renewable sources of power generation
There is abundant scope for non-conventional and renewable energy project in WFRB which
are considered as pollution free or green energy sources. Focused attempts were made only after
formation of separate Ministry at the Centre. The average penetration level so far reached in
Maharashtra is just 44% only. Maharashtra has now set up an ambitious targets of RE power
installations. It will be interesting to see the actual achievements to see the results of the policy
formulated.
Table-12.6 : Potential, Penetration levels, and targets of RE power in Maharashtra
Sr.
No.
Source of
energy
India
MW
Maharashtra Target
MW
West flowing
Potential
MW
Installed River basin
MW % Installed
MW
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Solar 74900 6400 366 6 7500 7.5
2 Wind 49130 9400 4252 45 5000 12.69
3 Biomass 16881 781 200 26 300 N.A
4 Bagasse 5000 2200 1138 52 1000 N.A
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
33 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.
No.
Source of
energy
India
MW
Maharashtra Target
MW
West flowing
Potential
MW
Installed River basin
MW % Installed
MW
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 Waste to heat 1700 350 N.A. N.A. 200 N.A
6 Urban waste 1700 287 7 2 N.A. 5.4
7 Wave Power 40000 500 N.A N.A N.A N.A
8 Tidal Power N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
9 Geothermal
power
N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Total 189311 19918 5963 44 14000 25.59
Note: Potential/installations from Biodisel, are not included since data are not available.
# Potential shown in Col.4 is as per MEDA, GoM/MNRE details provided on the website.
* Targets shown are as per GoM, Industry, Energy and Labour dept Policy13
dt 20.07.2015.
12.2.1 Small Hydro Projects
Table 12.7: Small Hydro Projects
Sr.
No
State/Private/
BOT
Completed
Project
Taluka /District Compl
eted
year/
Progra
mme
Capac
ity in
MW
Electric
generated
upto June
2017(M.Unit)
/Project work
started year
Status Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Bhatsa hydro
project
Shahapur/Thane Sep-91 15 1517.823 completed State
2 Konal (Tillari) Dondamarg/
Sindhudurg May-
10
10 347.865 completed Private
3 Surya Jawhar/Thane Jan-99 6 224.357 completed State
4 Vajrahydro
electric
project
Shahapur/Thane Feb-02 3 268.358 completed Private
5 Dolvahal
Hydro Electric
Project
Kolad/Raigad Dec-
07
2 2.54 completed State
6 Vaitarna
Hydro electric
project
Igatpuri/Nashik Sep-87 1.5 122.84 completed State
7 Surya Canal
Drop
Palghar Jun-98 0.75 - completed State
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
34 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.
No
State/Private/
BOT
Completed
Project
Taluka /District Compl
eted
year/
Progra
mme
Capac
ity in
MW
Electric
generated
upto June
2017(M.Unit)
/Project work
started year
Status Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 Vajra -2 Shahapur/Thane Nov-
12
1 37.136 completed Private
9 Vajra-3 Shahapur/Thane Feb-15 1.5 24.005 completed Private
10 Hetwane
Medium
project
Pen/Raigad Mar-
16
1.5 9.07 completed Private
11 Yelondwadi
M.I Project
Ratnagiri - 0.1 - completed Private
12 Devgad
Medium
project
Kankawali/
Sindhudurga Sep-10 1.5 35.639 completed Private
13 Terwanmedhe
hydro electric
project
Sawantwadi/
Sindhudurga Mar-
98
0.2 4.229 completed State
14 Kal hydro
project
Mahad/Raigad 2019-
2020
15 2003-04 Ongoing State
15 Kumbhe hydro Mangaon/ Raigad 2018-
2019
10 2002-03 Ongoing State
16 Upper
Vaitarna
Hydro electric
project
Igatpuri/ Nashik - 3 5/04/2011(Ag
reement date)
Ongoing Private
17 Middle
Vaitarna
hydro electric
project
Mokhada/Thane - 11 7/03/2013(Ag
reement date)
Ongoing Private
18 Sarmbalhydro
electric
project
Vengurla/
Sindhudurga - 2.5 - Ongoing -
19 Mahmadwadi
hydro electric
project
(Nardave Dam
Kankwali/
Sindhudurg - 3 27/10/2010(A
greement
date)
Ongoing Private
20 Arjun hydro
electric
project
Rajapur/Ratnagiri - 2 27/07/2016(A
greement)
Ongoing Private
21 Tillariinter
state project
(konal HP)
Dondamarg/
Sindhudurga - 5 12/08/2016(A
greement)
Ongoing Private
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
35 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.
No
State/Private/
BOT
Completed
Project
Taluka /District Compl
eted
year/
Progra
mme
Capac
ity in
MW
Electric
generated
upto June
2017(M.Unit)
/Project work
started year
Status Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
22 KorleSantdihy
dro electric
project
Devgad/
Sindhudurga - 2 27/07/2016(A
greement)
Ongoing Private
23 Bhatsa Right
Canal HEP
Shahapur/ Thane - 8 Under
Jurisdiction of
High court
Ongoing Private
24 Hetawane
Medium
Project
Pen/Raigad - 0.35 - ongoing State
25 Pimpalwadi
Datka HEP
Khed/ Ratnagiri - 0.36 - ongoing -
26 Pimpalwadi
Dubi
Khed/ Ratnagiri - 0.4 - ongoing -
27 Tillari link HEP Dondmarg/
Sindhudurg - 0.8 - ongoing -
28 On LBC Tillari
Project Km
8.580
Dondmarg/
Sindhudurg - 0.45 - ongoing -
29 On LBC Tillari
Project Km
13.660
Dondmarg/
Sindhudurg - 0.5 - ongoing -
30 On LBC Tillari
project Km
14.820
Dondmarg/
Sindhudurg - 0.5 - ongoing -
31 Tillari THEP II
Phase
Dondamarg/
Sindhudurg 2030 9.129 - Future State
32 Amal Mokhada/Thane 2030 12 - Future Private
33 Takpada Shahapur/Thane 2030 8 - Future Private
34 Bijipada Jawhar/Thane 2030 17 - Future Private
35 Aakhara Jawhar/Thane 2030 15 - Future Private
36 khadki Mokhada/Thane 2030 8 - Future Private
37 kashtipada Shahapur/Thane 2030 17 - Future Private
38 Pandi Roha/Raigad 2030 4 - Future Private
39 Nagshet Murud/Raigad 2030 2 - Future Private
40 Gomashi Mahad/Raigad 2030 6 - Future Private
41 Katvat Poladpur/Raigad 2030 5 - Future Private
42 Kasbheshivtar Mahad/Raigad 2030 5 - Future Private
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
36 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.
No
State/Private/
BOT
Completed
Project
Taluka /District Compl
eted
year/
Progra
mme
Capac
ity in
MW
Electric
generated
upto June
2017(M.Unit)
/Project work
started year
Status Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
43 Ganjvane Poladpur/Raigad 2030 6.5 - Future Private
44 Vadgaon Poladpur/Raigad 2030 18 - Future Private
45 Karbhatle Sangmeshwar
/Ratnagiri 2030 10 - Future Private
46 Javra Lanja/Ratnagiri 2030 20 - Future Private
47 Talambahydro
electric
project
Kudal/
Sindhudurg 2030 4 - Future Private
48 Patgaon Kudal/
Sindhudurg 2030 18 - Future Private
49 Domhira Jawhar/Palghar 2030 0.25 - Future -
50 Dolvahal
Hydro Electric
Project
Roha/Raigad 2030 0.44 - Future -
51 New Mandve
Hydroelectric
project
Khed/ Ratnagiri 2030 0.5 - Future -
52 Gadnadi
Medium
project
Sangmeshwar/
Ratnagiri 2030 1.6 - Future -
53 Arjuna
Medium
Project
Rajapur/
Ratnagiri
2030 1.5 - Future -
54 KorleSantdihy
dro electric
project
Devgad/
Sindhudurg
2030 1.6 - Future -
55 On Link Canal
Tillari Project
Km 3.230
Dondmarg/
Sindhudurg
2030 0.45 - Future -
Total 300
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
37 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
13 Traditional Water Devices
13.1 Preamble
Traditional devices are part of the heritage of a society and are being used from historical
times for satisfying community needs of water. The nature of ancient and traditional water
harvesting systems and devices are usually a direct response to the environmental characteristics of
the region. These devices primarily served the needs of drinking water of the community. Examples
of use of such engineering structures for irrigation purpose are also found all over Maharashtra
state. These devices had a special status in culture, in that they have not been only means of
satisfying physical needs but have played an important role in strengthening community fabric.
Calling off these devices all together from use will be a short sighted gesture and their use shall be
continued at least now and then, so as to preserve them. With the advent of technology and
changing social context, role of these devices has been marginalized. Deterioration of any forgotten
structure could be fast and these structures are no exception to it. It is possible to revive these
structures through different interventions and utilize them for drinking water and for providing
irrigation to orchards in WFRB.
Historical evidences demonstrate that a variety of structures have been conceived and
constructed from ancient periods for harnessing the water required for various purposes. Credit for
creation of these devices goes to benevolent rulers, philanthropic individuals and community
initiatives. The day to day management of all these sources was essentially a community initiative
without any kind of state interference. Maintenance and management of systems were entirely left
to the people.
Traditional Water Systems here revolve around ground water from lateritic plateaus, hill
streams and rivers. Due to quick runoff, swift, overflowing rivers of the monsoon dry up in the
summer; range of ground water fluctuation is also high. The region has several evolved traditional
practices to utilise rainwater for irrigation and domestic use. The system of making “Parrah” or
irrigation channels off-taking from rivers (Waingani System), hills streams and groundwater zones
exists till date. This system is comparable to the Incan system discovered in Argentina, South
America.
In few places of Ratnagiri & Sindhudurg district “Waingani Farming” is done during Rabi
season. This type of farming is favourable near Marshy lands, swamps, wet lands & banks of river. In
Waingani farming short term Rice (ST Rice) is main crop and secondary crops like Tur, Udid and
Beans are sown on the banks farms as well. Due to cold atmosphere maximum yield of crops is
achieved. Most of farmers do Waingani farming for fodder of their cattles.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
38 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure 13.1 Parrah Irrigation rejuvenated after desilting Golap River in Ratnagiri
Ghode Bav: It is a Historic place in Kudal taluka of Sindhudurg district. It is a huge well with
provision of steps so that horses could go down to drink water. A horse is called ‘GHODA’ in Marathi
language hence the name. This well has ample water even in summer. It is more than 500 years old.
Moti Talav, Sawantwadi: If Sawantwadi is a beauty then Moti Talav can be called its majestic
beauty spot. The province had decided to create two palaces for the Emperor and thus started the
work of excavation which resulted in creation of this beautiful lake as a reservoir of water. This was
constructed in 1974 in front of the palace. Well, the lucky workers made a killing as they were paid
or presented with Moti (Pearls) for the wonderful job done by them. So that’s how the lake came to
be known as Moti Talav (Pearl Lake).
Figure 13.2 Moti Talav, Sawantwadi
Dhamapur Lake: Dhamapur Lake is situated between Are and Katta village in Malvan taluka of
Sindhudurg district. This man-made lake was constructed in 1530 by the king Nagesh Desai (A
branch of Vijaynagar Dynasty) and has beautiful scenic hill ranges on its two sides. It is an earth-fill
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
39 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
dam which is one of the oldest lakes of Sindhudurg district in the state of Maharashtra. The lake
receives water throughout the year and remains full throughout the year. It covers an area of about
22 hectares with depth of about 12 metres. The water is utilised for drinking, irrigation and to some
extent fishing is also carried out by local people. MTDC has developed this lake as a tourist spot.
Figure13.3 Dhamapur Lake Tal-Malvan Dist-Sindhudurg
Gangasagar Lake on Raigad Fort: The Gangasagar Lake is an artificial lake situated in pachad,
built during the rule of Chhatrapati Shivaji. The water of this lake is also a major source of drinking
water for the nearby villages. Lake is situated in front of the fort.
Figure 13.4 Gangasagar Lake, Raigad
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
40 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Ukti:
A traditional method for lifting water using the principle of lever was in practice in WFRB for
times immemorial. This method is strangely reminiscent of the Archimedean screw which was used
in the past in Egypt to lift water from river Nile.
Figure 13.5 Farmer lifts water from Shastri River with Traditional device called Ukti
13.2 An Overview of the Traditional Devices 13.2.1 Emergence of Different Initiatives
Traditional water devices can be categorized as religious and non-religious. Barav and Kund
type structure has a typical religious setting, whereas pond, tank- canal and Pushkirini were
constructed not only for irrigation but also for fulfilling water needs of the society. Traditional water
devices as associated with various historical periods are listed in following table.
Table 13-1: Chronology of Traditional Water Devices and their illustrative Locations
Sr.
No.
Period/Dynasty Name of Structure Illustrative Locations
1 2 3 4
1 16th Century Dhamapur Tank,
Ghode Bav
Sindhudurg District
2 19th Century Moti Talav, Parrah Sindhudurg District
3 Distant Past Open dug wells Entire Basin
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
41 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
13.2.2 Variety of the Structures
Traditional water devices comprises various structures such as Wells, Aads, Step-wells
(Baravs), Lakes, Underground water-channels, Village-tanks, Farm ponds etc, that have been
constructed in historical past.
Aad: A deep open well without steps with small diameter of about 1.5 to 2.5 m with pulley and rope
arrangement to lift water. The shape may be circular or polygonal. They were the basic
arrangements envisioned in the ancient days for drinking water purposes.
Barav: Generally found near the prominent temples. In shape it is a square, hexagonal, pentagonal,
and rectangular or oblong with steps for climbing. Some of these were reserved for drinking
purpose.
Well: A common round circular well with a diameter of 3 to 10 m or more without any steps or with
rudimentary steps. The purpose of construction is for drinking water and irrigation.
Tanks: Community storages in the villages are mostly used for domestic purposes. In the Vidarbha
region, a large number of tanks also support irrigation. These are generally classified as:
Bandh: A large size tank is called “Bandh”. They provide irrigation facility for more than one village
and are few in numbers.
Talao/ Gao-talao: Gao-talao provides irrigation to area within one village. It is also used for
domestic purpose like drinking and raising livestock. If such tank is very close to the village is called
as a “Gaon-Talao”/ “Village tank”.
Bodi: Bodi is a smaller than the talao. A bodi is meant for providing irrigation water for irrigating the
paddy crops. Bodi is a seasonal source of water. After irrigating the Kharif crop, the tank bed of the
body was used for cultivating wheat, gram etc. This was possible on account of the availability of the
residual soil moisture.
Kutans: Kutans were the structures on the downstream of a larger tank. These are small bunds –
about a meter high – running parallel to the bund of tank at a distance of 50 to 60 ft. Water from
bigger tank was released into these kutans and was distributed evenly and then released in
channels, minimizing the chance of eroding channels due to excessive pressure of sudden water
release from the bigger tank.
13.2.3 Participatory Approach
Water was the common property shared by all prior to the emergence of any State. Most of
the traditional water devices belonged to the community. In course of time they became part of
cultural and later cultural heritage. Excessive intervention of the state in respect of various activities
and the consequent dependence of communities on state have led to increasing relegation of
maintenance of the structures. The main reason behind the journey downhill is the interference of
the state thrust during the British period. Unfortunately this trend was not only carried on after
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
42 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
independence but was fostered up. In some cases these devices have stopped being community
owned and are operational as private assets. The apathy can be adjudged from the fact that as of
now the data available apropos can be best described as sketchy.
13.3 Present Status of the Devices in the Sub Basins
Structures other than Malguzari Tanks.
Many structures and devices exist in Konkan region and some of them are in current use as
well. However, a compilation of the same is not available as yet. Whenever, there is a problem like
leakage, the authorities in possession of the structures approach WRD and demand its rectification.
One such proposal considered by WRD is Dhamapur tank.
13.4 Some significant structures in WFRB
No data other than that mentioned in foregoing paragraphs is compiled for this basin.
13.5 Maji Malgujari Tanks
There are no MM tanks in WFRB. However special structures that are found in coastal areas
which are important known as ‘Kharland Structures’ are detailed as follows
Kharland Schemes
13.5.1 Introduction
“Khar Land" means such tidal land is made cultivable or otherwise beneficial in any matter
whatsoever by protecting it, by means of an embankment, from the sea or tidal river, and includes
all such land in whatever manner described, whether as khar, khajan, kharepat, gazni or otherwise.
The WFRB in Maharashtra is situated along the 720 Km. long shoreline of the Arabian Sea at
its western boundary. The shoreline could be considered as a natural gift to the WFRB consisting of
Greater Bombay and the five districts Palghar, Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg. In about a
15 Km. width from the coastal line, deep deposits of soil exist due to erosion on the steep slopes of
the Sahyadris and transportation of eroded material by various rapidly flowing steams down the
ghats.
A large number of streams rising in the Sahyadri range meet the Arabian Sea in this area.
During the high tides, salt water of the sea makes ingress over the soil deposits along various creeks
thereby damaging the lands due to concentration of salts. The unit for the evaluation of the
concentration of salts in the soil is "Electrical conductivity” (E.C.). The E.c. indicates the ingress of
salt water over the land and its frequency. The soil is considered to be cultivable for paddy
cultivation (which is the major crop in the coastal region) where the E.C. is equal to 4 or less.
Normally it is found that for the affected lands popularly known as 'Khar Lands' before reclamation,
E.C. is roundabout 10 for lands in Greater Bombay, Thane and Raigad districts where as for Ratnagiri
and Sindhudurg E.C. for the non-reclaimed Khar lands is mostly less than 10.This is due to the fact
that soils in the creek area in the above two districts are less impervious compared to soil in the
creek area of the other three districts.
So far it was being said that the spread of Khar lands was along the coastline of 720 Kms. It,
however, needs to be appreciated that these lands extend along both banks of various creeks
(which are over 50 in number) for a length of 15 to 20 Kms. The Khar lands thus extend to over
about 2000 Kms. length. The various rivers after cascading the steep slopes of the Sahyadris
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
43 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
meander for a length of about 15 to 20 Kms. before they join the Arabian Sea. During high tide,
which occurs twice a day, the seawater makes in ingress in the rivers up to 10 to 15 km. length
rendering the river water saline.
13.5.2 Historical Background:-
The practice of protecting Khar Land by earthen bunds for bringing the same under
cultivation was in vogue since last 800 to 900 years during the regime of Shalivahana, Yadavas.
During the Muslim and Maratha regimes only nominal efforts were made to maintain the protected
schemes but the subject was totally neglected during the British Regime.
The past history shown that various creeks like Revdanda, Alibag, Vasai, Dabhol, Bank of
Rajapur, Jaygad etc. were good ports and prominent commercial centers and the ships and country
crafts used to operate to transport various merchandise. One who hand control over the creek used
to have full control in the entire area in that valley during historical times. During the Maratha
regime various noblemen like Angre, Shinde and Belose constructed forts along the Konkan shore
but unfortunately the development of Khar lands, remained neglected.
After Independence in 1947, the attention of Government was drawn to the problem of
protection of Khar Lands which resulted into enacting Bombay Khar Land Act 1948. According to
Clause 3 of the Act, the Khar Land Board was established in the year 1949. Under this Act the Khar
Land Board was to look after the development of Khar Land in coastal region and the expenditure
involved was to be borne by Government and the beneficiaries in the proportion of 50:50.The Khar
Land Board completed over 258 schemes to reclaim an area of about 34000 Ha of Khar Land at a
cost of 1.46 crores. Since the challenges before the man have changed, new horizons of
development area visible with advance of technology, the deficiencies and defects in the Old Act
could be tested on the experience gained and it was time that the whole aspect was required to be
reviewed. Government therefore, in the year 1975, appointed a study group to review the entire
aspect of Khar Land Development under the presidency of MLA Shri.A.T.Patil.
Kharland Board After independence, the Govt abolished the Khar Land Board. During its tenure (Year 1948
to 1979) the Kharland Board had completed 258 Khar Land Schemes and there by reclaimed 33874
Ha of Kharland area.
Table 13.2 Districtwise no.of Kharland Schemes & area reclaimed by Kharland Board
District No. of Schemes Reclaimed area in Hectares.
Thane 63 9636
Raigad 148 21887
Ratnagiri 25 1267
Sindhudurg 22 1084
Total 258 33874
Out of above schemes, 28 schemes (3814 Ha) have been deleted due to salt pan,
Urbanization, etc. and 12 Schemes (1121 Ha) have been merged in other schemes. Thus at present
there are (258 - 28 - 12) =218 schemes completed by Board with total reclaimed area of (33874 -
3814 - 0) =30060 Ha.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
44 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
13.5.3 Major Features of Kharland Schemes:-
The construction of Earthen Bund of sufficient height is done above HTL to prevent the
entry of the saline water into the agriculture land to be cultivated. The alignment of the bund is
along the creek and thus does not close the mouth of the creek. The top level of bund is fixed as per
the technical norms circulated vide GR No. 1099/ (442/99)/ Kharbhoomi dated. 4/10/2000. The top
of bund level is designed as Creek Flood Level plus free board of 1.00 m and is increased to 1.5 m.
for schemes nearer to Sea. The creek flood level is calculated by using HEC-II Computer Programme.
Figure 13.6 Cross-section of Kharland Bund
The C.D. work is at the location of nalla to drain the rain water from the field.
The Khar land if protected properly by bunds and leached of the salts for a couple of years is found
to be very fertile and capable of growing not only paddy but also crops like coconut, areca nut, fruit
trees like Cashew, Chikku etc. Even today one could see pleasant greenery on both banks of rivers in
Konkan.
13.5.4 Present Scenario: After abolition of khar land Board in the year 1979 the Kharland development schemes were
handed over to Irrigation Department. The master plan was prepared in the year 1979 to reclaim
67422 Ha area.
Recently as per Coastal Regulation Zone (C.R.Z.) Notification 1991, the detail review of
proposed kharland development schemes was taken. After study of CRZ, the Taluka wise maps are
prepared by concern field officers. As Per Notification published on 25th December 2003, there are
in all 575 kharland Development schemes in WFRB to reclaim 49120 Hectare, details of which are
tabulated as below.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
45 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 13.3 District-wise abstract of Kharland Schemes as per master plan
Figure 13.7 Baparde Kharland Scheme Ta. Deogad, Dist, Sindhudurg
District As per master
plan
Completed
schemes upto
March 2017
Ongoing
Schemes
(New)
Balance
Schemes
Schemes to be
taken in future
No. of
Schem
es
Reclai
mable
Area
Ha.
No. of
Sche
mes
Reclai
mable
Area
Ha.
No.
of
Sche
mes
Reclaim
able
Area
Ha.
No. of
Sche
mes
Reclai
mable
Area
Ha.
No. of
Sche
mes
Reclai
mable
Area
Ha.
Thane 35 5187 29 4148 2 680 4 359 0 0
Palghar 73 8457 55 7379 0 0 18 1078 9 1020
Raigad 165 22559 134 20058 2 92 29 2409 1 36
Ratnagiri 170 6794 83 3616 8 489 79 2689 8 286
Sindhudurg 132 6136 107 5775 1 40 24 321 8 165
Total 575 49133 408 40976 13 1301 154 6856 26 1507
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
46 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure 13.8 Kharland scheme at village Hadi Kandalgaon Tal:Malvan Dist: Sindhudurg
Figure 13.9 Kharland scheme at village Manche Tal:Deogad Dist: Sindhudurg
showing earthen bund and paddy field in reclaimed area
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
47 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure 13.10 Kharland scheme at village Kharigaon Tal: Thane Dist: Thane
Figure 13.11 Nevare chinchavane kharland scheme Ta. & Dist-Rantagiri
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
48 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure 13.12 Manjare Kharland Scheme, Ta. Sangameshwar, Dist Ratnagiri
13.5.5 Recommendation of different commissions /committees:
The various commissions/committees have also realised importance of these kharland
schemes and have specifically made very useful recommendations. Some important
recommendations are as follows:
13.5.5.1 Mr. A. T. Patil Committee (1975): 1) To take over the entire activity of Khar Lands Development by Government of Maharashtra
2) To prepare master plans for all districts in Konkan region
3) To revise the existing economic Yard Stick for Khar Land Development Schemes after every 3
years.
13.5.5.2 Mr.R.V.Belose Committee (June 1981):
13.6 Suggestions and recommendations
There are no MM tanks in WFRB hence, para 13.6 is not applicable for the purpose of this
report.
13.7 Executive Summary
Traditional devices are part of the heritage of a society and are being used from historical
times for satisfying community needs of water. Historical evidences demonstrate that a variety of
structures have been conceived and constructed from ancient periods for harnessing the water
required for various purposes. Credit for creation of these devices goes to benevolent rulers,
philanthropic individuals and community initiatives.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
49 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
14 Development and Management of Galper Land
14.1 Introduction
The land which is exposed, when flowing or stationary water from sources like rivers, nallas,
lakes, tanks, reservoirs etc. is receded in a natural process or by utilising it for different purposes
and is normally available for cultivation, but excluding Khar land (including salt beds) is called
Galper land. Large extent of land is submerged under water in the tanks/reservoirs, generally up
to Full Reservoir Level (FRL) and during floods up to High Flood Level (HFL).This entire
Government land coming under submergence during normal filling and during floods is called
tank bed land. Tank bed land includes Galper land and land remaining under water throughout
the year.
Peripheral strip of tank bed is submerged for short period during floods. The depth of
floodwater is small in this area. In most of the tanks there are no floods every year. Hence this
peripheral land can be used for long-term cultivation. Land below FRL is gradually available for
use as the water is utilised for different purposes. This land is available for cultivation during
Rabi and Hot weather season. However, the entire land becoming free from water is not
suitable for cultivation for various reasons like undulating topography, slushy bed, improper or
no approach, presence of quarry, exposed rock, etc. Also the status of forest land coming under
submergence remains, as forest land though used for impounding water hence is not available
for cultivation.
The Land which is suitable for cultivation is an important resource that can make a valuable
contribution to the agricultural produce and can also generate considerable employment
potential for the people around the periphery of the reservoir in general and project-affected
persons in particular.
14.2 Present Status of Galper land 14.2.1 Ownership of these lands
The title of the land is transferred in the name of the concerned department after
declaration of the award under Land Acquisition Act. The forestland, though transferred to the
concerned department for impounding water, its title remains the same. In WFB northern
region, there are some lands under the submergence of Maji Malgujari tanks, which are private,
and after depletion of water, the owner himself cultivates that Galper land.
14.2.2 Types of Galper Lands:
Based on impounding and depletion of water, the Galper Landsare classified into
following three types:
Type (i) -- Land between boundaries of acquisition (based on norms for different category of
dams) and FRL of the reservoir.
Type (ii) -- Land which is gradually available, with the depletion of reservoir water, between
FRL and Maximum Draw Down Level (MDDL) or Lowest water level (LWL).
Type (iii) --Land below MDDL/LSL.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
50 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Type (i) Land is available for cultivation permanently except during high flood. Type (ii) land
is generally available from October to June or February to June depending on domination of
seasonal crops being taken in the command area (by flow and lift both) of the reservoir and non-
irrigation use and Type (iii) land is rarely available, except during scarcity year.
These lands are leased for different purposes as per the Maharashtra Land Revenue Rules
2008 (MLR rules) and guidelines issued by the Government from time to time.
Type (i) Land is generally leased for longer period say 10 year or so. Type (ii) land is allotted
for seasonal use. Type (iii) land is leased for fisheries or crops growing in water and slush like
‘Shingada’, ‘Kamal kand’, ‘Khas grass’ etc.
These lands, at present, are not classified on the basis of its land use/land title prior to
acquisition (i.e. Agriculture/forest/quarry etc. or government/private etc.), which is essential for
assessing the actual extent of land that can be brought under cultivation.
14.2.3 Rules for allotting these lands:
Some of the important provisions in the present rules and Government. Directives are as follows:
1 These lands shall be allotted in following order of priority
a. Project affected people (PAPs) whose land has been acquired for the new irrigation
projects or PAPs by any Government. Scheme or project by local body.
b. Co-operative societies of schedule caste/schedule tribe local landless labours.
c. Co-operative societies of schedule caste/Tribes and co-operative societies of local
landless peoples in which schedule caste/Tribe members are in majority.
d. Co-operative societies of local landless peoples.
e. Local landless people of schedule caste/schedule tribe.
f. Local landless people of other class.
g. Landless people from outside village where Galper land is located.
h Local cultivators.
i Persons whose land is affected by National/ State Sanctuaries/ Parks.
2 The extent of allotment of land shall be as follows:
a. As mentioned above, maximum land up to 1.2 ha per family can be allotted.
b For a family member, who is a member of co-operative society maximum land up-to
1.6 ha per family can be allotted
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
51 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
3 These lands which are generally available for cultivation every year can be allotted for a
minimum period of 5 years but not more than ten 10 years
4 Land revenue of such land shall be charged as per the instructions contained in WRD’s letter
dated 14.07.2006 (i.e. lease rent of Rs. 1000 per ha for single crop and Rs. 2000 per ha for
double crop for 11 months period) or revised from time to time
5 If the allotments of these land to the local PAPs/co-operative societies and local people are
not acceptable, then such land can be made available by auction with the prior permission of
Divisional Commissioner. If the auction amount is less than the basic rent mentioned in sub
section (2) above then the case needs be submitted to the Government for approval.
6 If more than one co-operative society demand for same area, in such case the District
Collector is authorized to take decision in giving priority.
7 These lands reserved for ‘Gairan’ of village/villages shall be allotted to the cultivators in
proportion to the number of livestock. Period of such land lease is for one year.
8 District Collector shall arrange to demarcate these lands in consultation with the district
level officers of line department. He cannot dispose off these lands without prior permission of
state Government.
9 The cultivator cannot mortgage, sale or sublet these lands, or cannot keep the land fallow or
damage it. He should conserve and protect the standing trees and boundary stones on the land
allotted to him. He is expected to pay the rent regularly.
10 If the Galper land is required by the Government during lease period, the same should be
immediately made available to the Government by the lessee without any compensation after
receiving notice of 30 days. During the tenure of lease period if it is not possible to cultivate the
land due to submergence, in such case the concession should be given in lease rent. The
decision of the District Collector is final and binding. There shall be an agreement for these lands
between each leaseholder and the District Collector.
11 The cultivator has to pay the rent as per the schedule fixed by the Government. If the lease
rent is not paid successively for two years, in such case the lease agreement should be treated
as cancelled and the lease rent shall be recovered through the District Collector as per arrears
of land revenue.
At present, MLR code and rules gives authority to the Revenue department to allot these
lands to the willing users on ascertaining availability of such land every year. However, GRs issued by
WRD also authorise WRD officers to allot such lands. The rent to be charged is also different. Such
dual control needs to be removed.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
52 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
14.2.4 Availability and Utilisation of Galper Land:
In WFRB, the process of identifying and leasing galper lands is not yet formalised. This
process must be initiated by the O & M wing of KIDC at the earliest.
14.2.5 Crops grown on Galper land:
The month, in which sufficient Galper land becomes available, decide the crops to be grown
on such land. If these lands are available at the end of Kharif season then farmers can grow paddy
as water is available nearby. They can also grow cash crops like groundnuts or other seasonal crops
14.2.6 Revenue Collection:
The basic lease rent for Galper land cultivation for one season is Rs. 1000/- per ha and for
two seasons Rs. 2000/- per ha.
14.2.7 Agricultural Production and employment generation
These lands, if brought under cultivation can give better than average yields for traditional
or new crops. This can generate employment in remote parts of the basin.
14.2.8 Difficulties faced in utilising Galper land for cultivation:
1) Uncertainty in availability of these lands every year, especially for Rabi
cultivation.(its availability depends on rainfall in catchment and command area of
the project).
2) Late execution of lease agreement or allotment of these lands by auction process.
The process takes longer period because first the project officers assess the
availability of these lands and intimate the same to Revenue authority and then
further action is taken by him.
3) Uncertainty in availability of water for irrigation and hence farmers have to adopt
dry farming. If they think of using pumps to draw water, electric supply for pumps is
not available nearby, as the electric poles are removed from submergence area.
Thus, only alternative left is to irrigate the Galper land by the pumps run on diesel,
thereby adding further difficulties to farmers for procurement of diesel.
Maintenance of diesel pumps is also costly for which a farmer is required to go to
nearby town.
4) Approach to such land is difficult.
5) If the crops are grown in small area and scattered in pieces, crop security is difficult.
Where such lands are close to forest, protection from wild animals is also very
difficult. Erection of fencing is not possible.
6) Due to dry farming crop yield is very less. Special crop varieties for such farming are
not developed.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
53 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
14.3 Recommendations of study groups / commission / committees:
a) Waste Land Development Samiti (Mohan Dhariya Samiti) 1995 has made following
recommendations. Galper land also comes under such wastelands.
i) Systematic plan to develop wasteland for enhanced production.
ii) Central authority should be established to develop waste and unproductive lands.
iii) Improving linkages between line departments for development of waste lands.
b) Maharashtra Water and Irrigation commission (Dr.M.A. Chitale) 1999
i) In order to maintain quality of water in reservoirs, use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides shall be totally banned while granting permission for cultivation of Galper
land.
ii) Instead of cultivating strip of Galper land located within 1 to 1.5 m of the
submergence near FRL, cultivators should be encouraged to develop it as a
forestland. It is essential to have a joint action committee comprising
irrigation/forest/Revenue Departments to create forest belt around project
reservoirs.
14.4 Recommendations / Suggestions for better utilization of Galper land. • ‘Development and Management plan’ for the Galper land under each irrigation project shall
be prepared.
• Demarcation of acquired land boundary and plots of 1.2 ha and 1.6 ha size by fixing RCC
boundary stones, shall be done. This demarcation shall also be shown on digitised village
maps
• Executive Engineer, who controls the water levels in reservoir and is in charge of
submergence area and know how much land will be available for cultivation in each
irrigation season, shall only be empowered to allot Galper land for cultivation, either on
lease or by auction. Hence such rules shall be passed under section 106 of the MI Act
1976 and required changes shall be made in relevant sections of MLR code and rules to
avoid dual control. Similar powers shall also be given to EEs concerned of WCD and ZP.
• Projects where project level WUAs are formed, they should also be given the opportunity to
opt for cultivation of these lands with order of priority below PAPs, landless labourers and
their societies and societies of SC/ST farmers.
• Wherever Techno-economically feasible, electric power supply line shall be provided along
the periphery of submergence (along FRL contour) for operation of pump-sets.
• Auctioning/ leasing of these lands shall be completed before start of irrigation season.
• It is also proposed to provide credit facility to PAPs/landless labourers through local banks
and subsidised seeds, organic manure etc. shall also be arranged for them at nearby
places.
• Chemical fertilizers and pesticides shall not be permitted on these lands.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
54 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
• Agriculture universities in the basin shall be encouraged to develop special varieties for
these lands to be used in Rabi and Hot weather seasons.
• Farmers may be allowed to removal silt for any purpose, free of cost, provided they
transport it at their own cost and make these lands levelled i.e. suitable for cultivation
• Powers to relax sealing limit on allotting /leasing land to individual/ cooperative societies /
WUAs, where utilisation of these lands is less shall be accorded to the concerned
Superintending Engineer.
• Inspection of uncultivated Galper land in each irrigation season with recording of certificate
in writing shall be made compulsory at the level of Deputy Engineer. 5% check shall be
exercised by the concerned Executive Engineer. The standing crop shall also be
crosschecked with the help of remote sensing technics in case of tanks having
submergence area more than 500 ha.
• Multidisciplinary monitoring committees shall be set up at project and sub- basin level.
• Though status of forestland under submergence remains unchanged, such land shall be
given for Galper cultivation for putting it in use for food production and employment
generation. Otherwise the valuable land resource will be wasted.
14.5 ‘Development Plan’ of Galper Land 14.5.1 The objective
Objective of preparing the Development plan of Galper land shall be to utilize the
available Galper land for agricultural production and to benefit the small and marginal
farmers (especially PAPs and landless labourers).
14.5.2 Guidelines for Preparation of ‘Development Plan’
1. For the completed projects, it shall be prepared immediately and shall be reviewed
after every five years. For on-going and future projects, it shall be prepared before
impounding water in the tank and it shall also be reviewed after every five years.
2. The development plan may be prepared on consultancy basis by the concerned EEs
of the respective departments. For each group of project having submergence area
more than 5000 ha, a separate consultant may be appointed by Executive Engineer
of respective department.
3. Among other things the development plan shall include the following provisions.
a) Detailed classification of the land submerged, such as Culturable land, degraded
land, slushy land, forest land, private land (in case of Malgujari tanks), gao than land,
quarry, roads, etc.
b) Digitised contour plan at 1 m contour interval and if the topography is steep at
larger intervals for the entire acquired submergence area.
c) Area capacity table (HFL to LSL) at 1 m contour interval.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
55 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
d) Area above HFL, if acquired, at 1 m contour intervals.
e) Village and area wise details of crops grown before impounding water. (in case of
on-going and future projects and for completed projects wherever details are
available.)
f) Demarcation of acquired land boundary, FRL and plots of 1.2 ha and 1.6 ha size (for
allotting to cultivators) by fixing RCC boundary stones. This demarcation shall also
be shown on digitised village maps.
g) Details of land suitable for cultivation and duly marked on submergence plan
(showing village boundaries and other details as existed before impounding water.
In case of completed projects whatever details are possible should be shown. But in
case of on-going and future projects these details will be essential).
h) Study and recommendations regarding suitable crops to be taken on type (i) and
type (ii) class Galper land on the basis of suitability of soil for cultivation of various
crops (by actual testing of soil samples), quantum and period of availability of water
and mode of irrigation available.
i) Study and recommendation regarding peripheral electric power line along FRL
contour mainly for Agriculture purpose.
j) Possibility of developing the land as a forest/social forestry particularly incase of
submergence area adjacent to the forest and in those districts/sub-basins where
forest cover is less than standard norm of 33%.
k) Plots for Horticulture and other developmental activities such as fish ponds, bird
sanctuary (if proposed), social forestry etc. in type (i) and type (ii) Galper area and
fisheries and/or water sports area in type (iii) Galper land shall be properly planned
and shown on the digitised maps.
l) Identifying the incoming sewage/effluent disposal drains, and suggest remedial
measures/actions if such sewage/effluent is not treated to the acceptable standards
before letting out in the tank.
m) Suggestions to retain the existing road network within the submergence area so
that it may be useful to approach to different plots of Galper land for cultivation.
Where there is no such network, proper approaches shall be planned to the plots of
these lands in development plan.
n) Possibility of providing credit facilities to PAPs and landless labours through local
banks.
o) Supply arrangements of seeds, organic manures etc.
p) Possibility of allotting these lands to WUAs.
4 - Approval to ‘Development Plan’:
The ‘Development Plan’ shall be approved by the following officers of the WRD and
by WCD in case of tanks under WCD and ZP. They may take suggestions / recommendations
/ comments from the concerned officers of the departments of Revenue, Agriculture,
fisheries, Forest, and tourism before according such approval.
• Major project -- Chief Engineer, WRD
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
56 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
• Group of Medium projects-- Superintending Engineer, WRD
• Minor projects in the district -- Superintending Engineer, WRD
• Local sector projects in the district -- Superintending Engineer, WCD
Copy of the approved plan should be made available to all the concerned officers of Revenue,
Agriculture, fisheries and other departments like forest, tourism etc. if they are concerned.
14.6 Allotting Galper land
14.6.1- Every year on or before 15th of September and 15th of January, Executive Engineer
concerned (including ZP and WCD) shall assess the extent of these lands that will be available
for cultivation, under all the projects under him, duly marked on the digitised maps and
prepare village wise list of survey numbers to take further action for allotting the land by
public auction/lease.
14.6.2- Executive Engineer concerned shall take action to allot Galper land as per the provisions of
the MI Act 1976, MLR code 1966and MLR (Disposal of Government Land) (amendment) rules
2008 or its subsequent amendment if any and the executive orders of the Government.
14.6.3- However, auction of submergence area for cultivation of cash crops shall be done
separately. The auction of the tank for fisheries shall be done by the Fisheries Department in
consultation with the WRD/WCD/ZP officers.
14.6.4- While granting the permission for tank bed cultivation, it should be ensured that there is no
prospect of storing water during the season in the area proposed for cultivation and at the
same time such cultivation will not affect the interests of the cultivators below the tank or of
any one to whom water supply is committed.
14.6.5- Lease/Auction Agreement:
A) Lease/Auction agreement shall be executed at the level of concerned Executive Engineer
B) The base rate for lease or auction shall be as fixed by the WRD vide letter no. Galper 2006/
(115/2004) / IM (Revenue) dated 14/07/2004 i.e. Rs 1000/- per ha for seasonal crops and Rs
2000/-ha for two seasonal crops or as revised from time to time.
C) Besides regular conditions of the lease/auction agreement, all the conditions mentioned at
sr. no 9, 10 and 11 of Sub para 19.2.3 above and para 19.4.8 (with appropriate changes)
shall also be incorporated in the lease/ auction agreement.
14.7 Management of Galper land
14.7.1- Record of submergence area, copy of development plan and other related records including
soft copies should be properly maintained in the concerned Irrigation Section, Sub division
and Division Offices. Regular record of crop measurements, recovery of dues, Panchanamas,
etc. shall be done at par with the procedures adopted in command area of the project.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
57 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
14.7.2 - Sectional Officer in charge of head works shall conduct pre monsoon and post monsoon
inspection to ensure that these lands are not encroached or illegally cultivated. If it is so, he
should take immediate action to remove it with the help of concerned revenue authorities.
Since the staff of Revenue department (i.e. talathi etc.) is present in every village they should
keep strict vigilance to ensure that these lands do not degenerate in to encroachment
14.7.3 - The Sectional Officer shall also ensure that no untreated sewage and /or effluent is let out in
the tank. If he notices it, he should take immediate action with the help of Pollution Control
Board and the authority supplying bulk water to the concerned entity to take remedial
measures.
14.7.4 - In some sub-basins response to Galper cultivation is nil where as in other sub-basins it is
poor. Hence wide publicity shall be given by the WRD/WCD/ZP officers at local level through
print and electronic media and through meetings of cultivators to promote cultivation of
Galper land and make them aware of its agro-benefits. The officers responsible for auctioning
/ leasing the Galper land should do this. The monitoring committee (ref. table below) should
ensure that wide publicity is being given.
14.7.5 - In order to maintain quality of water in tank, during inspection it should be ensured that
farmers are not using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Use of organic manure should be
encouraged through meetings of the concerned cultivators.
14.7.6 - Farmers should be encouraged to cultivate vegetable crops like cucumber, pumpkin,
watermelons etc. provided that chemical fertilizers and pesticides are not used.
14.7.7- Cultivation of fodder crops shall also be promoted.
14.7.8 - Farmers may be allowed to lift the water from the tank into the Galper land. This water-
requirement is obviously less when compared to the irrigation requirement in the command
area.
14.7.9 - Land beyond full reservoir level is acquired as per Government of Maharashtra Circular No.
MIP 2274/19700 IP (3) dated 17th January 1975 to avoid submergence of land beyond
reservoir level during floods. Such lands shall be given on long-term lease for cultivation.
14.7.10 - Cultivators shall be encouraged to develop the lands located within a strip of 1 to 1.5 m
width, near the full reservoir level, as a forest particularly in case of submergence area
adjacent to the forest and in those districts /sub-basins where forest cover is less than
standard norm of 33%.
14.7.11 - All Agriculture Universities in and around the basin shall develop a suitable package of
practices, crop varieties for Galper area and organic farming.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
58 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
14.7.12 - Regular monitoring of Galper land development and its management shall be done
through multidisciplinary monitoring committees. These committees may be appointed at
Government level as follows.
Table 14-1: Proposed structure of monitoring committees
Sr.
No.
Category
of
Project
Chairman of
the
committee
Members Remarks
1 2 3 4 5
1 Major Executive
Engineer
WRD
Tahsildar(s), Tehsillevel officer(s) of Agriculture
department and Chairman of project level WUA.
One committee For each
project
2 Medium Executive
Engineer
WRD
Tahsildar(s), Tehsil level officer(s) of Agriculture,
department and one representative Chairman of
project level WUAs.
One committee for all
medium projects in the
district
3 Minor
projects
Dy. Engineer
WRD
NaibTahsildar(s), concerned officers of Agriculture
department & one representative Chairman of
project level WUAs
One committee for all
minor projects under one
Dy. Engineer
4 Local
sector
Projects
Dy. Engineer
concerned
(ZP or WCD)
NaibTahsildar(s), concerned officers of Agriculture
department & one representative Chairman of
project level WUAs
One committee for all
local sector minor
projects under one Dy.
Engineer
Note: Chairman may call Tehsil level officers of other departments for meetings/visit to Galper area, if the issues
related to their departments (Forest, Fisheries, Tourism, Pollution control board etc.) are to be discussed/
inspected.
14.7.13 -RBAs (ED, KIDC) shall take an annual review in its respective jurisdiction and issue
instructions and guidelines regarding better management of these lands.
14.8 Disposal of lands in beds of rivers / nallas
Lands situated in the beds of a rivers/nallas, other than coming under the submergence of
irrigation tanks, shall be leased/auctioned as per the provisions of the MLR code and MLR rules by
the concerned Revenue authorities in consultation with WRD.
14.9 Physical and Financial planning
As the practise of leasing galper land is at primitive state in WFRB, financial planning cannot
be done at this stage.
Projected Gross Agricultural production and revenue assessment at the end of 2030:
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
59 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
As the practise of leasing galper land is at primitive state in WFRB, financial planning cannot
be done at this stage. However, in the next review after five years, this assessment in 2030 is
possible.
14.10 Action Points
Following action points shall be taken for the development of the Galper land.
• Preparation of Development Plan of completed and on-going projects shall be completed
within two years for medium and minor projects and three years for Major projects.
• Monitoring committee for Development and Management of Galper land shall be
constituted immediately after the approval of the Development Plan.
• Training classes of cultivators in villages around tank periphery, regarding Galper land
cultivation, shall be conducted on large scale at field level immediately after the approval
of the Development Plan by the officers of Agriculture Department.
• Wherever feasible, electric line along the periphery of the tank with 24 hours power supply
shall be provided, within one year for minor projects, within two years for medium
projects and within three years for Major projects after the approval of the Development
Plan.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
60 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
61 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
15 Diversion of Irrigated Land for Non- Agricultural Activity
15.1 Introduction
Change of land use of an area from the productive irrigated agricultural land to any
industrial developmental activity or for urbanization is one of the concerns affecting the agricultural
economy of the State. The irrigated land near the vicinity of town is slowly being converted into
urban habitats. This rapid transformation of the irrigated agricultural land use to a polluting urban
sprawl is not only affecting the clean environment but also spoiling the huge resources invested in
development of irrigation infrastructure resulting in National Loss. The owner or the cultivator gets
attracted towards the short-term financial return they get from the sale of such land for non-
agricultural activity but in long term they are inflicting a permanent loss to natural green resources
and recurrent agricultural income.
In some cases there is diversion of irrigation water to non-agricultural activity like industries,
residential township, etc. because of which, there is either curtailment in irrigation potential (if
cropping intensity is diluted keeping the area same) or loss of command area (if cropping intensity is
not changed) of the project. There is need to take suitable measures to avoid loss of public money
invested in creating irrigation infrastructure and loss of agriculture produce.
15.2 Present Status
Irrigated land diverted to non-agricultural activity from two basins of WFRB is about 500.35
ha. The basin wise figures of irrigated land diverted for non-agricultural activity is given in the
following table. The command areas of projects like Rajnala, Amba, Kundalika and Patalganga
(Hetawane Project) are likely to be affected and record of the same should be updated from time to
time.
Table 15-1: Details of diversion of irrigated land for non-agricultural activity in 2 Sub-basins:
Sr.
No.
Name of sub-basin Diversion of
Land in ha up to
2014
Remark
1 2 3 4
1 Vaitarna (Surya) 241.38 The record needs to be updated.
2 Ulhas (Bhatsa) 258.97 The record needs to be updated.
Total 500.35
Source - 28 basin plans of WFRB.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
62 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
15.3 Recommendations / Suggestions As per Maharashtra Land Revenue Code the powers to permit conversion of agricultural
land to non-agricultural purpose is vested with various officers of Revenue Department. Suitable
amendment shall be made in the law so that permission to new industries and residential
habitations shall not be given in the notified command area of irrigation projects and the powers to
divert such land in unavoidable circumstances, should be with Government only.
1. Permission for industries including thermal power stations shall not be accorded in water
deficit sub-basins. It should be promoted in water surplus sub-basins only.
2. The type of lands to be used for urbanization and /or industrialization shall be in
following order of preference
a) Uncultivable waste-land
b) Cultivable but un- irrigated lands in sequence of abundance of water.
3. Irrigated lands should be allowed for habitation in unavoidable circumstances, with the
permission of Government only.
4. Area, equal to that proposed/ transferred for non-agricultural activities, should be
identified for fresh irrigation facilities either by flow or lift from the same project near by
existing command area, so that irrigation potential of the project remains same.
5. Cost required for construction of new irrigation network on such identified new
command area, should be borne by the persons/institutions/department /local body to
whom irrigated land will be allotted for non-agricultural activities. If it is not possible to
identify suitable command area nearby, the cropping pattern of the balance command area
may be enriched with two seasonal crops thus increasing the cropping intensity. In case of
WUAs, more water, in proportion to their command area, may be allotted to them.
6. Project -wise and sub-basin wise data of Irrigable command area converted into non-
Agriculture land and lost infrastructure shall be maintained.
7. Command area converted into non-agriculture land shall be de-notified and the irrigation
potential of the project should also be revised suitably and re-notified.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
63 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
16 Water Quality
16.1 Preamble: Water Quality
Any change in physical, chemical and biological properties of water that has harmful effects
on living things is termed as “Water Pollution” (WHO 1997). In India, water pollution is one of the
major and most critical issues, as almost 70% of the surface water resources and some groundwater
reserves are contaminated by biological, toxic, organic and inorganic pollutants. As per CPCB
(Central Pollution Control Board), the largest source of water pollution in India is by way of release
of untreated sewage from urban centres, industrial effluents and organic/toxic regenerated flows
from irrigated agriculture. Effects of water pollution are harmful not only to humans but also to the
fragile aquatic ecosystems constituting the biosphere of plants, animals, aquatic life and birds.
In Maharashtra, of the 5 river basin systems, about 55% of the natural water resources are
from the four river basins namely, Krishna, Godavari, Tapi and Narmada, which lie to the east of the
Western Ghats. While about 45% of State's water resources emanate from West flowing rivers in
the Konkan Region.
MPCB being the state nodal agency under CPCB, it monitors and documents data for water
quality under two programmes of NWMP (National Water Quality Monitoring Program) titled as
GEMS (Global Environment Monitoring System) and MINARS (Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic
Resources). Under these schemes there are total 250 WQMS (Water Quality Monitoring Stations) in
the state, the highest among all states and Union Territories in India. Out of these stations, 156 are
on rivers, 34 on sea/creeks, 10 on artificial drains and 50 for ground water. These monitoring
programs analyse the water samples for 9 core quality parameters including pH, BOD (Biological
Oxygen Demand), Nitrate, Faecal Coli form, Total Coli form and 19 general parameters like turbidity,
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), Magnesium, Sulphate, Sodium and soon.
In exercise of powers conferred by subsections (1) and (3) of section3 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Government constituted an authority known as
“Water Quality Assessment Authority”. This authority is empowered to draw action plans for quality
improvement in water bodies and monitor and review / assess implementation of the schemes
launched or to be launched, to review the status of quality of natural water resources (both surface
and groundwater) and identify “Hotspots” for taking necessary action for improvement in water
quality, to constitute / set up state level Water Quality Review Committee (WQRC) to coordinate the
work to be assigned to such committees. The WQRC for Maharashtra was constituted on
01/01/2003 under the chairmanship of Secretary Water Resources Department. In order to perform
a foresaid task, a uniform protocol was formulated called as ‘Uniform Protocol on Water Quality
Monitoring Order, 2005’ vide gazette notification dated 17th June 2005. Fourth meeting of State
Level WQRC of Maharashtra State was held on 17/10/2005 at Mantralaya, Mumbai. During this
meeting, it was suggested that data from all the participating agencies in WQRC may be analysed for
the designated use of water prescribed in relevant BIS code, by the Chief Engineer Hydrology
Project, Nasik and status report on analysis may be prepared for each year. Accordingly Chief
Engineer Hydrology Project, Nasik is preparing the status reports.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
64 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Status of water quality using this complex set of data recorded by MPCB, gets represented
by calculating the WQI (Water Quality Index) using the formula developed by NSF (National
Sanitation Foundation) and modified by CPCB. Monthly observations for surface water quality and
half yearly observations for groundwater have been used to calculate the WQI.
16.2 Water Pollution
Key challenges for better management of the water quality in India are, temporal and
spatial variations in rainfall, uneven geographic distribution of surface water resources, frequent
droughts, overuse of ground water and its contamination, salinization and water quality problems
due to treated, partially treated and untreated waste water from urban settlements, industrial
establishments and regenerated flows from irrigated agriculture, besides poor management of
municipal solid waste and animal dung in rural areas. It is estimated that, in our country about
38,000 million litres per day (mld) of waste water is generated in the urban centres each having
population more than 50,000 (housing more than 70% of urban population) as in 2009. However,
municipal waste water treatment capacity developed so far in India is about 11,000 mld, accounting
for 29% of waste water generation in of urban centres. Status of effluent treatment for towns
having population below 50,000 each must be worst because of lack of any treatment. In view of
population increase and increasing rate of urbanization in the future, demand of freshwater for all
the uses will appreciably increase. It is estimated that the projected waste water from urban centres
at present may be about 57,000 mld and the rural India may also generate substantial volume of
waste water in view of water supply plans for community supplies in rural areas. However, waste
water management including development of effluent treatment facilities fall very much short of
the requirements.
All human activities whether domestic, agricultural or industrial, have adverse impacts on
water quality and the ecosystems. World Health Organization statistics indicate that half of India’s
morbidity is water related. Water borne diseases can be to a large extent, controlled by managing
human consumption and production patterns. It is therefore pertinent to have an understanding of
human activities, including water management initiatives, and their impacts on water and the
environment.
16.2.1 Domestic Water Pollution
Waste management systems have not been able to keep pace with the huge volumes of
organic and non-biodegradable wastes generated daily. As a consequence, garbage in most parts of
India is unscientifically disposed and ultimately leads to increase in the pollutant load of surface and
groundwater sources. On the other hand, large population of India does not have much choice but
to live off the natural resource base and pollute the environment in the process. They deforest for
food, fuel and fodder and pollute the water sources on which they depend, since they cannot afford
access to sanitation services. Domestic water use today, is under-priced which leads to a
considerable waste of the precious resource and provide inadequate revenues for operation and
maintenance of the infrastructure. Low revenues result in deterioration of the supply infrastructure
and further loss of the resource due to system inefficiencies. In most parts of the country, waste
water from domestic sources is hardly treated, due to inadequate sanitation facilities. This waste
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
65 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
water, containing highly organic pollutant load, finds its way into surface and groundwater sources,
very often close to dense pockets of human habitation from where further water is drawn for use.
Considerable capital investments would be required to install sewage treatment systems in all the
major cities and towns of the country. Their recurring O & M costs would also be very high because
of high electricity consumption for the effluent treatment.
16.2.2 Industrial Water Pollution
Industrial sector accounts for about 6 to 8 per cent of the current water use. With rapid
industrialization and urbanization, water requirement for non-irrigation uses is estimated to rise to
about 20 to 25 per cent of the total requirements in 2025. Poor environmental management
systems, especially in industries such as thermal power stations, chemicals, paper, metals and
minerals, leather processing and sugar mills, have led to discharge of highly toxic and organic waste
water. This has resulted in pollution of the surface and groundwater sources from which water is
also drawn for irrigation and domestic use. Enforcement of regulations regarding adequate
treatment of discharge of industrial waste water and limits to extraction of groundwater needs to be
considerably strengthened, while more incentives are required for promoting waste water reuse
and recycling by the industries. ‘Zero effluent’ should be the objective before industries.
16.2.3 Control on pollution due to release of untreated effluent –
Though practically all cities and towns and some industries are contravening provisions of
the relevant Acts and Rules, there is increasing awareness amongst people as would be observed
from the many PILs filed against defaulting industries. MPCB has fined 59 industries for unlawful
disposal of hazardous waste and has encashed bank guarantees amounting to Rs. 61.45 lakhs till
25th January, 2005. As a result of such actions, many industries have taken steps to effectively
control the pollution. Major polluting industries in each industrial area have been targeted by the
MPCB for issuing appropriate directions and guidelines. This has resulted in induced impact on other
polluters. Unless action against all the defaulting industries is taken (even penal action to close
down the industry after giving sufficient notice for taking corrective action) by the MPCB, the
situation is not likely to improve.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
66 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Status of court cases is as below:
Table 16.1 Status of applications filed by the MPCB to the Court
Particulars Complaints
filed u/s 43/44
4 r.w. Section
25 & 26 of
Water (P&CP)
Act, 1974
Applications
filed under
Sub-Section (1)
of Section 33 of
Water (P&CP)
Act, 1974
Complaints
filed under
Section 39
r.w.21 of Air
(P&CP) Act,
1981
Applications
filed u/s 22A
of Air (P&CP)
Act, 1981
1 2 3 4 5
No.of cases filed 303 140 146 3
No.of cases convicted 70 87 114 1
No. of cases dismissed 128 52 32 2
No. of cases pending 105 1 - -
(Source: http://mpcb.gov.in/legal/implewater.php#top)
However, as far as domestic effluent is concerned, Municipal Corporations have taken
action to treat only part quantity of the urban effluent generated. Rest of the effluent is released
untreated in the rivers. They are neither accountable for such actions nor any action is taken against
them. Condition of Municipalities of smaller towns in respect of treatment of effluent generated is
precarious. There is need to pass an enabling Act to make all Municipal Corporations and
Municipalities statutorily responsible and accountable for treatment of all the effluent generated so
as to make it suitable at least for its use for irrigation.
16.2.4 Water Pollution due to Irrigated Agriculture
Two-thirds of India’s farm production comes from one-third of its land which is irrigated.
The rest is from rain-fed lands on which large population depends for their livelihood. In order to
meet the increasing demand for food and farm employment, India has to bring more area under
irrigated agriculture and simultaneously to enhance productivity in both irrigated and rain fed lands.
For the irrigated agriculture sector, water and electricity are heavily subsidized. With limited
revenues and budgetary support, the state engineering departments are unable to operate and
maintain the irrigation systems efficiently leading to water losses due to seepage associated with
flood irrigation methods. Water quality of regenerated flows from irrigated agriculture is affected
due to residues from organic / chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
67 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
16.3 Water Quality Monitoring Agencies
Water Quality Monitoring is carried out by various agencies viz. Central Water commission
(CWC), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP),
Groundwater Surveys & Development Agency (GSDA), Hydrology Project, Maharashtra, Pollution
Control Board (MPCB), Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and Directorate of Irrigation Research
and Development (DIRD).
Total number of surface water monitoring stations is 187, whereas total number of ground
water monitoring stations is 2699. Out of the above, 42 Surface Water Monitoring Stations and 20
Ground Water Monitoring stations are in the West flowing river Basin. Region wise details of Water
Quality Stations monitored by all the agencies are enlisted in Table 16.2 and 16.3 below. Table16.2 Agency wise Water Quality Monitoring details:
Sr. no. Name of the Water Quality monitoring agency No. of Water
Quality monitoring sites
1 2 3
State Surface water monitoring Agencies
1. Water Resources Department, Hydrology Project (SW) 127
State Ground water monitoring Agencies
2. Groundwater Surveys & Development Agency (GSDA) 1871
Central Surface water monitoring Agencies
3. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)(SW) through
MaharashtraPollutionControlBoard(MPCB)
48
4. Central Water Commission (SW) 12
Central Ground water monitoring Agencies
5. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) (GW) through
MaharashtraPollutionControlBoard(MPCB)
25
6. Central Ground Water Board (CGWB,NHNS) (GW) 803
Total no. of stations for surface water 187
Total no. of stations for groundwater 2699
Source : Status Report by Hydrology Project CE HP Nashik January 2007
Table 16.3 Quality Monitoring Stations in West Flowing Basin
Sr No Name Of Region Surface Water Ground
Water
Total
1 2 3 4 5
1 West Flowing River Basin 42 20 62
Source : Status Report by Hydrology Project CE HP Nashik January 2007
16.3.1 National Water Quality Monitoring Program
CPCB in collaboration with SPCB has established a network of monitoring stations on rivers
across the country. Presently, water quality-monitoring network is operated under a three-tier
programme i.e. Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), Monitoring of Indian National
Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) and Yamuna Action Plan (YAP).
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
68 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
CPCB has been identified as the Government of India’s agency to carry out water quality
monitoring under the United Nation’s, GEMS Water Programme under World Health Organisation
(WHO). The GEMS programme is dedicated to provide water quality data and information of the
highest integrity, accessibility and interoperability.
National programme titled MINARS was started in 1984, with a total of 113 stations spread
over 10 river basins. Water samples are being analysed for 28 parameters consisting of physico-
chemical and bacteriological parameters for ambient water samples apart from field observations.
16.3.2 Monitoring network in Maharashtra – GEMS and MINARS
The water quality testing under the GEMS and MINARS program under NWMP in
Maharashtra is monitored by MPCB (state nodal agency). Monitoring is carried out at 250 stations,
(156 are on rivers, 34 on sea/creek, 10 on drains and 50 groundwater), the highest across all states
in India. MPCB has infrastructure to monitor 44 parameters including field observations, general
parameters, core parameters and trace metals.(Table No. 16.4. Water samples are monitored with a
monthly and six monthly frequency for surface & groundwater stations respectively.
Table 16.4 List of parameters tested and analysed by MPCB
Sr. No Field observations Core parameters General parameters Trace metals
1 2 3 4 5 1 Weather Temperature Turbidity Cadmium
2 Depth of Water Body Dissolved Oxygen Phenolphthalein
alkalinity
Copper
3 Human activities pH Total Alkalinity Lead
4 Floating Matter (Visible
Effluent discharge)
Conductivity Chlorides Chromium total
5 Colour BOD COD Nickel
6 Odour Nitrate Total Kjeldahl-N Zinc
7 Ammonia-N HardnessasCaCO3 Iron
8 Fecal Coliform CalciumCaCO3 Arsenic
9 Total Coliform MagnesiumCaCO3 Mercury
10 Sulphate Cyanide
11 Sodium
12 Total dissolved solids
13 Total fixed solids
14 Total suspended solids
15 Phosphate
16 Boron
17 Potassium
18 Fluoride
Water Quality monitoring is being carried out under Hydrology Project which takes care of
surface water quality monitoring through 127 sampling locations spread over the state throughout
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
69 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
the year. Water sampling location category and frequency is given in the Table No 16.4 below.
Frequency of sampling and parameters to be analysed are enlisted in Table. Table 16.5 The WQ sampling location category & frequency of sampling designed for SW by HP
WQ Sampling Location
Category
Sampling frequency up to first 3
years
After 3 years monitoring
1 2 3
Baseline 50 No. Monthly one sample Breakfor3years
Trend-65 No. Fortnightly one sample After classification as ‘Trend’
Monthlyonesample
Flux-09 No. Fortnightly one sample After classification as ‘Flux’
Fortnightlyonesample
Trend/Flux-03 No. Fortnightly one sample After classification as Trend/Flux
Fortnightlyonesample.
Source : Status Report by Hydrology Project CE HP Nashik January 2007
Table16.6 Frequency of Sampling & Parameters to be analysed
Station Sampling
Frequency
Test Parameters Remark
1 2 3 4
Baseline Once in a
month first 3
years
30 parameters for 1st
sample 20 parameters
for remaining Sample
After 3 years monitoring
break for 3 years
Baseline after 3 years break
and classification as
baseline stations
Once in 2
months
30 parameters for 1
sample 20 Parameters
for remaining Sample
One year monitoring again
break for 3 years.
Trend Twice a
month
--do-- Initially 3 year monitoring
Trend
(after classification as
trend)
Once in a
month
--do-- Continuous monitoring
Flux Twice a
month
--do-- Initially 3 year monitoring
Flux
(after classification as Flux)
Twice a
month
--do-- Continuous monitoring
with flow measurements
Reservoir and lakes
(treated as Trend)
Twice a
month
32 parameters for 1st
sample. 22
parameters for
remaining sample
Continuous monitoring
Source : Status Report by Hydrology Project CE HP Nashik January 2007
Note: - The parameters to be analysed as mentioned above are minimal requirement. This is not, however, restricted. Additional parameters are to be analysed if desired or on the basis of geographical stations of locations or certain circumstances.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
70 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
16.4 Water Quality Index
Water Quality Index provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses over all water
quality of a certain water sample (location and time specific) for several water quality parameters.
Objective of developing an index is to simplify the complex water quality parametric data into
comprehensive information for easy understanding. A water index based on important parameters
provides a simple indicator of water quality and a general idea on the possible problems with water
in the region.
In 1970, the National Sanitation Foundation, USA developed the Water Quality Index
(NSFWQI),a standardized method for comparing the water quality of various water bodies. NSFWQI
is one of the most respected and utilized water quality index in the United States. Nine water quality
parameters selected for calculating the index included:
• Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• Faecal Coliform (FC)
• pH
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (5-day)
• Temperature change (from 1 mile upstream)
• Total phosphate
• Nitrate
• Turbidity
• Total Solids
The expression for calculation the NSFWQI is expressed as;
Where;
Ii=sub index for ith water quality parameter
Wi=weight (in terms of importance) associated with water quality parameter
P=number of water quality parameters
16.4.1 WQI for surface water
Given the parameters monitored in India under the NWMP and to maintain the uniformity
while comparing the WQI across the nation, the NSF WQI has been modified and relative weights
have been assigned by CPCB. The modified weights as per CPCB are given in Table 16.7 below and
the equations used to determine the sub index values are also shown. Upon determining the WQI,
the water quality is described for easy understanding and interpretation. The description used in the
report for classifying and the describing the water quality is also presented in Table 16.8
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
71 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 16.7 Modified weights for computation of WQI And Sub index equation used to calculate NSF WQI for
DO, FC, pH and BOD
Parameters Original
Weights
From
NSF
WQI
Modified
Weights
by CPCB
Sub index equation used to calculate NSFWQI for DO,FC,pH
and BOD
Range Applicable Equation
1 2 3 4 5
Dissolved
Oxygen(DO)
(%
Saturation)
0.17 0.31
0-40
0.18+0.66X% Saturation DO
40-100
(-13.55)+1.17X% Saturation DO
100-140
163.34-0.62X% Saturation DO
Faecal
Coliform(FC)
(Counts/100
ml)
0.15 0.28 1 -103 97.2-26.6XlogFC
103-105
42.33-7.75XlogFC
>105
2
Ph 0.12 0.22
02-05
16.1+7.35X(pH)
05-7.3
(-142.67)+33.5X(pH)
7.3–10
316.96-29.85X(pH)
10– 12
96.17-8.0X(pH)
<2,>12
0
BOD
(mg / l)
0.1 0.19
0 – 10
96.67-7X(BOD)
10– 30
38.9-1.23X(BOD
>30
2
Total 0.54 1.00
Source: Water Quality Status of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
72 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 16.8 Water Quality Classification and Best Designated Use
WQI Quality Classification Class by
CPCB
Class by Remarks Colour
MPCB Code
1 2 3 4 5 6
Surface Water Quality
63 - 100 Good to Excellent A A-I Non Polluted
50 - 63 Medium to Good B Not Prescribed Non Polluted
38 - 50 Bad C A-II Polluted
38 and less Bad to Very Bad D, E A-III, A-IV Heavily Polluted
Source: Water Quality Status of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB
WQI of water sample is calculated as per the modified weightages and equation given
above. Depending upon the value of WQI, the sample is to be categorised as polluted, non-polluted
or heavily polluted.
16.4.2 WQI for Groundwater
MPCB monitors ground water quality for parameters like pH, Total Hardness, Calcium,
Magnesium, Chloride, Total Dissolved Solids, Fluoride, Manganese, Nitrate, Sulphate and so on once
in six months. Based on stringency of the parameters and its relative importance in the overall
quality of water for drinking purposes each parameter has been assigned specific weightage.
Relative weights of the same have been determined for the parameters monitored and recorded by
MPCB for the water samples monitored. These weights indicate relative harmfulness present in
water. Maximum weight assigned is 5 and minimum is 1.
Table 16.9 Relative Weight of Chemical Parameters used for calculating WQI for Ground Water
Chemical
Parameters
Weight (Wi)
Weight
Relative
Weight
Weight w/iron, Manganese
and Bicarbonate
Relative Weight w/iron,
Manganese and Bicarbonate
1 2 3 4 5
pH 4 0.09756 4 0.13333
TH 2 0.04878 2 0.06667
Calcium 2 0.04878 2 0.06667
Magnesium 2 0.04878 2 0.06667
Bicarbonate 3 0.07317 - -
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
73 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Chemical
Parameters
Weight (Wi)
Weight
Relative
Weight
Weight w/iron, Manganese
and Bicarbonate
Relative Weight w/iron,
Manganese and Bicarbonate
1 2 3 4 5
Chloride 3 0.07317 3 0.10000
TDS 4 0.09756 4 0.13333
Fluoride 4 0.09756 4 0.13333
Manganese 4 0.09756 - -
Nitrate 5 0.12195 5 0.16667
Iron 4 0.09756 - -
Sulphate 4 0.09756 4 0.13333
41 1 30 1
Source: BIS 10500-2012 and CPCB 2001
Relative weight is then computed from the following equation
Where;
Wi =relative weight
wi = weight of each parameter
n =number of parameters
In the next step aquality rating scale(qi) for each parameter is assigned by dividing its
concentration in each water sample by its respective standard according to the guidelines published
by BIS(Bureau of Indian Standards)and the result thus obtained is multiplied by 100.
qi=(Ci/Si)x100
Where;
qi =quality rating
Ci =the concentration of each chemical parameter in each water sample in mg/L
Si =the Indian drinking water standard for each chemical parameter in mg/L according to the
guidelines of the BIS 10500,(2004-2005).
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
74 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
The Water Quality Index is calculated as below
Based on the absolute value of the index determined from the calculations, water quality is
classified as presented below in Table No.16.10
Table 16.10-Water Quality Classification and Best Designated Use
WQI Quality Classification Remarks Colour Code
1 2 3 4
Ground Water Quality
<50 Excellent Non Polluted
50-100 Good water Non Polluted
100-200 Poor Water Polluted
200-300 Very Very Poor Polluted
>300 Water Unsuitable for drinking Heavily Polluted
Source: Water Quality Status of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB
Water quality is a complex subject, which involves physical, chemical, hydrological and
biological characteristics of water and their complex and delicate relations. From the user's point of
view, the term "water quality" is defined as "those physical, chemical or biological characteristics of
water by which the user evaluates the acceptability of water". For example drinking water should be
pure, wholesome, and potable. Similarly, for irrigation dissolved solids and toxicants are important,
for outdoor bathing pathogens are important and water quality is controlled accordingly. Textiles,
paper, breweries and dozens of other industries using water, have their specific water quality needs.
Quality of water is also classified as A, B, C, D, and E and below E depending on pH, total Coli
forms organism MPN/100 ml, Dissolved Oxygen, and BOD. Depending upon class the designated
best use is classified by CPCB as given in Table 16.11. Water below E is not suitable for any use and
requires treatment to reuse it.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
75 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 16.11-CPCB Water Quality Criteria
S. No. Designated best use Quality
Class
Primary Water Quality Criteria
1 2 3 4
1
Drinking water source
without conventional
treatment but with
chlorination
A Total coliform organisms (MPN*/100 ml) shall be 50 or less.
pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Dissolved Oxygen 6 mg/l or more, and
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 2 mg/l or less
2 Outdoor
bathing(organized)
B Total coliform organisms (MPN*/100 ml) shall be 500 or less
pH between 6.5 and 8.5
DO 5mg/lormore,andBiochemicalOxygenDemand3mg/l or less
3 Drinking water source
with conventional
treatment
C Total coliform organisms (MPN/100 ml) shall be5000orless
pH between 6 and 9
Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more, and
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 3mg/l or less
4 Propagation of wild life
and fisheries
D pHbetween6.5and8.5
Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more, and
Free ammonia (as N)1.2mg/l or less
5 Irrigation, industrial
cooling, and controlled
disposal
E pH between 6.0 and 8.5
Electrical conductivity less than 2250 micro mhos/cm,
Sodium Absorption Ratio less than 26,
6 Below E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria
MPN – Most Probable No. (CPCB 1978)
Source : CPCB Guidelines for Water Monitoring 2007-08
16.4.3 Water Quality for Drinking
Water is essential to sustain life and satisfactory (adequate, safe and accessible) supply must
be available to all. Improving access to safe drinking-water can result in tangible benefits to health.
Every effort should be made to provide/ensure drinking water that is as safe as practicable. Safe
drinking-water, as defined by the Guidelines, does not represent any significant risk to health over a
lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages. Those
at greatest risk of waterborne disease are infants and young children, people who are debilitated
and the elderly. Those who are generally at risk of waterborne illness may need to take additional
steps to protect themselves against exposure to waterborne pathogens, such as boiling drinking
water. Safe drinking water is required for all usual domestic purposes, including drinking, food
preparation and personal hygiene. Guidelines are given by IS and WHO as below.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
76 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 16.12 Drinking Water Standards
Chemical
Parameters
Indian Standards
For Drinking water
Desirable Limits.
of WHO
Acceptable Limit Permissible Limits
1 2 3 4
pH 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 6.5-9.2
TH 200 600 Not Specified
Calcium 75 200 Not Specified
Magnesium 30 100 Not Specified
Bicarbonate 200 600 Not Specified
Chloride 250 1000 Not Specified
TDS 500 2000 Not Specified
Fluoride 1 1.5 Not Specified
Manganese 0.1 0.3 0.3
Nitrate 45 No relaxation Not Specified
Iron 0.3 No relaxation 0.30
Sulphate 200 400 400
Source: BIS 10500-2012
The BOD/COD relationship is for assessing toxicity. If BOD is too low compared to COD, then
the sample can be visualized as toxic, although it is not confirmatory. In general BOD to COD ratio is
0.6+. Lower the ratio higher is the toxicity. If the sample is highly toxic, then BOD can never be more
than 0.2 at any cost.
16.4.4 Water Quality for Irrigation
Water used for irrigation can vary greatly in quality depending upon type and quantity of
dissolved salts. Salts are present in irrigation water in relatively small but significant amounts. They
originate from dissolution or weathering of the rocks and soil, including dissolution of lime, gypsum
and other slowly dissolved soil minerals. These salts are carried with the water to wherever it is
used. In the case of irrigation, salts are applied with the water and remain behind in the soil, as
water evaporates or is used by the crop.
Suitability of water for irrigation is determined not only by the total amount of salts present
but also by the kind of salt. Various soil and cropping problems develop as the total salt content
increases, and special management practices may be required to maintain acceptable crop yields.
Water quality or suitability for use is judged on the potential severity of problems that can be
expected to develop during long-term use.
Following chemical properties shall be considered for developing water quality criteria for irrigation:
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
77 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Total salt concentration,
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR),
Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) or bicarbonate ion concentration, and
Boron content.
The criteria as per IS and suitability of water for different crops is as enlisted below.
Table 16.13 Criteria as per IS for suitability of water for Irrigation
Sr no. Class Range of ec
(micromhos/cm)
Rsc range (me
/ l)
Boron
(ppm)
1 2 3 4 5 6
i) Low Below 1 500 Below 10 Below 1·5 Below 1·0
ii) Medium 1 500-3 000 10-18 1·5-3·0 1·0-2·0
iii) High 3 000-6 000 18-26 3·0-6·0 2·0-4·0
iv) Very high Above 6 000 Above 26 Above 6.0 Above 4·0
* IS : 11624-1986 (Reaffirmed 2009)
Table 16.14 SUITABILITY OF IRRIGATION WATER FOR SEMI-TOLERANT AND TOLERANT CROPS IN DIFFERENT
SOIL TYPES
Sr
NO.
Soil textural
group
Upper Permissible Limit of
SALINITY SODICITY RSC
(me/ l)
BORON
(ppm) EC
(micromhos /cm)
Semi-
tolerant
crops.
Tolerant
crops.
Semi-
tolerant
crops.
Tolerant
crops.
Semi-
tolerant
crops.
Tolerant
crops.
Semi-
tolerant
crops.
Tolerant
crops.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
i) Above 30
Percent
Clay, Sandy
clay, clay
loam, silty
clay loam,
silty clay, clay
1 500 2000 10 15 2 3 2 3
ii) 20-30 Percent
Clay Sandy
clay loam,
loam, silty
loam
4 000 6 000 15 20 3 4 2 3
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
78 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr
NO.
Soil textural
group
Upper Permissible Limit of
SALINITY SODICITY RSC
(me/ l)
BORON
(ppm) EC
(micromhos /cm)
Semi-
tolerant
crops.
Tolerant
crops.
Semi-
tolerant
crops.
Tolerant
crops.
Semi-
tolerant
crops.
Tolerant
crops.
Semi-
tolerant
crops.
Tolerant
crops.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
iii) 10-20 Percent
Clay Sandy
loam, loam,
silty loam
6 000 8 000 20 25 4 5 2 3
iv) Below 10
Percent
Clay Sand,
loamy sand,
sandy loam,
silty loam, silt
8 000 10 000 25 30 5 6 1 2
NOTE—The use of waters of 4 000 micromhos /cm EC and above be confined to winter season crops only. They should not be used during the summer season. Even during emergencies not more than one or two protective irrigations be given to the Kharif season crops.
* IS : 11624-1986 (Reaffirmed 2009)
Table 16.15 TOLERANCE OF FIELD AND VEGETABLE CROPS TO SALINITY, SODICITY AND BORON
Crops
Salinity Sodality Boron Crops Salinity Sodality Boron
Se
mi-
tole
rant
.
Tolera
nt.
Semi-
toler
ant.
Toler
ant
Semi-
toler
ant.
Tolera
nt.
Se
mi-
tole
rant
.
Tolera
nt.
Semi-
toler
ant.
Tolera
nt.
Semi-
toler
ant.
Tolera
nt.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Wheat X X X Sugar
beet
X X X
Barley X X X Tomato X X X
Cotton X X X Cauliflow
er
X X X
Oil seed
crops
X X X Cabbage X X X
Maize X X X Onion X X X
Jowar X X X Carrot X X X
Bajra X X X Radish X X X
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
79 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Crops
Salinity Sodality Boron Crops Salinity Sodality Boron
Se
mi-
tole
rant
.
Tolera
nt.
Semi-
toler
ant.
Toler
ant
Semi-
toler
ant.
Tolera
nt.
Se
mi-
tole
rant
.
Tolera
nt.
Semi-
toler
ant.
Tolera
nt.
Semi-
toler
ant.
Tolera
nt.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Rice X X X Grasses X X X
Sugarca
ne
X X X Berseem X X X
* IS : 11624-1986 (Reaffirmed 2009)
16.5 Water Quality Analysis for Surface Water
Comprehensive data sets recorded by WQMS across the state were organised basin wise for
evaluation of both surface and groundwater quality. Water monitoring stations were further
arranged from upstream to downstream in order to study basin wise trend of water quality. WQI is
determined by calculating the basic parameters like pH, BOD (mg/l), DO (mg/l to %) and FC
(MPN/100ml). WQI has been calculated separately for surface water and groundwater water
samples using the formula provided by National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) and the relative
weights modified by CPCB.
Water quality testing under the GEMS and MINARS program under NWMP in Maharashtra is
monitored by MPCB (state nodal agency). Monitoring is carried out at 250 stations out of which 106
stations are for West Flowing River basin, having break up as in River=40,Creak=20,Sea=16,
Nalla=8,Dam=2, Borewell=7, Dugwell=11,Well=2
The WQI is calculated as mentioned above. Region wise graphical representation is as shown below.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
80 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
West Flowing River Basin
Figure 16.1- Trend of annual average WQI across districts of West Flowing river basin
WQI Category Class by CPCB Remarks
1 2 3 4
63-100 Good to Excellent A Non polluted
50-63 Medium to Good B Non polluted
38-50 Bad C Polluted
38 & less Bad to Very Bad D, E Heavily polluted
Note:
This graph considers the average WQI for all the monitoring stations in that particular district and hence may include
some bias. This graph is only for an overview and monitoring station wise data may be analysed to pin point the most
affected and polluted patches of rivers in that district.
(Source: Water Quality Status Of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB)
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
81 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure No. 16.2: Trend of average occurrence for different category of WQI in West flowing
(Source: Water Quality Status of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB)
Note: This graph considers the average WQI for all the monitoring stations in that particular basin and hence may include
some bias. This graph is only for an overview and monitoring station wise data may be analysed to pin point the most
affected and polluted patches of rivers in that basin.
The intra basin performance of west flowing and nalla across four districts of the state are
depicted in the Figure No. 16.1 and the average annual occurrence of different category of Water
Quality Index across all WQMS is depicted in the Figure No. 16.2.
The results showed that among four districts, namely Thane, Mumbai, Raigad and Ratnagiri,
the annual average WQI of Mumbai were consistently in Bad to Medium category (38-63) across all
the years. In the year 2015-16 WQI has also shown a decline which indicates the deteriorating water
quality in Mumbai.
Raigad, Ratnagiri and Thane were in Good to Excellent (63-100) category. Thane and
Ratnagiri have shown improvement in its category this year compared to last year (2014-15). Even
though the WQI for Raigad is in Good to Excellent category, a decreasing trend could be observed
over the years.
Figure No. 16.2 shows average annual occurrence of WQI across WQM stations of coastal basin for
west flowing s and nallas. In the year 2015-16, West flowing shows the decrease in the occurrence
of Medium to Good category of WQI as compared to last 7 years. The decline trend in WQI may be
due to unavailability of data. The occurrence of Medium to Good category has increased this year.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
82 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 16.16 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations in West Flowing River Basin
Program Station ID River Station Name Village Taluka District
NWMP 2654 Bhatsa Bhatsa at D/s of Liberty Oil Mills Satne Shahapur Thane
NWMP 2653 Bhatsa Bhatsa at D/s of Liberty Oil Mills Satne Shahapur Thane
NWMP 1094 Ulhas Ulhas at U/s of Badlapur water
works
Kulgaon Ambernath Thane
NWMP 1093 Ulhas Ulhas at U/s of NRC Bund Mohane Kalyan Thane
NWMP 2162 Ulhas Ulhas at Jambhul water works Jambhul Ambernath Thane
NWMP 1461 Bhatsa Bhatsa at D/s of Pise Dam Pise Bhiwandi Thane
NWMP 1092 Kalu Kalu at Atale village Atale Kalyan Thane
NWMP 2712 Vaitarna Vaitarna near Road Bridge Gandhare Wada Thane
NWMP 2709 Tansa Tansa near road bridge Dakewali Wada Thane
NWMP 2707 Surya Surya at MIDC pumping station Garvashet Palghar Thane
NWMP 2706 Surya Surya U/s of Surya Dam Dhamni Vikramgad Thane
NWMP 2696 Pelhar Pelhar dam Pelhar Vasai Palghar
NWMP 2168 Mithi Mithi at near bridge Mahim Bandra Mumbai
NWMP 2714 Vashishti Vashishti at U/s of Pophali near
Konphansawane Bridge
Pophali Chiplun Ratnagiri
NWMP 2676 Muchkundi Muchkundi at Waked Ratnagiri
near M/s Asahi India Glass
Waked Lanja Ratnagiri
SWMP 202 Vashisti Vashisti At Khadpoli, Taluka
Chiplun, District - Ratnagiri
Khadpoli Chiplun Ratnagiri
NWMP 2164 Vashishti Vashishti at U/s of Three M
Paper Mills near M/s Multifilms
Plastic Pvt Ltd
Kherdi Chiplun Ratnagiri
NWMP 2713 Vashishti Vashishti at D/s of Three M
Paper Mills near Chiplun water
intake Jackwell
Kherdi Chiplun Ratnagiri
SWMP 201 Sonpatra Sonpatra At Kotwali Village,
Taluka - Khed, District - Ratnagiri
Kotwali Khed Ratnagiri
SWMP 203 Jagbudi Jagbudi , D/S of Khed City,
Taluka - Khed, District Ratnagiri
Khed City Khed Ratnagiri
SWMP 204 Jog Jog at Dapoli, Taluka Dapoli,
District - Rantnagiri
Dapoli Dapoli Ratnagiri
NWMP 2654 Bhatsa Bhatsa at D/s of Liberty Oil Mills Satne Shahapur Thane
NWMP 2653 Bhatsa Bhatsa at D/s of Liberty Oil Mills Satne Shahapur Thane
NWMP 1094 Ulhas Ulhas at U/s of Badlapur water
works
Kulgaon Ambernath Thane
NWMP 1093 Ulhas Ulhas at U/s of NRC Bund Mohane Kalyan Thane
NWMP 2162 Ulhas Ulhas at Jambhul water works Jambhul Ambernath Thane
NWMP 1461 Bhatsa Bhatsa at D/s of Pise Dam Pise Bhiwandi Thane
NWMP 1092 Kalu Kalu at Atale village Atale Kalyan Thane
NWMP 2712 Vaitarna Vaitarna near Road Bridge Gandhare Wada Thane
NWMP 2709 Tansa Tansa near road bridge Dakewali Wada Thane
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
83 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Program Station ID River Station Name Village Taluka District
NWMP 2707 Surya Surya at MIDC pumping station Garvashet Palghar Thane
NWMP 2706 Surya Surya U/s of Surya Dam Dhamni Vikramgad Thane
NWMP 2696 Pelhar Pelhar dam Pelhar Vasai Palghar
NWMP 2168 Mithi Mithi at near bridge Mahim Bandra Mumbai
NWMP 2714 Vashishti Vashishti at U/s of Pophali near
Konphansawane Bridge
Pophali Chiplun Ratnagiri
NWMP 2676 Muchkundi Muchkundi at Waked Ratnagiri
near M/s Asahi India Glass
Waked Lanja Ratnagiri
SWMP 202 Vashisti Vashisti At Khadpoli, Taluka
Chiplun, District - Ratnagiri
Khadpoli Chiplun Ratnagiri
NWMP 2164 Vashishti Vashishti at U/s of Three M
Paper Mills near M/s Multifilms
Plastic Pvt Ltd
Kherdi Chiplun Ratnagiri
NWMP 2713 Vashishti Vashishti at D/s of Three M
Paper Mills near Chiplun water
intake Jackwell
Kherdi Chiplun Ratnagiri
SWMP 201 Sonpatra Sonpatra At Kotwali Village,
Taluka - Khed, District - Ratnagiri
Kotwali Khed Ratnagiri
SWMP 203 Jagbudi Jagbudi , D/S of Khed City,
Taluka - Khed, District Ratnagiri
Khed City Khed Ratnagiri
SWMP 204 Jog Jog at Dapoli, Taluka Dapoli,
District - Rantnagiri
Dapoli Dapoli Ratnagiri
Source: Extracted Data From Water Quality Status Of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB
It is seen in Figure 16.1 & 16.2 that the water quality in rivers in Mumbai & Thane is
assuredly low as compared to that in Raigad & Ratnagiri. As the data shows, there is annual variation
in all places possibly due to the flushing discharges which vary annually depending upon the rains.
16.6 Water Quality Analysis for Groundwater
In the Maharashtra state, CGWB, GSDA and MPCB, monitor ground water quality across various
districts of the state. MPCB has 50 groundwater monitoring stations where water quality is
monitored twice a year for parameters like pH, Nitrate, TDS, Hardness, Fluoride, microbial content,
Sulphate and soon. Parametric values for the pH, Nitrate, Fluoride and hardness in terms of CaCO3 is
presented in the following section. Graphical representation of pH, Nitrate, Fluoride, and Hardness
for the year 2015-16 is as below.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
84 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure No.16.3: Parametric values of pH recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at Kalyan, Navi
Mumbai, Raigad and Thane (Values on X-axis for Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad, Thane represents years)
Note : Figures below graph are Station Numbers
Source: Extracted Data From Water Quality Status Of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB
Figure No.16.4: Parametric values of Nitrate recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at
Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane.
Note : Figures below graph are Station Numbers.
(Values on X-axis for Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad, Thane represents years)
Source: Extracted Data From Water Quality Status Of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
85 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure No.16.5: Parametric values of Fluoride recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at
Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane
Note : Figures below graph are Station Numbers
Source: Extracted Data From Water Quality Status Of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB
Figure No.16.6: Parametric values of Hardness at CaCo3 recorded at WQMS monitoring groundwater at
Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane.
Note : Figures below graph are Station Numbers
(Values on X-axis for Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Raigad, Thane represents years)
Source: Extracted Data From Water Quality Status Of Maharashtra 2015-16 by MPCB
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
86 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 16.17 Ground Water Quality Monitoring Stations in West Flowing River
Programme Regional
Office
Station
ID
Station Name District Taluka Type of well Village
SWMP Kalyan 205 Dug well opp.
KAMA office, MIDC
Ph-I, Dombivali
Kalyan Dombivali Dug well MIDC,Dombivali
SWMP Kalyan 206 Dug well near
Mamta Hospital,
Milap Nagar,
Dombivali
Kalyan Dombivali Dug well MIDC,Dombivali
SWMP Kalyan 207 Dug well at
pimpleshwar
Temple, MIDC Ph-II,
Dombivali
Kalyan Dombivali Dug well MIDC,Dombivali
SWMP Kalyan 208 Dug well addjusent
to M/S. Altra pure
chem., Sr. No. 45,
Hissa No. 3, MIDC
Ph-II, Dombivali.
Kalyan Dombivali Dug well MIDC,Dombivali
SWMP Navi
Mumbai
214 Borewell at
TTCWMA, Mahape
Thane Thane Borewell TTCWMA,Mahape
SWMP Navi
Mumbai
215 Well water at
Turbhe Store,
Turbhe
Thane Thane Well Turbhe
SWMP Raigad 217 Borewell water at
village Milgaon,
Taluka - Khalapur,
District - Raigad.
Raigad Khalapur Borewell Milgaon
SWMP Raigad 218 Borewell water
near MSW site,
Murud - Janjira.
Borewell Murud Janjira
NWMP Raigad 1989 Bore well at
MWML Site at
Taloja
Raigad Panvel Bore well Karawla- Taloja
NWMP Thane 1984 Bore well at M/s
Tata Iron {} Steel
Co. Ltd, S-76
Thane Palghar Bore well MIDCTarapur,
Industrial Estate,
Tarapur
NWMP Thane 1985 Dug well at 5 Star
Industrial Estate
Thane Mira-
Bhayander
Dug well Kashimira
NWMP Thane 1986 Bore well at
Motapada
Thane Dahanu Bore well Motapada
NWMP Thane 1987 Bore well at Vasai Thane Vasai Bore well Gokhiware
NWMP Thane 1988 Bore well at
Gharatwadi,
Palghar
Thane Palghar Bore well Aliyali
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
87 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
16.7 Polluted River Stretches
Water quality data under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme is analysed and
locations exceeding the water quality criteria are identified as polluted locations with respect to risk.
Priority levels of polluted stretches are based on the Risk, which is defined as;
RISK= FREQUENCY OF VIOLATION OF CRITERIA X CONSEQUENCE (MAGNITUDE)
Degree of violation is with respect to water quality criteria for drinking water source with
conventional treatment with respect to BOD. Polluted locations in a continuous sequence are
defined as polluted river stretches.
Table 16.18 : Pollution priorities - River stretches
Priority Criteria
1 2
Priority No 1 Monitoring locations exceeding BOD concentration 30 mg/l has been considered as the
standard of sewage treatment plant and in river it appears without dilution. River
locations having water quality exceeding discharge standards for BOD to fresh water
sources)
Priority No 2 Monitoring locations having BOD between 20-30 mg/l.All monitoring locations exceeding
BOD concentration 6 mg/l on all occasions.
Priority No 3 Monitoring locations having BOD between 10-20 mg/l.All monitoring locations exceeding
BOD concentration 6 mg/l on all occasions
Priority No 4 Monitoring locations having BOD between 6-10 mg/l.
Priority No 5 Monitoring locations having BOD between 3-6 mg/l.
The locations exceeding desired water quality of 3mg/l BOD.
Source: River Stretches For Restoration of Water Quality CPCB Publication Feb 2015
Table 16.19 Polluted River Stretches
Sr No Name Of
Region
Name Of Sub
Basin
Name Of
River
Polluted
Stretch
Name Of Villages / Town In The
Polluted Reach
(Km)
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
West
Flowing
River
basin
Ulhas Ulhas 20 KHADAKPADA, ULHAS NAGAR,
DOMBIVALI, KALYAN
2 Kundalika Kundalika 25 SUNDARNAGAR, ASHTAMI, ROHA
3 Ulhas Bhatsa 20 SHAHAPUR, BHATSA,BHADANE
4 Vashisti Vashisti 3 KHERDI,DALVATNE,CHIPLUN
5 Amba Amba 10 POYNAD, BENSE, ROHA
6 Patalganga Patalganga 30 KHOPOLI, KHARPADA,
KHALAPUR,APTA
7 Savitri Savitri 2 DADLI,MUTHAVALI, RAJEWADI,
KEMBURLI
8 Vaitarna Surya 40 DHARAMPUR, HARANWALI, PALGHAR
150 27 (Villages/Towns)
Source: Extracted information from CPCB Feb 2015 Restoration of Polluted River Stretches
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
88 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
It is observed that about 150 Km length of rivers / tributaries in the West Flowing River
basin is polluted. Twenty Seven towns / cities are on the banks of rivers and the untreated effluent
released in the rivers is polluting stretches of Rivers on their downstream. In addition to that,
partially treated or untreated industrial effluent is also being released in rivers, which is polluting
such rivers / tributaries on their downstream. Depending on risk factor, the priority of rivers is
decided and is as stated below.
Table16.20: POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES AND PRIORITY CLASSES
Sr
No
River Name Stretch
Identified
BOD
Range
Min- Max
Value
Priority Towns Identified Approximat
e Length of
Stretch
(Km)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 ULHAS KALYAN TO
BADLAPUR
3.8-5.0 V KHADAKPADA, ULHAS
NAGAR, DOMBIVALI,
KALYAN
20
2 KUNDALIKA SALAV TO
ROHA
4.6-29.0 II SUNDARNAGAR,
ASHTAMI, ROHA
25
3 BHATSA SHAHAPUR
TO
BHADANE
5.8-6.6 IV SHAHAPUR,
BHATSA,
BHADANE
20
4 VASHISTI KHERDI TO
DALVATNE
3.2-4.8 V KHERDI,DALVATNE,
CHIPLUN
3
5 AMBA BENSE TO
ROHA
5 V POYNAD, BENSE, ROHA 10
6 PATALGANGA KHADEPADA
TO KOPOLI
4.0-4.4 V KHOPOLI,KHARPADA,KH
ALAPUR,APTA
30
7 SAVITRI DADLI TO
MUTHAVALI
4.4-15 III DADLI,MUTHAVALI,RAJE
WADI,KEMBURLI
2
8 SURYA DHAMNI
DAM TO
PALGHAR
4.6-8.0 IV DHARAMPUR,HARANW
ALI,
PALGHAR
40
Total 150
Source: River Stretches For Restoration of Water Quality CPCB Publication Feb 2015
16.8 Summary and Recommendations 16.8.1 Commission/Committees and their Recommendations
Water Quality Assessment Authority (WQAA) has constituted a Task Force in exercise of
powers conferred by sub-section (1) and (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act,1986
to recommend measures for optimum Water Quality Observation Network and coordinated data
collection and dissemination system to assist the WQAA.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
89 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
A) Terms of reference (ToR) of the Task Force are as follows:
• Development of Water Quality data information system and recommend the steps for
coordination in collection, use and dissemination of data.
• Review of Water Quality Monitoring network and recommend optimum network for the
country.
• Recommend system for Accreditation of Water Quality laboratories in the country.
B) The Water Quality Assessment Authority has so far performed the following tasks:
• Constituted Expert Group for review of the present Water Quality Monitoring programme
for formulating a monitoring protocol.
• Constituted State Level Water Quality Review Committees to review monitoring practices at
the state level and to highlight the important state issues for consideration by the Authority.
So far 33 States Level Committees have been constituted out of 35 States / UTs in the
country.
• Co-ordination cell in MoWR has been created for servicing the Authority.
C) Some of the important recommendations of Expert Group for its uniform implementation
are:
• Recommended protocol identifies different types of stations both under surface and
groundwater category viz. Baseline, Trend, and Trend cum-Surveillance/impact for
implementation. This categorization is based on the extent to which the water at site is
polluted. Baseline station being the least polluted by the human activity, number of
parameters and its frequency for monitoring differs at each type of stations.
• There is an urgent need for developing two referral laboratories, one with the Central Water
Commission and the other with the Central Ground Water Board.
• Quality assurance test viz. analytical quality control test ‘within laboratory’ and ‘inter
laboratory’ must be performed by all laboratories for ensuring reliability in data generation.
• State Level Water Quality Review Committee (NEERI) 2011
D) Overall analysis of data and WQI indicates many areas of improvement, especially data
collection and analysis. Some of these areas of improvement are:
• Process of collection of samples and analysis of water samples across the state shows the
intent to understand the water bodies’ behavior based on quality attributes
• Quality, however, suffers from a significant QA/QC process, which is leading to many values
with high variation.
• Outlier’s analysis does lead to elimination of some very high values; however, the same has
been mentioned in the report. This can be made as a regular practice wherein local variation
in the Water Quality could be easily recorded.
• Regular training and awareness program for all stakeholders, especially personnel
responsible for water sample collection as also analysis.
E) Overall analysis seeks improvement in following areas:
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
90 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
• Capacity building of personnel carrying out sampling and analysis
• Awareness and communication with the locals and municipal bodies for sharing of data and
suggestions of improvement
• Creating linkages with the data for decision making for better river water quality.
• Demand driven sewage management through decentralized system.
• Seeking alternate use of treated waste water before it gets discharged in the river, thus
reducing pollutant loads.
• Strict compliance and regular monitoring for industrial discharges.
16.8.2 Overview of the Difficulties, Gaps, Suggestions and Recommendations
A) Difficulties & Gaps
Urban centres are disposing untreated water into nearby streams / river and polluting them,
which is adversely affecting the environment and the drinking water sources on their
downstream.
B) Recommendations
• There is need for further expansion of water quality monitoring and testing unit under HP.
• Compulsory treatment and reuse of domestic and industrial effluent is recommended
before waste water is let into rivers to maintain integrity of aquatic ecosystems and bio-
diversity.
• Trend cum surveillance stations for both surface and groundwater quality monitoring are
recommended.
• MPCB should chalk out a time bound action plan to implement recommendations of CPCB
about the increasing trend of number of polluted rivers.
16.8.3 Action Points and Recommendations–
By and large, it is seen that quality of surface water from reservoirs and ground water is
suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. In specified stretches of West Flowing Rivers and its
tributaries especially on downstream of towns/cities and industrial estates, water flowing through
them in fair weather is highly polluted and unsuitable for any use. In some talukas, quality of ground
water is well below the permissible limits and necessary treatment would have to be provided to it
prior to its use for drinking purposes. Purpose of collecting surface and ground water samples at
different locations and at different time of the year is to ascertain its year round suitability for
drinking & domestic use or for industrial use or for irrigation use. Hence recommendations made by
various committees as stated above should be followed to improve the network of sampling stations
and water sample testing procedures. If monitored continuously, such factual information would
identify the locations where quality of water is below the acceptable standards and would highlight
the need to take appropriate actions to improve the quality of water so as to bring it within the
acceptable limits according to the purpose of its use, for the benefit of its users. Besides degrading
the aquatic ecosystems and exterminating aquatic life in the River water, pollution has following
adverse impacts:
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
91 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
• Trend of deterioration in the river water quality due to pollution resulting from release of
untreated or partially treated urban effluent and industrial effluent in the natural streams is
increasing at a fast pace. Unless immediate measures are taken for treatment of effluent
prior to its release in natural streams, the situation may go out of control and ultimately
might lead to ‘Eutrophication’ ( abundant algal growth in lake water, thereby making it
unsuitable for any use) of some man-made reservoirs. Hence close monitoring of quality of
water of such reservoirs during winter and summer seasons is essential.
• Pumping of such polluted river water for its use in irrigated agriculture is deteriorating
quality of ground water in such irrigated areas. Removal of pollutants from ground water is
a long drawn and costly process. Besides that, use of polluted River water for irrigation is
contaminating the agricultural produce and its consumption is a health hazard to the
unaware consumer.
• Some drinking water supply schemes depend on water from the polluted stretch of River as
their source. Despite providing some treatment to the water, there is possibility of causing
water-borne diseases by its consumption.
• Untreated / partly treated Industrial effluent containing toxic chemicals, heavy metals and
carcinogens are harmful in the long term if consumed even in small quantity through
drinking water or through contaminated agricultural produce grown on polluted water.
B) To improve this situation, following actions are recommended:
• Water samples from polluted streams/rivers/reservoirs should be taken frequently during
fair weather to ensure assessing efficacy of measure taken to reduce pollution of aquatic
ecosystems. Third party checking of such samples should also be carried out.
• Municipal Corporations/ Municipalities/Gram Panchayats should take necessary measures
to treat drinking water and should be held responsible to maintain quality of drinking water
they provide to the people.
• Institute a mechanism which would ensure treatment to all urban effluent prior to its
release in rivers or its use for irrigation in the following manner. Municipal Corporations /
Municipalities should be held statutorily responsible and accountable for 100% treatment of
urban effluent, on the principle of ‘Polluter Pays’. Government. should share part capital
cost of STPs/ETPs balance capital cost and full annual recurring cost of running and
maintenance should, however, be borne by the concerned Municipal Corporations /
Municipalities. They should raise necessary finance by levying ‘Sanitation Tax’ from the
water users.
• In view of the paucity of finances and high operating costs of conventional ETPs / STPs, non-
conventional eco-restorative technology needs to be evolved and adopted for treatment of
effluent from villages and small townships. Such systems require lot of space which is not
available in cities and hence cannot be adopted there. Hence such bio-treatments which are
less energy consuming should be tried and tested for small habitations say below 10,000 or
so. It can then be expanded for larger populations after reviewing their performance.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
92 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
• All urban effluent should be treated fully so as to make it suitable for use in irrigated
agriculture and it should be pumped into canal of the project from where irrigation water
has been diverted for urban use. It would partly restore the curtailed irrigation and would
mitigate ‘Urban-Rural conflict’.
• Ensure strict control on quality of industrial effluent, even by taking penal actions against
the defaulters. Institute a mechanism to induce recycling and reuse of water, with ultimate
aim of achieving ‘Zero effluent’ after industrial use.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
93 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
17 Recycle and Reuse of Water
17.1 Prologue
Due to continuously growing demand of water for various competing and conflicting uses,
but limited finite availability of water resource in the River basins, it is necessary to find out different
ways and means of making more water available for use by the humans, without compromising on
the requirements of natural ecosystems. Constructing additional water resource development
(WRD) infrastructure, improving water-use efficiency of the existing WRD infrastructure are the
measures normally adopted in the supply and demand management Because of phenomenal
increase in the rate of industrialization and consequent urbanization during last 3-4 decades, water
demand for urban and industrial use has increased substantially, invariably at the cost of
correspondingly reduced availability of water for irrigation. Besides that, it has given rise to
generation of polluted effluent and degradation of all natural and man-made aquatic ecosystems
due to release of untreated or partially treated effluent in the rivers. Hence treating the effluent
generated after non irrigation so as to make it suitable for reuse in irrigated agriculture is emerging
as a measure to meet increasing human demands and primarily to prevent degradation of aquatic
ecosystems.
For the industrial use of water, instead of treating the effluent generated and releasing it in
the rivers, it is advocated to treat it adequately and to recycle it in the process. Firstly this would
reduce consumptive demand of water and secondly it would solve the problem of pollution of
aquatic ecosystems. Ideally, ’Zero effluent’ policy would have to be adopted by all the industries in
the near future. This would reduce net demand of water for non-irrigation use and correspondingly
more water for irrigation.
Even if water is a reusable resource, it is vulnerable to pollution. Flowing water carries with
it – as floating matter, in dissolved state, in suspension or as rolling matter, different types of
pollutants and impurities. It can be said as a virtue because it conveys all these pollutants free of
cost, ultimately to the sea. However, because it gets polluted in the process, it cannot be used as a
‘Water Resource’ unless it is adequately treated. Any type of use of water by the humans generates
polluted effluent in one form or the other. Use of water for drinking purposes and for domestic use
generates effluent containing organic matter, faecal matter, phosphates (through detergents),
nitrates and pathogens. Industrial use of water generates effluent containing toxic chemicals, heavy
metals and carcinogens. After use in irrigated agriculture, applied water percolating in the ground
and emerging as regenerated surface water in streams, contains residues of organic/chemical
fertilizers and toxic chemicals from insecticides & pesticides.
About 80 to 85% of water consumed for urban use is regenerated as effluent and is available
for its reuse in irrigation after providing adequate treatment. Consumptive part of the industrial use
(e.g. used in manufacture of soft drinks, wine, liquor, beer, bottled water etc.) does not generate
effluent, but the water used for their processing / manufacturing generates polluted effluent.
Effluent generated from chemical, pharmaceutical, paper and textile industries contains organic
matter, toxic chemicals, heavy metals and carcinogens, if not treated adequately. Use of water as a
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
94 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
coolant in industries does not contaminate the effluent, but it should be encouraged to recycle and
reuse it. About 85 to 90% of non-consumptive industrial use of water emerges as effluent, unless it
is treated and recycled by the industries.
In that comparison, only about 5 to 25% of water applied for irrigation (depending on
method of application of water, from Micro Irrigation to flood irrigation) percolates into ground to
firstly recharge Groundwater and after saturation of aquifers emerges in streams as regenerated
water. For the purpose of assessment/estimation of Groundwater potential, component of applied
irrigation water that contributes to Groundwater recharge is taken into account by the GSDA by
making suitable assumptions for the purpose of augmentation in Groundwater recharge.
Conjunctive use of surface water and Groundwater is permitted / encouraged by Water User
Associations (WUA) in the canal commands. It has been planned to introduce Micro Irrigation
Systems for all perennial irrigation in the canal commands in the next decade. Groundwater
exploitation is much on the increase in command as well as non-command areas. Hence flow of
regenerated water would be negligible in the near future. There are many existing KT weirs or
barrages on most of the major rivers. Regenerated water from irrigation and river flow which
consists mainly of untreated urban/industrial effluent is already being lifted for irrigation at such
weirs. Hence small quantity of water that is likely to be available as regenerated flow into streams
after applied irrigation is generally not accounted for separately. With the result estimation of
quantum of effluent generated and the problems associated with it (pollution, treatment and reuse)
are predominantly for non-irrigation use of water.
17.1.1 Quantity of effluent generated after urban and industrial use of water
World-wide trend observed in developing countries is that, percentage of population
residing in urban areas when compared with total population is always on the increase. India and
industrially developed state like Maharashtra is no exception to it. So far, difference in norms for
domestic use of water/capita/day between urban and rural use was about 100 litres/day. It meant
that, migration of one person from rural to urban area would increase daily water demand by 100
litres/day and would generate corresponding additional effluent of 80 to 85 litres/day/person.
Despite the norms, actual supply of water to most of the cities and towns in the state is much less
than the norms and so is the state of affairs for rural population. Even then, consumption of water
for urban use would continue to increase (at the cost of corresponding curtailment of water
presently allocated for irrigation use) in the future, giving rise to Urban-Rural conflicts. Hence the
problems associated with treatment of effluent and its reuse for irrigation is required to be studied
very carefully. Maharashtra is one of the industrially well-developed states in the country. The trend
would continue in the future, thereby increasing the rate of urbanisation and so the demand for
urban and industrial use of water.
Above problems which are associated with non-irrigation use of water could firstly be
mitigated by resorting to ‘demand management’ of such use. Following are some of the measures
which should be implemented first so as to reduce the demand of water.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
95 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Water rates charged to Municipal Corporations/Municipalities should be telescopic. Rates
for water use beyond norms (or beyond some specified limit for each city depending on availability
of water in the source) should be much higher to prevent/control wasteful of water.
Water supply by meters should be made mandatory to avoid wastage / misuse of water.
Performance monitoring of underground water conveyance system should be compulsory to
trace leakages and to rectify them.
For the industrial use, water rates should be used as an economic instrument to induce the
industrialists to recycle the water, instead of releasing it as polluted effluent.
For the non-consumptive part of use of water by the industries, policy of ‘Zero effluent’
should be made compulsory. It would reduce consumption of water and would appreciably reduce
quantum of polluted effluent released in the river systems.
17.1.2 Regenerated water after use in irrigated agriculture
At present there is no mechanism to either test the quality of regenerated water after use in
irrigation or to control the pollution caused by the residues of chemical fertilizers and insecticides &
pesticides. Use of organic manure and biological control of pests is possible, but there are many
limitations and constraints in implementing them in practice. However, it is necessary to test quality
of water regenerated after irrigation use at least on major irrigation projects in the state where
perennial crops are grown. If the results of tests show some alarming trends, timely action should be
taken to control such pollution. As explained in para 17.1 above, regenerated water need not be
accounted as a source for reuse.
17.1.3 Effluent generated from Industrial use
For the serious issue of pollution of aquatic ecosystems due to release of untreated/partially
treated industrial effluent, shortcomings and loop holes in the present system of exercising control
on the quality of treated effluent need to be appreciably improved. Responsibilities and
accountability of exercising the control on quality of released effluent should be well defined, with a
provision for action against the officials and industrialists responsible for not ensuring/exercising the
control. During the coming 15 years up to 2030, policy of ‘Zero effluent’ should be strictly
implemented for industrial use of water.
17.1.4 Effluent generated from Domestic use
Water required for urban population is generally purchased, usually at subsidized rates, by
Municipal Corporations/Municipalities from some dams near about which are constructed by WRD
and after treating it to make it suitable for drinking purposes, is distributed & provided through taps
to the citizens. They recover water tax from the users to meet the necessary expenses. However,
they are neither responsible nor accountable for full treatment of the effluent generated after such
urban use of water, prior to its release in rivers. In order to enable reuse of urban effluent for use in
irrigation and thereby to prevent degradation of aquatic ecosystems, there is a need to constitute a
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
96 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
statutory mechanism by passing enabling Acts and Rules, to make Municipal Corporations
/Municipalities responsible for the same, on the principle ‘Polluter pays’.
17.1.5 Treatment of effluent prior to its release in rivers Necessity of treatment of effluent generated after non irrigation use prior to its release in
the natural river systems has been the most neglected part in the management of water resource.
Release of untreated effluent has been causing following hazards:
It pollutes natural Riverine ecosystems into which effluent is released and .also the man-
made ecosystems i.e. Reservoirs into which such polluted rivers drain.
Consumption of polluted water by the population and cattle along both banks of the river is
a potential health hazard due to presence of toxic chemicals and carcinogens. There is possibility of
outbreak of epidemics and water-borne diseases due to presence of pathogens in the faecal matter.
Use of polluted water flowing through rivers for irrigation by the farmers located on banks
of rivers contaminates the agricultural produce, which is a health hazard for the consumers. Besides
that, applying polluted water to the fields pollutes the Groundwater permanently in such areas.
Removal of pollutants retained in the Groundwater is a very difficult and long drawn process.
It may be borne in mind that, cost of construction of a dam to store water for different uses
is a ‘One time investment’. At a negligible cost required for its annual maintenance, it continues to
store monsoon runoff every year to make it available for human use every year. As against that,
even if water is a reusable resource, we cannot make use of it unless effluent is adequately treated
to make it suitable at least for irrigation use. This investment is quite high per unit of water so made
available (in comparison with the cost of storing per unit of water in dams) and it has to be made
every year to get that much quantity of water for reuse every year. Such treatment involves lot of
capital investment for installation of the Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) and heavy recurring
expenditure for its operation and maintenance. Running of ETPs requires heavy consumption of
electric energy. In order to prevent degradation of natural and man-made ecosystems and to get
additional precious water resource through reuse, it is necessary to estimate financial implications
involved in these operations and make adequate provision for the same in the Water Plans (WP) for
all River basins. Besides that, it is necessary to indicate mechanism to install the ETPs, identify
possible sources for raising funds to meet their expenses towards capital investment & recurring
costs. Besides that, strict monitoring of quality of treated effluent prior to its use in irrigated
agriculture would have to be done, preferably through third party agency. Treatment of all the
effluent generated after urban use is essential for preventing degradation of natural and man-made
aquatic ecosystems and availability of treated effluent for reuse in agriculture should be considered
as an incidental advantage.
17.2 Status in West Flowing River Basin 17.2.1 Industrial Water use
Total quantum of Industrial effluent from all the sub-basins of west flowing river basin is about
624.22 Mm³ and that from domestic use is about 1809.34 Mm³. It is estimated to increase to about
1076.27 Mm³ and about 2115.69 Mm³ respectively up to 2030. (Table 17.1)
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
97 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 17.1 Industrial and Domestic Effluent
Sr No
Name Of Sub-basin
Industrial Effluent Domestic Effluent Total Effluent (Mm3) (Mm3 (Mm3)
At Present Up To 2030 At Present Up To 2030 At Present Up To 2030 1 2 3.00 4.00 5 6 7 8 1 Ambika 0.00 2.69 0.00 0.008 0.00 2.70 2 Auranga 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.240 0.00 0.24
3 NarPar 0.00 6.33 0.00 0.008 0.00 6.34 4 Damanganga 0.00 8.47 0.00 10.216 0.00 18.69 5 Vaitarna 0.83 12.78 47.08 79.750 47.91 92.53
6 Stream
between D &
V
21.92 32.82 7.50 28.700 29.42 61.52
7 Ulhas 198.86 298.80 352.26 325.184 551.12 623.98 8 Patalganga 14.60 40.00 159.97 213.240 174.57 253.24
9 Amba 35.20 101.60 14.32 1.152 49.52 102.75 10 Kundalika 22.14 54.46 11.49 14.192 33.63 68.66 11 Mhasala 0.00 0.00 10.29 1.472 10.29 1.47
12 Savitri 3.44 11.68 8.26 20.048 11.70 31.73 13 Bharja 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.440 0.24 0.44 14 Vashishthi 190.99 232.24 3.82 8.912 194.82 241.15
15 Shastri 3.89 14.06 3.56 7.256 7.44 21.31 16 Muchkundi 0.00 0.50 0.26 2.720 0.26 3.22 17 Kajavi 0.00 0.00 1.48 1.776 1.48 1.78
18 Kodavali 0.00 0.42 0.26 0.976 0.26 1.40 19 Waghotan 0.00 0.00 1.30 4.504 1.30 4.50 20 Devgad 0.00 0.00 1.79 6.768 1.79 6.77
21 Achara 0.97 37.62 1.26 1.856 2.23 39.47 22 Gad 0.00 0.00 1.36 3.160 1.36 3.16 23 Karli 0.30 2.63 0.38 1.720 0.68 4.35
24 Vegurla 0.00 0.00 1.02 3.376 1.02 3.38 25 Terekhol 0.08 32.55 2.42 6.384 2.50 38.93 26 Tillari 0.13 2.86 1.10 1.792 1.22 4.65
27 Mahadayi 0.00 32.00 0.00 4.000 0.00 36.00
28 Mumbai
Island
130.88 151.76 1177.92 1365.840 1308.80 1517.60
Total 624.22 1076.27 1809.34 2115.69 2433.56 3191.96
Source: Information of Industrial Effluent is compiled from the report of 28 sub-basins of West Flowing River basin
and that of Domestic Effluent is calculated from the water balance of West Flowing River basin in chapter 10
17.2.2 Domestic use of Water
In West Flowing river basin total urban population is 218.36 Lakh and rural population is
87.12 lakh at present. It is expected to increase to 281.18 lakh souls for urban and 112.24 lakh souls
from rural area respectively. Details of present and expected future population and water demands
are as shown in the table No. 17.2 below.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
98 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 17.2 Population and Domestic Water Demand
Sr.
No.
Name Of
Sub-basin
Population Water Demand
In 2011 By 2030 In 2011@ By 2030@
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
(Lakh) (Lakh) (Lakh) (Lakh) (Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 Ambika 0 20025 0 31668 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
2 Auranga 0 51183 0 63978 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30
3 NarPar 0 188592 0 235759 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
4 Damanganga 0 630797 0 788496 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.77
5 Vaitarna 1230000 1034000 1537000 1292000 48.43 10.42 75.76 23.93
6 Stream
between D
& V
105000 625828 149000 782285 3.58 5.80 7.34 28.54
7 Ulhas 5115000 1234000 6398700 1538300 378.42 61.90 350.33 56.15
8 Patalganga 2457219 1793183 3734660 2260764 170.93 29.03 184.03 82.52
9 Amba 21725 211110 29228 297474 2.93 14.97 1.44 0.00
10 Kundalika 47429 339036 67396 426330 1.98 12.38 3.32 14.42
11 Mhasala 21188 125062 28510 168283 2.86 10.00 1.40 0.44
12 Savitri 46276 405721 57815 608584 0.03 10.29 2.85 22.21
13 Bharja 0 60149 0 65000 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.55
14 Vashishthi 87744 517739 109680 647174 2.85 1.93 5.40 5.74
15 Shastri 106187 517708 132733 647138 3.63 0.81 6.54 2.53
16 Muchkundi 18000 135067 35000 235000 0.33 0.00 1.72 1.68
17 Kajavi 30370 103101 37963 136982 1.50 0.35 1.87 0.35
18 Kodavali 16500 91500 24750 110250 0.32 0.00 1.22 0.00
19 Waghotan 0 112718 0 154182 0.00 1.62 0.00 5.63
20 Devgad 0 154652 0 231900 0.00 2.24 0.00 8.46
21 Achara 0 45653 0 63494 0.00 1.58 0.00 2.32
22 Gad 26691 70410 27091 71537 0.68 1.02 1.34 2.61
23 Karli 17137 16053 25705 24080 0.25 0.23 1.27 0.88
24 Vengurla 22901 46287 34352 69431 0.59 0.68 1.69 2.53
25 Terekhol 23851 119955 28621 179933 1.28 1.75 1.41 6.57
26 Tillari 0 62799 0 94199 0.00 1.37 0.00 2.24
27 Mahadayi 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
28 Mumbai
Island
12442376 0 15660000 0.00 1472.40 0.00 1707.30 0.00
Total 21835594 8712328 28118204 11224221 2092.99 168.682 2356.23 288.383
Source - Above information is abstracted from the State plan of West Flowing River Basin given by MJP
Sub basin wise available effluent from urban area and amount of treated effluent available for reuse
is shown in table No. 17.3.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
99 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 17-3 Treated Urban Effluent Available For Reuse
Sr.No Name Of Sub-basin Water Demand(Mm3) Domestic Effluent 80%
Of Demand (Mm3)
Treated Effluent
available for reuse 80%
Of Domestic
Effluent(Mm3)
At
Present
By 2030 At Present By 2030 At Present By 2030
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Ambika 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 Auranga 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 NarPar 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 Damanganga 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 Vaitarna 48.43 75.76 38.74 60.61 0.00 48.49
6 Stream between D &
V
3.58 7.34 2.86 5.87 0.00 4.70
7 Ulhas 378.42 350.33 302.74 280.26 0.00 224.21
8 Patalganga 170.93 184.03 136.74 147.22 0.00 117.78
9 Amba 2.93 1.44 2.34 1.15 0.00 0.92
10 Kundalika 1.98 3.32 1.58 2.66 0.00 2.12
11 Mhasala 2.86 1.40 2.29 1.12 0.00 0.90
12 Savitri 0.03 2.85 0.02 2.28 0.00 1.82
13 Bharja 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
14 Vashishthi 2.85 5.40 2.28 4.32 0.00 3.46
15 Shastri 3.63 6.54 2.91 5.23 0.00 4.19
16 Muchkundi 0.33 1.72 0.26 1.38 0.00 1.10
17 Kajavi 1.50 1.87 1.20 1.50 0.00 1.20
18 Kjodavali 0.32 1.22 0.26 0.98 0.00 0.78
19 Wagothan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
20 Devgad 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
21 Achara 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
22 Gad 0.68 1.34 0.54 1.07 0.00 0.86
23 Karli 0.25 1.27 0.20 1.02 0.00 0.81
24 Vengurla 0.59 1.69 0.47 1.35 0.00 1.08
25 Terekhol 1.28 1.41 1.02 1.13 0.00 0.90
26 Tillari 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
27 Mahadayi 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
28 Mumbai Island 1472.40 1707.30 1177.92 1365.84 0.00 1092.67
Total 2092.99 2356.23 1674.37 1884.98 0.0 1507.99
(As per CPHEEO estimates about 70-80% of total water supplied for domestic use gets generated as wastewater.)
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
100 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
17.2.3 Waste Water management
17.2.3.1 Industrial waste
Maharashtra pollution control board (MPCB) while giving consent to any industry, under
section 26 of the water (Prevention and control pollution) Act 1974 and under section 21 of the Air
(Prevention & control of pollution) Act 1981 imposes certain conditions. The effluent is required to
be treated so that it is suitable for use in irrigated agriculture and hence it is allowed to be released
in the natural streams.
MPCB had modified and published the enforcement policy vide notification dated
29/02/2016. This policy includes directions given by Hon'ble National Green Tribunal (NGT) on
16/05/2014 .Under the policy, Zero liquid discharge norms have been changed. It has been decided
that zero liquid discharge would mean total utilization of liquid effluent in the process. Hence it has
become mandatory to the industry to improve the process of effluent treatment so water is of such
quality that they could reuse it. This would also ensure saving of raw water in large quantity and no
discharge from any industry would be let out in the river.
Policy of Zero Effluent would require lot of efforts and time and hence may not be
considered as effective for the calculations of industrial effluent at present. MPCB should, however,
plan to implement policy of zero effluent from now onwards and it is expected that it would be
gradually enforced and fully implemented by 2030. Hence we should assume that there would be no
industrial effluent to treat by 2030. There would, however, be consumption of water for
consumable part of industrial use.
17.2.3.2 Domestic Waste 17.2.3.2.1 Towns and Urban Area
In west flowing river basin, total 14 No. of STP will be required to treat 1422.31 MLD waste water in
rural areas.
Table 17.4 Cost Of Sewage Treatment
Sr.No. Name Of Sub-basin
Waste Water Generated
(Mm³)
Waste Water
Generated
No. Of STP
Required
Capital Cost @ [Rs 4Cr. /MLD]
O & M Cost @ 7% of
capital cost (Cr)
(MLD) (Cr)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Ambika 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00
2 Auranga 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00
3 NarPar 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00
4 Damanganga 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00
5 Vaitarna 60.61 166.05 2 664.20 46.49
6 Stream
between D &
V
5.87 16.09 0 64.35 4.50
7 Ulhas 280.26 767.85 8 3071.39 215.00
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
101 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.No. Name Of Sub-basin
Waste Water Generated
(Mm³)
Waste Water
Generated
No. Of STP
Required
Capital Cost @ [Rs 4Cr. /MLD]
O & M Cost @ 7% of
capital cost (Cr)
(MLD) (Cr)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 Patalganga 147.22 403.35 4 1613.41 112.94
9 Amba 1.15 3.16 0 12.62 0.88
10 Kundalika 2.66 7.28 0 29.11 2.04
11 Mhasala 1.12 3.07 0 12.27 0.86
12 Savitri 2.28 6.25 0 24.99 1.75
13 Bharja 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00
14 Vashishthi 4.32 11.84 0 47.34 3.31
15 Shastri 5.23 14.33 0 57.34 4.01
16 Muchkundi 1.38 3.77 0 15.08 1.06
17 Kajavi 1.50 4.10 0 16.39 1.15
18 Kodavali 0.98 2.67 0 10.70 0.75
19 Waghotan 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00
20 Devgad 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00
21 Achara 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00
22 Gad 1.07 2.94 0 11.75 0.82
23 Karli 1.02 2.78 0 11.13 0.78
24 Vegurla 1.35 3.70 0 14.82 1.04
25 Terekhol 1.13 3.09 0 12.36 0.87
26 Tillari 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00
27 Mahadayi 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00
28 Mumbai
Island
1365.84 3742.03 37 14968.11 1047.77
Total 1884.98 5164.34 52.00 20657.36 1446.02
17.2.3.2.2 Process of Sludge Treatment in Urban Area
Flow diagram of the pumping stations and sludge treatment plant is as below
Figure 17-1 Flow Diagram for Main Pumping Station
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
102 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure 17-2 Flow Diagram for Sludge Treatment plant
National Rural Drinking Water Programme
17.2.3.2.3 Norms for Providing Potable Drinking Water in Rural Areas
Table17.5 Cost of Sewage Treatment for Rural Effluent
Name of Region/ District
Item
Method of Disposal
Total
Dry Pit For
Population <200
Public Porous Soak Pit
Population 200 to 499
West Stabilization Pond for Population
500 to 999
1000 to 1999
2000 to 4999
5000 t0
9999 Cost/ Unit
(Lakh) 0.075 0.095 0.65 1.2 2.65 4.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ambika No.of
Villages
13 1 13 3 2 0 32
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.975 0.095 8.45 3.6 5.3 0 18
Auranga No.of
Villages
0 6 23 14 5 0 48
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.000 0.57 14.95 16.8 13.25 0 46
Nar-Par No.of
Villages
2 42 70 53 11 2 180
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.150 4 45.5 63.6 29 10 152
Damanganga No.of
Villages
11 34 73 101 43 5 267
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.825 3.23 47.45 121.2 113.95 24 311
Vaitarna No.of
Villages
22 99 221 255 118 6 721
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
103 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Name of Region/ District
Item
Method of Disposal
Total
Dry Pit For
Population <200
Public Porous Soak Pit
Population 200 to 499
West Stabilization Pond for Population
500 to 999
1000 to 1999
2000 to 4999
5000 t0
9999 Cost/ Unit
(Lakh) 0.075 0.095 0.65 1.2 2.65 4.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Cost
( Lakhas)
1.650 9.405 143.65 306 312.7 28.8 802
Stream Between D & V No.of
Villages
2 16 40 85 79 22 244
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.150 1.52 26 102 209.35 105.6 445
Ulhas No.of
Villages
68 159 361 272 92 6 958
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
5.100 15.105 234.650 326.400 243.800 28.800 854
Patalganga No.of
Villages
40 80 123 139 71 70 523
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
3.000 7.6 79.95 166.8 188.15 336 782
Amba No.of
Villages
118 105 19 60 18 3 323
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
8.850 9.975 12.350 72.000 47.700 14.400 165
Kundalika No.of
Villages
57 90 132 60 23 8 370
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
4.275 8.55 85.8 72 60.95 38.4 270
Mhasala No.of
Villages
137 312 62 104 32 5 652
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
10.28 29.64 40.30 124.80 84.80 24.00 314
Savitri No.of
Villages
159 253 181 36 18 1 648
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
11.925 24.035 117.65 43.2 47.7 4.8 249
Bharja No.of
Villages
14 31 41 4 1 0 91
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
1.050 2.945 26.65 4.8 2.65 0 38
Vashishthi No.of
Villages
42 152 192 125 41 9 561
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
3.150 14.440 124.800 150.000 108.650 43.200 444
Shastri No.of
Villages
40 100 195 134 50 6 525
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
104 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Name of Region/ District
Item
Method of Disposal
Total
Dry Pit For
Population <200
Public Porous Soak Pit
Population 200 to 499
West Stabilization Pond for Population
500 to 999
1000 to 1999
2000 to 4999
5000 t0
9999 Cost/ Unit
(Lakh) 0.075 0.095 0.65 1.2 2.65 4.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Cost
( Lakhas)
3.000 9.5 126.75 160.8 132.5 28.8 461
Muchkundi No.of
Villages
15 55 55 50 10 1 186
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
1.125 5.225 35.75 60 26.5 4.8 133
Kajvi No.of
Villages
6 20 35 28 11 3 103
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.450 1.9 22.75 33.6 29.15 14.4 102
Kodavali No.of
Villages
27 125 128 69 8 2 359
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
2.025 11.875 83.2 82.8 21.2 9.6 211
Wagothan No.of
Villages
12 58 57 48 10 0 185
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.900 5.51 37.05 57.60 26.50 0.00 128
Devgad No.of
Villages
4 21 51 39 13 2 130
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.300 2.00 33.15 46.80 34.45 9.60 126
Achara No.of
Villages
2 14 22 18 2 0 58
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.150 1.33 14.30 21.60 5.30 0.00 43
Gad No.of
Villages
18 56 50 49 15 6 194
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
1.350 5.32 32.50 58.80 39.75 28.80 167
Karli No.of
Villages
8 36 62 61 15 2 184
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.600 3.42 40.30 73.20 39.75 9.60 167
Vengurla No.of
Villages
1 19 48 38 15 1 122
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.075 1.81 31.20 45.60 39.75 4.80 123
Terekhol No.of
Villages
3 13 26 27 14 2 85
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
105 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Name of Region/ District
Item
Method of Disposal
Total
Dry Pit For
Population <200
Public Porous Soak Pit
Population 200 to 499
West Stabilization Pond for Population
500 to 999
1000 to 1999
2000 to 4999
5000 t0
9999 Cost/ Unit
(Lakh) 0.075 0.095 0.65 1.2 2.65 4.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.225 1.23 16.90 32.40 37.10 9.60 97
Tillari No.of
Villages
5 22 17 19 5 0 68
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
0.375 2.09 11.05 22.80 13.25 0.00 50
Mahadayi N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Mumbai Island 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total No.of
Villages
985 2172 2478 1927 740 163 8465
Total Cost
( Lakhas)
74 206 1611 2312 1961 783 6947
N.A: Not Available
Apart from above, operation and maintenance cost @ 7% will also be required. The cost
of O & M for Rural Area will be Rs.16 Cr. per year.
17.2.4 Abstract of Domestic Waste Generation & Cost –
To treat the waste water generation by 2030, capital and O & M cost of STPs required
in these basins are as below.
Table 17.6 Domestic Waste Generation and Cost
Region
Waste Water Generation
Useful for sewage Irrigatin
Capital Cost O & M Cost
Urban Mm3
Rural Mm3
Urban Mm3
Rural Mm3
Urban ( Cr)
Rural ( Cr)
Urban ( Cr)
Rural ( Cr)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Entire
Konkan 1885.00 231.00 1508.00 185.00 20658 70.00 1446 5
17.2.4.1 Construction Programme of STP Total domestic waste water generation by 2030 is expected to be about 2116 Mm3. To treat
this sewage and make it suitable for irrigation use, Rs 20728 Cr capital cost and Rs 1451 Cr O & M
cost is required. Planning of this requires detail survey and investigation. It is proposed to finalise
the planning of installation of all STPs up to 2020 and complete their installation during the next ten
years, thereby completing the project in 2029-30. Proposed planning of construction of STPs and
funds required is as below.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
106 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 17‑7 Construction Programme of STP For Urban & Sewage Disposal For Rural
Year Entire WFRB
Capital Cost O & M Cost Total
1 2 3 4
2021-22 1036 72 1108
2022-23 1036 72 1108
2023-24 2073 145 2218
2024-25 2073 145 2218
2025-26 3107 218 3325
2026-27 4147 291 4438
2027-28 4147 291 4438
2028-29 1036 72 1108
2029-30 2073 145 2218
Total 20728 1451 22179
17.2.5 Irrigation from reuse of effluent
Waste water from industry is not considered for irrigation as Zero Effluent policy is planned to
be implemented strictly by the year 2030 for industrial use of water. Effluent from domestic use of
water which would be treated and available for use in irrigation up to 2030 is about 415.32 Mm³
per year (Excluding Mumbai Island). Considering the duty as 150 Ha/Mm³ for general cropping
pattern of Medium Irrigation project, about 62298 Ha could be irrigated .
Table 17‑8 Sewage Irrigation From Domestic Effluent
S.NO. Region Domestic Effluent Available For Reuse(Mm3)
Sewage Irrigation (Ha)
At Present Up To 2030 At Present Up To 2030
1 2 3 4 5 6 Ambika 0 0 0 0
Auranga 0 0 0 0
NarPar 0 0 0 0
Damanganga 0 0 0 0 Vaitarna 0 48.4864 0 7273
Stream between D & V 0 4.6976 0 705
Ulhas 0 224.2112 0 33632
Patalganga 0 117.7792 0 17667
Amba 0 0.9216 0 138
Kundalika 0 2.1248 0 319
Mhasala 0 0.896 0 134
Savitri 0 1.824 0 274
Bharja 0 0 0 0
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
107 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
S.NO. Region Domestic Effluent Available For Reuse(Mm3)
Sewage Irrigation (Ha)
At Present Up To 2030 At Present Up To 2030
1 2 3 4 5 6 Vashishthi 0 3.456 0 518
Shastri 0 4.1856 0 628
Muchkundi 0 1.1008 0 165
Kajavi 0 1.1968 0 180
Kjodavali 0 0.7808 0 117
Wagothan 0 0 0 0
Devgad 0 0 0 0
Achara 0 0 0 0
Gad 0 0.8576 0 129
Karli 0 0.8128 0 122
Vengurla 0 1.0816 0 162
Terekhol 0 0.9024 0 135
Tillari 0 0 0 0
Mahadayi 0 0 0 0
Mumbai Island * 0 0 0 0
Total 0 415.3152 0 62298
* Effluent available from Mumbai Island can not be used for Irrigation as threr is no culturable
land on Island.
17.3 Way forward
The total quantity of effluent water in the basin is 2433.56 Mm3, currently and it is likely to
rise to 3191.96 Mm3 in 2030. The basin which will contribute most to effluent will be Vaitarna,
Ulhas & Patalganga. Construction of STP’s in these urbanised & estuarian basins & its use in nearby
basins & its use in agriculture is less likely. However, in distant future this water can be used for
municipal purposes other than drinking. It may also be used for recreational purpose within or
outside of urban limits. These quantities are not considered in working out water balance for
reasons as foretasted.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
108 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
109 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
18 Prevention of Losses
18.1 Preamble
Loss of water is an inevitable event in the process of storage and conveyance of water
through any conductor system. It is not possible to eliminate the losses completely but it can be
attempted to lessen them to increase the efficiency of system at a reasonable cost.
18.1.1 Losses can be classified in the following manner:
1) Lake losses/ Tank losses: These can be classified further as:
a) Leakage and seepage from storage.
b) Evaporation
2) Transit Losses: Once water is released from main or branch canals, it is gauged at
various points along the system. The difference in gauges over and above purposive
measured releases are termed as transit losses. There is no direct way to measure
transit losses.
18.1.2 Factors affecting the losses:
The factor that affect losses are location of reservoir, its altitude, geology of reservoir or
canal bed, construction material. It is a necessary to pick the major factor so that effective measures
can be employed to lessen the loss. The factors affecting the losses in basins depend upon the
various characteristics and parameters of the basins and these are summarized in table 18.1 below:
Table 18-1 Basin Characteristics/Parameters and Losses
Basin Characteristics / Parameters Losses
1 2
Latitude Basins near the equator have more losses and decrease towards the poles.
Longitude It does not have effective correlation.
Altitude Higher the altitude, lower the temperature and lesser the losses and vice versa.
Geography Dense drainage network has more losses and vice versa.
Geology Alluvial soil and pervious strata terrain have more losses as against deep black cotton soil with impervious terrain have less losses.
Vegetation Dense the vegetation cover, higher the losses and vice versa.
Water Bodies More the water bodies spread, higher the losses and vice versa.
The sub-basin losses are generally estimated and resolved through water balance studies of sub-
basin
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
110 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
18.1.3 Estimation and Measurements of Losses
1) Evaporation Losses can be measured using evaporimeter placed on dam body or kept
floating if reservoir area is large. The losses are worked out as a multiplication of
reservoir area and periodic losses in depth.
2) Seepage are measured off toe drains or gallery drains. Leakages from dam body are
collected and measured. Evaporation losses in WFR are discussed in Chapter No. 19.
There are no measures taken for control of their natural losses in WFR so far.
3) Transit losses are measured as a difference between gauges at two different places
after accounting for the purposive measured releases in distributaries etc. There are
routinely recorded in water accounts.
Sometimes in special studies undertaken to measure rate of loss in particular
project (generally by MERI or DIRD). Seepage/transit losses are measured in cusecs or
cumecs/ M sq.m to compare them with the seepage losses adopted for design. The
norms for losses to be adopted for lined and unlined canal are 0.95 & 0.85
respectively.The estimations and measurements of losses are described in following
table 18.2:
Table 18-2 Estimation and Measurement of Losses
Sr. No. Process Element Estimation
1 2 3 4
1 Evaporation Mainly Reservoir and Field Water spread area and
Evaporation depth
2 Seepages Cross drains and Longitudinal drains
and Conveyance system
Integration Flow
Measurements
3 Leakages Dam body, Gallery, Canal Structures Integration Flow
Measurements
4 Siltation - Hydrometric survey
18.2 Reservoir Losses
18.2.1 Major Factors
The major factors contributing to the reservoir losses are summarized in following Table
Table 18-3 Major Factors and its Contribution to Reservoir Losses
Factors Reservoir Losses
1 2
Size – Water Spread and Depth Larger water spread with less weighted depth will have more reservoir
losses and vice-versa.
Geometry Fern shaped reservoirs with less water spread will have less losses and
fan shaped reservoirs with wider water spread will have more losses.
Yield Dependability Higher the dependability, lesser the water spread causing less losses
and vice versa.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
111 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Factors Reservoir Losses
1 2
Actual Storages Lesser the actual yield mean higher losses and vice versa
Cropping Pattern Kharif cropping has minimum losses. Rabi, hot weather, two seasonal,
and perennial cropping patterns will have more losses in respectively
increasing order.
Consistency in Planning and Actual
Water Management
Higher the consistency, lower will be the losses and vice versa.
Operation and Management
Practices
Efficient and effective operation and management policies and
practices have lesser losses and vice versa.
Hydrological Status Surplus basins have less loss as against the deficit basins.
The estimation of reservoir losses that is primarily due to evaporation, is generally done using
empirical methods such as Penman Method/Modified Penman Method by using recorded hydro-
meteorological data (temperature, humidity, wind speed, sunshine hours etc). Field measurement
of the same is done using average monthly/fortnightly/weekly Pan Evaporation readings processed
appropriately, multiplied by average lake surface area exposed. These observations are either taken
at the reservoir or at the climatological stations.
18.2.2 Evaporation Losses
Table 18-4 Reservoir Evaporation
Sub Basin low(1% -35%) High (35% – 50%)
Too High (50% - 75%)
Abnormal (More than
75%)
1 2 3 4
Vaitarna Surya, Wandri, Usgaon,
Khand, Mhkhurd
- - -
Ulhas Bhatsa, Musai, Jambhe,
Dolkhamb, Manivli
- - -
Mhasala Kal - -
Vashishthi Natuwadi, Shelarwadi,
Pimpalwadi,
- - -
Shastri Gadnadi, Gadgadi - - -
Muchkundi Berdewadi, Muchkundi - - -
Waghotan Arjuna - - -
Devgad Korle Satandi - - -
Gad Nardave, Tarandale - - -
Tillari Tillari - - -
The major reasons for such high, too high and abnormal evaporation losses could be one of the
followings.
• Lesser availability of yield than the designed or overestimation of yield.
• Lesser use for irrigation in Kharif season.
• Unplanned use and drawl of water during hot weather season.
• Reservation for drinking water supply and industrial use specifically in hot weather.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
112 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
• Higher siltation rate than the anticipated.
Genesis of the abnormally high losses needs to be investigated. Information gathered from
structured monitoring is required be reconciled. This shall be aimed at arriving at the corrective
management interventions that being the need of the time.
18.3 Conveyance and Distribution Systems
In WFRB, the irrigated area are only a few percent (10-15%) of final potential of irrigation
projects. Transit losses are not recorded as a routine in irrigation management. Hence, the issue of
lessening the transit losses has not emerged as a central issue in WFRB.
Pipe Distribution network however was always deemed as a ‘panacea’ for the ills of
irrigation management in WFRB. In early 80’s a few pilot projects were taken up on minor projects
in Sindhudurg district. In 2016, PDN is adopted as a policy for distribution systems. This is
necessitated more by rising land costs and difficulties in land acquisition than the need to reduce
transit losses.
Table 18-5 D.I.R.D. Studies Regarding Losses
Sr. No. Project/Location Taluka Strata Seepage Loss in
Cumecs/Mm2
1 2 3 4 5
1 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Note: There is no any project Studied in WRFB by Directorate of Irrigation Research
and Development (DIRD)
18.4 Seepage, Leakage and Siltation
Seepage losses are attributed to presence of continuous voids forming continuous aquifers
and is governed by groundwater hydraulics namely La-Plas Equation.
Leakage losses are through the connected conduits and are governed by hydraulic principals
governed by Darcy’s Law.
Siltation losses are due to transport of silt from the catchment area of the reservoirs.
Description of losses:
The observations for the above losses from reservoirs, conveyance systems and field
application in 28 basins in West Flowing Basin in Maharashtra have been compiled in following
table:
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
113 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 18.6 - Description of losses
Sr.
No.
Basin Siltation in
% live
Seepage Leakage Other Total Remark
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Ambika NA NA NA NA
2 Auranga NA NA NA NA
3 Narpar 0.14 0.34 0.21 0.69
4 Danman 1.79 4.48 2.69 8.96
5 Vaitrana 4.05 10.13 6.08 20.27
6 Direct 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 Ulhas 1.18 2.96 1.78 5.92
8 Patalganga 1.09 2.72 1.63 5.45
9 Amba 0.22 0.55 0.33 1.10
10 kundlika 0.11 0.27 0.16 0.54
11 Mhasala 0.21 0.53 0.32 1.06
12 Savitri 0.66 1.66 1.00 3.32
13 Bharja 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
14 Vashisti 1.41 3.53 2.12 7.07
15 Shastri 4.59 11.48 6.89 22.96
16 Muchkundi 1.63 4.08 2.45 8.15
17 Kajavi 0.58 1.46 0.87 2.91
18 Kodavali 0.07 0.18 0.11 0.35
19 Waghotan 0.14 0.35 0.21 0.69
20 Devagad 5.83 14.58 8.75 29.16
21 Achara 0.28 0.70 0.42 1.39
22 Gad 1.04 2.61 1.57 5.22
23 Karli 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.07
24 Vengurla 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.07
25 Terekhol NA NA NA NA
26 Tillari NA NA NA NA
27 Mahadayi NA NA NA NA
28 Mumbai Island NA NA NA NA
Table 18-7 Summary for Seepage Losses
Sub Basin High (35 to 50 % ) Very High (More than 50% )
1 2 3
Ambika - -
Auranga - -
NarPar - -
Damanganga - -
Vaitarna - -
Stream between D&V - -
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
114 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Ulhas - -
Patalganga - -
Amba - -
Kundalika - -
Mhasala - -
Savitri - -
Bharja - -
Vashishthi - -
Shastri - -
Muchkundi - -
Kajavi - -
Kodavli - -
Waghothan - -
Devgad - -
Achara - -
Gad - -
Karli - -
Vegurla - -
Terekhol - -
Tillari - -
Mahadayi - -
Mumbai Islands - -
Note : In WFRB range of occurrence of the seepage losses from 0% to 10%.
18.5 Reduction and control losses:
18.5.1 Aspects
To achieve prevention of water losses, consideration to following aspects is necessary.
a) Water and Irrigation Management Policies
b) System Maintenance
c) Conveyance and Application Systems
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
115 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
The tools, priorities and actions associated with above aspects are given in following table:
Table 18-8 Aspects, Tools, Priorities and Actions for Reduction and Control of Losses
Sr.
No.
Aspect Tool Priority Actions
1 2 3 4 5
1 Water and
Irrigation
Management
Policies
PIM and Volumetric
Measurement
I Implementation
Eight Monthly Irrigation I Adoption, Capacity Building
Dedicated Storages for NI use III Policy decision
Conjunctive Use II Subvention for success of Eight
Monthly Irrigation
2 System
Maintenance
Evolving Maintenance Manual I Making Rules
Maintenance Through
Professional Agency *
III Establishing Policy
Accountability and Transparency II Disseminating Information,
Capacity Building
Relating Cost to Value of water II Establishing Policy
3 Conveyance
and application
systems
Selective Canal lining II Guidelines for Objective Selection
Close Conduit system II Guidelines for Objective Selection
Land Preparation I Capacity Building
Drip and sprinkler Systems III Subvention, Capacity Building
• This has not been tried so far any were in the state though the suggestion is worth
considering. This may be looked up as an exit policy.
18.5.2 Means for Prevention of Losses
Losses like leakages through structures on a dams and canal can be controlled by periodic
repairs or special treatments. Various chemical treatment to surfaces are also attempted along the
traditional treatment like guniting, shotcreting, grouting, pressure grouting. All treatments have
limitation and there efficiency is not from firmly established. On the contrary, quality control
measures, at the time of construction is far more effective than special repairs thereafter.
In canals lining helps to reduce losses and also maintain shape of canal. It is generally
established that the lining if done panels by providing construction joint results in better protection
against losses.
Finding an optimal solution to reduce transit losses by seepage is a complicated issue. The
seepage losses appear as groundwater in nearby areas. It also reappears as a return flows in
streams. This is a tapped by farmer in wells in command. This use is called conjunctive use of canal
water and it is measured by counting number of wells and or the area irrigated. Any measures
adopted to lessen the seepage loss also affect this conjunctive use and disrupts irrigation practices
in a well-balanced command.
GoM carried out various programme in the past to reduce overall losses and increasing
irrigation efficiency in all basins. A synopsis of the same is & tabulated below:
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
116 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 18.9 - Suggestions for Prevention of Losses programmes:
Sr.
No.
Measures taken Basins
1 2 3
1 Renovation and Rehabilitation of Project
components (MWSIP)
All basins
2 Water Distribution through Close Conduit
and Pipes
Policy adopted for all basins
3 Conversion of Surface Irrigation into Micro-
Irrigation
Krishna (Ujani)
4 Participatory Irrigation Management All basins
5 Application of 8 Monthly Irrigation System Krishna, Godavari
6 Secondary Storages and Conjunctive Use of
Water
Krishna, Godavari
7 Use of En-route Reservoirs Mula (Godavari)
Note: Though the suggestions recorded above are project specific, most are applicable
universally at certain stage.
a) Renovation and Rehabilitation of Project Components
A large number of water resources projects in Godavari Basin in Maharashtra are
quite old and the losses on account of seepage, leakage and wastage through the reservoirs,
conveyance system, and distribution network are significant. These projects need
renovation and rehabilitation. Specific suggestions in this context have been recorded in the
reports for following basins:
Upper Godavari, Purna, Sudha-Swarna, Bembla, Erai, Andhari, Nag, Kolar, Kanhan, Pench,
DudhanaVenna, Bagh, Gadhvi, Khobragadi, Pranhita and Indravati
b) Water Distribution through Close Conduits and Pipes
Water distribution system in irrigation projects i.e. the main canal, branches,
distributaries and minors are primarily open channels in excavation, embankment or
combination their off. They are prone to seepage and leakage resulting into wastages of
precious water and low efficiency. Lining of such distribution systems can reduce the losses
substantially and lead to increase in efficiency. Conversion of an open channel system into a
close conduits/pipe system can also be considered as an alternative for achieving a higher
efficiency. This may be tried where use of water is good but there are no wells in the
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
117 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
command. For new projects it should be made compulsory - at least for distributaries - for
following reasons
1. No need of land acquisition
2. All falls and road bridges on ridge distributaries can be dispense with
3. Pipe diameter would be less due to high velocities in ridge distributaries and
4. Total reduction in seepage loss
The suggestions recorded in this context are described in following table:
Table 18-10 Typical Proposals for Pipe Distribution Network
Sr. No. Sub Basin Components Proposed for Conversion into Distribution Pipe Line
1 2 3
1 Ulhas Pavale M.I.Project PDN costing Rs.580 Lacs for252 Ha
2 Bharja Tide M.I.Project PDN costing Rs.560 Lacs for 400 Ha
3 Kodavli
Arjuna Tamhane Branch Canal Costing Rs. 2123 Lacs
for 789 Ha
Arjuna Left Bank From 16 Km to 38 Km for 789 Ha
Arjuna Right Bank Canal From 17 to 58.3 Km for2594
Ha
4 Achara Otav M.I.Project PDN costing Rs.1210 Lacs for 505 Ha
5 Gad Dendonwadi M.I.Project PDN costing Rs.1225 Lacs for
595 Ha
c) Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM)
The irrigation water supply is made by Government machinery to the farmers on
rotation basis in which co-ordination and beneficiary’s participation is difficult and thereby
efficiency is low. Hence beneficiary’s participation is being made mandatory by forming
Water Users Association. Water shall be supplied on volumetric basis. This will result into
reduction in wastage and improved efficiency. The present scenario in transfer of irrigation
management in two of the sub-basins is given in following table:
Table 18-11 Transfer of Irrigation Management to Farmers
Sr.No. Sub Basin Scenario
1 2 3
1 Vaitarna
Vaviharsh Adivasi WUA
Vaaitarneshwar Adivasi WUA
Dongaste MI scheme WUA
Usgaon MI scheme WUA
Devkop WUA
2 Ulhas
Awasare MI scheme WUA
Kharade MI scheme WUA
velholi MI scheme WUA
Sidhgad WUA.jambhurde
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
118 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Kai pandurang smruti WUA,Thakurwadi
Dev mauli WUA,amboli
3 Patalganga
Bhilavle MI scheme WUA
Usaran MI scheme WUA
Shreegaon MI sheme WUA
4 Amba Unhere MI scheme WUA
5 Kundalika
Trinayan WUA No.1,Khamb
Sant dyaneshwar WUA No.2, devkanhe
WUA No.3,pingalsai
WUA No.4,kansai
WUA No.5,ambewadi
Shree ganesh kundalika WUA no.6,Killa
WUA no.7,Talaghar
Jai hanuman WUA no.8,vadhvan
Somjai WUA No.9,Dakhane
Shree vakdai WUA no.10,utekhol
Jay Bajrangbali WUA no.11,dhalghar
Kal bhairav WUA no.12,vave
shre samarth WUA no.13,unegaon
Sane guruji WUA no.14,repoli
Shree Datta WUA no.15,goregaon
Jay hanuman WUA no.16,devli
Kal bhairav WUA no.17,Pahel
Kal bhairav WUA no.18, Indapur
Shiv krupa WUA no.19,koshibale
Shree ganesh WUA no.20,Sale
Shree samartha WUA no.21,umroli
Kal Bhairav WUA no.22,suav
WUA no.23,morba
Kal bhairav WUA no.24,dahivali
6 Savitri Varandh MI Scheme WUA
7 Shastri Kondagaon MI sheme
8 Waghothan Shree dev gangeshvar WUA,Tithavli
9 Devgad Gangeshwar WUA,shirgaon
10 Karli Shree kamnadevi WUA,Oros
Shree lingeshwar pavnadevi WUA,Nileli
11 Tillari Shree devi Harda sateri WUA,Dodamarg
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
119 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
18.5.3 Potential of Prevention of Losses
Table 18-12 Potential of Prevention of Losses
Sr.No. Sub Basin Details
1 2 3
1 Ambika N.A
2 Auranga N.A
3 NarPar N.A
4 Damanganga N.A
5 Vaitarna N.A
6 Stream between
D&V N.A
7 Ulhas N.A
8 Patalganga N.A
9 Amba N.A
10 Kundalika N.A
11 Mhasala N.A
12 Savitri N.A
13 Bharja N.A
14 Vashishthi N.A
15 Shastri N.A
16 Muchkundi N.A
17 Kajavi N.A
18 Kodavli N.A
19 Waghothan N.A
20 Devgad N.A
21 Achara N.A
22 Gad N.A
23 Karli N.A
24 Vegurla N.A
25 Terekhol N.A
26 Tillari N.A
27 Mahadayi N.A
28 Mumbai Islands N.A
Note: The potential for prevention of losses by various measures have been not estimated for Sub
basins in WFRB in Maharashtra
18.6 Recommendations of Study Group / Commissions / Committee
Fact finding committee for drought prone area (Sukthakar committee), 1973
1. Promote use of micro irrigation.
2. On farm development works shall be carried out in the commands of all irrigation
projects.
3. Establishment of organization for water audit.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
120 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Eight Monthly water use committee, 1979
1. In water deficit sub-basins water to perennial crop shall not be given.
2. Norms for water supply to each farmer be fixed and freedom of crop pattern be
given.
High Power committee (Jain Committee), 1981
1. Monitoring and Evaluation cell be established at state level and non-official be
included in that cell.
2. Officers trained in irrigation water management be posted as in charge of
management.
3. Promote volumetric supply of water.
4. Unauthorized use of water for well irrigation be stopped by not sanctioning the
water supply to well irrigated area on temporary basis.
Kasabekar Samiti, 1984
1. Water which can be used in Rabi and Hot weather shall not be kept reserved for
pre-sowing irrigation of Kharif crops.
2. Farmers be encouraged to carry out on farm development works in command
areas.
1. Guidelines for farmers’ participation in IWM be developed.
White Paper, 1995
1. Surface water availability is also limited and hence it must be used very
efficiently.
National Irrigation commission, 1972
1. Canal system should be modernized after every 25 years to 30 years.
National Water policy, 2002
1. Scientific water management, sprinkler and drip system of irrigation should be
adopted wherever feasible.
2. PIM be promoted.
3. There should be a system to monitor and evaluate the performance of the
project.
4. Adequate provision for maintenance of system be made.
5. Training, research and use of modern techniques be promoted.
State water Policy, 2003
1. Farmers’ participation in IWM be promoted.
2. Benchmarking and water audit methods be adopted to increase efficiency.
3. Conservation consciousness shall be promoted.
4. Measures to control evaporation from water bodies be taken up.
5. Research, development and promotion of state-of-the-art technology.
6. Programme for human resources development be taken up.
Maharashtra water and irrigation commission, 1999
1. Separate cell for monitoring canal system losses be established at MERI (sr.no.
97).
2. Revised monitoring and evaluation formats be developed for performance
evaluation at the end of session and year (1998).
3. Piped distribution system to be resorted to in order to facilitate use of sprinkler
and drip irrigation system so that evaporation and other losses will be
minimized (103).
4. Irrigation scheduling for projects in different agro-climatic zones be decided by
team of experts (106).
5. Scientific irrigation methods be adopted (107).
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
121 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
6. Massive programme of measurement of evaporation losses from reservoirs,
canals, fields, rivers, be taken up (117).
7. Water distribution evaluation cell be established (121).
8. Introducing appropriate crop pattern and use of micro-irrigation (146).
9. Water supply for drinking purpose be metered (221).
10. NGOs be involved in the programme of reduction of water losses (230).
Important Recommendations
Reduction in losses can be achieved by controlling the evaporation, seepage and leakage.
Unaccounted and unplanned use of water is also an important facet in this context.
Renovation and Rehabilitation of Project Components: Specific suggestions have been
recorded for Upper Godavari, Purna, Sudha-Swarna, Bembla, Erai, Andhari, Nag, Kolar, Kanhan,
Pench, DudhanaVenna, Bagh, Gadhvi, Khobragadi, Pranhita and Indravati.
a) Water Distribution through Close Conduits and Pipes: This option offer many advantages
viz. no need of land acquisition , all falls and road bridges on ridge distributaries can be dispense
with, pipe diameter would be less due to high velocities in ridge distributaries and total reduction in
seepage loss.
b) Conversion of Surface Irrigation into Micro-Irrigation
In this context two methods have finally been accepted worldwide as modern irrigation methods
Drip irrigation method and Sprinkler irrigation method. The chapter describes various aspects in
details.
c) Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) with volumetric measurement (VM)
This will result into reduction in wastage and improved efficiency. The overall picture is however
very dismal. There are examples of transfer of irrigation management up to 35% of the command
area. However in many cases they are nominal and ineffective.
d) Implementation of Eight Monthly Irrigation Policy
In draught prone and water short areas water shall not supplied to perennial or HW crops. This
being an efficient way of irrigation water management and against the concept of equitable
distribution.
It will be appropriate to consider shifting of the water guzzling perennial crops like sugar
cane and the sugar factories to water surplus basins.
e) Secondary Storages and Conjunctive Use of Water
Construction of a well and/ or a dug out farm pond shall be made mandatory for each irrigator in
canal command for hot weather irrigation. This will help in reduction of evaporation loss as well as
conveyance loss.
f) The estimated Potential of Prevention of Losses
Potential of Prevention of Losses in reservoirs and conveyance has been estimated as
minimum 4% to maximum 40%. Other suggestions recorded by various committees include –
Carrying on farm development works in the commands of all irrigation projects, Promoting
volumetric supply of water, Stopping unauthorized water supply to well irrigated area on temporary
basis. Developing guidelines for farmers’ participation in IWM, Modernizing of canal system after
every 25 years to 30 years, Piped distribution system along with sprinkler and drip irrigation system,
metering of water supply for drinking purpose and involving NGOs in the program of reduction of
water losses.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
122 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
123 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
19 Evaporation Control
19.1 Preamble
Increasing evaporation losses has become an issue of serious concern in the state.
Evaporation losses have an adverse effect on effective utilization of water harnessed
through expensive interventions. The loss of water on account of evaporation is a
permanent loss to the system where as the seepage loss in the conveyance/ distribution
network and on field, due to deep percolation recharge of groundwater and available for
use of downstream users. The impact is unequivocally critical in the scarcity areas as made
out in this Chapter.
19.2 Evaporation
a) Phenomenon
Evaporation is the process by which water changes from liquid to vapour. Evaporation is the
primary pathway that water moves from the liquid state back into the water cycle as
atmospheric water vapour. This is a complex phenomenon and its degree depends upon
various factors like wind speed, ambient temperature, humidity, sunshine duration, water
quality, altitude and geographical location of the water body. b) Estimation and Monitoring
Various empirical methods suggested by scientists such as Penman and others are used for
estimation of evaporation. Monitoring of various parameters for evaporation is done by
various National and international organizations such as FAO/World Bank/Central Water
Commission/IMD and State Department Water Resources Departments in conformity with
the protocols established. c) Measurements of Evaporation
The dimensions of measurement for evaporation losses are linear. The instrument used for
the measurement is a Pan Evaporimeter or atmometer. It is used for facilitating
measurement of evaporation from reservoirs and command area. The measurements are
recorded on daily basis and expressed on monthly basis. Measurements of evaporation
losses from conveyance system, distribution network, field and soil surfaces are done using
indirect methods. Correlations are established between the evaporation losses from various
water bodies estimated using the database generated through structured observations and
empirical formulae. These correlations are used in Water Resources Development Planning
and Management.
19.3 Evaporation Losses
19.3.1 Instrumentation in WFRB
There are 23 evaporation measuring instruments have been installed in the WFRB.
Maximum installations three are in Ullhas sub-basin and two measuring stations are
installed in 8 sub-basins viz. Vasshisti, Shastri, Waghotan, Amba, Kpdawali, Vaitarana, Kajawi
and Muchkundi. Only One measuring station is installed in four sub-basins viz. Gad,
Vengurla, Karli and Tillari, whereas in Narpar, Daman, Ambika, Achara, Auranga, Terekhol,
Bharaja, Kundalika, Mhasala, Patalganga, Devagad and Sawitri sub-basins are without a
single evaporation Pan Installation. Meteorological data concerning the evaporation has
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
124 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
been acquired from Irrigation Project Investigation Divisions and used in the respective
Reports. These existing stations are run and maintained by the organization under the Chief
Engineer, Hydrology Project Nashik .The database generated is huge and has been
incorporated in the reports of individual sub-basins. This report contains annual evaporation
data.
Observations
The average evaporation in WRFB is about 1437 mm (FCS stations Awalegaon from
Sindhudurg district and Sukale from Thane district), indicating moderate evaporation of
surface water in the storages.
Data Availability
The reports of 12 sub-basins (Vashisthi, Shastri, Waghotan, Amba, Kpdawali,
Vaitarana, Kajawi, Muchkundi, Vengurla, Karli, Tillari and Ullhas) describe season wise
evaporation data. The report of 2 sub-basins (Gad and Terekhol) describes only annual data.
The season wise scenario in case of these two basins has been not described.
Annual Evaporation
The annual average evaporation in WFRB is 1437 mm.
Data Reconciliation
It is necessary that the data is reconciled with regards to the space, time,
geographical and weather parameters so as to have a realistic and representative
description of evaporation process in the sub-basins. However, such reconciliation of data is
not available. It is absolutely essential that the data collected is analysed and corroborated
with the field observations so that it serves as the reference for project planning and
irrigation management.
19.3.2 Indirect Measurement of Evaporation
Assessment of evaporation is also done using indirect methods. These methods of
measurement and estimations are summarized in following table no. 19.3
Table 19-1 Indirect Methods for Measurements and Estimation of Evaporation
Sr.
No.
Water Body Measurements used for Estimation
1 2 3
i) Reservoirs Tank table and water balance data is used in conjunction with
the evaporation depths obtained from pan evaporation data
ii) Conveyance
System
Season wise water balance for the water released and water
utilization as per measurements. The flow measurements are
however not proper and the missing water is counted as
“evaporation loss”. Therefore this practice is not reliable
Canal/Branches/Distributaries/minors and sub minors up to outlets
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
125 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.
No.
Water Body Measurements used for Estimation
1 2 3
iii) Field channels/
turn out points
up to crop
roots
Water received into the system and estimation of its utilization
in the field. The flooding method of water application leads to
heavy evaporation losses. Adoption of mulching technique is
advocated for very low density and high value crops.
The pan evaporation data is monitored by Chief Engineer, Hydrology Project,
Nashik. Though the collection of database is in order, in general, there are no analysis
reports. As the result neither the assumptions made in the project planning stage can be
verified nor is the data used for irrigation management.
19.3.3 Reservoirs
The Water Audit Reports bring out the evaporation losses from reservoirs of
Major/Medium and Minor Projects in terms of the volume of water and involve many
assumptions and approximations. The picture described is very sketchy. This needs to be
reconciled with the pan evaporimeter data.
Analysis
Unit
The assessment of reservoir evaporation losses is expressed in terms of percentage
of live storages on annual basis in most Reports. In case of two sub-basins namely Manjra
and Terna where it is for kharif, Rabi and hot weather season.
Assessment
The assessment is generally done on the basis of working tables and water
accounting of reservoirs in which various parameters such as inflow, releases and spills – as
applicable – are considered. These parameters are equivocal as their measurements and
quantities derived from wide range of variations. This leads to wide range of variation for
the noted evaporation losses from the reservoirs.
This prooves the necessity of installation of pan evaporimeter at every major and medium
irrigation project for realistic assessment of evaporation losses. The measurement may
facilitate district wise assessment for planning and management. In case of large variation
taluka wise assessment may be more appropriate.
Kharif Season
It has noticed that evaporation losses from reservoir in hot weather season are
higher. The main reason for such high evaporation losses is due to higher temperature as
compared to other seasons. Also in kharif season there is less evaporation causing heavy
rainfall in this region. This situation is mostly in WFRB with humid climate.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
126 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
19.3.4 Conveyance System
The conveyance system for surface irrigation comprises main canal, branch canal,
distributaries, sub distributaries, minors and sub minors up to outlets serving for a chak.
The evaporation losses in convenience system are generally worked out through
Annual Irrigation Performance Report prepared for various major/medium/minor projects.
Such Annual Performance Reports have been prepared by Water Resources Department,
Government of Maharashtra for various basins in WFRB in Maharashtra. However,
identifying, extracting and presenting the evaporation losses from the conveyance system in
various sub-basins in WFRB in Maharashtra is not available in the Reports, and therefore, it
is difficult to comment on it. However, monitoring of such exercise is necessary and shall be
dealt with it accordingly.
The evaporation data for conveyance system is not available for any of the sub-basins and
therefore difficult to comment on it, however, it shall be monitored and incorporated
accordingly.
19.3.5 Field Application
The field application in surface irrigation system comprises field channels from
outlet to turn out points leading to fields. The evaporation losses from such field application
are also vital and important. The field application evaporation losses are generally worked
out through reconciliation of empirical methods, Annual Irrigation Performance Reports and
some specific experiments conducted for it.
19.4 Remedial Measures for Evaporation Control
Evaporation results in effective loss of storage. If it is excessive it must be reduced
by artificial techniques. The value of mean annual evaporation in Kokan is observed to be
1437 mm. This is not excessively large. Artificial techniques involve costs which may be
prohibitory. The techniques for control of evaporation from large reservoirs are not time
tested. Hence such measures are not further investigated in case of WFRB. Some techniques
in use in Maharashtra are tabulated below.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
127 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 19.2 Remedial Measures for Evaporation Control of various Sub Basins
Sr.
No.
Remedial Measures Relevance Sub Basins
1 2 3 4
1 Implementation of Eight
monthly irrigation policy*
Reservoir
Conveyance System
Field Application
Upper Godavari, Terna, Lendi, Manar,
Dudhana, Purna, Sudha-Swarna, Bembla,
Wardha, Venna, Kolar, Kanhan, Bagh, Gadhvi,
Khobragadi, Pranhita and Indravati
2 Creating dedicated/ new
storages
Reservoir
Conveyance System
Field Application
Terna, Lendi, Manar
3 Resorting to chemical covers Reservoirs – mainly
the smaller
secondary storages
like farm ponds
Upper Godavari, Mula, Pravara, Middle
Godavari, Manjra, Terna, Lendi, Manar,
Dudhana, Purna, Kayadhu, Sudha-Swarna,
Penganga, Pus, Arunavati, Bembla, Wardha,
Venna, Erai, Andhari, Nag, Kolar, Kanhan,
Pench, Wainganga, Bagh, Gadhvi, Khobragadi,
Pranhita and Indravati
4 Conveyance/distribution
through pipes and closed
conduits
Conveyance System Dudhana, Purna, Sudha-Swarna, Bembla,
Wardha, Venna, Erai, Andhari, Nag, Kolar,
Kanhan, Pench, Wainganga, Bagh, Gadhvi,
Khobragadi, Pranhita and Indravati
5 Adoption of modern irrigation
methods
Field Application Terna, Lendi, Manar, Sudha –Swarna,Venna,
Nag, Kolar, Kanhan, Pench, Wainganga, Bagh,
Gadhvi, Khobragadi, Pranhita and Indravati
6 Reducing evaporation from
soil surface by mulching
Field Application Mula, Pravara, Sudha-Swarna, Nag, Kolar,
Kanhan , Pench, Wainganga
7 Increasing ground water
recharge in the catchment
area.$
Field Application Upper Godavari, Mula, Pravara, Manjara
8 Miscellaneous
Organic Farming practices
Anti-transpirants
Wind breaks and shelterbelts
Weed control
Spraying nutrient solution
Field Application Wainganga
* The incidental advantage of this policy will be zero live storage by Rabi end leading to minimal evaporation losses
and betterment in equitable distribution. This will facilitate some reduction in siltation though the yield may be
affected adversely.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
128 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
19.5 Recommendation of Study Group / Commissions / Committees
a) Fact finding committee for drought prone area (Sukthakar committee), 1973
Promote use of micro irrigation.
On farm development works shall be carried out in the commands of all irrigation projects.
Establishment of organization for water audit.
b) High Power committee (Jain Committee), 1981
Promote volumetric supply of water.
c) Kasabekar Samiti, 1984
Water which can be used in Rabi and Hot weather shall not be kept reserved for pre-sowing
irrigation of Kharif crops.
Farmers be encouraged to carry out on farm development works in command areas.
Guidelines for farmers’ participation in IWM shall be developed.
d) Maharashtra Water & Irrigation Commission
Use of sprinkler and Drip irrigation to be promoted to reduce evaporation losses (103).
Scientific Irrigation Methods be adopted (107).
Massive programme of measurement of evaporation losses from reservoirs, field etc. shall
be taken up.
NGOs shall be involved in the programme of reduction of water losses (230).
e) National Water Policy
Scientific Water management, Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation should be adopted wherever
feasible.
Water conservation consciousness should be promoted through education, regulation,
incentive and disincentive strategies.
Training, research and use of modern techniques shall be promoted.
f) State Water Policy
Benchmarking and Water Audit methods shall be adopted to increase efficiency.
Measures to control evaporation from water bodies shall be taken up.
Programme for R & D and HRD be taken up.
Important Recommendations
Implantation of Eight Monthly Irrigation Policy
Evaporation losses in summer accounts for more than 40% of the annual evaporation. To
reduce the evaporation losses, 8 monthly irrigation shall be preferred by resorting to maximum
irrigation in Kharif and Rabi seasons. If the water is still available, HW crop may be planned.
For Adhering to eight monthly utilization the releases from reservoir shall strictly be limited
to eight months. No water should be released in to the canal system or river after 15th March (lift
from reservoir included exception being seasonal Galper).
HW irrigation being practiced in all the medium projects for growing cash crops, shall be
discontinued. The perennial crops shall be based upon conjunctive use. The incidental advantage of
this policy will be zero live storage by Rabi end leading to minimal evaporation losses and
betterment in equitable distribution.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
129 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Creating Dedicated/New Storages
Water demands for non-irrigation use - for drinking and domestic water supply as well
industrial use are comparatively meagre but its drawl from main reservoir, specifically during Hot-
Weather season when evaporation rate is very high causes substantial evaporation losses. These
excessive evaporation losses can be reduced by drawing non - irrigation use demand from the
dedicated storages, specifically meant for it, rather than from the Primary (main) reservoir. The
example of Aurangabad city is worth quoting here. The city draws about one Mm3 of water for
domestic use in hot weather season. In many years the Jayakwadi reservoir storage is reserved for
the city and is not available for irrigation. The average daily evaporation loss in this period is of the
order of nine Mm3.
A limited quantity of reservoir water may be made available for hot weather season
provided that it is used for irrigating high value crops grown in poly houses. Micro irrigation and use
of farm ponds shall be obligatory in this case.
Resorting to Chemical Covers
Reduction in the rate of evaporation can be achieved by spreading of chemicals film on
water surface. However looking to the experience thus far it is clear that this option is unviable,
uneconomical and impractical for even minor irrigation tanks leave aside the reservoirs of major and
medium projects. The fact is that larger the water surface higher is the cost of chemicals and
restoration of broken film. This however offers a workable solution for the farm ponds supporting
high value crops. In draught years the option may become viable for small tanks supporting the non-
irrigation use since supplying tanker water is a very expensive proposition. The opportunity cost will
be the ultimate consideration.
Conveyance/Distribution through Pipes and Closed Conduits
Water conveyance and distribution through open channel system lead to substantial losses.
Conveyance and distribution of water through closed conduits/pipes does not directly expose water
surface to atmosphere. Evaporation losses can be averted that way.This solution is ideal for
distributaries on LIS. Water under pressure can be delivered directly to drip/ sprinkler systems. This
option is also very good for ridge distributaries on new projects.
Adoption of Modern Irrigation Methods
Adoption of Modern Irrigation Method is the need of time. Drip Irrigation system is
appropriate for high density and for horticulture. The achievable irrigation efficiency is much higher
- to the extent of 90% in general. One of the reasons being reduction in evaporation due to reduced
exposure. Sprinkler Irrigation system is appropriate for low density crops. The main reasons being
less wastage in steeper sloping conditions and limited dose leading to lower evaporation.
The common benefit in both these types is that not only water loss due to the deep
percolation over the entire area occurring in conventional irrigation system is obviated but the
evaporation and deep percolation losses are reduced noticeably. This considerable saving is
attributed to reduction in evaporation from irrigated area. It may be mentioned here that MIS can
be introduced only if a secondary storage is provided at the distributary/ minor head or the inlet for
a WUA.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
130 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Reducing Evaporation from Soil Surface
Irrigation water is applied to crops by flooding the fields in which soil gets saturated and
there by provide more opportunity for evaporation and almost water contents in saturation level
and field capacity get evaporated. The evaporation shall be reduced by covering the soil surface
instead of making it directly exposed to the atmosphere. Mulching using various materials has
gained acceptance in irrigated agriculture.
Low frequency deficit irrigation scheduling, applying measured quantity of water have similar
effects.
Increasing Ground Water Recharge
Surface flow through streams and rivers and/or stored in reservoirs are directly exposed to
atmosphere results in substantial evaporation losses as against ground water flow which is not
directly exposed to atmosphere causing minimum evaporation losses. Increasing ground water
recharge through Watershed Development initiatives leads to reduction in evaporation losses.
Miscellaneous
Wind breaks are any structures that obstruct wind flow and reduce wind speed while
shelterbelts are rows of trees planted for protection of crops against wind.
Shelterbelts are planted across the direction of wind. They reduces wind velocity without
causing turbulence. Due to reduction in wind speed, evaporation losses are reduced. The beneficial
effect of shelterbelts is more pronounced in drought years and in case of smaller reservoirs.
Weed Control
Prompt weed control eliminates the competition of weeds with crops for limited soil
moisture. Transpiration rate from weeds is more compared to crops.
The ball park estimation in reduction of the evaporation losses with the intervention suggested
above the evaporation can be of the order of 30%. This means increase in water availably of about
10%.
IV. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
131 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
20 Land Acquisition for Irrigation Infrastructure Dams
(Displacement of Project Affected Persons), Rehabilitation
and Resettlement (R & R)
20.1 Introduction and Background
Land is an essential resource, without which practically no water infrastructure
project or service can come into existence. Even when government land is used it carries an
opportunity cost. Characteristically land is finite, and due to the continuously growing demand for it,
its price is proportionately rising, thereby increasing its absolute scarcity. In most states including
Maharashtra almost 80%1 of all land acquired for public-purpose so far has been for dams, canals,
and ancillary infrastructure. The WFR basin is no exception. Till the year 2010, about 0.2279 lakh ha
of land had been acquired by the Water Resources Department. For the currently on-going and
proposed projects the total area of land that still needs to be acquired is approximately 0.1265 lakh
ha (Say 55 % of the total area of WFR basin in Maharashtra.) Taking into account the magnanimous
provisions contained in the newly promulgated National legislation on, ‘Right to Fair Compensation
and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013’; the acquisition
of the required land is going to be an onerous and challenging proposition.
20.2 Historical antecedents
While large dams have been constructed for over 400 years in Maharashtra, the acquisition
of land for such purposes under statutory provisions was carried out only after 1894, with the
promulgation of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 during the British rule. The cardinal principles of this
act were followed until 2013 when the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, was recognised and the 1894 Land Acquisition Act
Repealed.
The principle of ‘eminent domain’; states that the State as the final custodian of all natural
resources has a near-axiomatic right to acquire land for discharging all its duties and democratic
functions as a welfare state.
The concept of ‘public-purpose’ implies that the state has the right to take decisions which are in
public interest, and the government constituted by elected representatives has the power to decide
what and how a particular decision or action is in public interest.
The 1894 Act also stated that the household whose land is acquired must be compensated
in such a manner that his economic wellbeing is maintained at least in its original state i.e. at the
time of acquisition.
‘Welfare State Paradigm’: the most progressive and socially responsible approach to R & R would be
to use the inevitability of involuntary displacement as an opportunity for development. The recent
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
132 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
national act of 2013 precisely reflects this approach. Since development opportunities are to be
provided for all citizens in principle, such schemes and amenities shall, on priority, be given to those
households who have sacrificed their land and wherewithal, for development projects which serve
national interest.
20.3 Guiding criteria’s for conducting Land acquisition of R&R:
Project authority shall acquire the least or minimum possible area of land required for the
project
R & R shall be carried out in the shortest possible time and delays strictly avoided
While giving the compensation to PAP’s, the objective of achieving Maximum Social Advantage,
possible within the legal framework, must be followed
R & R should comply with the principle of equity to the maximum extent possible, and
authorities should be continuously reminded that the procedure is a humanitarian task.
R & R should be treated as an opportunity for development with full public participation and
“Prior-informed-consent” wherever and whenever possible be taken, so that fair-play and
transparency is demonstrated.
20.4 Past Experiences
As per the National Register on Large Dams (NRLD, CWC, GoI), the first large dam
constructed in Maharashtra was at Dhamapur near Malvan City, District Sindhudurg in the year
1600. Later, other major dams within the Godavari Basin were Ambazari, Khindsi, and Navegaon
Bandh (early 17th century) which were constructed during the Gond period. Later, Bodalkasa,
Asolamendha, Ramtek, Chandpur (Wainganga Basin)2, and Bhandardara (Pravara, Godavari Basin),
etc. were constructed during the British Rule. However no authentic data on R & R is available for
these dams. However the local anecdotal history indicates that alternative land for land was
provided, and gaothans created by the prevailing rulers. During the Gond period especially, the
Malguzari tanks constructed by the Kohlis were a shining example of families / communities which
were commissioned by Gond Rajas who simultaneously awarded them the ownership of agricultural
land equivalent to the command area of the tanks. The local communities not only looked after the
operation and maintenance but also organized the communities for optimally utilizing the water,
and evolving a socially sustainable organizational structure which survived over centuries. The
principle of using displacement as an opportunity for development was thus established several
centuries ago. Some of the elements are worthy of emulation even in current times.
20.5 Administration, Law and Policy in Maharashtra
The Government of Maharashtra (GoM) has passed first ever Act related to PAP’s in 1976.
Later, in 1986 and 1999 a new Act was passed (as amended upto 12th February 2016), which is
currently in operation for all PAP’s who are notified under section 4 and 11 of this act, prior to
September 2013. The new act entitled ‘Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement was passed by central government on 26th
Sep.
2013’, and it is applicable to all states except the states of J & K. Prior to 1999, annual status report
for Maharashtra were being prepared by the Additional Divisional Commissioners appointed
2 All dams which have a height exceeding 10 Meters from the River bed level
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
133 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
specifically for Land Acquisition and R & R, and these were then submitted to the Mantralay,
Government of Maharashtra through the Revenue and Forest Departments, however this practice
appears to have been abandoned since then.
As per the Chief Minister’s statement, the Government of Maharashtra has decided to
reconstitute the defunct authority, in order to give relief to project affected people (The Indian
Express, 23/06/2016). The press release stated that almost 30 lakh people have been displaced in
the last six decades due to various public welfare projects across Maharashtra, and that supporting
statistical data shows that almost 80 per cent of these PAPs are due to land acquired from the
farmers or others for irrigation projects.
Further, it is stated that the Maharashtra Project Affected People’s Relief and Rehabilitation
Authority (MPAPRRA) is chaired by the chief minister and has members including two
representatives from the project affected persons across 36 districts. The PAP Relief and
Rehabilitation Act has been in existence since 1986. The role of MPAPRRA is to facilitate alternative
dwellings complete with civic infrastructure to the PAPs, whose land has been acquired for welfare
projects. The Hon. CM has confirmed that, the government will reconstitute and set up a full-
fledged MPAPRRA to expedite the R and R of the people who have been displaced due to projects.
The objective of this is to provide more teeth to the authority to ensure justice to every individual
who has been displaced because of the project, but not given justice for the last six decades.
20.6 Government of Maharashtra's Approach to R & R
Prior to 1965, the government of Maharashtra did not play any role, vis-a-vis project
affected persons (PAPs). Cash compensation was offered to the PAPs for land, house etc. Land
compensation was based on the provision of Land Acquisition Act 1894.
The multiplicity of the problems of the PAPs and pressures from various academics, activists
groups, funding agencies and other Quarters made Maharashtra Government establish a
Directorate of Resettlement in 1965. The Directorate was the first institutional arrangement
provided to implement resettlement of the PAPs. No rules and regulations existed to protect the
interest of the PAPs and also to provide legal framework of carrying out the work of resettlement.
All the work was carried out through administrative orders. The Directorate was entrusted primarily
with the work of identification of PAPs and distribution of compensation. Dissatisfaction with and
compensation agitation among PAPs has become a regular phenomenon. Once they have spent the
compensation money, the PAPs have to suffer a great deal of hardships and face an uncertain
future.
20.6.1 The R & R Act, 1976
Maharashtra was the first state in the country to pass the R & R Act in 1976. Prior to
1976, GoM had issued Executive Orders for R & R from time to time as per necessity. Provision is made for the appointment of a Chief Controlling Authority for rehabilitation
and the Rehabilitation Directorate. The task of coordinating and supervision of the Rehabilitation
Director’s work is entrusted to the Divisional Commissioners. The District collectors and the Chief
Executive Officers have also been designated as Deputy Directors (Land) and Deputy Directors
(Development) respectively.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
134 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
A committee to suggest Amendments:
The provisions of the Maharashtra Project Displaced Persons Rehabilitation Act 1976 were
definitely progressive but they also had several shortcomings. For example,
It was entirely left to the discretion of the government to decide, to which particular project
the provisions of this Act were to be made applicable.
Its definition of a “project affected person” was not wide enough to cover all the affected
persons.
Besides, it was necessary to change the law in view of the decision of the Bombay High
Court. Therefore, in 1982 a committee was formed to examine adequacy of provisions of the Act of
1976 and recommend amendments, under the chairmanship of Mr. Anantrao Thopte and
membership of several MLAs, district level politicians, persons of expertise and also some of the
senior officials of the government in the departments concerned with the resettlement. The Terms
of Reference of the committee were to examine the provisions of the Act of 1976 and suggest
measures for improvement and amendments. The Government of Maharashtra instead of making
amendments in the Act of 1976 came out with a new Act, with a new title.
The Thopte Committee’s recommendations:
A major recommendation made by the committee was that the resettlement should form
part of project planning and that efforts should be made for proper and systematic arrangements
for resettlement of the PAPs.
It recommended removal of sections 13, 14, 15, 19 and 20 and 21 from the Act. These
sections concerned with public notification included publication of a draft scheme in the gazette.
The committee thought that these articles would cause avoidable delay in the implementation of
the resettlement project, and that they did not provide any particular advantage to the displaced
persons.
In the Act of 1976, civic amenities and other project works were carried out by the Zilla Parishad.
Thopte Committee recommended that these may be carried out by project authorities.
20.6.2 Maharashtra Project affected Persons Rehabilitation Act 1986.
Based on the recommendations submitted by Thopte Committee and also other experiences
of the past, the Government of Maharashtra passed the Act of 1986, which came into force on 30th
September 1989. The changes made in this Act were not substantial. For example, the Act was re-
titled as "Maharashtra Project Affected Rehabilitation Act 1986" as compared to the previous
"Maharashtra Resettlement of Project Displaced Persons Act, 1976".
The Act of 1986 has however, made a remarkable change in the definition of project
affected persons. The scope has been widened to:
An occupant whose land is in the affected zone as required under section 14 (Provisional
Declaration of affected zone and benefited zone) for the purpose of a project.
A person who is a tenant at the possession of land under the relevant tenancy law in the
affected zone at the time of acquisition of land.
Article Nos. 14, 15, 19 and 20 and 21 of the 1976 Act have been removed in this new Act.
The new Act also shifted the work related to implementation of civic amenities and other
works from Zilla Parishads to project authorities.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
135 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
20.6.3 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement, 2013:
Current status of Act and implementation procedure:
Currently, the 2013 Act of the GoI is in force, and all acquisition carried out henceforth will
be as per the provisions of this Act. Unfortunately, the bylaws and rules of this Act have not been
promulgated as yet. Consequently, land for irrigation project has not yet been acquired by the
Revenue Department under this Act. The old provisions of 1999 Act along with its amendments upto
2016 are currently in operation. Similarly, a Government Resolution notified and Gazetted on the
12th May 2015 is being used for acquiring certain types of land.
In the case of dams for which land was acquired prior to 1986, provisions under the 1894
Land Acquisition Act were used. In case of the Koyana and Ujani Dam specific GR’s were passed,
stating that the R & R Act of 1999 would apply to the involuntary displaced PAP’s of Koyana and
Ujani Dams. In the case of Wangmarathwadi dam and Venekhol Dam (Satara District, Patan Taluka),
the 1999 Act was applied.
The current practice enable the Revenue Department to create a land-pool consisting of
land acquired under various statutory provisions under the 1894 Act and the subsequent legal
instruments, during the post independent period. When land was acquired purely under the
provisions of 1894 Act, and allocated to PAP’s was 1.5 times the value of land, as per the Ready
Reckoner of the Revenue Department. No land for land has been given to PAP’s.
After the enactment of the 1999 Act, the compensation paid for land acquired was
approximately 4.5 times that of the Ready Reckoner. It is learnt from the authorities of the
Revenue Department that, when the latest provisions of the 2013, the Right for Fair Compensation
and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act are applied, the
compensation awarded amounts to about 8.5 times of the Ready Reckoner.
The list of amenities to be provided has also been expanded. Similarly, the common
amenities to be provided in the proposed resettled villages for rehabilitation (gaothan) have also
been enlarged to respond current requirements. In a recent award granted by Revenue Department,
GoM in district of Satara, the compensation for acquired land per hectare amounts to Rs. 8,90,351/-
.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
136 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
The current hierarchical structure for performing the procedure of R & R is indicated in the
organogram given below:
20.6.4 IBRD policy on involuntary resettlement
In 1980 the World Bank became the first international organization to establish guidelines
on involuntary settlement in the projects it supports. The IBRD has been involved in supporting the
Maharashtra Water Sector Improvement Program (MWSIP) since 2008. As per its operation manual
(OP 4.12, on involuntary resettlement), all projects partly or fully funded by it require compliance
with certain policies like Environmental Impact Assessment, Involuntary Resettlement,
Rehabilitation of cultural assets of National / state importance, loss due to submergence, etc. Since,
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
137 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
the WB has been a major partner in the water sector, and since the GoM may take financial
assistance from WB or such other financial institutions, it is desirable that the major policy
objectives of OP 4.12 be complied with in future. Fortunately, the new National umbrella act on LAQ
and R & R passed by the Indian Parliament in 2013, fully complies with the revised policy objectives
of the World Bank, dated April 2013.
However there are two important elements which are probably more progressive than the
national law, which are related to Public Participation and the procedure for calculating the value of
assets lost by PAPs. In case of public participation the IBRD expects prior informed consent. This
implies that the PAPs are informed about their options and rights pertaining to resettlement,
offered choices regarding economically feasible resettlement alternatives, acceptable to them so
that they are willing to give prior consent to being displaced. Effectively, such a consent tantamount
to a ‘Veto’ option. However, the R & R package is expected to be attractive enough not only for the
household but for the displaced community as a whole. Further, it safeguards the socio cultural
values and the milieu at the proposed location of resettlement as well.
The second important aspect is about compensation at full replacement cost. This implies
that the amount compensated should be equal that required for purchasing the movable or
immovable assets at market prices.
It may be stressed here that compliance with the IBRD framework would be more expensive but it
should be aimed at not only for procuring financial assistance, but more importantly because it
improves the performances of our projects and their socio-economic value.
20.6.5 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification and resettlement plan
(Environment Protection Act, 1986):
Status of Land Acquisition are in WFRB
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
138 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 20-1 Representing current status of R & R in WFR Basin:
Division Total Area
Acquired
For
Irrigation
Projects (In
Lakh
Hectares)
Land to be
Acquired
(In Lakh
Ha)
Surplus
Land (In
Lakh Ha)
Submergence
Area (In Lakh
Ha)
Number of Project Affected Families
Displaced Rehabilitated Resettled Yet to be
Resettled
Affected
1 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Thane 0.1346 0.0248 0.0000 0.1017 1769 627 1142 0 1769
Raigad 0.0268 0.0223 0.000 0.023 1139 445 0 694 1139
Ratnagiri 0.0175 0.0095 0.0000135 0.0112309 1993 367 864 762 1993
Sindhudurg 0.0490 0.0699 0.0003 0.0626 6163 2195 135 3833 6163
Total 0.2279 0.1265 0.0005 0.1986 11064 3634 2141 5289 11064
Source: Data of all 28 sub-basins
Current Status of R & R in WFR sub-basin:
Land acquired for the irrigation projects in WFR basin is about 22790 Ha 0.2279 lakh ha, with Aurangabad division at the highest of 13460 Ha 0.1346
lakh ha, at acquisition of land for irrigation projects.
A total 11064 families i.e. about 55320 people were affected by all Major, Medium (Completed and Ongoing) projects.
Note: By considering family size as 5
About 5289 families i.e. about 26445 people are to be resettled by land to be acquired in near future for irrigation projects.
Total submergence area is about 0.1986 lakh ha.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
139 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 20-2
Division No of
Projects
requiring
Rehabilitati
on
No. of
completed
Projects
No. of
incomplete
Projects
Total
Affected
Villages
(Farms +
Gaothan
)
Affected
Gaothans
(Only
Houses)
Affected
Families
(Gaothans)
New
Gaothans
which are
to be
Rehabilita
ted
Gaothans
where
Civic
Amenities
were
Completely
Provided
Gaothans
where
Civic
Amenities
were
Partly
Provided
The work
of
providing
Amenities
has not
been
started
yet
Rehabilitate
d Villages
out of the
Affected
Villages
Rehabilitate
d Families
out of the
Affected
Families
Affected
Villages
where
Rehabilitati
on is
Remaining
Affected
Families
which
are Yet
to be
Resettle
d
1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Thane 4 3 1 39 1325 1769 13 3 0 0 3 627 0 0
Raigad 7 0 7 17 14 1139 14 6 3 2 8 445 13 694
Ratnagiri 4 2 2 11 1993 1993 9 5 0 4 9 367 2 762
Sindhudurg 13 0 16 50 1138 6163 22 10 155 5 10 1932 14 4231
Total 28 5 26 117 4470 11064 58 24 158 11 30 3371 29 5687
Source: Circle wise data received from KIDC, Thane, 2018
33 %of the affected families are rehabilitated in WFRB
19 %of the affected families are resettled in WFRB
48 %families are yet to resettled in WFRB
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
140 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
20.7 Conclusions:
Total Number of projects in WFR Basin where R & R is applicable: 28
Total number of villages affected within the WFR basin is: 117
Total number of families affected or displaced: 11604
Total area affected: 0.2279 lakh ha.
Enormous delay seen in implementation on R & R is observed
Data on excess acquisition of land is not available officially with any Government
agencies concerned with the LAQ and R&R Process or with the project authorities. In
most cases even the requisite area of land has not been acquired. Therefore, it is not
possible to make any assessment of excess land acquired by project authorities.
20.8 An overview of the difficulties, gaps, suggestions and
recommendations
Difficulties & gaps
The R & R aspect is seen as an obstacle in the development process instead of
being looked at as an opportunity for further development.
Details of land acquired are not available for all projects. Compilation of data
base i.e. awards, compensation paid, resettlement facilities given out etc. is not
appropriately done. In the long run this may cause extreme inconvenience to the
authorities. Demarcation of acquired lands is not carried out which leads to
encroachment.
The surveys conducted in the 30 sub-basins clearly show that all the amenities
which existed in the old gaothans were not provided by the Government in the new
gaothans. While it is true that a larger number of amenities are listed in the new act,
several of them are irrelevant for specific communities and locations. In such cases
amenities which the villagers require, but are not listed in the package need to be
appropriately substituted. If the supply of water for drinking and cattle cannot be
adequately provided due to its physical scarcity, then providing them with drainage and
sanitation facility would not be of great use. The list although ideal, assumes an overall
and simultaneous upliftment of services and developmental activities. For example a
bus-stop may be useless in hundreds of villages of Gadchiroli, if buses do not actually
reach the area. In such cases it must be substituted with other amenities which the
community requires. For example, all tribal villages may require a Gotul (and not a Samaj
Mandir), which performs socio-cultural functions. Similarly, a fish landing and storage
facility may be a location-specific demand, or the repair and maintenance of a
dilapidated Malguzari tanks may be an urgent requirement, though not listed as an
amenity. The DRO, irrespective of whether he belongs to Irrigation or Revenue
Department should be given the discretion of substituting inappropriate amenities with
those urgently required.
Suggestions and Recommendation:
It must be ensured that in the case of completed and ongoing projects where
land acquisition is already in progress the provisions of The Land Acquisition Act, 1894;
‘Maharashtra Project Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act 1999’ be applied. However,
wherever the land acquisition process has been initiated after the promulgation of ‘Right
to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement, 2013’, the new Act should be complied with, in ‘letter’ and ‘spirit’.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
141 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
The new act (2013) requires, that the responsibility of R & R be should be taken
by the Revenue Department. However, since the WRD/ RBA will use its prerogative of
getting the land acquired (through the Revenue Department) it must ensure that it
discharges its responsibility of ensuring prompt and fair compensation and
rehabilitation. For this purpose WRD/ RBA must appoint an officer who voluntarily
agrees to perform this onerous task.
Since there is a general perception amongst farmers that due to depressed
prices farming is not a viable or attractive option, a good compensation package will
encourage people to move out of agriculture sector to other sectors. With increasing
employment opportunities and options available for individual enterprise outside the
agriculture sector, especially in the service sector and industries which are auxiliary or
ancillary agro-industrial units, marketing and trade, etc., such shift in employment is
most likely. However, those families who continue to opt for agriculture in spite of the
attractive compensation and R & R package, land for land (albeit a smaller but irrigated
area) would be a justifiable option.
There is a large number of cases pending in the courts at District, High court and
Supreme Court for demand of enhanced land rate. Such cases should be closed by way
of settlement of claims at the earliest by complying with the 2013 legislation.
Existing Land Acquisition and R& R records need to be maintained properly, in order to
avoid unnecessary litigation. The Revenue Department which is currently in the process
of digitizing all such records must urgently complete the process.
There is scope for utilization of surplus land / unutilized landward. There are many
structures at the existing project sites, such as buildings, stores etc. which are currently
not in use which can also be brought into use. Options of revenue generation from these
can be explored.
Establishment of State Monitoring Committee for R & R)
The State Government shall constitute a State Monitoring Committee for
reviewing and monitoring the implementation of rehabilitation and resettlement
schemes or plans
The Committee may, besides having representatives of the concerned Ministries
and Departments of the State Government, associate with it eminent experts from the
relevant fields.
The procedures to be followed by the Committee and the allowance payable to
the experts shall be such as may be prescribed by the State.
The State Government shall provide such officers and other employees to the
Committee as may be necessary for its efficient functioning.
The Rehabilitation and Resettlement Committee shall include, apart from
officers of the appropriate Government, the following members, namely:
A representative of women residing in the affected area
A representative each of the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes residing in the
affected area
A representative of a voluntary organization in the area.
A representative of a nationalized bank
The Land Acquisition Officer of the project
The Chairpersons of the panchayats or municipalities located in the affected
area or their nominees
The Chairperson of the District Planning Committee or his nominee
The Member of Parliament and Member of the Legislative Assembly of the
concerned area or their nominee
A representative of the Requiring Body, and
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
142 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Administrator for R and R as the Member-Conveyor
An expert committee consisting of Government and Non-Government personnel
having the necessary social and analytical skills for compiling an annual report on Land
acquisition, compensation and rehabilitation at the State level, be appointed. Currently,
there is no system at the State level which is charged with responsibility of preparing
such an annual report, and placing it before the State legislature. Such a report would
provide a benchmark for assessing the overall progress of the R & R process, and its
conclusions could be included in the annual Irrigation Status Reports ( सचन स ि थती अहवाल).
References:
Award given by Deputy Collector, for the Land acquired by Dhom-Balakawadi Right bank
canal, Satara district, Maharashtra, 31th March 2016
Reports of all 30 sub-basins of Godavari, as submitted for approval to the GoM, March /
April 2015.
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Ordinance 2014: A Process Perspective, G. Raghuram and Simi Sunny, July
2015
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013
Report on Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation (Nagpur Division), Revenue and Forest
Department, GoM, Dec. 2012
Government of Maharahstra OR no, LQN-18/2004/File No.162/A-2 dated 06.06.2006
Land acquisition Government. Circular (Marathi) No.LQN18/200APK162/A-2 dated
06.06.2006
State Water Policy, 2003
National Water Policy, 2002
The Maharashtra Project Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act 1999, as modified upto the
12th February 2016, Law and Judiciary Department, GoM
Rehabilitation Policy and Law in India: A Right to Livelihood, Walter Fernandes and Vijay
Paranjpye, 1997
Maharashtra Project Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act 1986
Maharashtra Resettlement of Project Displaced Persons Act, 1976
Land Acquisition Act, GoI, 1894.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
143 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
21 Drought Mitigation
21.1 Introduction
The State of Maharashtra has experienced many moderate as well as acute droughts
with some of them being even successive for two to three years over the last few decades.
Droughts are natural disasters caused by scanty rainfall, acute shortage of water required for
human, cattle and agricultural activities, large-scale deforestation, excessive use of surface
water-resources, uncontrolled withdrawal of groundwater from wells etc. The severity of the
drought gets worsened on account of nurturing incompatible cropping pattern and industrial
activities in water short sub-basins over years together, leading to desertification of the region.
21.2 Definitions
Drought is a climatic disorder characterized by deficit of moisture. Drought is described
as an insidious hazard of nature. It originates from deficiency of precipitation which results in
water shortages. Drought is also defined as the prolonged scarcity of water and dry climate. It is
the most complex of all natural hazards affecting the people. The scarcity may be due to
unpredictable behaviour of rains. Inconsistent or no rains for a longer duration leads to dry and
hot climate resulting in depletion of groundwater & scanty storage in surface water bodies. This
culminates into crop failure and shortage of water for drinking and fodder for animal survival.
Sometimes excessive rains also create a situation of wet-drought wherein all the crops, and
irrigable lands are flooded and no food or water is available in potable form leading to famine
like situation. Annual rainfall less than 15 to 20 % of average annual rainfall of the sub-basins
located in rain shadow areas gives rise to drought situation. A small variation in rainfall can be
met with by altering the demand of irrigation, industry and drinking water supply to tide over
the situation. The consequences of severe droughts on agricultural production, hydropower
generation and even on regional economy are disastrous. In the state of Maharashtra,
consideration of drought prone areas point to the following symptoms.
The rainfall is erratic and highly variable, arrival of monsoon is delayed, sometimes it
stops abruptly and there are long dry spells of weeks together. It is again followed by early
withdrawal of monsoon.
The total rainfall is adequate i.e. more than the crop water requirement but duration of
rainfall is less and intensity is more resulting into excessive surface run off and poor recharge to
groundwater. The fertile land is subjected to severe erosion.
The groundwater table is depleted due to meagre recharge and over extraction. There is
acute shortage of drinking water.
The crop production is limited to food grain crops alone. The crop yields are extremely
poor.
The National Commission on Agriculture 1976 has defined and classified drought as
below.
Meteorological Drought
Meteorological drought may be defined as a situation when annual rainfall over the area
or place is lower than 75% of normal precipitation. It is further classified as “moderate” drought
if rainfall deficit occurs between 25% to 50 % and “severe” drought when it is more than 50%.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
144 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Hydrological Drought
Hydrological drought may be defined as depletion of surface water and groundwater
induced by prolonged meteorological drought to the extent that available water volumes are far
lower than desired ones.
Agricultural Drought
Agricultural drought is defined as lack of moisture causing excessive loss of potential for
agricultural production.
In short it could be summarized as, an agricultural drought is defined by soil moisture
deficiencies, hydrological drought is defined by declining surface and groundwater supplies and
meteorological drought is defined by precipitation deficiencies.
21.3 Climate change /global warming:
Climate change is likely to increase the variability of water resources on account of
occurrence of frequent incidences of heavy floods and severe droughts. There are more chances
of delay in onset of monsoon annually followed by early withdrawals. The area is affected by
recurrence of frequent cyclones and stormy weather .The heavy rains at the end of the monsoon
period damages the harvesting season of the crops resulting into losses in crop production (Oct
2016). The occurrence of hail storms on multiple occasions annually in different parts of the rain
shadow areas has posed another worrisome situation in farming sector. The hail storm of Feb,
March of 2014 impacted very badly on the standing food grain and horticulture crops. Since then
it is being experienced almost every year in different parts of the scarcity prone areas. There are
cloud bursts also and they are very erratic and untimely as has been experienced in the
monsoon of 2016. The climate change is causing the temperature to go up and there is a
reduction in crop productivity. The effect of climate change / global warming invites the attack
of altogether new type of diseases, pests, insects etc. which pushes the farming activity in
problematic situation. The poor farmer cannot cope up with all such natural calamities. It is
therefore necessary to give special impetus towards mitigation at micro level by enhancing the
capabilities of community to adopt climate resilient technological options.
There are large numbers of references of droughts which are very much akin to the rain
shadow areas of the Godavari basin in question. The period from 1396 to 1408 is known as
Durgadevi’s drought. People in large numbers migrated towards north part of the India. The
acute drought year of 1460 is known as Drought of Damaji Pant of Mangalwedha. The drought
period of 1629 to 1631 is known as the drought of Sant Tukaram. There were series of drought
years during 18th century. It was a period of great lady Ahilyadevi Holkar. The successive
famines of the last quarter of 19th century made the British government in India to constitute
famine commissions to seek advice for combating drought situation. After independence there
has not been a single decade devoid of drought year. The years of 1970 – 72, 1986 - 1988, 1991-
92, 2001-2003, 2012 – 2013 and 2014-2016 have been recognized as severe drought years for
the state of Maharashtra and Marathwada, a major part of Godavari basin in particular.
During the recent past the years of 2012, 2014 and 2015 were referred as years of low
rainfall at national level. The rainfall was 7% less than the average rainfall during the monsoon of
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
145 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
2012. It was 12 & 16% less than the average rainfall during the years 2014 and 2015 respectively.
The year of 2015 was a scarcity year for the state of Maharashtra. Same was the case for 2014
and 2012. During these years rainfall in Marathwada (Godavari basin) was as low as 40% than
the average in most parts. The Marathwada region faced acute shortage of water which resulted
into steep fall in crop production and migration of the population in large numbers. This
exceptional situation particularly of Godavari basin was related by IMD to the ‘El Nino’ effect of
Pacific Ocean. Some people attributed the event to global warming as well. It was also opined
that there was no precedence to such an event of extremely low rains during successively two
years of 2014 and 2015. This issue was analysed by some experts in the field of climate change
(Bhavatal of July- August 2017) with the help of a long series of rainfall of 145 years pertaining to
the period 1871 to 2015 with a specific reference to Marathwada. The year of 2015 received
40% less than the average rainfall in Marathwada. The study showed that out of 145 years, there
were 6 years when the rainfall was less than that of 2015. It was further seen that in
Marathwada over last 145 years, there were 22 years of low rainfall i.e. of scarcity. The region
experiences a year of acute scarcity once in every 6 to 7 years. Out of these scarcity years there
were 5 instances of successive scarcity years and they were 1876-77, 1920-21, 1971-72. 1984-85
and 2014-15. This indicates that the year 2015 was not an exceptional year from the point of
view of scarcity and the successive scarcity event of 2014-15 was not an exceptional one. For
Marathwada region, the drought year of 1972 was the most severe of all the years. The annual
rainfall was 46% less than the average. The year before this i.e. 1971 was also affected by low
rains. From the above, it could be inferred that the drought of 2015 was not on account of global
warming/ climate change. It was a normal occurrence which had a precedence, impacted by
extreme ups and downs in the history of 145 years. The drought of 2015 was subjected to acute
shortage of drinking water unlike the year 1972 which faced mainly shortage of food and fodder.
21.4 Agro climate Zones
The agriculture department has divided the state of Maharashtra into nine different
agro-climate zones depending upon the climate, topography, soil & cropping pattern. Ambika to
Mhasala basins are covered under zone two (Non-Late (Laterite soil with heavy rainfall) rite soil
with heavy rainfall) and from Bharja to Tilari basin are covered under zone one (Laterite soil with
heavy rainfall).
21.5 Rainfall
There is a great variation of rainfall in the WFR Basin ranging from 1864.22 mm in
Ambika sub-basin to 4746.64 mm in Shastri sub-basin as given in table below. Rainfall in various
sub-basins is tabulated as below.
Table No.21.1-Average Annual Rainfall in WFRB
Sr. No. Sub basin Average annual
rainfall (mm)
Sr.
No.
Sub basin Average annual
rainfall (mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Ambika 1864.22 15 Shastri 4746.64
2 Auranga 1957.68 16 Muchkundi 2687.44
3 Narpar 2016.35 17 Kajavi 3756.52
4 Damanganga 2082.58 18 Kodavali 3841.83
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
146 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr. No. Sub basin Average annual
rainfall (mm)
Sr.
No.
Sub basin Average annual
rainfall (mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6
5 Draining in to Sea 2282.72 19 Vaghotan 3574.46
6 Vaitarana 2506.65 20 Davghad 3126.58
7 Ulhas 2911.59 21 Gad 3642.13
8 Patalganga 3070.78 22 Karli 3573.12
9 Amba 3035.67 23 Vengurla 3137.55
10 Kundalika 3132.53 24 Achara 3302.75
11 Savitri 3030.20 25 Terekhol 4227.19
12 Mhasala 3613.97 26 Tillari 4242.33
13 Bharja 3652.45 27 Mahadayi 4013.84
14 Vashishti 4112.55 28 Mumbai 2422.00
21.6 Various Commissions/Committees and their recommendations in
respect of draught management/mitigation:
National Irrigation Commission -1972
The pertinent recommendations are given below:
Availability of water in drought prone region be augmented by providing a carryover
while planning an irrigation project.
Percolation tanks, check dams be constructed in that part of the state where
groundwater is deeper.
There is no objection to relax B.C. ratio up to 1 in respect of major, medium irrigation
projects in drought prone areas.
Fact Finding Committee for Drought Prone Area – 1973
On the background of severe drought during the period 1971-72 the government of
Maharashtra appointed one Fact Finding Committee for the scarcity affected area. Some of the
important recommendations offered are presented below.
In drought prone area, irrigation projects be based on 50% dependable availability
instead of 75%. By undertaking extension and modernization of old projects, protective
irrigation facilities be extended to drought prone areas.
All areas falling within the isohyets of 750 mm and shallow land areas falling between
the isohyets of 750 and 800 mm be broadly included in drought area.
Soil and water conservation works be carried out in an integrated manner with watershed area
as a basis in drought prone area.
Various biological and engineering measures of soil and water conservation in
accordance with soil classification be resorted to.
Public education be attached importance for soil and water conservation works taken up
under the Watershed Area Development Programme.
Afforestation programme be also implemented in catchment areas of minor irrigation
and similar projects.
Groundwater table be raised by releasing monsoon flood water in canals. Artificial
groundwater recharge measures be implemented.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
147 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Permission for practicing irrigation by lift from reservoirs be given to give benefits to
drought prone area.
Irrigation in drought prone area be promoted on modern irrigation methods.
National Agricultural Commission-1976
The water conservation works such as nalla bunding, farm ponds etc. be given
importance along with soil conservation works.
Committee on Eight Monthly Water Use – 1979
The state government appointed a three member committee consisting of Shri. Deuskar,
Shri. Datta Deshmukh and Shri. Dandekar on 6th July 1978 to provide irrigation benefits to
extensive areas. A few important recommendations are given below.
Irrigation Projects be designed for 50% dependability.
If there is no provision of perennial crops in projects belonging to water short sub-
basins, no water be provided to such crops.
The government in irrigation department vide their order dated 12th Feb, 1987, issued
following directives for implementing 8 monthly irrigation system in lieu of perennial irrigation
system in water short basins of the state. The main objective was to extend the benefits of
irrigation over a large area with a view to have equitable distribution of water amongst the
users. The orders were made applicable for both the projects i.e. ongoing and to be taken up in
future. The water surplus basins of the state (like Kokan etc) were excluded from such
restrictions.
In 8 monthly irrigation system irrigation canals will be operated mainly for growing
seasonal crops from July to Feb of each year.
After the completion of the rabbi season, if there is surplus water in large irrigation
projects, same may be supplied only to seasonal summer crops like groundnut, fodder etc. No
water supply be made to sugarcane crop.
Dr. Subramanyam Committee -1987
At least 50 per cent land out of the net cultivable one in drought prone talukas be
provided enough water during the coming years to enable to cultivate at least one crop.
An enactment to regulate the groundwater use be brought out by establishing a
groundwater authority at State level.
The industrial and commercial complexes be encouraged to make reuse of used water
by subjecting it to proper and essential treatment. Reuse of treated sewage water should be
made obligatory for domestic use other than drinking purposes.
White Paper on Drinking Water by Government of Maharashtra (1995)
Employ long term measures to strengthen water sources and increase groundwater
recharge.
Population increase is the root cause of drinking water problem and therefore there is a
need to bring control on the same.
Both ground and surface waters being common property resources, their uses shall be
made extremely efficient and economical.
It is necessary to formulate district and taluka wise schemes for domestic water supply
by taking into consideration total availability of water and its use for different purposes.
Planning for irrigation should be carried out on the basis of remaining water i.e. after
ascertaining demands for drinking water etc.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
148 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission, 1999.
The recommendations pertaining to drought mitigation are given below.
The planning of irrigation projects in water scarce and deficient areas be done on eight
monthly basis.
No new sugar factories be undertaken in the area of deficit and highly deficit sub basins.
Possibility of shifting sugar factories to areas where water is available in surplus and agro
climatic conditions are conducive to the growth of sugarcane be thought of.
Economically viable inter basin water transfer be implemented on priority.
• Irrigation be practiced on modern irrigation methods (Drip, Sprinkler, etc.) with an
emphasis on less water intensive crops.
• Perennial crops (Borrowing horticulture one) be totally forbidden.
• Less water intensive economic activities (Industries, Service Sectors, etc) be promoted.
• Watershed development programmes be lent priority as an alternative irrigation
system in an area devoid of conventional irrigation system owing to natural
constraints.
• Before taking up water conservation programmes, an in depth study of hydro-
geology of watersheds be made obligatory.
• In planning and implementation of the programme of watershed development
involvement of geologist be made obligatory.
• The water availability in watershed area be assessed on the basis of modern hydrological
methods. A hydro-meteorological observatory be set of in every micro watershed/
village.
• The construction of village tanks/ponds should not be undertaken unless a guarantee as
to the scientific management is tendered by the village panchayat.
National Water Policy, 2012
Drought prone areas should be made less vulnerable to drought associated problems
through soil moisture conservation measures, water harvesting practices, minimization of
evaporation losses, development of groundwater potential including recharging and the transfer
of water from surplus areas.
Relief works undertaken for providing employment to drought stricken population
should preferably be for drought proofing.
Land, soil, energy and water management with scientific inputs from local, research and
scientific institutions should be used to evolve different agricultural strategies and improve soil
and water productivity to manage droughts.
Integrated farming systems and non-agricultural developments (industries, service
sectors) may also be considered for livelihood support and poverty alleviation.
State Water Policy, 2003
Pastures, forestry and other modes of development (industries and service sectors)
which are relatively less water demanding shall be promoted in drought prone areas for
generating employment.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
149 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Dependability of projects in drought prone areas be lowered subject to economic
viability.
Modern irrigation systems be promoted in scarcity areas.
Eight monthly cropping pattern be adopted in planning and regulation of projects.
The distress in water availability during deficit period shall be shared equitably amongst
different sectors of water use and also amongst U/s and D/s users.
Relief works undertaken for providing employment to drought stricken populations shall
preferably be for drought proofing. Water resources development works shall be given top
priority.
The water conservation works shall be taken up on top priority where groundwater
table has considerably gone down and the area is declared as overexploited zone.
Integrated watershed programmes be encouraged in drought prone areas.
Summarizing the suggestions and recommendations offered by the various committees
and commissions, it is clearly revealed that the issues confronting while fighting against the
recurring droughts, had already been deeply deliberated upon even at different times earlier
and through them a few recommendatory guidelines are also brought to the fore. Never the less
any standing system supposed to transform the recommendations after a follow up into an
action plan being wanting, most of the key recommendations have been relegated to the
oblivion. Considering all such needs in light of new perceptive, setting up of a monitoring system
appears necessary. This will be covered in the chapter of institutional arrangement in detail.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
150 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
151 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
22 Disaster Management: Risk Assessment and Aversion
22.1 Introduction
Disasters are crisis situations which are either naturally caused, human induced or a
complex of circumstances which exceed the human ability to evade, resist or to recover from
them. Floods, drought, forest fires, earthquakes are natural calamities and they can cause heavy
damage in terms of loss of lives and property. While not all the natural calamities can be
predicted and prevented, it becomes essential to have emergency and preparedness plans and
at the same time implement them effectively. Disaster management is an ex-post-facto
procedure, carried out after the event has already taken place, and it is usually concerned with
natural phenomena, which are to a great extent, or even completely outside human control. The
objectives of the Disaster Management Plan (DMP) are to safeguard or minimize the loss of lives
and property and restore normalcy at the time of a natural disaster. Another goal of the DMP is
to enhance co-ordination among public-safety organizations, formulate action plans and
periodically update them.
An important component of the Disaster Management Strategy for the West flowing
Rivers basin is of risk assessment and management. A ‘risk’ may be defined as an event that has
a probability of occurring, and could have a negative impact on a plan (or a specific project
within it) if such an event does occur. This includes risks of not only disasters, but also of project
failures. An important characteristic of any risk is the uncertainty of its occurrence during the
period in question (say till 2030 in the case of the IWRDP for the West flowing Rivers basin). The
negative impact of such events, if they are not mitigated or prevented in time, may be serious
enough to defeat the purpose of planning itself. The impact may be experienced in the form of
social-injustice, economic or financial losses, or losses due to environmental degradation or
pollution. Hence it is important to identify and understand possibility of risks throughout the
lifecycle of the Disaster Management Plan.
22.2 Legal Framework for Risk Assessment and Disaster Management
22.2.1 The Disaster Management Act, 2005
The Disaster Management Act of 2005 established the National Disaster Management
Authority. The NDMA is entrusted with the responsibility of laying down policies, plans and
guidelines for disaster management and monitoring their execution at national, state and district
level. The Act has also called for the establishment of State Disaster Management Authorities
[14(1)], a Disaster Management Plan for every state [23] and a National Plan for Disaster
Management [11(3)] which is to include measures for the prevention and mitigation of disasters
and their effects, as well as the integration of all such measures, and capacity building and
community participation for their effectiveness.
22.2.2 National Disaster Management Guidelines, Preparation of State Disaster
Management Plans, 2007
The guidelines for the preparation of State Disaster Management Plans have set the
following objectives –
Promoting a culture of prevention and preparedness by ensuring that DM receives the
highest priority at all levels.
Ensuring that community is the most important stakeholder in the DM process.
Encouraging mitigation measures based on state-of-the-art technology and
environmental sustainability.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
152 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Mainstreaming DM concerns into the developmental planning process.
Promoting a productive partnership with the media to create awareness and
contributing towards capacity development.
Ensuring efficient response and relief with a caring approach towards the needs of the
vulnerable sections of the society.
Undertaking reconstruction as an opportunity to build disaster resilient structures and
habitat.
Undertaking recovery to bring back the community to a better and safer level than the
pre-disaster stage.
The guidelines recommend a participatory approach, asking states to “make all efforts
to assist communities in understanding their vulnerabilities and the lead role that they can
play in managing risks with less dependence on external entities” and that “arrangements for
community based disaster preparedness should form the basis for preparation of plans”. They
also specifically mention the inclusion of “identification of vulnerabilities and risks” in the
preparation of the plans.
22.2.3 The Report of the High Powered Committee on Disaster Management,
Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture,
Government. Of India3
The 2001 report, in its Executive Summary, mentions risk assessment as a “critical
need”. It inter alia proceeds to state that “a holistic approach to Disaster Management would
[...] include growing environmental concerns and risk assessments towards a safer India.” The
report has addressed all sorts of disasters ranging from earthquakes and cyclones to droughts
and dam bursts, and in the context of each of them, it has stressed upon the need to include risk
assessment as an integral part of every disaster management plan.
22.2.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Manual and National Environment
Policy (NEP) 2006, MoEF, Government. of India
The EIA Manual issued by the MoEF states Risk Assessment as a component of the EIA
(Pt. 1.3) and reiterates its necessity in the checklist as well, through the inclusion of “alternative
designs or techniques which might pose reduced ecological risks” and “primary and secondary
impacts, temporary and long-term, unavoidable impacts and risks”. The twelfth principle of NEP,
2006 clearly mentions “risks to human health, risks to other environmental entities, technical
feasibility, costs of compliance, and strategic considerations” which are to be considered while
setting environmental standards, implying that risk assessments are inevitable.
22.3 Disaster Management
Disaster Management involves planning, organizing, and coordinating among various
officials and departments and the implementation of the planned measures. A typical DM
structure (illustrated in Fig.1) involves 2 phases:
a) Pre-Disaster Phase: Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness
3Agriculture and the impact of drought and floods form the core of the WFRB Plan. The Disaster Plan on the other hand covers all
sectors and does not refer specifically to the agriculture sector. The report of the High Powered Committee of the Department of Agriculture, GoI, on the other hand has elaborated upon Disasters as well as Risks pertaining to irrigation and agriculture in particular, which are not given in the bare act (DMA, 2005).
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
153 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
b) Post-Disaster Phase: Response, Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction.
Figure22- 1: A Typical DM Structure
22.3.1 Institutional Framework for the implementation of the DMP -
At the central level, a ‘National Disaster Management Committee’ is established under
the Ministry of Home Affairs. At State level, an ‘Advisory Committee’ works under the Home
Ministry and the Chief Secretary. The Department of Relief and Rehabilitation through its
division of Forests and Revenue Department (GoM) has prepared a State Disaster Management
Action Plan (DMAP). The main purpose of the DMAP is to assess the existing resources and
facilities and ensure their timely availability, and identify requirements of the organization that
helps to strengthen the technological support and data management.
Section 25 of the Disaster Management Act, 2005, entitled ‘District Disaster
Management Committee’ is made responsible for planning and monitoring of a Comprehensive
Disaster Management Plan. The Collector is responsible for handling the emergency situations
through the District Control Room (DCR). He is also responsible for coordinating with the
Tehsildars, Talathis and various officers from other departments in order to formulate and
execute DMAP. According to such plans, the Collectors have designated committees at district-
levels, taluka-levels and village level.
The State Emergency Operation Centre (SEOC) and the District Emergency Operation
Centre (DEOC) coordinate the functioning of the DCR.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
154 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure 22-2: Information Flow Chart of the State Control Room
Figure 22-3: Activity-wise Flow of Information
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
155 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure 22-4: Early Warning Dissemination
Internet
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
156 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure22-5: Emergency Response Structure
Further, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) have been devised for flood control at
major storage projects, which have outlined communication procedures at different levels of
flood. From the L0 level (Preparedness Level) to L4 level (Disaster Level), a communication chain
right from the Sectional Engineer and Sub-Divisional Officer all the way up to the Central
Government and the Armed Forces has been established. For further details, refer to the
document “Standard Operating Procedure for Flood Control in case each Major/medium or
minor project.
In keeping with the guiding principle of community participatory approach, individuals
from local communities shall be roped in for gathering and disseminating information,
maintenance of resources and facilities, and basic training of the communities in the event of a
disaster. Through NGOs, CSOs and Area Water Partnerships, these individuals can be grouped
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
157 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
and trained for enabling communities to manage disasters better at the ground level
immediately, during the time taken for the government machinery to set in motion. However,
care has to be taken that the process of grouping and forming such local level ‘committees’,
does not become expensive, time-consuming and cumbersome. More importantly, it should not
lead to fragmentation in local water resources management. For this, an ideal and practical
solution would be to form a single committee at village level which deals with not only disaster
management, but also with other aspects of water, such as groundwater and surface water
management, water quality management, fisheries, navigation and water-related tourism,
WUAs etc. Such a committee, in fact, will be in a better position to obtain and disseminate
information, handle disasters, and implement DM strategies more effectively due to its
comprehensive understanding of the entire water sector at the village level. It will truly be able
to integrate all water-related sectors and include disaster management, at the grass root level.
All such village committees should be grouped under Area Water Partnerships – one for
each sub-basin – which then should regroup themselves under a basin-wide West flowing Rivers
Water Partnership (WFR.WP). The WFR.WP will serve as a platform for stakeholders to interact
with the governmental authorities at various levels of the water sector in the state. Given below
is a schematic diagram of the institutional structure incorporating the WFRWP, sub-basin
partnerships, and village-level committees into the water management sector at state level.
Figure 22-6: Community Level Institutional Structure
Effective disaster management can only happen when both, administration and civil
society work together, in a holistic, integrated fashion. It is not the task or responsibility of the
government alone, and local communities should also be made an active participant in the
whole process. Further, the government machinery currently has a top-to-down approach which
limits the speed of response to emergency situations; a multi-sectoral, multi-dimensional
committee at the village level will speed up response and action. Understanding and
management of other water-related sectors along with disaster management can greatly
IDCs in WFRB in Maharshtra
WFRB water partnership – I Member from Each
Basin Partnership
WFRB Basin Partnership
Integrated Water Management Committies at
villegeLevel, looking after Disaster management
surface & Groundwater Use and Quality fisheries,
Navigation, Tourism etc.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
158 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
contribute to handling disasters effectively at lowest rung, and minimise or even eliminate
potential losses.
22.3.2 Incidences of Floods in the West flowing Rivers Basin
In WFR basin, the rainfall intensity is highest in India excepting some parts of north
eastern states. As the rivers are short and steeply sloping incidences of flood is a common
occurrence in this basin.
In recent past, there have been many incidences in of flooding in the floods of 2006-07
were the most devastating and had a very severe impact. More than 2400 villages and people in
that village in the basin have been affected by floods so far. The following incidences and losses
caused due to flood.
During 2005 Maharashtra Flood, flooding took place in many parts of WFR basin.
1) Vaitarna Basin- The worst flood at Vaitarana River was recorded in 2005. The loss of life was substantial. 85
houses were affected in the floods of 2005 at Vaitarna river sub basin. The total compensation
paid was Rs. 0.36 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected
peoples.
a)Loss of livestock- With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood
warnings to the target area, but rainfall intensity high in the Vaitarna basin so that 5animalsare
escaped by flood.
b) Loss to agricultural production – As Vaitarna river sub basin is pre-dominantly post
monsoon Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very
high seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain
the Floodwater. Hence, near than 3620.02 Ha land is affected by flood as well as related loss to
agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities.
c) Loss of Infrastructure –In Vaitarna sub basin part, most of the area is Urban. In this basin
loss of infrastructure as follow, partially 122 houses and full 10 houses, 11 H.T Pole, 49 L.T Pole
and 3 Fishery boat.
2) Kajvi Basin- The flood in Kajvi Valley was recorded in 2005. There was no loss of life at flood time. Loss of
livestock - With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings to the
target area, but rainfall intensity high in the Kajvi Valley so that 437 animals are escaped by
flood.
a) Loss to agricultural production – In Kajvi Valley near by 255.0 Ha land was affected by flood
as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities.
b) Loss of Infrastructure - In 2005-2006 flood 47 houses were damaged. The total
compensation (for road, houses, electricity, water supply etc.) paid was Rs. 0.59 Cr. As well as
supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples.
3) Muchkundi Basin – It can be thus seen that the rivers in the district ultimately meet the Arabian Sea through creeks
and therefore often experience the impact of tidal fluctuations in the creek & sea. The situation
always becomes alarming in rainy seasons in the event of high tide coinciding with heavy rains.
Most of the areas on the bank of these rivers do not have any open spaces for creating holding
ponds and as such often experience sustained inundation
No damage has reported by Revenue department due to flood. Also no land of any village has
been damaged till date due to Flood.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
159 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
4) Vashishti Basin In the Nive and meets the Arabian Sea at the Dabhol as a Dabhol Creek. The important
tributaries of the Vashishti River are Jagbudi, Vaitarni, and Pimpali. The often experience the
impact of tidal fluctuations in the creek & sea. The situation always becomes alarming in rainy
seasons in the event of high tide coinciding with heavy rains. Most of the areas on the bank of
these rivers do not have any open spaces for creating holding ponds and as such often
experience heavy flooding.
a) Loss of life – The worst flood at Vashishti and Jagbudi River was recorded in 2005. 11loss of
life in the floods of 2005-06 at Vashishti river valley. The total compensation paid for their
rehabilitation was Rs. 60.79 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood
affected peoples.
b) Loss of livestock - Rainfall intensity high in the Vashishti valley so that 395 animals are
escaped by flood.
c) Loss to agricultural production – As Vashishti river valley is pre-dominantly post monsoon
Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high
seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in abetter position to sustain the
floodwater. Hence, near than 2500 Ha land is affected by flood as well as related loss to
agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities.
d) Loss of Infrastructure - In 2005-2006 flood 282 houses are completely destroyed whereas
5749 houses have same structural damages. For this compensation was given to people.
5) Shastri Basin
a) Loss of life – The worst flood at Shastri River was recorded in 2005. No loss of life in the
floods of 2005-06 at Shastri river Valley. The total compensation paid for their rehabilitation was
Rs. 0.6583 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples.
b) Loss of livestock - Rainfall intensity high in the Shastri Valley so that animals are escaped by
flood. But no record available.
c) Loss to agricultural production – As Shastri river sub Valley is pre-dominantly post
monsoon Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very
high seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain
the floodwater. Hence, near than 2500 Ha land is affected by flood as well as related loss to
agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities.
d) Loss of Infrastructure - In2005-2006 flood 7 houses are completely destroyed whereas
29houses have same structural damages. For this compensation was given to people.
6) Ulhas Basin
a) Loss of life –The worst flood at Ulhas River was recorded in 2005. The loss of life was
Substantial. With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings to the
target area, the loss of life has become very large. 249 people were dead in the floods of 2005-
06 at Ulhas river sub basin. The total compensation paid was Rs. 102.00Cr. As well as supply
Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples.
b) Loss of livestock - With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood
warnings to the target area, but rainfall intensity high in the Ulhas sub basin so that 437animals
are escaped by flood.
c) Loss to agricultural production – As Ulhas river sub basin is pre-dominantly post monsoon
Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high
seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain the
floodwater. Hence, near than 23188.80 Ha land is affected by flood as well as related loss to
agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
160 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
d) Loss of Infrastructure –Ulhas River sub basins most part is covered with metropolitan city so
the numbers of shops and houses are large. In 2005-2006 flood 1406 houses are completely
destroyed where as1880 houses have same structural damages. Based on the previous history
sindhudurg district has an unexpected rainfall and flash flood followed by landslides and road
accidents. This district receives high amount of rainfall during the rainy season. As a result most
of the rivers get excess water and experience floods. The heavy rainfall also results in landslides
in isolated areas characterized by steep slopes.
7) Vengurla Basin -
The major rivers where flood comes at least once a year are:
1. Waghotan 2.Sukhnadi 3.Tillari 4.Karli 5.Gad nadi
Apart from flood tidal waves may affect the villages close to the Arabian Coast during
cyclone and Tsunami. Flood in 2005 affected almost the whole district by and large.The
estimated loss resulted by this flood was more than 9 crores.
8) Waghotan Basin – a) Loss of life – The worst flood at Waghotan River was recorded in 2011. The loss of life was
stantial. 1249 people were affected in the floods of 2011 at Waghotan river Valley. The total
compensation paid was Rs. 0.25 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the
flood affected peoples.
b) Loss of livestock - With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings
to the target area, but rainfall intensity high in the Waghotan Valley so that 437 animals are
escaped by flood.
c) Loss to agricultural production – As Waghotan river Valley is pre-dominantly post monsoon
Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high
seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain the
floodwater. Hence, near than 3188.80 Ha land is affected by flood as well as related loss to
agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities. Master Plan for Integrated
Development and Management of Water resources of Waghotan-Basin
d) Loss of Infrastructure - Waghotan river Valley part is most of the metropolitan city so that
numbers of shops and house are large. In this flood there are 575 houses are some part of
structural failure.
9) Terekhol Basin- Based on the previous history, sindhudurg district has an unexpected rainfall and flash flood
followed by landslides and road accidents. This district receives high amount of rainfall during
the rainy season. As a result most of the rivers get excess water and experience floods. The
heavy rainfall also results in landslides in isolated areas characterized by steep slopes. The major
rivers where flood comes at least once a year are:
1. Tillari 2.Karli
Apart from flood tidal waves may affect the villages close to the Arabian Coast during cyclone
and Tsunami. Flood in 2005 affected almost the whole district by and large. The estimated loss
resulted by this flood was more than 9 crores.
10) Tilari Basin - a) Loss of life – No damage has been reported up till now by the Revenue Department.
b) Loss of livestock – The construction of Main Earthen Dam was under construction flood
warnings to the prone area, though rainfall intensity was high in the Tilari Basin there is no such
loss of livestock recorded by Revenue Department.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
161 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
c) Loss to agricultural production – As Tilari river Basin is in hilly region. No land is affected by
flood as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities.
d) Loss of Infrastructure – There is no urban area in Tilari river Basin most part is covered with
vegetation and forest so the numbers of shops and houses are very rare and scattered. In 2005-
2006 flood there took place due to floods.
11) Amba Basin - a) Loss of life –The worst flood at Amba River was recorded in 1989. The loss of life was
substantial. 13000 people were affected in the floods of 1989 at Amba river sub basin. The total
compensation paid was Rs. 3.00 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the
flood affected peoples.
b) Loss of livestock--
A) Jambulpada- 1) As per revenue record population of village was 2685 soles.
2) 92 Houses totally ruined & 46 Houses mostly damaged & 243 families were totally affected.
3) 85 persons of 29 families died in flood & 150 persons flowed away.
4) In Raigad district 1061 villages affected & 237 persons died whereas 264 soles absconded
permanently.
5) In the periphery of Amba Sub-Basin all villages were immensely affected.
6) 1000 of cattles flowed away. All Agriculture land with crop were ruined.
7) Town Pali was inundated @ 50% and 5 to 6 died in the havoc
B) Town Nagothane-
1) During the same time @ 4.00 am. (24th July morning) total Nagothane town wasmostly
inundated. 2) First time In the history of Nagothane this biggest disastrous flood experienced by the residents of
nagothane which ruined complete town and thrown it back for 25 year.
3) As per records available population of Nagothane town was 10 to 12 thousand and about 90%
people were fully affected.
4) Flooding started @ 1.00 am. Night and grabbed total town upto 5.30 pm. By inundation raised
water level up to 20 to 25 feet and town was submerged in water for 18 to 20 hours.
5) Market places, lanes were dumped with rotten food grains and house hold commodities.
6) National highway no.17 (Mumbai-Goa Highway) was totally washed out at three places.
7) In a length of 100 feet earthen embankment of railway track was washed away.
8) Total agriculture land with crop completely ruined.
9) 6 people died in flood havoc.
10) All houses, roads in town were damaged seriously.
11) 1000 of cattles flowed away & died.
12) Embankment behind the abutment of @ 250 year old Wakan Bridge was completely washed
away.
13) In the periphery of Nagothane @ 35 villages are dependent on market of
Nagothane.Because of this disastrous flood market suspended for 15 days & all 1989.But it was
day light no serious injury to lives was noticed except damages to houses and about 28 boats
flowed in the flood. This village had population @ 825 in the year 1989.In thehistory of floods
this was so disastrous rather than the previously experienced.
c) Loss to agricultural production – As Amba river sub basin is pre-dominantly post monsoon
Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high
seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain the
flood water. Hence, near than 10000 Ha land was affected by flood as well as related loss to
agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities.
d) Loss of Infrastructure - Amba river sub basin part is most of Village Jambhulpada, Town-
Nagothane and Sudhagad (Pali) that numbers of shops and houseare large. In this flood about
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
162 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
more than 1000 houses were completely ruined and @700 houses and civil properties were
mostly damaged.
12) Kundalika Basin- In the history of Maharashtra State Raigad district experienced disastrous floods during the year
1923,1961,1983 but the flood occurred on 23/24 July 1989 was highly disastrous that the people
of Raigad district and especially can’t forget it so long.
All over the Maharashtra heavy rainfall occurred by pouring 750 to 1000 mm rainwater in a short
duration. Immense raining severely inundated
13) Mhasala Basin - a) Loss of life – The worst flood at Mhasala River was recorded in 2011. The loss of lifewas
substantial. 1249 people were affected in the floods of 2011 at Mhasala river Valley. The total
compensation paid was Rs. 0.25 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the
flood affected peoples.
b) Loss of livestock - With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings
to the target area, but rainfall intensity high in the Mhasala Valley so that 437animals are
escaped by flood.
c) Loss to agricultural production – As Mhasala river Valley is pre-dominantly post monsoon Rabi
season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high seasonal
crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain the
floodwater. Hence, near than 3188.80 Ha land is affected by flood as well as related loss to
agricultural production is reported by Revenue authorities.
d) Loss of Infrastructure - Mhasala river Valley part is most of the metropolitan city so that
numbers of shops and house are large. In this flood there are 575 houses are some part of
structural failure.
14) Patalganga Basin: The unprecedented rainfall on 26th July 2005 had caused severe flooding in the urban areas of
Patalganga such as Panvel, Kalamboli,Belapur, Taloja, Uran,Pen and part of Navi Mumbai
damaged property and other infrastructures in these areas including loss of human life.
15) Savitri Basin: The unprecedented rainfall on 26th July 2005 had caused severe flooding in the urban areas of
Mahad and poladpur and damaged property and other infrastructures in these areas including
loss of human life.
FLOOD DAMAGE IN THE YEAR 2005-06
Loss of life: - The worst flood at Savitri River was recorded in 2005. The loss of life was
substantial. With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings to the
target area and 13 people were dead in the floods of 2005-06 at Savitri river sub basin.
16) Kodawali Basin: It can be thus seen that the rivers in the district ultimately meet the Arabian Sea through creeks
and therefore often experience the impact of tidal fluctuations in the creek & sea. The situation
always becomes alarming in rainy seasons in the event of high tide coinciding with heavy rains.
Most of the areas on the bank of these rivers do not have any open spaces for creating holding
ponds and as such often experience sustained inundation
The unprecedented rainfall on 11thSept 2011 had caused severe flooding in the Rajapur area and
damaged property and other infrastructures in these areas including loss of human life.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
163 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
22.3.2.1 Flood Line Maps.
To tackle flood situations, flood maps indicating three zones should be drawn at multiple
levels, for project areas, as well as for watersheds, sub-basins and finally, the entire basin.
During the probable flood situation (1st June to 15th Oct every year) all the concerned
departments work together round the clock. In order to control encroachments in Rivers,
marking for prohibited zone (blue lines); restrictive zone (red lines) and caution level zone (green
lines) should be done on priority for critical flood prone areas and remaining areas thereafter.
Updating of marking should be carried out periodically once in 5 years.
Caution Zone (green colour): This zone shows the extent of water spread resulting from
inundation, in case of a dam failure / dam break. This zone assumes the simultaneous
occurrence of maximum recorded rainfall in the catchment as well as in the non- intercepted
zone, and failure of the dam when the reservoir reached or cross the maximum water level, or a
situation of ‘overtopping’ the dam.
Restrictive Zone (red colour): This zone indicates the flooding condition during maximum
rainfall in the catchment area, or approximately equal to the area inundated by the maximum
possible flood which returns / occurs once in 25 years. No permanent structures are to be built
in this zone.
Prohibitive Zone (blue colour): This zone shows the observed floods. This zone should be
completely prohibited from any settlements and structures. There is a need to rehabilitate the
village settlements at the earliest to avoid any disastrous event in the near future.
In addition, a ‘dam break study’ should be carried out initially for all dams that have a
height exceeding 15 meters and significant human population living downstream should be
carried out by 2020-21, and for all those with a height between 10 and 15 metres, by 2022-23. A
line or an envelope curve should be shown on the map of the impacted area downstream of the
reservoir.
Priority should be given to potential hazard basis. If there is any town/village
downstream where the houses are below flood line, then they should be given priority.
Submergence of cultivated land is inevitable; little can be done about it beyond compensation
and the establishment of a good drainage system, so that flood water gets evacuated instead of
stagnated (as observed on the Krishna Rivers). A crop ‘wilting-point’ occurs, both when a
drought spell continues beyond a limit and when waterlogging takes place for more than a few
days.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
164 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Figure 22-7: Map showing Prohibitive, Restrictive and Caution Zones
22.3.2.2 Flood Forecasting.
Flood forecasting in the sub-basin is meant for –
Proper operation of reservoir for safety of dam and moderation of floods.
Warning the people likely to be affected by imminent floods.
Taking necessary safety steps in advance and keeping vigil on engineer’s works along
with Rivers course and habitations.
The WRD has developed an adequate Flood Forecasting system for West flowing Rivers.
In every monsoon season, control rooms and Wireless stations are established at the governing
points for floods on the West flowing Rivers. The data about rainfall and water levels, Rivers
discharges, spillway discharges is provided to Control Room at Thane, Palghar, Kolad, Ratnagiri
and Oros as well as Flood Control Room at Mumbai. Chief Engineer (WRD) monitors the
activities.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
165 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Flood warnings are issued in advance to downstream stations and warnings about
letting out water into Rivers are also issued for public in flood prone areas on banks of the
Rivers. The probable flood levels are worked out at important towns on the bank of the Rivers.
Caution levels and danger levels are worked out for different townships on the bank of Rivers
and have been decided from floods observed in the past. Accordingly warnings are issued to the
inhabitation on the banks to save life and properties. To ensure that the warnings are accurate
and timed correctly, efficient equipment to make real time estimations of the flood and transmit
them speedily is essential. Timely and accurate flood warnings are the most important and
effective part of the whole process; indeed, forewarned is forearmed.
22.3.2.3 Gate Operation Schedule.
The Gate Operation Schedule (GOS) is prepared and the flood is managed by WRD in co-
ordination with the Revenue Department. The gate operation schedule must be prepared based
on site conditions, the results of model studies and regulation schedules of the complete
sequence of stage of operation of various gates corresponding to various lake levels and the
flood situations. The releases from reservoir during floods are communicated to Revenue, Police
and all concerned Departments and authorities involved in the flood management system to
alert the people in the flood prone villages on the banks of Rivers.
22.3.2.4 Reservoir Operation Schedule (ROS).
Normally storages/ projects are meant for water supply, irrigation, hydropower
purposes and it is desirable to fill such reservoirs as early as possible during filling period. While
doing so, it should also be seen that the reservoir level is not brought near the FRL too early in
the monsoon, if the estimated runoff statistics show that even by prescribing limiting reservoir
filling level the reservoir can be filled up after following such restrictions.
According to the Committee on Precise Determination of Reservoir Releases during
Emergency Situations in the State of Maharashtra (Vadnere Committee - 2007) the reservoirs in
Maharashtra are operated with rigid schedules and the change over should take place from rigid
to semi-rigid schedules, especially with the advent of flood forecasting techniques together with
weather and climate forecasts. In case of gated reservoirs, a part of the conservation storage
space forms a part of the flood control storage space. Semi rigid or flexible ROS shall have to be
evolved keeping both the requirements in view. The reservoir level is to be maintained as per
‘upper guide curve’ during normal inflows. During heavy floods, the normal reservoir operation
schedule should be switched over to the ‘emergency flood moderation schedule’. The criterion
for switching over is the occurrence of heavy to very heavy rainfall in the catchment of the dam
or the intimations of heavy to very heavy flows into the reservoir. This switching over process
should be well studied and implemented in sub-basin/basin existing in the state. The reservoir
level may go above FRL during emergency flood moderation for temporary period in exceptional
situations, when a round-the-clock vigil is recommended. In WFRB the rivers form estuaries at
their confluence with sea. In case of some rivers, such estuaries run for several kms upstream. In
case of high tide occurrence, it is ensured in actual gate operation, that the flood waters do not
strengthen tidal waves.
22.3.2.5 Guide Curve or Rule Curve.
The guide curve/ Rule curve of gated reservoir shows the limits to which the reservoir
levels should be normally raised at the end of the specific periods for achieving the normal
planned storage of reservoir while availing the flood absorption capacity to the greater possible
extent during the specified period. The guide curves should be prepared separately for filling
periods and depletion periods. The guide curve/ rule curves are generally made up of upper
guide curve and lower guide curve. The upper guide curve in conservation schedule is the upper
limit of the level to which dam can be built up or maintained on respective data. The lower guide
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
166 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
curve in conservation schedule indicates the minimum level up to which the reservoir filling
must be achieved from the various dates during the rainy season from the point of filling the
reservoir.
There should be only one guide curve for depletion after attainment of FRL considering
various water demands during the various periods of a year. As per guidelines of dam safety
manual, the guide curve for 90% dependable storage levels and 75% dependable storage levels
are designated as upper and lower guide curve respectively. This is appropriate for reservoirs
planned for irrigation use at 75% dependable yields. The reservoirs are also planned for the
purpose of utilization of the stored water for hydropower generation, water supply an industrial
use on higher dependability as per Government policy. Upper and lower guide curves for
reservoirs planned on higher dependability (more than 90%) should be developed for 100% and
90% dependable levels separately.
22.3.2.6 Flood Zoning.
The commonly expected floods to be managed are 25 years return floods, 100 years
return floods and dam break floods. The flood routing for these events should be carried out and
probable flood lines for these three flood events should be marked all along the Rivers. Neither
permanent nor temporary structures should be permitted below the 25 years return flood
zone. Temporary structure at the cost and risk of user may be permitted between 25 years and
100 years return flood zones after a case by case scrutiny. Suitable locations higher than 100
year return flood zones may be identified and notified, in case shifting habitants at such
locations becomes inevitable.
22.3.2.7 Flood Alarm System.
It is essential to install flood alarm systems in flood prone villages. A hooter may be
installed in the concerned Gram Panchayat office which can ring and alarm the villagers where
ever situation arises. The information of expected floods, flood levels along with the photograph
of the flood line marked structure with its location may also be displayed in the Gram Panchayat
office. A display board showing the precautions to be followed “do’s and dont’s” may also be
included.
Further, it is important that local communities are roped into the process. Real time
information can be collected and disseminated with speed and ease by recruiting and training
local individuals for Disaster Management. Maintenance of equipment, monitoring Rivers water
levels and transmitting vital flood information to downstream villages via SMS or Internet,
setting up and executing evacuation procedures and protocols, and spreading awareness among
the communities regarding disaster management are activities in which locals can contribute
significantly. Roping them in would not only make it easy for the administration to reach the
grass root level, but it would also increase the efficiency level of managing the disaster.
22.3.3 Flood Management Strategies.
Strategy 1: Increasing preparedness against floods
Flood Anticipation Systems: A dense climate monitoring network which feeds data into a
flood prediction and monitoring model should be developed and installed in the West flowing
Rivers basin. Tools such as Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can be used effectively for
the purpose. There are several software and models developed at the international (UN, EU,
etc.) and national levels (CWC, ISRO) for flood forecasting and monitoring. These should be
installed by 2022 for the West flowing Rivers basin as a whole, i.e. in other riparian states as
well. A regional approach which considers the natural sub-basin boundaries as the basis for flood
forecasting and monitoring is recommended for such a system. Investments for installation of
climate and flood monitoring systems should be made by the Water Resources Department at
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
167 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
locations both upstream and downstream of the major reservoirs of the basin. Also, investments
need to be made to install rainfall prediction stations, Doppler, cloud burst assessment and
analysis stations etc. Also, there is a need to develop effective communication between the
stations at dam sites that include easy transmission of data.
Strategy 2: Increase ability to resist the damages caused by disaster situations
Communication between riparian states: Rapid communication and decision making systems
should be in place in order to prepare the States for disaster situations. As described earlier, the
Special Task Force should be able to maintain free communication and a special communication
protocol should be maintained during an unavoidable flooding disaster.
Formation of Integrated Disaster Management Organization (IDMO): The IDMO could be an
integrating organization comprising all the districts in the basin area. Such an organization would
help to coordinate and exchange information between the flood sections of all the districts.
Communication with vulnerable communities: Effective use of electronic media, and
telecommunication devices should be made for providing accurate and timely information to
vulnerable communities. Information regarding availability of boats, rescue operations, security
systems, make-shift houses, hospitals and medical aid, should be provided via these devices.
Communication with major industries like thermal power stations, mines, lift-irrigation units,
paper mills, etc. should be maintained. Disaster response strategies should be premeditated for
these units, and written SOPs should be agreed upon in advance. Similarly, community
representatives should be appointed and trained to collect and disseminate information from
their locations, to maintain and use/operate preventive and managing equipment, to help
execute evacuation and other disaster management plans etc.
Rapid Action Forces: Control Rooms should be maintained at selected towns in order to monitor
the Rapid Action Forces like relief and rescue teams of the Police, Fire Brigade, Home guards,
Health Officers, Revenue Departments, NSS, NCC, etc. There should be adequate number and
access to fire brigades, trucks, trolleys, drilling machines, excavators, jeeps, buses, ambulances,
helicopters, etc. All dam sites (medium and major) must be provided with at least three boats
per site, and should be made available in times of emergency. These equipments must be
maintained in working condition at all times.
Assessment of damages and rehabilitation: Transparent, participatory and timely assessment of
damages should be made and rehabilitation should be provided. The procedures and paper-
work related to seeking of compensation should be made easy for the affected communities and
administrative help and support should be provided.
Strategy 3: Develop mechanisms for timely and long term recovery from disaster situations
Preparation and distribution of vulnerability maps.
Maintaining and timely updating the revenue and land records of persons in vulnerable areas.
Annual mock-drills for emergency actions in vulnerable villages in the months of April and May.
Maintenance of row boats, floats, ropes, disinfection kits and other simple immediate action
implements at village level.
Relocation and rehabilitation of extremely vulnerable villages.
Planning and rebuilding of houses in vulnerable villages to allow water to rise without damaging
property and maintaining storm water drains in good condition. Some methods were observed
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
168 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
in villages near MP during field visit. It must be ensured that sanitation facilities in flood-prone
villages are well-maintained in order to avoid health problems and epidemics during and
especially after floods.
Documentation of affected life and property due to floods, so that appropriate compensation
and rehabilitation measures can be taken.
22.3.4 Recommendations related to Floods
22.3.4.1 The recommendation/guidelines have been issued by Dam Safety Organization,
Government of Maharashtra, Nasik as per Dam Safety Manual, Chapters 7 and 8.
Areas liable to flood should be well demarcated by identification marks or stones of
distinct design and colour. High spots near each village should be determined so that people can
be shifted immediately on receipt of the flood warning. Zones should be divided into three
distinct categories to correspond to areas likely to be inundated with 25 years return period, 100
years return period and the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) respectively in case of Rivers
without storage dams, or, 25 years return period flood, spillway design flood and the dam break
flood respectively in case of Rivers with storage dams as the case may be. The three zones will
correspond to prohibitive, restrictive and caution zones respectively.
The envelope curve resulting after conducting a dam-break analysis should also be
demarcated on the map.
22.3.4.2 The National Water Policy, 2002
There should be a master plan for flood control and management for each flood prone
basin.
Adequate flood cushion should be provided in water storage projects, wherever feasible,
to facilitate better flood management. In highly flood prone areas, flood control be given
overriding consideration in reservoir regulation policy even at the cost of sacrificing some
irrigation or power benefits.
While physical flood protection works like embankments and dykes will continue to be
useful, increased emphasis should be laid on non-structural measures such as flood forecasting
and warning, flood plain zoning and flood proofing for the minimization of losses and to reduce
the recurring expenditure on flood relief.
There should be strict regulation of settlements and economic activity in the flood plain
zones along with flood proofing, to minimize the loss of life and property on account of floods.
The flood forecasting activities should be modernized, value added and extended to
other uncovered areas. Inflow forecasting to reservoirs should be instituted for their effective
regulation.
22.3.4.3 State Water Policy, 2003 provides for
All the provisions included in National Water Policy, 2002.
Watershed Management through extensive soil conservation, catchment area
treatment, preservation of forests and increasing the forest cover and the construction of check
dams shall be promoted to reduce intensity of floods.
22.3.5 Earthquake Management
The West flowing Rivers basin falls largely in Zone III of the earthquake severity as per IS:
1893 (Part-II)-2002.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
169 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Earthquakes in Maharashtra are showing major alignment along the west coast and
Western Ghats region. Seismic activity can be seen near Ratnagiri, along the western coast,
Koyna Nagar, Batas and Surry areas of Thane district.
The proximity of the Western Ghat Fault Scarp and evidences of neo tectonic activities in
the Konkan area point to theearth movements in the recent past and the possibility of an
earthquakecannot be ruled out. There is no history of earthquakes in this district earlier.
Present Management Practices for Earthquake: Pre-intimation shall be received from
Indian Metrological Department Pune/ Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute Nasik
(Government of Maharahstra) to Collector of the district. Following Departments are directly
associated for providing services- Revenue, Police, Fire Brigade, Health, Telecommunication,
MSET/ MSEDCL, JeevanPradhikaran, PWD and Water Resources. The services needed are -
• Medical check up and treatments
• Electricity, drinking water supply
• Restoration and Rehabilitation of communication
• Rehabilitation of affected persons
• Economical Rehabilitation of affected family and
• Identification and handing over of properties to respective survival members.
22.3.6 Recommendations related to earthquakes
After the Killari earthquake in September 1993, GoM appointed a Committee under
Chairmanship of Shri. V. R. Deuskar, Retired Secretary, Irrigation Department to suggest various
earthquake zones of the State. This zoning as per ISI was necessary to decide the earthquake
coefficient applicable in the design of various irrigation structures. Recommendations of this
Committee were accepted by Government of Maharashtra (1995). Recommendations of the
committee were implemented by strengthening many dams in the State.
A Committee headed by Shri. Thatte, Retired Secretary, GOI was appointed to suggest
the measures required for strengthening of major dams in Maharashtra.
For suggesting strengthening to minor and medium dams, a Committee headed by Shri. S.
T. Deokule, Retired Principal Secretary, Irrigation Department was formed. Accordingly,
strengthening of dams of minor and medium schemes was carried out in WFR.
22.4 The Role of Risk Aversion in Disaster Management
A disaster management plan (DMP) is mainly related to physical risks. It is almost always
brought into play after the event has occurred or at the best when it is actually happening. On
the other hand “risk-management” is essentially an “ex-ante” process, and it plays itself out
before the occurrence of phenomenon; particularly, in case of physical phenomena which have a
large negative impact, “Disaster-Management” begins when (and where) ‘Risk-Management’
ends. The objectives of the Disaster Management Plan (DMP) are to safeguard or minimize the
loss of lives and property and restore normalcy at the time of a natural disaster. Another goal of
the DMP is to enhance co-ordination among government machinery, public-safety organizations
and communities, formulate action plans, and periodically update them.
Both risk management and disaster management entail a cost. If Risk-Management costs
are delayed or denied, then the cost of Disaster Management and rehabilitation are
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
170 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
exponentially higher. The classical proverb “a-stitch in time saves nine” distinguishes the
difference between a Risk-Management plan (RMP) and Disaster-Management Plan (DMP).
Further, both RMP and DMP are important and non substitutable, because a disaster can
happen even if the RMP has been implemented.
22.4.1 Risk Management – Procedure and Plan
22.4.1.1 Introduction
Risks and uncertainties are a reality of life, which cannot be neglected or denied. While
the terms risks and uncertainties have different connotations in different disciplines like
economics, engineering etc, for the Integrated Water Resources Development Plan (IWRDP) for
West flowing Rivers basin, we will align our discussion of the concept with the
national/international understanding of the term ‘risk management’. According to the current
understanding, risks are classified into several categories like natural and physical risks,
economic/financial risks, social risks, engineering risks, governance and institutional risks etc.
However, non-professionals or sector experts like irrigation engineers, urban planners,
geologists, agronomists, foresters etc. usually consider only the physical or natural risks to be
relevant to planning. It is important that they also consider the risks and uncertainties affecting
not only projects and physical structures, but also the success or failure of the plan as a whole. In
reality the success or failure of specific projects or the plan as a whole, as viewed by
beneficiaries and stakeholders depends equally on risks related to unplanned cost and time
overruns, and ‘trust deficits’ on the part of government agencies, related to timely delivery of
services, payment of compensation dues etc.
Risk-Management may be described as an ongoing process which continues right
through the period of the procedure. It invariably forms an indispensable part of the
development procedure. This procedure applies to individual projects and to the plan as a
whole. This process constitutes the following steps-
22.4.1.2 Primary identification of risk categories:
Risks are not only of disasters, natural and manmade, but also of project-related failures,
and need to be identified at all the stages of development. The nature, intensity and scope of
the risks may differ at each stage of the development process. Besides the threats listed in
earlier chapters of negative ‘risk-impacts’ which have already been experienced within the
project area during the last few decades, have also been listed and described along with their
possible impacts. If they re-occur during the next couple of decades (say till 2030) then the
targets and objectives of the plan will not be achieved.
22.4.1.3 Risk Assessment
After identification of possible risks it is important to assess the risks to understand the
impact and scope of the risk. For this purpose, risks can be classified into A-B-C categories (A-
Catastrophic, B- Critical, C- Moderate, D-Minor, and E- Negligible). They can be further
elaborated by stating the impact of probable losses as High/Medium/Low, if the risk is not
addressed adequately. Classifying risks in the Rivers basin in such a way would help to
understand the most immediate risks that need to be taken care of. Also these categories need
to be updated at various stages of the project to add newly observed risks or to reassess the
intensity of the identified risks. A risk management committee should be set up which would be
responsible for assessment of risks. The same team should be charged with the responsibility of
reviewing large individual projects as well.
Investments for risk assessment procedures would depend on whether risk assessment
is being done for the project or the plan as a whole. The duration of the West flowing Rivers
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
171 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
comprehensive plan is around 15 years. Hence in order to sustain yearly risk assessment
procedures, it would be ideal to allocate 0.5% to 1% of the total project cost for the purpose of
risk assessment and amelioration. The risk management committee set up for this purpose
should comprise of experts from various fields like disaster management, engineering,
economics and sociology. These should also be provided with secretarial assistance. In the
context of IWRPD for West flowing Rivers basin, we have considered the following categories:
i) Engineering and Physical Risks
Reliability, accuracy, quantity, transparent and timely availability of basic hydrological
and seismic data. This determines, in turn, the design and parameters for structures like dams,
canals, lifts, barrages, sewage treatment plants, water-supply and water-purification systems
etc. Besides primary data, the “appropriateness” of the structures/design in terms of the stated
objectives, and societal capacity to operate and manage the systems can be a significant risk.
Failure of a technology (tested/untested) can and does pose a risk.
ii) Natural Phenomena
Earthquakes, fires, geo-genic pollution, unprecedented rainfall/cloud burst, unknown
epidemics affecting human-populations, crops, livestock etc. all carry varying degrees of risks.
However these are uncertain risks with relatively lesser monetary losses that can be covered by
compensation.
iii) Economic and Financial Risks
While preparing the Detailed Project Report (DPR), the commonly observed practice is
to account for anticipated inflation and time overrun. Therefore, it is the time or cost escalation
over and above the estimated overrun which creates the risks. Further, the risk of conscious (or
unconscious) overestimation of benefits and under estimation of costs; the degree of realism
and validity about “assumptions” related to physical parameters, productivity parameters,
availability of capital funds (budgetary allocations or market options, external aids, etc.) also
need to be considered. This can cause relatively huge losses and seriously jeopardize the success
of the project/plan.
iv) Social risks and Risks related to ‘governance’, institutional decision-making
The relevant examples are: transparency, credibility regarding implementation/
enforcement of provisions/measures, legal and policy issues, notifications, conditionality’s,
‘NOCs’ flaws in ‘tender-and-bidding process’, ‘contract-drafting process’, non-justifiable political
interference etc. Inefficiencies and failures in issues of government corruption are now
recognised as matters to be recognised and resolved, as denial or non-recognition is very risky.
The following risks should be assessed in the West flowing Rivers Basin –
Cost and time overruns due to engineering decisions such as frequent and/or ad hoc
changes in design while constructing barrages and weirs, and building water conservation
structures without taking L sections and cross sections. In some cases, modifications done as per
technical requirements are unavoidable, but changes that are politically and financially
motivated but without adequate technical justification pose risks and should be assessed
rigorously.
Substantial water losses due to poor maintenance of canal systems, construction of new
tanks without giving importance to de-siltation, traditional construction techniques or the
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
172 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
system as a whole. Particularly, de-siltation is uneconomical for the reservoirs in the short run,
but the de-weeding/ cleaning would eventually result into net gains.
Pollution of water sources while developing groundwater projects, industrial belts and
agricultural land projects.
Collapse and or dilapidation of traditional water structures and devices in the absence of
restoration, technological upgrading and maintenance.
Regional and inter-sectoral imbalance in water allocation, especially to weaker sections
of society, caused by mega-scale thermal and engineering projects.
Climate change risks affecting water availability directly, as precipitation is predicted to
increase in the western and eastern regions of the basin, and reduce in the central, drought-
prone parts.
Insufficient resources for implementation of planned projects, underestimation of costs,
and limited resources getting spread too thinly over an unnecessarily large number of projects
due to absence of accurate and detailed financial plans. The latter issue is the most important
and the root cause of all the water-related problems currently faced by the people in the basin.
Time and cost overruns, major drop in agricultural and economic productivity, and social
and political instability due to delay in R&R process caused by factors such as delay in obtaining
clearances/ NOCs, mandates or political interference.
Threat to public health, hygiene and economic productivity due to occurrence of disease
vectors and neglect of provisions for drinking water, sanitation and hygiene.
22.5 Rehabilitation and Resettlement of Disaster Affected Persons
It may be noted that planning and execution of relief and rehabilitation (temporary or
permanent) schemes for disasters is different from that for projects. While displacement occurs
in both disasters and projects, it is temporary in the former. Resettlement of people in their
original, pre-disaster location forms a vital part of the R&R schemes for disasters, whereas in
case of projects, they have to be resettled at a different location altogether. R&R for disasters is
specific and supportive, and although short term, is urgent and humanitarian; speed of response
is key. In case of projects though, it is more long-term and does not demand quick reflexes;
rather, it requires a steady, holistic and developmental component, as the affected people have
been uprooted and need to be re-incorporated and absorbed into the local economy again.
These distinguishing factors should be kept in mind while designing, executing and assessing
R&R schemes for disasters and projects.
22.6 Recommendations
22.6.1 Recommendations related to disasters
A large number of structures completed before independence in the West flowing Rivers
Basin have now outlived their economic life. In addition there are several structures constructed
prior to 1980, which need major repairs due to unsatisfactory quality of work during the time of
construction. It is recommended that the RBA / WRD should appoint a Dam and Safety Panel
which will examine all such dams and canals / infrastructure which have been identified by RBA/
Corporation / WRD, as potentially risky or disaster prone. In order to make such large scale
repairs a special financial provision needs to be made which currently may not be a part of
capital expenditure to be incurred for projects under construction. It may be noted that the Dam
Safety Panel, GoI which is currently functioning is taking far too long to examine the large No. Of
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
173 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
projects in question. Therefore in order to enable optimal utilization of existing projects and
their infrastructure it is recommended that the GoM should appoint a separate committee
which can complete the task expeditiously.
Implement a comprehensive, advanced flood forecasting system covering entire West
flowing Rivers basin for anticipating and/or avoiding flash floods in West flowing Rivers.
Pilot studies on preventing Rivers pollution should be taken up for replicating the
measures more effectively.
Steps should be taken to get the inventory of major water bodies through MRSAC using
satellite imageries.
To maintain the desired water quality, the municipalities and industries need to treat
the wastewater before discharging into the Rivers.
Guidelines contained in Dam Safety Manual should be strictly followed and enforced if
necessary.
The Disaster Management Plan which has been prepared by the authorities of Revenue
and WRD for the emergency should be updated every year and followed strictly.
Flood zoning, Reservoir Operation Schedules, Guide / Rule Curve and flood forecasting
should be prepared for efficient and effective flood management.
Increase flood preparedness and ability to resist the damages caused by disaster
situations while developing mechanisms for timely and long term recovery from disaster
situations.
Adopt a regional approach for flood forecasting and monitoring. Natural sub-basin
boundaries may be considered as the basis for flood forecasting and monitoring.
Investments for installation of climate and flood monitoring systems should be made at
locations both upstream and downstream of the West flowing Rivers.
Villages or settlements falling within the flood line need to be informed and trained for
responding to disaster situations.
Formation of Integrated Disaster Management Organization (IDMO) which would help to
coordinate and exchange information between the flood sections of all the districts.
Information regarding availability of boats, rescue operations, security systems, make-
shift houses, hospitals and medical aid, should be provided by use of media.
Control Rooms should be maintained at selected towns in order to monitor the Rapid
Action Forces Necessary equipment and vehicles must be made available and kept in running
condition at all times.
Transparent and timely assessment of damages should be made and procedures and
paper-work related to seeking of compensation should be made easy for the affected
communities. Administrative help and support should be provided.
Preparation and distribution of vulnerability maps, updating the revenue and land
records of persons in vulnerable areas, mock-drills for emergency actions, facilitating
administrative matters, etc.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
174 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Unlike Disaster management which comes into force after a disaster has occurred, risk
assessment helps to identify likely risks involved in a project, thus increasing preparedness and
at times mitigating the effect of the disasters. Hence it must be included in the Plan from the
very beginning.
22.6.2 Recommendations related to risks related to financial and management
efficiency
Form the Joint Risk Monitoring and Management Committee (JRMMC) headed by the EE
of the R&R Agency for assessing and managing risks of both disasters as well as project failures.
Create a small but separate cell within the Committee to monitor the project objectives
at timely intervals and avoid/limit cost and time overruns and to keep a check on the allocation
of funds and execution of only those projects which are necessary and prioritised.
The same committee should be charged with the responsibility of conducting an ex-post
facto project evaluation study to enable en-route corrections.
The Committee should keep a check on the progress of implementation of R&R schemes
and obtain all the clearances necessary for timely rehabilitation and resettlement.
Regular and comprehensive collection of data, along with inputs from local communities
especially in disaster-prone and project areas.
Proper maintenance and/or supervision of canal systems and disaster management
equipment.
Study, document, upgrade and maintain traditional water storage structures and
systems.
Keep a check on withdrawals of water by different users and sectors, especially industries,
and effluent generation and treatment.
22.7 Sources
The Disaster Management Act, 2005
National Disaster Management Guidelines, Preparation of State Disaster Management
Plans, 2007
The Report of the High Powered Committee on Disaster Management, Department of
Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government. of India
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Manual and National Environment Policy (NEP)
2006, MoEF, Government of India
A Presentation on Disaster Management Plan, District – Nashik, District Disaster
Management Authority, Collector Office, Nashik
28 Sub-basin plans of the West flowing Rivers basin.
Vadnere Committee Report on Precise Determination of Reservoir Releases during
Emergency Situations in the State of Maharashtra, 2007
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
175 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
West flowing Rivers Study Group Report on Formulation of Guiding Principles on
Integrated Operation of Reservoirs for Conservation Uses in Upper West flowing Riversbasin,
2013
“West flowing Rivers”, The Indian Express.http://indianexpress.com/about/West
flowing-Rivers/
“Heavy rainfall triggers flood in Nashik, West flowing Rivers crosses danger mark, couple
washed away”. India. August 3, 2016. http://www.india.com/news/india/heavy-rainfall-triggers-
flood-in-nashik-West flowing-Rivers-crosses-danger-mark-couple-washed-away-1379009/
“Nepal and India Earthquake Relief”. Asia’s Hope. April 2, 2015.
http://asiashope.org/blog/2015/4/27/nepal-and-india-earthquake-relief
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
176 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
177 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
23. Socio-Economic Impact
23.1 Introduction
Conducting a Socio-Economic Impact Assessment (SEIA) is necessary in order to find out
whether the objectives of the Plan/Project have been achieved after project completion, as
anticipated at the time of project/plan formulation. It also helps to determine whether the
impact of the Project conforms or responds to the objectives of the relevant national/state
policies. Social and economic impacts go hand in hand. A planning process essentially should
include a socio-economic impact analysis in order to get a clear understanding of the objectives
and the final achievements of the plan.
The West Flowing River Basin is pre-dominantly characterised by agriculture as the
primary occupation of most people followed by people working in industries and service sector.
Hence, the provision of adequate water for irrigation and non-irrigation uses through inclusive
integrated planning of available water resources would have a definite positive socio-economic
impact on people living in and around the basin. Importantly, the findings of most of the surveys
indicate that dams have played a pivotal role in creating centres of development and have acted
as triggers for economic growth through a ripple effect.
The West Flowing River Basin comprises of 28 basins. Each basin is characterised by
features that are unique to the area. The entire basin covers all districts in Konkan region. In
addition to that some basins cover a tiny fraction of district like Nasik, Ahamdnagar, Pune,
Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur. However it is not possible to measure the socio-economic indicators
in such a manner for every district that falls partly in the West Flowing River Basin. Hence,
except Nasik district all other peripheral districts are excluded. This would give an overview of
the existing socio-economic condition of the WFRB.
Different socio-economic indicators like the Human Development Index, per capita
income, and BPL families have been considered here. The HDI is considered to be one of the very
critical indicators as it takes into consideration important factors like health, education and
literacy. The HDI of a particular district gives an overview of the socio-economic condition of that
district.
It is difficult to calculate the direct impact of these factors in the project areas at this stage
as an adequate number of socio-economic surveys have not yet been carried out. Currently, it is
customary for the WRD to prepare only detailed project reports. Completion reports are not
being prepared, even though they are required as per regulations. Similarly, even when major
changes occur in the key parameters of the projects, the original DPRs are not revised. As a
consequence, “ex-post facto” evaluation of such projects is also not being carried out. This is a
major shortcoming in the current planning procedure. It is crucial that all such reports, right
from the inception stage to the ex-post facto evaluation stage, are completed in time. In future,
such reports will enable a much better assessment of the socio-economic impact that takes
place during the plan period, in relation to the revised updated project objectives.
23.2 Previous studies and their results
While an exhaustive survey has not been conducted for the West Flowing River Basin as a
whole until now, specific studies have been carried out for certain parts of the basin, when
project reports for irrigation project were prepared. Also some assessments were done for
environmental clearance of Mumari project. DPR for each major and medium project contains a
chapter on socio economic impact on the project area.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
178 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
During census information about employment, industries, and incomes is compiled district
wise. Significant lifestyle differences are observed between command and non-command areas.
The proportion of consumer durables, brick/concrete houses, schools and vehicles in command
areas is roughly double the proportion in non-command areas. The standard of living and
economic status of about two-thirds of the population living in command areas has improved
considerably. It has been observed that the benefits have percolated to SC/ST farmers and other
weaker sections of society too.
After comparing the overall socio economic status of people living in command areas of
Major and Medium irrigation projects with people from non-command/rain-fed areas it is
observed that the facilities like roads, housing, education, electrification, drinking water supply,
public health and personal health, sanitation, telecommunication, banks and financial
institutions, marketing, agro services and agricultural extension etc. are significantly more in
command areas compared to non-command areas. Agro based industries started in the nearby
areas give additional employment opportunities. Non availability of labour for operations in
irrigated agriculture is also observed. Rain-fed farming is mainly for subsistence while irrigated
agriculture is for marketable surplus. This basic difference brings about the change in economic
status of the farmers which results in to several social, organizational, cultural and life style
changes.
It should be noted that irrigational facilities cannot be stated as the single most important
factor leading to this difference. Other factors such as HYV seeds, fertilisers, energy, labour, land
quality etc. are also significant contributors to the prosperity of command areas. However, it is
not possible segregate the effects of all these factors for separate measurement and
assessment. The exercise thus faces the ‘problem of indivisibility’, which can lead to inaccuracies
or double-accounting of impacts of separate factors. This should be borne in mind while
conducting the surveys and assessments. In such a case, it would be more pragmatic and useful
to set clear objectives and specify the criteria for their attainment at the stage of project
planning. After project completion, in the ex-post facto assessments, it should be verified
whether these pre-determined objectives have been met, based on the fulfilment of the criteria
specified for their attainment. Thus, the socio-economic surveys and assessments will be able to
overcome the challenge of indivisibility and prove to be effective contributions for further
decisions.
23.3 Socio-economic indicators of the WFR Basin
Table23- 1: Population. Sex Ratio, Literacy, PCI, BPL Population and HDI of West Flowing River Basin
Region Population Sex Ratio Literacy Net PCI BPL Population HDI
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
In ‘000. Females per
1000 males
% Rs. (current
prices)
% NA
Mumbai 12442376 832 89.21 NA 20.00 0.846
Palghar 730828 907 80.69 NA NA NA
Nashik 890597 934 88.98 NA NA NA
Thane 8613000 886 84.53 NA NA NA
Raigad 5467949 955 84.00 NA 55.17 0.636
Ratnagiri 1684065 1122 82.18 NA 59.96 0.732
Sindhudurg 719107 1036 85.60 78063 37.45 0.732
Source: Maharashtra State Data Bank Beta https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do; and individual reports of 28 sub-basin plans.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
179 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Table 23 -2: Statistics of Geographical Area, Net Sown Area, Towns, Municipal Corporations, Electrified
Villages, Railways and Roads in the West Flowing River Basin
Basin Geographical
Area
Net Sown
Area
Towns Municipal
Corporations
Electrified
Villages
Railway Roads[1]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sq. Km Ha Nos. Nos. Nos. Kms Kms
Ambika 106.36 3207.00 0 0 33 46
Aurnga 167.64 4960.46 0 0 48 64
Nar-par 768.98 33400.37 3 0 187 316
Damanganga 1505.64 51809.75 4 0 269 575
Vaitarna 3943.78 72025.21 3 2 728 1372
Stream
between D
and V
1127.6 19382.16 3 0 256 416
Ulhas 4332.69 91797.00 3 4 998 1503
Patalganga 1667.48 12551.00 5 2 497 75 645
Amba 1134.49 18278.01 0 0 334 309
Kundalika 1059.82 26698.30 3 0 368 51 415
Mhasala 934.16 9314.15 2 0 289 413
Savitri 2263.68 39595.63 1 0 648 996
Bharja 279.45 8998.17 0 0 91 150
Vashishti 2671.01 19319.11 2 0 558 70 1184
Shastri 2697.37 13278.94 1 0 522 113 1188
Muchkundi 867.81 19382.16 0 0 186 45 368
Kajvi 548.94 13281.80 0 0 103 8 227
Kodavali 695.84 15340.76 1 0 165 32 291
Waghotan 996.21 19949.68 0 0 95 17 435
Devgad
(Kharada)
731.42 11592.30 0 0 125 8 313.
Achara 254.56 9654.55 1 0 57 4 122
Gad 1046.33 42032.00 1 0 192 65 400
Karli 812.65 25900.00 1 0 188 22 333
Terekhol 456.57 11291.32 1 0 88 42 211
Tillari 624.74 15740.52 0 0 74 45 188
Vengurla 641.61 18836.00 1 0 127 13 333
Mahadayi 77 N.A. N.A. 0 N.A. N.A. N.A.
Mumbai 603.40 N.A. N.A. 1 N.A. 427.50 2000
Total 32413.83 627616.35 35 9 7226 1037.50 14813
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
180 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Region Geographical
Area
Net Sown
Area
Towns Municipal
Corporations
Electrified
Villages
Railway Roads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sq. Km Ha Nos. Nos. Nos. Kms Kms
Nasik 2159.74 75420.90 1 0 268 0 45.65
Palghar 1127.59 19382.16 0 1 525 0 416
Mumbai 603.40 N.A. N.A. 1 N.A. 427.50 2000
Thane 8021.27 168009.34 5 6 1726 0 2874.54
Raigad 7176.22 120206.64 0 1 2136 125.93 2469.5
Ratnagiri 8287.74 97181.82 0 0 1625 268 4227.76
Sindhudurg 4920.30 147415.49 0 0 946 216 3107.87
Total 31692.82 627616.35 6 9 7226 610 12813
Source: MRSAC reports of 28 basin plans. Figures have been rounded off to the nearest integer. Note- Total District wise Geographical Area is - 32 413.81 Sqkm out of which 720.99 Sqkm (2.22%) area i s Covered through Ahamadnar, Pune,Satara, Sangli,Kolhapur Mahadayi an d Karnatak State which is not included in the table .
Table 23-3: No. of Cooperative Societies, Educational Institutions, PHCs, Bank Branches and Newspapers
and Magazines in the WFR Basin
Region Cooperative
Societies
Educational
Institutions
Public Health
Centres
Bank
Branches
Newspapers and
Magazines
1 2 3 4 5 6
Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos.
Nasik NA NA NA NA NA
Palghar NA NA NA NA NA
Mumbai
Thane 1222 7755 394 929 61
Raigad 486 4294 363 400 34
Ratnagiri 2888 3475 478 312 32
Sindhudurg 1256 1876 340 123 23
Total 5852 17400 1575 1764 150 Source: District Statistic report.
23.4 Features of West Flowing River Basin
Ulhas basin in WFRB is highly urbanised of all the basins. Nearby basins like Patalganga,
Amba and Kundalika have developed as industrial centres. Mumbai is an urban centre on the
periphery of WFRB. In north eastern part of WFRB considerable trible population inhabits. Thus
some part of Thane district a major part of Palghar and mountain areas in Raigad district are less
developed or non developed. District Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg which have majority rural
population depend up on agriculture food processing and tourism as their mean of livelihood.
This difference in north middle and south parts of the WFRB must be considered in any planning
exercised.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
181 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
23.4.1 Migration Trends in the West Flowing River Basin.
The West Flowing River Basin can be divided into three distinct areas based on the
migration trends experienced by them. On the one hand, the Middle region of the West Flowing
River Basin is characterised by large, urban cities like Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Thane, Mira
Bhayndar and Kalyan Dombivali whose economies are growing rapidly. These cities have sizeable
industrial and service sectors which generate employment opportunities. Further, these cities
also have some of the best infrastructural, educational, health and recreational facilities. As a
result, significant rural to urban migration trends are observed in these as well as their
neighbouring districts. Similar conditions are observed in Kundalika basin. On the other hand,
the Southern region is largely rural with some semi-urban pockets, and agrarian. Opportunities
of employment in industry and service sector are possible only in the nearby Town of Kolhapur
in Krishna basin and state of Goa in Mahadayi basin.
23.4.2 Naxalism in River Basins
Though a small part of the basin in Nasik district is under communist influence there is
no evidence of activities which may be termed as Naxalism.
23.5 Recommendations
Most sub-basin plans have recognised that there is a dire need to conduct periodic (say,
every 10 years), systematic, comprehensive and uniform socio-economic impact surveys in all
28 basins. Covering all projects simultaneously will not be possible in a span of one year hence a
representative sample of major, medium and minor projects should be selected in each basin for
survey and assessment. It should be ensured that the samples are amenable to cross sub-basin
comparison and convenient for collation and aggregation. These samples can be changed after
every five years in order to cover all projects in the basin. Reselection of the same samples after
a gap of, say, a decade, will enable comparison across time as well. Sample selection and
outlining of such a schedule should be done on a scientific basis.
The data currently used has been collected district-wise and hence cannot give accurate
figures of each indicator. It is recommended that data be collected and stored sub-basin-wise.
Project reports too should be compiled and completed at all stages of execution, right from
inception to ex-post facto evaluation.
Assessment of the data collected should be carried out project-wise. Impacts across a
basin can be too complex and entangled to be isolated, i.e. the benefit is actually a composite
output of multiple factors which cannot be apportioned or separated from each other. It is not
possible to derive the exact degree of change brought about by each factor. For example,
increase in crop productivity due to irrigation, agricultural extension services, pesticides and
fertilisers, research in HYV seeds etc. In such a case, data can be analysed for each project. Once
the projects start yielding full benefits, “ex post-facto” assessment should be conducted to
ascertain whether (or not) the pre-stated objectives of the projects have been met. The overall
assessment of the Plan too should be measured in this manner. This task can be taken up by the
River Basin Agency (RBA) once it is formed.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
182 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
23.6 Conclusions
The impacts assessed till now have predominantly been of industrial development.
Irrigation projects have contributed to it only indirectly. The benefits of irrigation have not yet
percolated on wide area. If migration to cities is to be curtailed local employment by way of
sustainable Agriculture effected through utilisation of potential must be provided to rural youth
in the valley.
23.7 References
Eleventh Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, GoI (2007-08 to 2011-12).
Human Development Report, 2002, Government of India.
District Socio-Economic Reports of different years, Government of Maharashtra.
Maharashtra State Data Bank Betahttps://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do.
Report of the High Level Committee on Balanced Regional Development Issues in Maharashtra,
Planning Department, GoM, October 2013.
Maharashtra Human Development Report, GoM, 2012.
Socio-Economic Surveys conducted by WALMI, Nagpur University, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,
PWD, WRD and private agencies commissioned with the preparation of the Integrated Water
Resources Development Plan of the West Flowing River Basin.
Leopold Matrix. International Institute for Sustainable Development. May, 2016.
http://www.iisd.org/learning/eia/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Leopold-Matrix.pdf.
Droughts and Sugar Industry in Maharashtra – Are We Learning from History? Paranjpye, Vijay.
India Water Partnership (under publication). December, 2016.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
183 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
24 Planning
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Early Experiences in Planning and Development of Water Resources
The earliest of the planned water-works using modern hydro-engineering techniques
built in the Upper Godavari region date back to 1862, when the irrigation department was
established by the British Government to serve the Bombay Presidency. For dams built in the
late 19th and early 20th century, the revenue records were kept scrupulously, receipts maintained
separately for irrigation charges and fishing rights which were sold annually to the highest
bidders. Interestingly, the auctioning of fish rights for such lakes was discontinued 1874, as the
bidders were from cities, and this deprived the local fishermen of cheap and wholesome food.
That an imperial colonial government had granted Nistar rights to the local community in spite
of the loss in revenue was quite commendable. It was an example of good governance which
needs to be emulated today. Whatever be their imperial intentions, such an action was a good
planning and management practice, which gave a sense of ownership to the local community,
and consequently, also their support to the irrigation enterprise. Another interesting fact was
that revenue was collected only from lands which were actually irrigated. This meant that during
good rainfall years farmers did not take water and only 1/3rd of the expected revenue was
actually collected. This was again an example of need based irrigation planning, which was also
observed in the case of the Ozar and Laakh canals emanating from the Maladevi Dam.
In the Eastern segment of Godavari the planning and construction of Malguzari tanks
blossomed during the 16th and 17th century. Documentary evidence suggests that a total of
43381 small and large tanks were constructed under the patronage of Gond Rajas who had
specially invited members of the Kohli community to identify appropriate locations and
construct structures primarily suitable for irrigation. This was probably the most ubiquitous and
sustainable irrigation system established within the Wainganga sub-basin, a major contributor to
the Godavari River. (Reference: Gazetteer of Central Provinces and Berar, GoI 1908) Of these
6274 Malguzari tanks are still in existence and they irrigate about 1.59 Lakh hectares of land
even today.
Just as the Malguzars during the Gond period gave priority to storages and allowed
utilization to follow in succession; in the case of western Godavari i.e. Nashik (Godavari basin)
and Dhule (Tapi basin) districts the agrarian communities laid emphasis on equitable distribution
of water and rationalization of cropping pattern. The traditional practice known as Phad system
consisted of those diversions/weirs, along with their distributaries and minors which were
constructed, funded and maintained by the farmers on their own initiative prior to
Independence. The system entailed dividing the entire command in a number of blocks known
as phads. The command area of each phad or block varied between 8 and 480 hectares. The
system was entirely managed by farmers themselves for operation and maintenance of head
work and sluice gate. The system was useful up to a point of time when reservoirs on the
upstream of the rivulets were not constructed and constant flow in rivulets was maintained. The
system which was in operation for more than 200 years gradually lost its importance and the
system started declining due to upstream water storages and withdrawals by the government
agencies as well as private users.
In the Middle reaches of Godavari remnants of masonry tanks still survive around
Daulatabad fort, earlier known as Devgiri (1187). These are extant examples of small scale water
management on and around defense fortresses. Daulatabad starting 1327, it famously remained
the capital of Tughlaq dynasty under Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325- 1352). More interesting
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
184 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
however, was the urban water supply system for Aurangabad, which was based on springs and
wells connected with small masonry pipes to link-up fourteen small water courses via a canal
which still runs almost parallel to the River Harsul. Presumably built by Malik Ambar the system
used techniques of conduits and siphons to distribute water to Aurangabad, which was perhaps
a small town in the 17th century. The construction of three masonry dams on the Harsul River to
support a new township was a good example of planning and execution of an urban water
supply system, which used unglazed clay embedded in brick masonry and surrounded by lime
and mortar workmanship. (Reference: Gazetteer of Nizams Dominium, Aurangabad District,
1884)
24.1.2 Recent Developments
A review of the planning and development of water resources of Godavari, however
brief it may be; cannot exclude the Arthur Cotton barrage (1845 - 1852), an engineering marvel
planned and executed by Sir Arthur Cotton which had the capacity to irrigate practically all
agricultural lands in Godavari delta (irrigation potential = 675000 hectares, plus drinking water
supply and mitigation of floods and droughts). Records suggest that 1500 workers toiled round
the clock to complete the 3641.75 meters long and 11.58 meters high barrage. Completed in an
amazingly short period of seven years this barrage still stands testimony to the awesome scale
and magnitude of the water resource development work in the Godavari delta (Andhra
Pradesh).
During the 19th century, Upper Godavari saw the construction of Wilson dam, now
popularly known as the Bhandardara dam, located in the uppermost catchments of the Pravara
River. The construction commenced in 1910 and was completed in 1926. This dam stands 82.35
meters high, and was the highest dam in Asia when it was built.
This brief review of planning and development leads us to infer that water works were
planned, designed, and constructed with great care within the stipulated time and appear to
have generated the expected benefits and outcomes, even though they were planned and
executed as singular projects. Between 1900 and 1950, a total of nine (large) dams had been
constructed. During the post-independence period the number shot up to 20 projects, during
the first 10 years i.e. up to 1960 i.e. on an average about two dams per year were built.
The decades 1960 to 1970 and 1970 to 1980 were characterized by the National objective
to achieve food security at all costs, and the option taken was the construction of mega dams,
for increasing the area under irrigation and eventually the production of food grains (the
proverbial, Nehruvian, ‘Commanding Heights’). While this planning option paid off in Northern
India, especially in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh, it did not succeeded equally in
Maharashtra, where the topography was much more undulating and the peninsular rivers not as
suitable to large scale structures as those in the northern states. However by 1980, the problem
of food security had been quantitatively solved. Therefore in retrospect, one may state that the
early 1980s was the time when we should have stepped back and taken a look at the gap
between planning and implementation, and problems which had consequently emerged. This
need to consolidate irrigation development (rather than allowing a proliferation of their
numbers) was clearly reiterated by the Planning Commission, GoI, 1992.
24.2 Integrated River Basin Planning
Integrated River Basin Planning (IRBP) is essentially master planning of a river basin
keeping in mind the inter-sector linkages of all activities in that basin, in a sustainable,
economically efficient and socially equitable manner. IRBP is long term and flexible, and its
integrative nature (across geography, society and economic sectors) is vital for creating synergy
leading to holistic and sustainable development in the basin. Mainstream IRBP requires a legal
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
185 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
and institutional framework which enables regular multi-sector planning, stakeholder
participation at all levels, bottom-up and transparent negotiation procedures and most
important of all, prioritisation of projects based on socio-economic and ecological needs of the
region.
24.2.1 Principles governing IRBP
i. Planning is a multi-sector, multi-dimensional and integrative process. The river basin is the
largest unit of planning, followed by predetermined sub-basins and discrete, well-defined
watersheds.
ii. Ecosystem integrity is critical and allocation of water for maintaining environmental flows
is a mainstream activity.
iii. Social, inter and intra sector and regional equity in water allocation and supply is crucial.
iv. Economic efficiency in both, supply and use of water is imperative.
v. Community/stakeholders’ participation is fundamental to IRBP as it ensures community
ownership and smoother implementation of plans and programs.
vi. All water must be treated as a ‘common pool resource’.
24.2.2 Assessment of Past Performance
It is important to assess whether (or not) the planning and implementation process
conducted until now has actually achieved the pre-determined objectives, to identify past flaws
or errors, and to recommend ways in which such flaws and inadequacies could be avoided for
the forthcoming plan period i.e. 2017-2030. Such an exercise should be carried out for planning
periodically, and at all levels. Based on past experience in the Godavari basin, the following
observations can be made regarding the planning process–
Absence of a “river basin” approach - All planning within the Godavari basin till 2008 has been
‘project based’, and as such a Master Plan for the basin as a whole has not been finalised or
approved. However, the MWRRA had issued guidelines for preparing River Basin Plans in its
early days, but the process of sub-basin planning in the case of the Godavari River started in
2008.
Absence of integrative area planning approach – Fragmentation of departments such as WRD,
Water Conservation Department, local sector/Zilla Parishad, Agriculture and Forest
Departments, MPCB, GSDA etc. and isolated planning on a project-to-project basis has plagued
the basin with problems that are entangled with each other, but with no solutions in the
absence of a holistic and multi-sector approach. River pollution, irregularity and deficit in
drinking water supply, falling groundwater levels, public health issues, irrigation deficits and
inefficiencies etc. are all linked to each other. Any solution which is devised in a fragmented,
isolated manner might be able to reach and cure the symptoms, but not the root causes, of
these issues.
Inadequate financial planning - For all these years, the parameters for giving financial approval
to river valley projects have included detailed and precise costing, precise calculation of benefits,
and the technical viability of the project, both by the State Finance Dept. as well as the Planning
Commission (GoI) for preparing the detailed project reports (DPRs). All projects which fulfil these
parameters are given financial approval by the government. However, we also need to include
the availability of financial resources as a crucial element for financial approval to projects in the
Godavari basin. Further, prioritisation of projects, allocation of funds between sectors and
regions, and a timeline for their completion also needs to be included in planning.
1) Delinking of R&R from the mainstream project implementation process – Despite the Right
to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act of 2013, R&R has largely been considered as a project formality to be met. The
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
186 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
consequence of this delinking is that the R&R process gets relegated as a residual activity
and hence is inordinately delayed. In the past, this has often emerged as a major socio-
political issue, and has often stalled the completion and implementation of the projects
themselves. Therefore, R&R needs to be mainstreamed into the planning process, linked
with the project in such a manner that they are not carried out separately and treated as an
activity not for reconciliation, but for proactive economic growth and development. (These
points have been elaborated upon in Chapter 20)
Neglect of environmental flows – Similarly, there needs to be an attitudinal shift in the position
of environmental flows in planning, from a ‘burdensome obligation’ to a legitimate, mainstream
water use benefitting the society and economy. Environmental impacts of individual projects
might not appear as significant, but when taken together, the full cumulative impact emerges as
a significant issue to be tackled as a part of the core activity of the plan as well as individual
projects. (The statutory as well as analytical aspects of this issue have been given in Chapter 11.)
24.3 Planning
24.3.1 Mission Statement
Planning for the optimal use of Water Resource in a River basin by deploying physical,
financial and human resources to satisfy all basic human and environmental needs in an
economically efficient, socially equitable and environmentally sustainable manner
24.3.2 Objectives
To bring about long term development of surface and groundwater resources of the basin in an
integrative manner.
To promote water resource development projects in a prioritized manner, with special emphasis
on removal of regional imbalances, employment generation and economic wellbeing.
To align short term and long term action plans with financial allocations and priorities of the
State Government in the command areas by resorting to MIS and by mulching.
To promote water conservation, preservation and enhancement of water quality, and extensive
evaporation control in the basin.
To manage irrigation services in such a manner that the agricultural productivity per hectare and
the productivity per MCM of water is optimized.
To holistically manage irrigation, domestic water, industrial water, water for environment,
pisciculture, water for forestry, water-related tourism, navigation and other allied uses in the
basin in conformity with the State Water Policy and Acts promulgated by the State.
To develop hydropower and manage water needs for other energy sources in the basin.
To make long term arrangements for managing floods, droughts, water quality, Galper land,
sewage irrigation, groundwater, and soil and water conservation.
To identify and correct past mistakes, and replicate and carry forward well-proven and beneficial
practices and procedures.
To set up River Basin Agencies (RBAs) as per the provisions of the MWRRA Act, 2005, and having
the mandate to implement the Integrated Water Resources Development and Management Plan
for the Godavari basin.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
187 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
To take measures to ensure full treatment of the effluent generated after urban and industrial
use of water, thereby preventing degradation of aquatic ecosystems and making reuse of the
treated effluent for irrigated agriculture and other purposes.
The principal strategy for achieving the above mentioned objectives will be to substantially
improve the water use efficiency, both at the system level and at the form level; minimizing the
cost and time required for completing the projects; and enforcing strict time limits on decision
making.
24.3.3 Conceptual Framework
The planning of the Godavari river basin has been carried out within the framework of IWRM
principles, in order to bring about better coordination between water management entities
within the basin. The Global Water Partnership (GWP) defines IWRM as “a process, which
promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related
resources, in order to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable
manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems”. Another definition of
IWRM provided in the training manual of Cap-Net (2008) is, “a systematic process for the
sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resource use in the context of
social, economic, and environmental objectives”. The principles of IWRM, although meant for
water resources as a whole, can be best applied at the river basin level. These principles operate
through the application of the concept of IRBP.
The planning of the Godavari river basin has been done in the framework of IWRM principles, in
order to bring about better coordination between water management entities within the basin.
The Global Water Partnership (GWP) defines IWRM as “a process, which promotes the
coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to
maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without
compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems”. Another definition of IWRM provided in
the training manual of Cap-Net (2008) is, “a systematic process for the sustainable development,
allocation and monitoring of water resource use in the context of social, economic, and
environmental objectives”. The principles of IWRM, although meant for water resources as a
whole, can be best applied at the river basin level. These principles operate through the
application of the concept of IRBP.
The following are the fundamental principles of IWRM –
Integration – When the planning, development or management process of any sector within a
river basin simultaneously takes into consideration the parameters and important principles of
all other relevant sectors into the analytical framework, and also looks for alternative options
which can simultaneously optimise the objectives of all such sectors, then such a process can be
described as integration. For integration to happen effectively, all individual sectors have to
accept and appreciate the importance and value of other sectors and be willing to make
individual ‘tradeoffs’ for achieving larger, broader goals.
Up-scaling – Generally, planning has taken a top-down approach: from the whole basin, down to
micro watersheds at the grass root level. However, if integration and capacity building are to
happen smoothly and effectively, a bottom-up approach is also essential for certain appropriate
activities. This nuanced approach recognises the ‘subsidiarity- principle’ whereby both planning
and implementation decisions are taken at the lowest appropriate level.
Stakeholders’ participation – Involvement of stakeholders at all levels during the planning
process is a crucial element. Through the planning process, stakeholders are encouraged to build
their own institutional structures and devise their own management practices which are then
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
188 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
scaled up from the watersheds to the basin level. Stakeholders are also involved in negotiating
and managing water-related affairs within their basin/sub-basin. Accordingly public hearings
were conducted at different prominent places in WFRB in 2017 and 2018.
Use of appropriate technology – It is important to select and implement technology which is
simultaneously advanced enough to meet the objectives, and simple and affordable enough for
the handling, repair and maintenance by users etc. It should also be replicable in similar socio-
economic regions and contexts across the basin.
The precautionary principle – This principle lays more emphasis on preventive steps rather than
curative steps, with the intention of minimizing, if not eliminating, damage to human life,
property and the environment. It is particularly more important in the case of disasters, both
natural and manmade, and climate change.
24.4 Action Plan
24.4.1 Prioritisation – Conceptual Framework
The investment priorities within the Godavari river basin and its 30 sub-basins align with
the priorities mentioned in the Maharashtra State Water Policy 2003. Point 4.0 of the
Maharashtra State Water Policy 2003 states clearly the general principles on which water
allocation is to be based, in the order of decreasing priority, as follows –
Domestic use for drinking, cooling, hygiene and sanitation needs, including livestock.
Agriculture and hydropower.
Industrial, commercial use and agro-based industrial use.
Environment and recreation uses.
All other uses.
Specific directives have been given by Hon. Governor of Maharashtra vide Letter No.
GS/JS(DB)/IRG-DIR/2009/506, dated 27/05/2009 from Secretary to Governor to the State
Government. Equitable distribution of allocation in the irrigation sector is a criterion considered
in the directives according to which weights are considered for indicators like Backlog (55%),
Population (10%), Net Sown Area (20%) and On-going Projects (15%).
Broad Policy Framework (2016): The current operative statutory provision regarding the
water allocation policy has been elaborated in a recent Government Resolution dated
29/01/2016, according to which the State Cabinet headed by the Chief Minister of Maharashtra
has transferred the rights of deciding non-irrigation water allocation, previously with the
Cabinet, to the divisional level. The criteria for non-irrigation water allocation will be prepared
by the MWRRA. The resultant pattern of water allocation will be reviewed every three years.
The Kelkar Committee Report of 2013 has outlined below the objectives for water
resource development which provide further details about the procedure for achieving equitable
allocation of water and bringing about balanced economic growth. Further, it may be noted that
these objectives are in conformity with the broad policy framework mentioned in the previous
paragraph. The objectives are -
To reach the level of irrigation in all divisions equal to the highest divisional level (i.e. Pune
division) or to the level permissible by the Tribunal.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
189 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
To achieve these levels on priority basis in Amravati, Aurangabad, Nagpur, Nashik and Konkan
divisions.
To solve the four area-specific problems identified (severely water stressed talukas, 'Bhustar
Pratikul Talukas', 'Khar Pan Patta' and 'Maji Malgujari Talav') in the next 5 years.
To overcome the limitations posed by the Forest Rights Act or the administrative/political will
and to make complete utilization of water in the East Vidarbha and Konkan with the needs of the
local population getting first preference.
Another important point of reference for setting the priorities for project selection is the
CAG Report on ‘Management of Irrigation Projects’ in Maharashtra, 2014. Its
recommendations are –
“No new projects to be taken up; (till the currently ongoing projects are completed)
Projects on which expenditure incurred was 75 per cent or more of the project cost,
were to be completed first (category A);
Projects on which 50 to 75 per cent expenditure of the project cost was incurred
(category B) in areas with backlog in irrigation were to be taken up next; and
Projects on which expenditure incurred was less than 50 per cent were to be taken to a
safe stage and further expenditure stopped (category C).”
Criteria (ii) and (iii) as laid down by the CAG report are based on the principle of low-
hanging fruit i.e. quicker and easier results in the short term from projects which are nearly
complete or past the half-completed mark. The financial resources which are not even half-
completed (Category C) can be diverted to Categories A and B, and thus accelerate their
completion. During this process, stoppage on sanctioning any new projects would reduce the
thinning of funds over all the projects undertaken.
To this framework, another criterion, and a caveat may be added: projects which are
only 10%, or less than 10% completed should be suspended and deferred till projects from
Category A and B have been completed and, notwithstanding all these criteria, projects in
regions which experience high water scarcity, recurrent droughts, and other water crises
should get sanctioned and be completed on priority. The additional criterion is in line with the
concern expressed by the Governor in his annual directive, in the CAG report, and the decisions
taken by the Cabinet regarding thinning and consequent inadequateness of funds. The caveat
upholds the principles of social equity, regional balance, and balanced focus on all water-related
issues as followed by the KCR.
Further, there are certain ancillary and/or overarching projects which need to be taken
up on priority. These projects do not deal with storage or distribution of water directly, but their
execution will contribute to higher returns on the existing water resource projects, infuse more
efficiency into water storage and distribution systems, and generate more benefits for the
society and economy. They are as follows –
Regular data collection and updating, stored in a centralised manner in public domain
for easy and widespread access.
Volumetric measurement of water supply from large and medium storages, and in urban
areas.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
190 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Training and capacity building in the case of technology used for water resource
management; setting up of research institutes, colleges, online and/or correspondence options
for relevant courses etc.
Network of go-downs, cold storages, processing centres etc. equipped with state-of-the-
art technology and regular maintenance.
Last but not the least; environmental concerns should be taken up as high priority.
Climate change and ensuring minimum/environmental flows and groundwater return flows in
order to make communities resilient to climate change should be considered as high priority in
all basin plans as well as the State Water Plan. In the short run, extensive data collection and
analysis should be conducted in order to obtain moving averages and trend lines which would
give a comprehensive picture of climate change, its pattern, and effects. The analysis, conclusion
and solutions should be then included as a separate chapter with special focus in the next review
of this plan after five years. Note that the above recommendations have been emphasised in the
National Water Policy, 2012.
24.4.2 Prioritisation of Major and Medium Projects in the Godavari Basin
Since this plan is fundamentally a perspective plan for setting priorities and not an
investment plan per se, it will primarily address major and medium projects, as they cover a
substantial portion of the aggregate investment and the completion of their construction should
take not more than 13 years. It will also not set specific, annual or five-yearly targets for each
water use but estimate approximate outcomes by the year 2030. It is not that the WRD has not
been prioritising projects. However, despite the adoption of criteria for prioritisation and
preparation of annual budgets accordingly, the final objective of prioritisation has not been
fulfilled, which is to complete as many projects as possible, in the shortest period of time, given
the absolute limitations of availability of finance.
24.4.2.1 Recommended methodology
A methodology to complete irrigation project was formulated by GOI in the years 2014
and 2015. Accordingly projects completed up to 75% physically and financially were given top
priority. Financial outlays were prepared and source of funding was determined. Based on the
same principles and priorities the WFR Basin authorities have prepared a plan for all on-going
and future projects in detailed. A summary indicating financial outlays for each year is given in
the following tables.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
191 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
24.4.2.1 Project completion planning for SKIPC (Sindhudurg) (All figures in INR Crores)
SR
.
N
o
Name of
project
Upto
date
total
cost on
March
2017
Month
& Year
of A.A.
No. of
years
under
Execution
/
completi
on upto
March
2018
Balance
cost
remaini
ng in
April
2017
Provisio
n 2017-
18
Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17 Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17
Balanc
e cost
after
10
years
Remar
ks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Mejor Projects `
1
Tilari Hydro
electric
ProjectStage II 350.13
Sep-
2010 7 345.62 0.01 345.61 0.01 345.6 50.00 295.6 25.00 270.6 50.00 220.6 50.00 170.6 50.00 120.6 50.00 70.60 70.60
2
Tilari
Interstate
Project
1667.21 Mar-
1979 39 544.19 170.43 544.19 170.43 373.76 358.62 15.14 15.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 Talamba 2417.39 Feb-
1981 37 2265.21 0.01
2265.2
1 0.01
2265.2
0 0.01
2265.1
9 10.00
2255.1
9 50.00
2205.1
9 50.00
2155.1
9 50.00
2105.1
9 200.00
1905.1
9 200.00
1705.1
9 200.00
1505.1
9 300.00
1205.1
9 300.00 905.19 300.00 605.19 300.00 305.19
Medium
Projects
1 Deoghar 716.54 Mar-
1979 39 439.56 15.00 439.56 15.00 424.56 20.00 404.56 100.00 304.56 100.00 204.56 100.00 104.56 104.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 Naradave 1084.66 Jul-1989 28 698.63 36.10 698.63 36.10 662.53 228.27 434.26 434.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 Aruna 1689.52 Dec-
1995 22 1115.24 167.87
1115.2
4 167.87 947.37 463.16 484.21 484.21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 Korle Satandi 512.10 Oct-
1998 19 340.26 15.00 340.26 15.00 325.26 1.00 324.26 20.00 304.26 100.00 204.26 100.00 104.26 104.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 Sarambala 681.36 Dec-
1995 23 609.12 0.01 609.12 0.01 609.11 0.01 609.10 0.01 609.09 50.00 559.09 100.00 459.09 100.00 359.09 100.00 259.09 100.00 159.09 159.09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Minor Projects
1 Tarandale 115.62 Dec-
1996 21 30.30 0.01 30.30 0.01 30.29 5.00 25.29 25.29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 Shirashinge 402.14 Aug-
1983 34 301.72 0.01 301.72 0.01 301.71 0.01 301.70 0.01 301.69 50.00 251.69 50.00 201.69 50.00 151.69 100.00 51.69 51.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 Nadhavade 112.04 Dec-
1985 32 63.37 2.00 63.37 2.00 61.37 1.00 60.37 5.00 55.37 55.37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 Otav 79.79 Oct-
1977 40 39.10 20.00 39.10 20.00 19.10 5.00 14.10 14.10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 Talere 50.79 Mar-
1996 22 37.36 0.01 37.36 0.01 37.35 0.01 37.34 0.01 37.33 20.00 17.33 17.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 Virdi 146.00 Sep-
2005 12 79.27 0.01 79.27 0.01 79.26 50 29.26 29.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Dendonwadi 50.01 Sep-80 37 21.36 20.00 21.36 20.00 1.36 6.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 Nirukhe 53.26 Oct-
1982 35 51.78 0.01 51.78 0.01 51.77 0.01 51.76 0.01 51.75 20.00 31.75 31.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 10128.5
6 447.00 6982.09 446.480
6982.0
8 446.480
6535.6
0 1188.10
5352.1
4 1162.3
4189.8
4 495.37
3694.4
7 499.08
3195.3
9 458.820
2736.5
7 450.00
2286.5
7 422.29
1864.2
8 359.09
1505.1
9 300.000
1205.1
9 300.00 905.19 300.000 605.19 300.00 305.19
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
192 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
24.4.2.2 Project completion planning for RIC (Ratnagiri) (All figures in INR Crores)
SR.
No
Name of
project
Upto
date
total
cost
on
March
2017
Mont
h &
Year
of
A.A.
No. of
years
under
Executio
n /
complet
ion upto
March
2018
Balance
cost
remaini
ng in
April
2017
Provisio
n 2017-
18
Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17 Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17
Balanc
e cost
after
10
years
Remar
ks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30
Balanc
e
Provisio
n Balance
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisi
on Balance
Provisi
on Balance
Provisi
on Balance Provision
Balanc
e
Provisi
on Balance
Provisi
on
Balanc
e
Provisi
on
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisi
on
Balanc
e Provision
Balanc
e
Provisi
on
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Medium
Projects `
1
Gadnadi 950.37 08/8
3
30 186.62 25.88 160.74 25.88 83.81 76.93 0 83.81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
Jamada 810.70 07/0
4
23 491.28 0.01 491.27 0.01 491.26 0.01 341.26 150.00 191.26 150 0 191.26
3 Arjuna 743.09 Dec-
1995
22 199.83 70.53 199.83 70.53 129.30 100.00 29.30 29.30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Minor
Projects
1 Ozar 40.81 11/1
1/02
12 24.91 3.65 21.26 3.65 10.26 11.00 0.00 10.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 Hasol 51.72 03/0
6/04
12 34.57 3.03 31.54 3.03 21.54 10.00 0.00 21.54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 Chavanwadi 71.62 27/0
7/95
17 49.03 0.01 49.02 0.01 48.52 0.50 23.52 25.00 0.00 23.52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 Shelarwadi 121.21 11/1
2/95
12 33.10 10.00 23.1 10 13.10 10.00 0.00 13.10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 Talwat 65.87 09/0
8/94
22 36.56 10.00 26.56 10 26.06 0.50 0 26.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 Poynar 137.36 06/1
0/95
17 70.62 8.00 62.62 8 60.62 2.00 30.62 30 0 30.62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 Kakyewadi 66.00 23/0
6/04
12 13.09 15.00 -1.91 15.00 0.00 1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Gadgadi 144.50 12/1
1/79
34 22.02 0.01 22.01 0.01 21.91 0.10 0 21.91 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 New Mandve 131.50 27/0
9/94
23 95.73 5.00 90.73 5.00 89.73 1.00 39.73 50 0 39.73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 Rangav 57.51 16/0
8/94
23 15 10.00 5.00 10.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 Awashi 29.33 09/0
8/94
23 3.81 0.00 3.81 0.00 0.00 3.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 Kudup 40.36 23/0
6/04
0 38.24 0.01 38.23 0.01 38.22 0.01 18.22 20 0 18.22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 Pimpalwadi 87.48 11/0
3/81
36 3.78 0.00 3.78 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14 Bholavali 25.50 31/0
8/94
22 1.43 0.00 1.43 0.00 0.00 1.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 Tangar 11.25 13/1
2/77
37 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 Sirsadi 26.00 04/0
8/94
17 9.27 0.00 9.27 0.00 0.00 9.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 Muchkundi 358.33 Aug-
2004
13 199.09 11.67 199.09 11.67 187.42 100.00 87.42 87.42 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 Chinchawadi 50.88 Oct-
2005
12 12.33 0.00 12.33 6.00 6.33 6.33 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 Tide 93.95 Sep-
2005
12 34.40 18.56 34.40 18.56 15.84 15.84 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 Berdewadi 132.36 Sep-
1983
34 59.51 22.32 59.51 22.32 37.19 25.00 12.19 12.19 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 Yelondwadi 190.46 Sep-
2005
12 181.81 0.01 181.81 45.00 136.81 50.00 86.81 50.00 36.8 36.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
`
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
193 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
24.4.2.3 Project completion planning for NKIPC (Raigad) (All figures in INR Crores)
SR
.
N
o
Name of
project
Upto
date
total
cost
on
March
2017
Mont
h &
Year
of
A.A.
No. of
years
under
Execut
ion /
compl
etion
upto
March
2018
Balanc
e cost
remain
ing in
April
2017
Provisio
n 2017-
18
Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17 Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17
Balanc
e cost
after
10
years
Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30
Balanc
e
Provisi
on
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisi
on
Balanc
e
Provisi
on Balance
Provisi
on Balance Provision
Bal
anc
e
Provisi
on Balance
Provisi
on
Balanc
e
Provisi
on
Balanc
e
Provisio
n
Balanc
e
Provisi
on
Balanc
e Provision
Balanc
e
Provisi
on
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Mejor Projects
`
1 ____ NIL ___
Medium Projects
1 Hetawane 453.35 Jun-
08
32/66
%
119.62 0.01 119.62 0.01 118.62 100.00 18.62 18.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Field Level
2 Deharji 1068.4
9
Oct-
05
-- 890.53 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Water supply
project which
proposed under
deposit contribution
work
3 Sambarkun
d
369.50 Oct-
01
-- 359.30 0.01 359.30 0.01 359.29 100.00 259.29 100.00 159.29 159.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Field Level
Minor Projects
1 Wagh 79.90 Sep-
01
21/90
%
21.31 14.00 21.31 14.00 7.31 7.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Government
Level
2 Padale 93.92 2012 11/90
%
27.45 10.00 27.45 10.00 17.45 17.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Government
Level
3 Amboli 80.36 Oct-
10
11/70
%
27.34 5.00 27.34 5.00 22.34 10.00 12.34 12.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Field Level
4 Pali-
Bhutavli
111.44 Sep-
05
23/70
%
66.89 5.00 66.89 5.00 61.89 15.00 46.89 15.00 31.89 15.00 16.89 16.89 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Field Level
5 Nageshwar
i
129.71 Mar-
03
21/30
%
71.31 25.00 71.31 25.00 46.31 25.00 21.31 21.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 The complaince of
remarks raised by
SLTAC is under
progress at field
level
6 Kotheri 118.60 Aug-
06
10/30
%
70.62 1.93 70.62 1.93 68.89 50.00 18.60 18.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 Lendi 187.04 Feb-
15
10/65
%
102.81 26.31 102.81 26.31 76.50 50.00 16.50 16.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Government
Level
9 Kalvali-
Dharavli
50.39 Mar-
00
17/10
%
32.67 0.01 32.67 0.01 32.66 10.00 22.66 10.00 12.66 12.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 The complaince of
remarks raised by
SLTAC is under
progress at field
level
10 Kushivli 71.56 Jun-
03
13/20
%
50.88 2.62 50.88 2.62 48.26 25.00 23.26 23.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Field Level
11 Kholsapada
-1
146.37 Jun-
08
Sep-00 144.28 0.01 144.28 0.01 144.27 50.00 94.27 50.00 44.27 44.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 At Field Level
12 Chanera 128.90 Jun-
11
NIL 128.16 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Project is held up
due to Public
Interest Litigation
13 Vadshetvav
e
45.50 Jan-
14
12/20
%
23.31 0.00 23.31 0.00 23.31 5.00 18.31 5.00 15.31 5.00 10.31 5.00 5.31 5.31 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Suprama at Filed
Level
14 Kalu 657.58 Jul-
09
6/15% 543.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1. Water supply
project which
proposed under
deposit contribution
work. 2.Project is
held up due to
Public Interest
Litigation
15 Shai 645.40 Aug-
09
7/0% 627.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1. Water supply
project which
proposed under
deposit contribution
work. 2.Project is
held up due to
Public Interest
Litigation
16 Shri
Hariharesh
war
43.53 May-
10
7/40% 24.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Water supply
project which
proposed under
deposit contribution
work
Total 4871.0
3
3720.6
5
89.92 1117.7
9
89.90 1027.1
0
464.76 552.05 290.72 263.42 236.22 27.20 21.89 5.31 5.31 0.0
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4871.0
3
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
194 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
24.4.2.4 Project completion planning for TIC (Thane ) (All figures in INR Crores)
SR
.
N
o
Name of
project
Upto
date
total
cost
on
Marc
h
2017
Month
& Year
of A.A.
No. of
years
under
Executio
n /
completi
on upto
March
2018
Balance
cost
remaini
ng (As
per
Revised
cost) in
April
2017
Provisi
on
2017-
18
Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17 Projected Completion in 10 Years (Provosion required in 10 Years) from 2016-17 Balan
ce
cost
after
10
years
Remar
ks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
Balan
ce
Provisi
on
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
TIC,
Thane
A Major
Projects
(Ongoin
g)
`
1 Surya 482.
46
Jan-
1974
43 288.47 3.00 288.4
7
3.00 285.4
7
100.00 185.4
7
100.00 85.47 85.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 Bhatsa 624.
91
Mar-
1969
48 745.60 50.00 745.6
0
50.00 695.6
0
100.00 595.6
0
100.00 495.6
0
100.00 395.6
0
100.00 295.6
0
100.00 195.6
0
100.00 95.60 95.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B Medium
Projects
(Ongoin
g)
NIL NIL
C Minor
Projects
1 Domihir
a
100.
05
Oct-
1985
22 31.53 0.47 31.53 0.47 31.06 12.00 19.06 12.00 7.06 5.00 2.06 2.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 Pawale 17.3
9
Feb.20
05
12 3.51 5.00 3.51 5.00 -1.49 2.00 -3.49 2.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 -5.49 0.00 0.00
3 Nampad
a
12.7
8
Dec.20
04
13 26.66 0.01 26.66 0.01 26.65 5.00 21.65 5.00 16.65 5.00 11.65 5.00 6.65 5.00 1.65 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 Kholsapa
da -2
31.0
0
Mar-
1981
23 31.00 0.00 31.00 0.00 31.00 6.00 25.00 10.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Work
not
yet
starte
d duet
o
forest
5 Nimbap
ur
32.5
0
Jan-
1984
22 32.50 0.00 32.50 0.00 32.50 0.00 32.50 10.00 22.50 10.00 12.50 10.00 2.50 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Work
not
yet
starte
d due
to
forest
6 Shribhuv
an
5.78 May-
2011
7 3.31 0.01 3.31 0.01 3.30 5.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 -1.70 0.00 0.00
D Lift
Irrigatio
n
Scheme
-
Ongoing
1 Birwadi
LIS
15.4
4
Nov-
2005
12 8.06 0 8.06 0 8.06 8.06 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
195 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
25 Institutional & Legal Arrangements
25.1 Background
Water Sector in Maharashtra is at crossroads. Water resources development has almost hit a
plateau. Its future now critically depends upon Water Management, Governance & Regulation
(WMGR). Improved & effective WMGR demands robust Institutional & Legal Arrangements (ILA).
Before going into the details of ILA, it would be worthwhile to take note of some of the important
developments in the discourse on WMGR in general & ILA in particular at international as well as
national level.
Millennium Development Goals (2000) identify Environmental Sustainability as an important
goal. Sustainable Development Goals (2015) lay emphasis on ensuring availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all. Targets fixed (Annex-1) to achieve these goals need to
be reflected in ISWP.
Model Bill on National Water Framework Law attempts to develop a broad national
consensus on certain principles like water as a scarce resource, heritage, public trust, a common
pool resource.
Model Bill on Ground Water (Development & Management) envisages revisiting Legal Status
of Groundwater & Prioritisation of its use.
The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers (1966), though 5 decades
old & about international waters, provide principles which can be applied to interstate & intra-state
water conflicts.
An attempt has been made to address the above issues in ISWP in general & that in ILA in
particular.
25.2 What is ILA?
ILA simply means Institutions & Principles on the basis of which the Institutions function.
Institutions, for example, include MOWR, CWC, CGWB, MOEF, etc at Central Government level &
WRD, MWRRA, GSDA, WUAs, etc at State level. Principles comprise of Constitution of India, water &
environment related National & State Policies, Acts, Rules, Notifications, and Agreements. A brief
review of selected principles & institutions which are directly related to Maharashtra & ISWP is given
below. It explains the scope & importance of ILA.
25.3 Water and Constitution of India:
Water policies, water laws & ISWP should conform to the general principles in Constitution.
Important provisions related to water in the Constitution are given in Annex- 2. Those are self-
explanatory & don’t need any elaboration here. However, it is necessary to note following:
• The Supreme Court (SC) has recognised the fundamental right to water as integral to the right
to life & has further specified variously the corresponding duties of the state.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
196 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
• Water in its natural state is a common pool resource & the SC has applied the public trust
doctrine to both surface & groundwater. Private property rights in groundwater, therefore,
are now inappropriate.
• Some constitutional experts have pointed out following limitations in the Constitution
regarding water.
o Entry (article?) 17 mentions only some specific uses of water
o Irrigation looms large. Heavy influence of the engineering point of view.
o There is no specific reference to groundwater. Only river water gets importance.
o Many important issues are missing. For example, community managed systems,
rainwater harvesting, water management, role of civil society in water sector, overt
reference to water as a basic essential for life & therefore a basic human & animal
right
• It is quite likely that the whole logic of water resources development & management would
change drastically when Panchayat Samitees & Nagrpalikas would start exercising their
powers as per the 73rd &74th Amendments.
25.4 State Water Policy
Maharashtra adopted State Water Policy (SWP) in 2003. In its first paragraph itself, SWP has made
following critical observations
a. Optimum, economical, equitable & sustainable use of water has become a matter of utmost
urgency
b. Discrepancies of the last 50 years of the WRD & M brought about certain critical challenges
requiring immediate attention
c. Switching over from “Isolated & fragmented” to “Integrated” approach is necessary.
SWP, in fact, not only clearly states that Integrated, Multi-sectoral, River basin Approach & State
Water Plan are its objectives but even spells out a five-pronged strategy which comprises of
following:
a. Enabling environment for better & more equitable & productive water management,
b. Restructuring the fundamental roles & relationships of the State & the water users,
c. Creating a new institutional arrangement for water governance, (iv)promoting new
technology, &
d. Enactment of appropriate legislation.
Strategy for legislation reads as follows:
“The State will enact appropriate legislation and enabling rules to give effect to the above
mentioned strategies in short time. To begin with, the State will adopt three critical items of
legislation including an act to authorize farmers’ management of irrigation systems and an
act to create a State water authority and river basin authorities”
SWP is, thus, the genesis of Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers Act,
2005 (MMISF) & Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Act, 2005 (MWRRA)
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
197 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
25.5 MWRRA Act, 2005: Theory
25.5.1 Provisions for Water Governance:
The MWRRA Act, 2005 has made following very important & useful provisions for creating a
solid & robust frame work for ILA & Water Governance in the State:
Table 25-1: Provisions for Water Governance
Sr.No. Section Provision Purpose
1 2 3 4
1 2 (1) (u) Definition of River basin Agency
(RBAs)
To establish RBAs to give the Water
Entitlements
2 14 Permission of RBA To authorize the water use in the State
3 15 State Water Board To prepare a draft Integrated State Water
Plan (ISWP)
4 16 State Water Council To approve the draft ISWP submitted by the
State Water Board.
5 11 (f) (For MWRRA) to review & clear
water resources projects proposed
at the sub-basin & river basin level
to ensure that a proposal is in
conformity with Integrated State
Water Plan.....
To develop & manage water resources in the
State in systematic, systemic & river
basinwise manner as per the State Water
Policy & MWRRA Act.
6 13 Powers of Authority & Dispute
Resolution Officer
To resolve water conflicts
7 22 Disputes & Appeals To resolve water conflicts
25.5.2 River Basin Agency
Definition of River Basin Agency has been given in Section 2 (1) (u).It reads as given below:
“(u) “River Basin Agency” means any one of the following River Basin Development
Corporations operating in the River Basin and includes the Government Authorities as
specified by the Government, from time to time,-(list of Irrigation Development Corporations
is not given here)
In view of above definition, existing Irrigation Development Corporations are `treated’ as the
River Basin Agencies for all the purposes of the Act & as such, they are supposed to perform their
duties & responsibilities as per the Act from the date on which this Act is made applicable in the
State. In order to use any water from any water source, permission of River Basin Agency is required.
Section 14 of the Act is important in this context.
25.5.3 State Water Board:
In order to prepare a draft Integrated State Water Plan (ISWP), State Water Board has already
been duly established under section 15 of MWRRA Act by the Government of Maharashtra through a
notification in Official Gazette (Part 4 –B) on 22nd Dec 2005.The State Water Board should submit its
first draft Integrated State Water Plan to the Council for its approval within six months from the date
on which this Act is made applicable in the State.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
198 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
25.5.4 State Water Council
In order to approve a draft Integrated State Water Plan (ISWP), State Water Council has
already been duly established under section 16 of MWRRA Act by the Government of Maharashtra
through a notification in Official Gazette (Part 4 –B) on 22nd Dec 2005.
The State Water Council should approve the draft Integrated State Water Plan within a period
of six months from the date of submission of draft Integrated State Water Plan keeping in view the
directives given by the Governor for removal of regional imbalance. The water plan so approved by
the Committee shall become “Integrated State Water Plan”.
25.6 Sanctioning projects with particular reference to Integrated State Water
Plan
To develop & manage water resources in the State in systematic, systemic & river basinwise
manner as per the State Water Policy, the MWRRA Act gives powers to MWRRA vide Section 11(f) to
sanction projects with particular reference to Integrated State Water Plan as approved by State
Water Council. It is clear that MWRRA Act not only gives tremendous importance to Integrated State
Water Plan but also gives powers to MWRRA to sanction projects only & only if they are in conformity
of Integrated State Water Plan. Integrated State Water Plan also has an important bearing on the role
of River Basin Agencies & regional imbalance too.
Importance of River Basin Agencies & Integrated State Water Plan has also been recognized &
highlighted by The Special Investigation Committee to Enquire about Irrigation related Issues (Chitale
Committee) in its report published in Feb 2014. It discusses about Integrated State Water Plan (Para
2.4.1 (10) & 8.18) & River Basin Agencies (8.8) in Vol. – 1 of its report. Both have a pivotal role to play
in future development of water sector.
25.7 Resolution of water conflicts
Sec – 13 (Powers of Authority & Dispute Resolution Officer) & Sec – 22 (Disputes & Appeals)
of the MWRRA Act provides for resolution of water conflicts. Government of Maharashtra has also
issued a G.R.(No. Misc 1009/265/09/IM (P) dt 25th Aug 2009) in respect of river basinwise
appointment of Primary Dispute Resolution Officers.
25.8 MWRRA ACT, 2005: Practice
25.8.1 Constraints in implementing the ISWP:
“Provisions in MWRRA Act, 2005 & their direct linkages with ISWP” and “Amendments to
MWRRA Act & its implications on ISWP” are given in Annexes – 3 & 4 respectively. From the perusal
of these two self-explanatory Annexes, it is seen that are many constraints in implementing the ISWP.
Gist of those constraints is given below.
Compliance to MWRRA Act Institutional & Legal Arrangements
1 2
1. No Rules.
2. Projects cleared without ISWP
3. Many provisions in the Act not yet used
4. Adverse impacts of amendments in 2011
1. No RBAs
SWB & SWC – Not adequately
equipped. Not fully operationalized
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
199 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Compliance to MWRRA Act Institutional & Legal Arrangements
1 2
(a) Redistribution of water – not possible
(b) Entitlements – process jeopardized.
© Sec 14 (1) – Can’t be implemented.
3. Adverse impacts of 1 & 2 above on
(a) Data validation
(b) Involvement of all departments
© Quality of ISWP
25.8.2 Conversion of Irrigation Development Corporations into River Basin Agencies
Sub-basin wise water plans are supposed to be prepared by the RBAs. However, there are no
“true” RBAs. MWRRA Act has taken a short cut. As per Section 2 (2) (u) existing Irrigation
Development Corporations (IDC) are only the RBAs. But IDCs cannot be the RBAs in the truest sense
of the term. Conversion of IDCs into RBAs is a must because of the following difference between IDCs
& RBAs.
IDCs RBAs
1 2
Mono-disciplinary (only Civil Engineers)
Emphasis on
- Project-wise development (i.e. only
construction),
- Surface water,
- Irrigation & Hydropower
- Water Management with W R D)
Inter-disciplinary ( representation to all categories of
water users)
Emphasis on
- Integrated river basin/ sub-basin- wise development &
management
- Surface & groundwater
- Irrigation & Non-Irrigation
- Permission to water use & issuance of water
entitlements u/s 14
Actually, RBA is an accepted principle world over! State Water Policy envisages RBAs. MWRRA
Act provides for RBAs. Mahrashtra Krisna River Basin agency (MKRBA) bill has already been prepared
by WRD but the same is not being processed. GR on Restructuring of WRD laid emphasis on RBAs. SIT
(Chitale committee) recommends RBAs. RBAs & ISWP together form the strategy of Reforms. Suresh
Kumar Committee (31 Jan 2016) has also recommended conversion of IDCs into RBAs. On this
background, it is suggested that GoM may take an early decision to formally convert IDCs into RBAs &
remove the biggest hurdle in preparing ISWP.
25.9 Linkages of ISWP & MWRRA with other Water Laws
25.9.1 Acts in force:
Following nine irrigation related Acts are in force simultaneously in the State.
� Maharashtra Irrigation Act (MIA) 1976
� Irrigation Development Corporations (IDC) Acts 1996 – 1998 [Total 5 Acts]
� Maharashtra Management of Irrigation System by the Farmers (MMISF) Act 2005
� Maharashtra Water resources Regulatory Authority (MWRRA) Act 2005
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
200 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
� Maharashtra Ground Water ( Development & Management) Act, 2009 (MGW)
Barring the exception of MGW Act, all other Acts are based on MIA & refer to the
same as MIA is the Parent Act.
25.9.2 Why MIA is a Parent Act?
It is MIA that provides for basic foundation & frame work of the Water
Management, Governance & Regulation (WMGR) in the State through following
provisions.
Section Provision Purpose
1 2 3
11 Notification when water supply to be applied for
purposes of canal or for regulation, supply or
storage of water.
To provide WRD locus standi for
WMGR
3 Lands under irrigable command of canal.
5 Division of State into irrigation areas To provide administrative
structure to WMGR
8 Appointment of Canal Officers. To appoint officers for
implementation of the Act & fix
their respective jurisdictions
80 Notice as to claims for compensation in certain
cases.
To provide compensation to
farmers if water is not supplied as
per declared program (conditions
apply)
116 Application of certain provisions of Act to Lift
Irrigation Works of Co-operative Societies.
To bring LIS under the purview of
the Act.
Role of MIA in water regulation has been recognised in Amendments to MWRRA Act in 2011. The
preamble of MWRRA (Amendment & Continuance) Act 2011 reads as follows:
Whereas the Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976 regulates the supply of water for irrigation &
non-irrigation purposes;
And Whereas the Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976 provides for the regulation of water
resources & determination of tariff by the authorities thereunder;
MMISF Act has also saved (Sec 78) most of the provisions under MIA 76 barring certain sections
which have been repealed (Sec 77).
25.9.3 Role of Canal Officers in implementation of MMISF & MWRRA Act:
Since, MIA is a parent Act, the Canal Officers appointed & empowered under MIA is only supposed
to implement IDC, MMISF & MWRRA Acts. In fact, they have been appointed & empowered under
MMISF Act also (Notification–II dt. 18 Feb 2006 (No. CDA 1006/(35/2006)/Lakshevi(works). Role of
Canal Officers in implementation of MMISF & MWRRA Act is made clear in a table below.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
201 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
MMISF Act MWRRA Act
1 2
Section Role of Canal Officer as Section Role of Canal Officer as
5,6,10,
13,16,42
For all purposes
MLA, DLA &
CLA: EEs
PLA: SEs
For appeals
MLA, DLA & CLA:
SEs
PLA: CEs
Powers,
Functions &
Duties
of
Regulators*
As Regulators
Maj & Med Projects: SDEs
Minor Projects: AE II /
Sectional Engineers
*Ref: MWRRA publication
13 & 22
As PDROs: CE to SDE
(as appointed by Government)
Ref: MWRRA’s Technical
Manual, 2015
38 As Competent Authority: AE I, SDE, EE, SE at MLA,DLA,CLA& PLA respectively
MLA, DLA, CLA & PLA mean respectively Minor, Distributory, Canal & Project Level Associations
AE-I: Assistant Engineer –I, SDE: Sub Divisional Engineer, EE: Executive Engineer, SE: Superintending Engineering,
PDRO: Primary Dispute Resolution Officer
25.9.4 Appointment & Empowerment of Canal Officers as per MIA 76
From foregoing discussions, it is clear that following basic issues need to be immediately
addressed to have Institutional & Legal Arrangement (ILA)
• Division of State into Irrigation units (section 5) like River basin & Sub basins is very important from
Water Governance point of view, because ILA should be administratively compatible to the River basin
/ sub-basinwise approach. Recent Acts like MMISF & MWRRA have accepted the River basin/sub-
basinwise approach. RBAs are in the process of formation. WRD had issued Water Audit,
Benchmarking & Irrigation Status Reports from 2002 to 2011 based on river basin/ sub-basinwise data.
• Issuing Notification of Section, Sub division, Division, Circle, Region as per revised division of irrigation
areas u/s 8 is the next logical & legal step. That would legally define the jurisdiction of all Canal Officers
at various levels. This is a necessary condition for the appointment of Canal Officer; but not a sufficient
one.
• Issuing order as per as per Sec 2(4) & 6 is the sufficient condition. Sec 2(4) defines the term “Canal
Officer”. The definition is given below
"Canal Officer" means any officer duly appointed by the State Government by an order in
writing for all or any of the purposes of this Act specified in the order,
• Sec (6) gives a list of officers who could possibly be the Canal Officers. Sub section 6 (2), however, is a
neglected provision. It is as follows
“For the purposes of Part XIII of this Act, the Canal Officer shall be a
Revenue Officer not below the rank of a Tahsildar”.
• Part XIII (Sections 117 to 130) of the Act deals with Second Class Irrigation Works (SCIW) i.e.
supposedly works under ZP & Water Conservation Dept. It needs to be implemented to bring SCIW
under Water Governance which would facilitate its regular M & R, help introduce O & M & pave way
for assessment & recovery of water charges. Tariff regimes, surprisingly, so far, have not included
SCIW. Integration envisaged in ISWP demands serious & immediate inclusion of SCIW.
• Implementation of Sec 10 (Power to allot duties), Sec 110 (Delegation of powers) & scrupulous
adherence to GR [No.10.04/(309/2004)/IM dt 31st
Aug 2004-copy attached] would further empower
Canal Officers & help them perform their legal duties in a better manner.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
202 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
• A draft of the order proposed to be used for the Appointment of Canal Officers is given in Annex- 5. Set
of pro forma which could be used for division of State into irrigation areas (u/s 5) now as per River
basin & Sub basins is given in Annex-6.
An attempt was made to collect data & information in this set of pro forma. From available
data it appears, prima facie, that most of the irrigation sections, sub divisions, divisions, circles &
regions have not been duly notified under section 5 & 8 of MIA76. These notifications need to be
issued immediately.
Appointment of Canal Officers, their suitable empowerment & notification of their jurisdiction
would create an institutional framework. To make it smoothly operate, it is imperative to have
Rules & Notifications.
25.10 Rules of the Acts
It needs to be seriously noted that barring the exception of MMISF Act, all other Acts don’t
have rules. Acts state general principles. Rules provide details required for implementation of the Act.
Rules include empowerment of officials, prescribed procedures, time limits, forms to be used, etc.
Rules are thus inseparable from the Act.
25.10.1 River & Command Notifications under MIA:
In addition to notification regarding Appointment of Canal Officers, notifications
pertaining to rivers & command areas under MIA are also important as they provide
(1) Necessary legal locus standi to WRD for carrying out WMGR.
(2) Prior intimation to water users that provisions of MIA would henceforth be
applied in the notified command areas & give them opportunity of being
heard (This is the first step of the process of PIM)
(3) Assurance that water would be used for the purpose mentioned in the
notification. This is the first step in the direction of issuing Water Use
Entitlements.
Table below highlights the importance & necessity of both the notifications.
River Notification u/s 11 Command Notification u/s 3
• WRD gets locus standi in respect
of WMGR
• Canal Officers get Power of Entry
on Land in the command u/s 12
• Collector can entertain demands
regarding Award of
Compensation u /s 75(1)-c & 80
• WRD gets locus standi in respect
of WMGR
• Assessment & Recovery of Water
Charges u/s 88 – 2 & 105
becomes
legal
• Handing over to WUAs [MMISF
Rules Delineation, Annex -1]
becomes legally valid
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
203 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
25.10.2 Notification for Lift Irrigation Water Users Associations:
Area & water use of Lift Irrigation Schemes is increasing at an alarming rate. But LIS remains
virtually unregulated because necessary notifications u/s 116 of MIA and u/s 39 of MMISF Act have
not been issued since 40 years & 11 years respectively.
25.11 Revisiting MWRRA:
Foregoing discussions suggest that it is necessary to take a critical review of MWRRA which is
the first ever Quasi Judicial Independent Regulatory Authority (IRA) in India’s water sector. It’s time
to identify & remove weaknesses & further strengthen the IRA in the larger interests of the State in
general & water sector in particular. MWRRA should become a custodian of water laws & ILA. This is,
of course, easier said than done! An attempt is done here to revisit MWRRA.
25.11.1 Understanding the problem
MWRRA is totally dependent on Water Resources Department (WRD) for its very existence
for 3 reasons. First, WRD has a decisive role in the appointments of the Secretary, Members, and
Chairman of MWRRA. Second, MWRRA gets its funds from WRD. Third, MWRRA has to perform all of
its activities through WRD only. This 100% dependence on WRD has put many indirect restrictions on
MWRRA.
MWRRA is working literally in vacuum; thanks to the absence of Rules, RBAs, fully operational SWB &
SWC and ISWP
• Though MWRRA has “powers as are vested in a civil court, under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908”,
it could hardly exercise its following powers as a quasi judicial authority.
1. Powers of Authority and Dispute Resolution Officer u/s 13:
2. Disputes & Appeals u/s 22:
3. Punishment for non-compliance of orders u/s 26
4. Offences by companies u/s 27
5. Compounding of offences u/s 28
6. Cognizance of offences u/s 29.
• As a result, MWRRA could not do anything in respect of following in last 11 years
1. State Water Entitlement data base [11 (s)]
2. Hydro-meteorological information data base [11(t)]
3. Irrigation Status Report [11 (v)]
4. Preservation of water quality [12(5)]
5. Private LIS [12(6)(d), (e)]
6. Water to drought prone areas [12 (10) (a)]
7. Restrictions on digging wells [14(3)]
8. Drip / Sprinkler [14 (4)]
25.11.2 Restructuring of MWRRA
Following measures are proposed for restructuring & strengthening of MWRRA
• MWRRA may be delinked from WRD from administrative point of view.
• Ways & means may be identified to make MWRRA truly independent by elevating its legal
status & suitably empowering it.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
204 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
• MWRRA may be given some percentage of funds provided for in the State’s annual budget for
all water related departments taken together. Such funds may specially be provided in the
name of MWRRA directly & not through some particular department
• A corpus of substantial amount may specially be created for MWRRA
• MWRRA may have adequate technical & ministerial staff considering its increased workload
due to added responsibility of aspects related to Ground Water
• MWRRA may be restructured to ensure that it would be an interdisciplinary authority
comprising of national / international level young (age group 40 to 50) techno savvy experts
of proven track record
• From all disciplines directly related to regulation & governance of water. Post-graduation in
water management, regulation & governance related subject from a reputed institution
should be the minimum educational qualification. Persons from various renowned Indian
Institutions like IIT, NIT, IIM, IIS, WRDTC, Agricultural Universities, Gokhale Institute of Politics
& Economics, etc may be preferred.
• Chairman, MWRRA may be selected strictly on the merit basis through a national /
international level selection process. Selection committee may accordingly be restructured.
• MWRRA (Amendments & Continuance) Act 2011 may be repealed to restore MWRRA’s
original powers
• Role of SWB & SWC, at present, is limited to preparation of ISWP only. In view of ever
changing context of water related issues & increasing number, magnitude & complexities of
water conflicts it is suggested to convert SWC into Water Policy, Governance & Regulation Forum. The forum may, in dynamic manner, review water policy & water laws and amend the
same as & when required. Role of SWB may also be correspondingly enhanced significantly
to monitor the implementation of SWP & Water Laws – particularly the operative part (i.e.
Rules, Notifications, Government resolutions & Circulars, Agreements, etc)
25.12 Conclusion
1) Continuation of IDCs & absence of RBAs is the biggest constraint in implementing ISWP &
restructuring of ILA
2) The process of preparing ISWP & ILA has been adversely affected because SWB & SWC have
not become fully operational
3) MWRRA is not functioning like an Independent Quasi-Judicial Authority. It has not exercised
its powers
4) Non-implementation of Water Laws has taken its toll & has weakened the present ILA.
5) Maharashtra’s Water Sector may, in near future, have to face many serious legal challenges if
ILA remains weak.
25.13 Recommendations
(1) Water sector should give due thought to Millennium & Sustainable Development Goals,
Model Bills on Water Framework Law & Groundwater, Helsinki Rules, water related
provisions in the Constitution & State Water Policy
(2) IDCs should be converted into RBAs at the earliest.
(3) SWB & SWC should pro-actively perform their duties as per MWRRA Act.
(4) MWRRA may be restructured & strengthened
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
205 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
(5) SWC may be converted into Water Policy, Governance & Regulation Forum.
(6) Role of SWB may be enhanced significantly to monitor the implementation of SWP & Water
Laws
(7 ) Task Force may be constituted as per directives given by Hon. Chief Minister in the first
meeting of State Water Council on 17 Jan 2015 to complete operative part of all water &
irrigation related Acts & do following:
• Propose new sections & sub divisions with adequate management staff, appropriate
workload & corresponding areas of their jurisdiction. Revise jurisdiction of all sections, sub
divisions, divisions, circles & regions considering the practical difficulties, felt needs of
WMGR & additional workload due to MMISF & MWRRA Acts
• Notify new & revised sections, sub divisions, divisions, circles & regions u/s 8
• Appoint Canal Officers for both First Class Irrigation (Sec 1 to 116) & Second Class Irrigation
(Sec 117 to 130) giving due thought to Sections 2 (4), 6, 10, 110 & GR
[No.10.04/(309/2004)/IM dt 31st Aug 2004]
• Complete the remaining work of issuing notifications in respect of rivers, command areas, lift
irrigation schemes & award of compensation u/s 11,3,116 & 80 of MIA respectively & u/s 39
of MMISF Act
• Prepare list of duties u/s 10,
• Prepare list of powers to be delegated u/s 110
• Execute, renew & implement Irrigation-Agreements with WUAs & Non Irrigation –
Agreements with different utilities.
• Prepare Rules of eight irrigation related enactments immediately.
25.14 References
1. Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976
2. Irrigation Development Corporation Acts, 1996-98
3. WRD, GoM(1999): “Report of Maharashtra Water & Irrigation Commission”
4. WRD, Government of Maharahstra, “Maharashtra’s State Water Policy”, July 2003
5. Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005
6. Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers Act, 2005
7. Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers Rules, 2006
8. Maharashtra Krishna River basin Act Bill
9. Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority (Amendment & Continuance) Act, 2011
10. MWRRA (Allocation & Monitoring of Entitlements, Disputes & Appeals & other Matters)
Rules, 2013
11. Purandare Pradeep, “Irrigation Laws in Maharashtra: Politics of Non-Implementation”,
International Conference on Political Economy of Water: A Social Response, 19-21 Dec 2013
12. WRD, Government of Maharahstra,”Report of Special Investigation Team (SIT) constituted by
Government for Enquiry of Irrigation related issues, Feb 2014.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
206 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
25.15 Annexures
Annexure 25.1
Sustainable Development Goals (2015) / Goal – 6
“To ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”
Targets
1) By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
2) By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open
defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
3) By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of
hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially
increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
4) By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable
withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of
people suffering from water scarcity
5) By 2030, implement integrated water resources management (IWRM) at all levels, including through
trans boundary cooperation as appropriate
6) By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers,
aquifers and lakes
7) By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in
water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination,
water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
8) Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation
management
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
207 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Annexure 25.2
Water & the Constitution of India
(1) Entry 17 in the State List:
“Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation & canals, drainage & embankments, water
storage & water power subject to the provisions of Entry 56 of List I” (Union List)
Entry 17 provides legislative competence to States, implies executive powers to States &
enables them to plan & implement dam projects but it is not an unqualified entry. It is
subject to Entry 56 in the Union List.
(2) Entry 56 in the Union List
“Regulation & development of inter-State rivers & river valleys to the extent to which such
regulation & development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to
be expedient in the public interest.”
Water is, thus potentially as much a Central subject as a State subject, particularly as most of
the country’s important rivers are inter-State. The River Boards Act 1956 has been passed
under Entry 56.
(3) Entry 20 in the Concurrent List:
“Economic & social planning”
By this Entry, major & medium irrigation, hydropower, flood control & multipurpose
projects have been subjected to the requirement of Central clearances* for inclusion in the
national plan
*The Forest Conservation Act 1980, The Environment Protection Act 1986, The Wild Life
(Protection) Act 1972, The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1978
(4) Article 262:
“Adjudication of disputes relating to water of inter-State rivers or river valleys
(1) The Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint with
respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter-State river or river
valley
(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may by law provide that neither
the Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such
dispute or complaint as is referred to in clause (1)”
The Inter-State Water Dispute Act 1956 has been enacted under Article 262.
(5) 42nd
Amendment (1976):
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
208 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
References to the protection of the environment, forests & wild life were introduced via
Articles 48A & 51A [& two entries related to forests & wild life were added to the
Concurrent List]
(6) 73rd
& 74th
Amendment (1993)
The 11th & 12th schedules to the constitution lay down lists of subjects to be devolved to the
panchayats & nagarpalikas. The lists include, inter alia, drinking water, water management,
watershed development & sanitation
(7) ISWD Act 1956
This Act a bearing on dam projects. The allocation of waters & the restrictions imposed by a
Tribunal Award needs to be honoured. Tribunal may even specify certain features in some
particular projects (e.g. Narmada, Krishna) Award may lead to formulation or acceleration of
projects with a view to making sure of retaining the State’s share of the waters (e.g.
Planning of Krishna waters in Maharashtra) Post-award disputes relating to certain projects
(e.g. Telgu Ganga, Alamatti)
(8) The River Boards Act 1956:
This Act has been passed by Parliament under Entry 56 of the Union List. It provides only for
the establishment of advisory boards.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
209 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Annexure 25.3
MWRRA Act, 2005 and ISWP
(To be read along with MWRRA Act 2005)
Sr.
No.
Provisions in
MWRRA Act, 2005
( Before
amendments to the
Act)
Linkages with ISWP
(As originally envisaged)
Remarks
(For details of Amendments pl
see Annex -2)
1 2 3 4
1 Sec 2: Definitions
Definition of ISWP.
Irrigation Development
Corporations are only
treated as River Basin
Agencies
1 Definition is vague.
2. Absence of RBAs is a major
lacuna / bottle neck
2 Sec 11:
Powers, functions &
Duties of Authority
1.Entitlements( Priority of
categories of use, criteria,
monitoring, modification, trading,
transfer, regulatory system)
2. Review & clearance of water
resources projects,
3. Development of Data Bases
(Entitlement, hydro-
meteorological information)
4.Ensuring publication of Irrigation
Status Report every year
1. Amended. Scope drastically
reduced
2. Projects cleared even in
absence of ISWP
3.Data bases not developed
4. Irrigation Status Reports not
published since 2011-12
3 Sec 12:
General policies of
the Authority
Implementation of State
Water Policy
Preservation of quality of
water
Fixing quota
Sharing the distress in river
basin
Ground Water Regulation
Drought management
No implementation
Efforts not seen
Absence of conceptual
clarity
Controversies &
litigations
Notification issued. No
effect.
Efforts not seen.
4 Sec 13:
Powers of Authority
& Dispute Resolution
Powers of Civil Court under the
Code of Civil Procedure1908
Powers not used
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
210 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.
No.
Provisions in
MWRRA Act, 2005
( Before
amendments to the
Act)
Linkages with ISWP
(As originally envisaged)
Remarks
(For details of Amendments pl
see Annex -2)
1 2 3 4
Officer
5 Sec 14:
Permission of River
Basin Agency
14. (1) From the date of
commencement of this Act, no
person shall use any water from any
water source without obtaining the
Entitlement from the respective
River Basin Agency
(2) Use of the water for the
purposes of agriculture, through
any existing well, bore well, tube
well in the command area of a
project on the date of
commencement of this Act, shall be
allowed to continue till such date
as may be notified by the
Authority.
(3) There shall not be any restriction
on digging of any well, bore well or
tube well in the command area of a
project, till such date as may be
notified by the Authority.
(4) Water shall not be made
available from the canal for
perennial crops in such area and
from such date as may be notified
by the Authority, unless the
cultivator adopts drip irrigation or
sprinkled irrigation or such other
water saving technology approved
by the Authority. The quantity of
water so saved, after satisfying the
further increased demand of
drinking water, shall be distributed
equitably in the command area and
the adjoining area.
Amended.
Not yet notified
Not yet notified
Notification issued for
pilot projects.. No
concrete plan for up
scaling
6 Sec 15: State Water The Board shall submit its first draft No separate Office.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
211 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.
No.
Provisions in
MWRRA Act, 2005
( Before
amendments to the
Act)
Linkages with ISWP
(As originally envisaged)
Remarks
(For details of Amendments pl
see Annex -2)
1 2 3 4
Board Integrated State Water Plan to the
Council for its approval within six
months from the date on which
this Act is made applicable in the
State.
No Conduct of Business Rules.
No regular periodic meetings.
No mechanism to monitor.
7 Sec 16: State Water
Council
The Council shall approve, with such
modifications as deemed necessary,
the draft of the Integrated State
Water Plan submitted by the Board
within a period of six months from
the date of submission of draft
Integrated State Water Plan
keeping in view the directives given
by the Governor for removal of
regional imbalance. The water plan
so approved by the Committee shall
become “Integrated State Water
Plan”.
No separate Office.
No Conduct of Business Rules.
No mechanism to monitor
whether its decisions are being
implemented.
However, periodic meetings
are being held since Jan 2015.
9 Sec 21:
Special responsibility
of Authority
21 (1) The Authority shall carry out
a special responsibility in regard to
the Districts and Regions, affected
by backlog, in irrigation sector as
per Governor's directives.
Deficit of development exists
as per Kelkar Samitee
10 Sec 22:
Disputes & Appeal
22 (1) The Government shall by
general or special order issued in
this behalf authorize any competent
officer or officers for each River
Basin Agency as Primary Dispute
Resolution Officer, to resolve the
disputes with regard to the issuance
or delivery of water Entitlement,
under the Act.
Effects of amendments - not
clear
11 Sec 23: 23. (1) The Government may issue
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
212 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.
No.
Provisions in
MWRRA Act, 2005
( Before
amendments to the
Act)
Linkages with ISWP
(As originally envisaged)
Remarks
(For details of Amendments pl
see Annex -2)
1 2 3 4
Directions by
Government
to the Authority such general or
special directions in writing in the
matters of policy involving public
interest and the Authority shall be
bound to follow and act upon such
direction.
Not yet used.
12 Sec 26:
Punishment for non-
compliance of orders
under this Act
26. Whoever fails to comply with
any order or direction given under
this Act, within such time as may be
specified in the said order or
direction or contravenes or
attempts to contravene or abets the
contravention of any of the
provisions of this Act or any rules or
regulations made thereunder shall
be punishable with imprisonment
for a term which may extend to six
months or with fine, which may
extend to ten times of the annual
water charges or, with both in
respect of each offence
Not yet used
13 Sec 30:
Powers of
Government to
make Rules
30 (1) The State Government may,
by notification in the Official
Gazette, and subject to the
condition of previous publication,
make rules to carry out the
purposes of this Act
Rules prepared after High
Court directives found to be
contradictory to the Act. Had to
withdraw.
No Rules
Annex-3: MWRRA Act, 2005 and ISWP
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
213 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Annexure 25.4
Amendments to MWRRA Act & its implications on ISWP
(To be read along with original & amended Acts)
Sr.No. Amendments to MWRRA Act, 2005 Implications for ISWP
1 2 3
A MWRRA (Amendment & Continuance) Act,2011
1
Sec 1(2): This section shall be deemed to have
come into force on the 17th
Sept 2010 &
sections 2 to 6 shall be deemed to have come
into force on the 8th
June 2005.
Sectoral allocation was a part of powers, functions
& duties of MWRRA as per section 11 of MWRRA
Act, 2005. But High Power Committee (HPC)
illegally continued to take decisions regarding
sectoral allocation even after the MWRRA Act
came in force. This happened from 2005 to 2011 &
MWRRA did not take any objection. Amendment
done in 2011 formally withdrew MWRRA’s powers
of sectoral allocation & gave the same to the
Government. The amendment legalized all the
decisions of HPC with retrospective effect.
2
Sec 2: Definitions of following two terms
added
(k-1) High Power Committee
(u-1) Sectoral allocation
3 Sec 3: Substituted following for clause (a) of
section 11
“(a) to determine the criteria for the
distribution of Entitlements by the RBAs,
within each Category of Use, on such terms &
conditions as may be prescribed, after sectoral
allocation is made under 16A
Sec 16A gives powers to Government (i.e. Cabinet
of Ministers instead of HPC) to do the sectoral
allocation.
MWRRA can now only determine criteria ‘as may
be prescribed’. This prescription is possible only
through Rules. And Government (read WRD) has
not prepared the Rules. So, nothing has been
prescribed. MWRRA thus cannot even determine
the criteria. The end result is Government
continues to do sectoral allocation & MWRRA has
no role to play & no duty to perform in respect of
Entitlement – it’s main stay!
4 Clause (n) of section 11 is deleted
(n) to establish regulatory system for the water
resources of the State, including surface and
sub-surface waters, to regulate the use of
these waters, apportion the Entitlement to the
use of the water of the State between water
using categories.;
MWRRA- an Independent Quasi Judicial Regulatory
Authority - now can not establish a Regulatory
System.
“Primary Dispute Resolution Officers (PDROs)”
have been appointed & empowered as a part of
regulatory system u/s 13 & 22 of MWRRA Act
established before the amendment in 2011.
There is no definition of the term “Regulator” in
original as well as the amended Act. Nor there is
any provision in respect of Regulators. But
regulators have been appointed since long & they
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
214 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.No. Amendments to MWRRA Act, 2005 Implications for ISWP
1 2 3
are directly answerable to MWRRA.
It is not clear what happens to the existing system
of regulation & what will be the fate of Regulators
& PDROs. If the existing system is to be
discontinued, then what is the alternative
arrangement? The amended Act is silent about it.
5 Clause (o) of section 11 is amended. It now
reads as follows:
(o) to establish a system of enforcement of
the Entitlements issued by the concerned
River Basin Agency to various Categories of
Use and its regulation, through
measurement and monitoring, with a view to
ensure that the actual use of water, both in
quantity and type of use, are in compliance
with the Entitlements issued;".
Original Clause (o) of section 11 was as follows:
(o) to establish a system of enforcement,
monitoring and measurement of the Entitlements
for the use of water that will ensure that the actual
use of water, both in quantity and type of use are
in compliance with the Entitlements as issued by
the Authority;
The amended clause mentions RBAs instead of
MWRRA which, prima facie, appears to be an
appropriate correction. MWRRA is supposed to lay
down the criteria of entitlements & RBAs are
supposed to issue the entitlements as per the
criteria.
6 A proviso shown in bold letters has now been
added
14. (1) From the date of commencement of
this Act, no person shall use any water from
any water source without obtaining the
Entitlement from the respective River Basin
Agency :
Provided that, no Entitlement shall be required
in case of,-
(a) any bore well, tube well or other wells
which are being used for domestic purposes;
and
(b) tanks, small reservoirs or catchments of
rainwater harvesting with an annual yield
capacity as may be decided by the Authority
Explanation:- For the purposes of this section,
the expression "person" shall includes
individual, group of individuals, all local
authorities, association, societies, companies,
etc.
" Provided further that, the Entitlement
under this section shall be required only
As already pointed out at Sr.No. 3 , MWRRA can
now only determine criteria ‘as may be
prescribed’. This prescription is possible only
through Rules. And Government (read WRD) has
not prepared the Rules. So, nothing has been
prescribed. MWRRA thus cannot even determine
the criteria. And since the criteria for issuance of
Entitlement has not been laid under section 11, it
is not possible to implement sec14 (1).
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
215 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.No. Amendments to MWRRA Act, 2005 Implications for ISWP
1 2 3
after the distribution of Entitlement has
been determined and the criteria for
issuance of Entitlement has been laid under
section 11.".
7 16 A: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in
section 11 or any other provisions of this Act or
in any other law for the time being in force,
the State Government shall determine the
sectoral allocation:
Provided that, sectoral allocation so determined
shall ordinarily be reviewed at such intervals of
not less than three years :
Provided further that, after publication of the
Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory
Authority (Amendment and Continuance) Act,
2011, in the Official Gazette, the State Cabinet
shall determine the sectoral allocation.
(2) After the sectoral allocation, as provided in
sub-section (1) is determined, the Authority
shall determine the criteria for the
distribution of Entitlements under clause (a) of
section 11."
Pl see comments already made at Sr. No. 3 & 6
8 31A. Notwithstanding anything contained in
this Act or any other law for the time being in
force, the term "Entitlement" shall apply
only to such areas where compliance of
all relevant provisions including
delineation under the Maharashtra
Management of Irrigation Systems by
Farmers Act, 2005 is made.
Explanation.—In respect of the areas
where the Maharashtra Management of
Irrigation Systems by Farmers Act, 2005, has
not become applicable, section 78 of that Act
shall apply and be effective.
MMISF Act has been made applicable to only those
286 projects which have been selected under
Maharashtra Water Sector Improvement Program
(MWSIP). The said Act is also applicable to the
ongoing projects by default. As a result of this
amendment the area under Entitlement has been
drastically reduced.
Moreover, the amendment considers entitlement
for agriculture / irrigation only. It is silent about
entitlement for domestic & industrial purposes.
Annex -1 of the MMISF Rules, 2006 deals with the
delineation of the WUAs (Pl note delineation of
WUAs & not that of project). It says that
delineation of the WUA may be done only if there
is guaranty of availability of water.
Applying MMISF Act to a project through a
notification of the said Act, issuing notification of
command area u/s 3 of Maharashtra Irrigation Act
1976 & delineation of WUAs as mentioned above
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
216 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.No. Amendments to MWRRA Act, 2005 Implications for ISWP
1 2 3
are three different issues which are unnecessarily
being mixed up.
9 31B. Notwithstanding anything contained in
this Act or in any other law for the time
being in force, or in any order, judgment or
decree of any court, tribunal or authority,
any person or Water User Entity to whom a
permission, allocation, sanction,
authorization or Entitlement of water has
been granted by the High Power Committee or
the River Basin Agency or the State
Government, prior to the 17th September 2b
10, being the date of commencement of
section 1 of the
Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory
Authority Amendment and Continuance) Act,
2011, shall be deemed to have been
granted, in accordance with the provisions of
this Act and accordingly the same shall
continue and no such person or Water
User Entity shall be required to obtain fresh
permission, allocation, sanction,
authorization or Entitlement to draw water.
The process of preparing ISWP has revealed that in
most of the river sub-basins there is an over
commitment i.e. the storage capacity of
sanctioned projects is significantly more than the
availability of water. That means now there is no
water available for the “new entrants”- people &
areas which aspire, & rightly so, to get water.
Secondly, the demand for water has been
increasing rapidly due to urbanization,
industrialization & changes in standard of living.
The way out can be of two types. First, to improve
water use efficiencies and reuse & recycle water.
Second, to revise water use standards &
redistribute available water equitably & judicially
in all sectors. The first solution has obvious
limitations & would address only a part of the
problem. It is the second solution which has got
tremendous potential. But the amendments 31A,
31B & 31C virtually declare that redistribution of
water is a closed chapter.
ISWP is required as a reference frame for
Clearance of new projects / projects
with significant changes in the scope
Conflict resolution Both (a) & (b) would need redistribution of water.
For the ISWP Committee, it’s a catch 22 situation.
It needs to be addressed upfront. Otherwise,
preparing ISWP would be an exercise in futility.
10 31C. Notwithstanding anything contained in
this Act or in any other law for the time being
in force, a permission, allocation, sanction,
authorization or Entitlement of water,
granted by the High Power Committee or
the River Basin Agency or the State
Government prior to the 17th September
2010, being the date of commencement of
section 1 of the Maharashtra Water
Resources Regulatory Authority (Amendment
and Continuance) Act, 2011, shall be valid and
shall be deemed always to have been valid and
accordingly no suit, prosecution or any other
legal proceedings shall lie, challenging such
permission, allocation, sanction, authorization
or Entitlement to draw water, before any
court, tribunal or other authority and no
such suit, prosecution or other legal
proceedings shall lie or continue on the ground
that any permission, allocation, sanction,
authorization or Entitlement, as required
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
217 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Sr.No. Amendments to MWRRA Act, 2005 Implications for ISWP
1 2 3
under this Act, has not been obtained. ".
B Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority (Amendment) Ordinance,
2016.
1 3A. Notwithstanding anything contained in
this Act, when the Authority cannot be
reconstituted under sub-section (5) of section 3,
for whatsoever reason, the powers, functions
and duties of the Authority
may be exercised, performed and discharged
by a Committee, to be appointed by the
Government, by notification in the Official
Gazette, consisting of persons holding the post
of the Additional Chief Secretary or equivalent
thereto, who shall act as a Chairperson and the
Secretary (Water Resources Management
and Command Area Development), Water
Resources Department and Principal
Secretary/Secretary,
Finance Department, who shall act as Members
thereof; and the said Committee shall cease to
exercise the powers, perform the functions
and discharge the duties of the Authority after
expiry of a period of six
months or when the Authority is duly
reconstituted, whichever is earlier.”.
The proposed temporary arrangement virtually
means that those who are supposed to be
regulated by the Authority will themselves be the
Authority whatever may be the period.
Moreover, Secretary (W R M and CAD), Water
Resources Department is an interested party.
This provision raises serious questions about
the very credibility of the Authority.
2 Remaining amendments are related to
restructuring of Authority. Those have not
been discussed here.
Annex – 4: Amendments to MWRRA Act & its implications on ISWP
(To be read along with original & amended Act)
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
218 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Annexure 25.5
Institutional & Legal Arrangements
Order of Appointment of Canal Officers
With reference to Sec 2 (4) & 6 of Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976,
Shri / Shrimati (Name) , (Designation)
is, hereby, appointed as Canal Officer in respect of First Class Irrigation / Second Class
Irrigation at (office), (place) on (date) for the
purposes of the said Act.
Person so appointed shall perform all duties as specified in following by virtue of post
GR No.10.04/(309/2004)/IM dt 31st
Aug 2004.
Duties allotted u/s 10 (Allotment of Duties).
Person so appointed shall exercise all powers as delegated to the person by virtue of post u/s
110 (Delegation of powers) of the said Act.
Person so appointed shall be a Public Servant & as such, provisions u/s 113 of Maharashtra
Irrigation Act, 1976 shall be applicable to the said person.
Order issued on behalf of & in the name of Chief Controlling Authority (u/s 7) in irrigation
matters
Date:
Signature
Name
Designation
Office
Address
Details of the Officer
who issued the order
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
219 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Annexure 25.6
Revised Division of State into irrigation areas u/s and Appointment of Canal Officers u/s 8
of MIA76
Pro forma-1: Irrigation Sections – Basic Unit of Irrigation Management
Number of
Sections
KIIDC
Type of Sections
Centralised General Scattered Total
Required as per
Norm
Sanctioned by
Government
75 75
Actually
established
51 51
Notified Nil
Not –Notified 51
Additional
Demand *
* As per field experience / project specific conditions
Pro forma-2: Irrigation Offices
Number of Offices
KIDC
Sub Div Division Circle Region
Required as per Norm
Sanctioned by
Government
76 15 4 1
Actually established 76 15 4 1
Notified
Not –Notified
Additional Demand *
* As per field experience / project specific conditions
Pro forma-3: “River Sub Basinwise Revision” of Sections & Sub Divisions
Sr.
No.
River
sub-
basins
Sections Sub Divisions Remarks
Falling
within
sub-
basin
Spanning
across
different
sub-
basins
Falling
within
sub-
basin
Spanning
across
different
sub-basins
Sections
Sub
Divisions
1
.
.
30
Note: Remarks about possibility of “River Sub Basin wise Revision” of sections & sub divisions may be given with
reasoned explanation. The idea is to make, as far as possible, administrative units coterminous with hydraulic
units. The purpose is to actually implement river basin / sub-basin wise Water Management, Governance &
Regulation (WMGR) & reduce number of complexities.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
220 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Suggestions for ISWP - WFRB
1 In WFRB there are steep sloping areas covered with trees and such land are privately owned. The
Culturable area is decided by simply adding the lands as per Revenue records .Some areas with slopes
more than 1:10 should actually be classified as 'Pot Kharaba' land unless they are under actual
cultivation. Secondly there should be a plan to bring all Culturable area under Irrigation under one or
another form of Irrigation viz. Major, Medium, Minor State ,M.I. Local, Local self-Government bodies
agriculture Dept. etc. such a plan can be prepared without thorough investigation in next two to
three years and included in the First Revision of ISWP.
2 A vast data regarding water availability and its use is collected by various agencies inside and
outside of WRD. However in case of minor projects, the data is not carefully maintained. in case of
WFRB ,some medium projects also need to maintain the data periodically.
3 In case of data of natural events, continuity is important for its further statistical treatment.
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
221 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR WEST FLOWING RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA
VOLUME II: INTEGRATED PLAN
222 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Copy Printed in September 2018