integrating water economy analysis and hea prepared for the livelihoods integration unit a usaid...

Integrating Water Integrating Water Economy Analysis and Economy Analysis and

HEAHEA

Prepared for the Livelihoods Integration UnitA USAID program implemented by FEG

in partnership with DPPA/EWDLorraine CoulterFebruary, 2008

Outline of Presentation

1. Introduction

2. How water fits into the HEA analytical framework

3. Sources of information

4. Data collected and their use in the analysis

5. How we can integrate findings into response planning

6. Worked example

1. Introduction:

Why integrate water and HEA needs assessments?

Why integrate water and HEA?

The need for integrated, cross-sectoral emergency response and development planning is widely recognized and called for by donors and governments

Addressing impacts of water-related hazards on food security and health is of increasing priority as organizations become more concerned with climate change’s wide-ranging impacts

Water resources and the hydrologic cycle will be among the first and most drastically affected in the process of climate change

Why integrate water and HEA?

2. How water fits into the HEA analytical framework

How water fits into HEA

HEA compares what people need with what they have, accounting for effects of a given shock

We can quantify minimum requirements We can quantify access to water We can quantify the effects of the shock

Just as for food, water can also be analysed within this framework:

0%

200%

400%

600%

800%

1000%

1200%

1400%

1600%

as a % of min. water needs

River Minor river Deep well

Spring Seasonal pool River excavation pits

Highland spring Highland river

Baseline + Hazard+ Coping

= Outcome

Before shock


0%

200%

400%

600%

800%

1000%

1200%

1400%

1600%






= Outcome

Before shock After shock, without coping strategies

Source yields drop


0%

200%

400%

600%

800%

1000%

1200%

1400%

1600%






= Outcome


Source yields drop

But HHs can travel to others


0%

200%

400%

600%

800%

1000%

1200%

1400%

1600%





0%

200%

400%

600%

800%

1000%

1200%

1400%

1600%






= Outcome


After shock, including coping strategies

Source yields drop

But HHs find other sources



Water determines whether people can:

survive

protect their

livelihoods

Water Thresholds Survival and Livelihoods Protection Thresholds

can be established for water

These can provide triggers for appropriate water-based – and food related – responses

Based on minimum water required to sustain HH livelihoods activities so that food and income needs are met

Water Livelihoods Protection Threshold:

Based on minimum HH drinking and cooking requirements

Water Survival Threshold:

3. Sources of Information

Sources of information

1. Groundwater availability mapping

4. Wealth group interviews

2. District interviews with key informants

including data on water-related disease incidence across seasons and years

3. Community interviews with key informants

including information on local water source quality, reliability, yield across seasons, access constraints

4. Data collected and their use in the analysis

What it does:Alongside HEA,

delineates areas in which similar patterns of water availability,

access, and use exist. In most cases, LZs for HWEA will be the same as for food-based HEA.

Step 1: Livelihood Zoning

B A

S E

L I

N E

AWH Highland — Dega Water availability high, access through

numerous springs Population not dense Means of production more agriculture-

based; water demand from l/stock minimal. RVL Lowland — Kolla Water availability low: low rainfall Access low: no springs; few boreholes. Agro-ecology favours livestock raising.

Water demand high from livestock, low from sparser human population.

In most cases, LZs for HWEA will be the same as for food-

based HEA.

hydrogeology – surface & groundwater

soil composition

landform and land cover

climate

combine to form a specific range of

potential land uses / means of

production

=

Hydrogeological zones will often overlap with livelihood zones

Agro-ecology

Water availability, access, and use patterns often overlap with agro-ecological zones, because physical properties of the aquifer (e.g. abundance of springs) determine the water-based livelihood options available to people, which also strongly affects demand for water.


B A

S E

L I

N E

Info collected:

We can roughly project LZpatterns of water availability, access, and use using: a) Groundwater

availability mapping

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Middle

safety nets

employment (e.g.labour) + remittances

livestock sales

livestock productsales

Birr

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Middle

safety nets


livestock sales


Birr

c) Information on which livelihood

activities the agro-ecology supports

b) Population from HEA livelihood zoning

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Middle

safety nets


livestock sales


Birr

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Middle

safety nets


livestock sales


Birr


B A

S E

L I

N E

Info collected:

We can roughly project LZ patterns of water availability, access, and use using: a) Groundwater

availability mapping

b) Population from HEA livelihood zoningc) Information on

which livelihood activities the agro-ecology supports

Like that developed by BGS for Ethiopia: see Calow et al. 2002

Like that developed by BGS for Ethiopia: see Calow et al. 2002

Mapping created from hydrogeology and rainfall datasets available for most of Africa

We can also estimate source types supported by the hydrogeology

Groundwater availability mapping

Info collected: Household assets

which enable exploitation of water

availability are noted in local

definitions of wealth

How the info is used:

Contributes to understanding of

why certain wealth groups can better

exploit water availability

Humera Sesame and Sorghum LZ

Step 2: Wealth Breakdown

B A

S E

L I

N E

What it does:Groups people

together using local definitions of

wealth; quantifies their livelihoods

assets

Step 3: Water source quantification

Info collected: Quantification of

sources of water for: a) Survival b) Livelihoods

protection

B A

S E

L I

N E What it does:

1. Quantifies sources of water for baseline year

b) Livelihoods protection

Livelihoods protection uses Water-dependent

livelihoods activities, &

Bathing, laundry a) Survival

drinking cooking must be of potable quality

Survival uses:

How the info is used:Enables comparisons of water access/use across

wealth groups, zones and countries; informs

how water access impacts food security

& provides starting point for

outcome analysis

Step 4: Problem Specification

What it does:Translates a water-related hazard into

economic and water access consequences at

HH level How the info is used:We can mathematically link the shock to each

relevant water-dependent survival and

livelihoods strategy

OU

TC

OM

E A

NA

LYS

IS Problem Specification - Water

Deep borehole yield 50%, 25% in disrepair

Water quality non-potable in minor rivers

River water adequate for 5 months/yr, down from 8 months/yr

Water prices up 200% - private vendors

Indicators compiled from district office infrastructure records &

water quality testing, rainfall data, groundwater availability maps

Step 5: Analysis of Coping Capacity

What it does:Assesses the ability of households to increase

water access during and after shock

How the info is used:Determines the amount

and form of external assistance needed

&Highlights monitoring

indicators for testing prediction

OU

TC

OM

E A

NA

LYS

IS Analysis of Coping Capacity

Reduce non-essential bathing and laundry

Boil non-potable water

Reduce production levels of lower- priority water-based l/hoods activities

Excavate dried riverbanks for water

Travel to working/higher yield sources farther away; temporary migration with l/stock

Payment for water in water markets

Data collected during baseline

Step 6: Predicted Outcome

What it does:Predicts the outcome of the hazard in relation to intervention thresholds

How the info is used:Allows us to determine

whether people need external assistance to

survive and/or maintain their livelihood assets

& informs links between water and food security

OU

TC

OM

E A

NA

LYS

IS

Water Thresholds

100% minimum water consumption needs for human survival

Water Survival Threshold:

Ensure human survival (above), plus

Minimum water needs for bathing + laundry, plus

Minimum water requirements to sustain, in medium/long term, production level of water-based livelihoods activities necessary to reach food-based Livelihoods Protection Threshold, plus

Minimum water requirements for livestock survival

Livelihoods Protection Threshold:

Water needs for human consumption per person/day: 5 – 9 L

Human consumption water requirements

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Very Poor Poor Middle B/off

Min. human consumption water needs per HH per day

22.5 L 25 L 30 L 35 L

* Water can be consumed through water sources and vegetation

Water needs per day for: cattle & oxen: 20-25 Llactating cows: 35-40 L

goats/sheep: 10 L

*needs also depend on climate, energy expenditure

Total livestock water needs per HH/day

0

100

200300

400

500

600

700800

900

1000

Very Poor Poor Middle B/offL/stock water consumption/day (L)

845 L

440 L

170 L50 L

Livelihoods protection water requirements

5. How we can integrate the findings into response

planning

Addressing disease trends & links to water

Alongside water economy analysis, assessing water-related disease trends across seasons and years guides:

R E

S P

O N

S E

P

L A

N N

I N

G

Proper sequencing of interventions

Identification of problem sources/types Targeting vulnerable wealth groups

for sanitation & hygiene interventions

Typhoid and dysentery and the rainy season – Singida, Tanzania

R E

S P

O N

S E

P

L A

N N

I N

G

0

10

20

April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

April May June July OctAug Sept DecNov Jan Feb Mar

land preparation

cereals

brewing

milk availability peak

malaria peak

lean period

Legend: planting harvesting green cons.

sunflower

gardening

firewood collection

agricultural labour

Cro

p

pro

du

ctio

n

Oth

er

inco

me

Oth

er

weeding

Dysentery

Typhoid

Rainfall

agricultural labour

land preparation

cereals

sunflower

brewing

gardening

firewood collectionmilk availability peak

malaria peak

lean period

cereals

lean period

malaria peak

milk peak

Interventions:

Protect springs and shallow wells before the rainy season to minimize risk of contaminated water sources

Roll out hygiene education on preventing faecal-oral transmission of bacteria

Ensure drinking sources are ‘protected’

Cro

p

pro

du

ctio

n

Oth

er

inco

me

April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

April May June July OctAug Sept DecNov Jan Feb Mar

land preparation

cereals

brewing

milk availability peak

malaria peak

lean period

Legend: planting harvesting green cons.

sunflower

gardening

firewood collection

agricultural labour

Oth

er

weeding

RainfallR E

S P

O N

S E

P

L A

N N

I N

G

Ensuring groundwater sources are repaired before the dry season is key to viability of income generation activities

Addressing food aid impacts on demand for water

Increased demand on lower yielding water points during drought increases pump breakdown rates

Water intervention should accompany food aid

R E

S P

O N

S E

P

L A

N N

I N

G

Draw down on reserves

Switch expenditure to essential goods

Send additional HH member away for labour

Wild foods collection

Poor HH coping strategies -

drought

Effective food aid targeting in drought years can lead to drops in migration level typical of drought years

Identifying expenditure constraints to determine if a water intervention is

appropriate

The poor cannot both pay for min. non-food items (including water) and protect their livelihoods…

A water subsidy may be included the basket of non-food interventions

R E

S P

O N

S E

P

L A

N N

I N

G

…Instead of paying for water many HH may resort to poorer quality sources or consume less water for drinking & hygiene:

Measures to cover school, health costs (175 birr)

Subsidy for water (61 birr)

Cash transfer to cover household items (730 birr)

Non-food basket:

Identifying types of water insecurity

Water insecurity will often be related to high demand and poor access rather than absolute water scarcity

Interventions:

Well & spring repair to ensure water that is available can be accessed

Check for appropriate technology

Improve WG assets for transport & storage of water

For livelihood zones with

high average rainfall moderate to large

aquifer base:

R E

S P

O N

S E

P

L A

N N

I N

G

Groundwater development projects should be rolled out

&Vulnerable areas and wealth groups should be targeted

In zones where groundwater development potential exists:


R E

S P

O N

S E

P

L A

N N

I N

G

Interventions:

Domestic supply

Livestock watering

Small-scale irrigation

to support livelihoods

Interventions:

Identify areas for emergency boreholes to uncap during drought

Infrastructure repair

Sanitation and hygiene promotion to prevent water-related disease outbreaks

Livelihood zones with: low groundwater

storage capacity

wells and boreholes with low yields & few other source options

high population density

…are most vulnerable to drought


R E

S P

O N

S E

P

L A

N N

I N

G

6. Worked Example

Raya Valley, Tigray, Ethiopia B

A S

E L

I N

E

Mixed farming with crop & livestock production Moderately populated, predominately kolla

lowland plains Azmera and Keremt rains enable two productive

harvest seasons

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off

% baseline expenditure

othertaxclothessocial sev.inputswaterHH itemsnon-staple foodstaple food

Expenditure

Raya Valley water background

Shortage of water for human consumption

All WG must purchase water - which ranges from 1 to 4% of expenditure -

though V.Poor & Poor barely afford it

Drinking from open sources exposes community to water-borne disease risk Low to moderate groundwater development potential

Baseline food economy

Thresholds are met in the reference year, supported significantly by sales of livestock & livestock products…

LPThreshold

Survival Threshold

LPThreshold

…and own sorghum & teff, which are consumed

Baseline food economy

Sources of food

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Poor Middle

Purchase - staplePurchase - non-stapleSorghum - MeherTeff - BelgTeff - MeherMaize - MeherGreen cons. - MeherOwn meat Cow's milk - season 1

as a % of min. food needsSources of food

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Poor Middle

Purchase - staplePurchase - non-stapleSorghum - MeherTeff - BelgTeff - MeherMaize - MeherGreen cons. - MeherOwn meat Cow's milk - season 1

as a % of min. food needs

…along with livestock products, particularly for Middle HHs

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Poor Middle

as a % of total water use

Seasonal pool

Reservoir

Guguf River

Hale-Alfa Minor R.

Hand-dug well

Deepwell Danisa

Sources of water

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Poor Middle

as a % of total water use

Seasonal pool

Reservoir

Guguf River

Hale-Alfa Minor R.

Hand-dug well

Deepwell Danisa

Sources of water

Baseline water economy

People access six sources of water in the reference year

Middle HHs get most of their drinking water from the deep well…

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

Poor Middle

Seasonal pool(l/stock)

Guguf R. (l/stock)

Reservoir (l/stock)

Deepwell Danisa(l/stock)

Hade-Alfa R.(bathing, laundry)

Hand-dug well(bathing, laundry)

Guguf R. (drinking,cooking)

Hang-dug well(drinking, cooking)

Deepwell Danisa(drinking, cooking)

Litres water per year

Sources of water and their uses

Baseline water economy

…while the poor resort to the river & unprotected hand-dug well for most of their drinking needs

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

Poor Middle

Guguf R. (drinking,cooking)

Hang-dug well(drinking, cooking)

Deepwell Danisa(drinking, cooking)

Water for human survivalLitres water per year

Sources of water

Survival water sources

What happens when drought hits the area two years in a row?

Problem Specification

Teff production is halved in Belg, fails in Meher

Crops harvest is halved, green consumption falls by 25%

Cows fail to give birth, reducing livestock products to 0%; people curtail livestock sales to half to protect herd health

Staple price rises by 10%

Teff production is halved in Belg, fails in Meher

Crops harvest is halved, green consumption falls by 25%

Cows fail to give birth, reducing livestock products to 0%; people curtail livestock sales to half to protect herd health

Staple price rises by 10%

Seasonal monitoring reports that:

Seasonal monitoring reports that:

Problem Specification

Adequate quality water from Guguf

River is available for livestock for 3 months of the year instead of 4 & for humans for 1 month instead of 2.

Minor river Hade-Alfa and seasonal pools dry up

Lower yields and higher demand contribute to breakdown of deep well after 2nd month of the reference year

Hand-dug well & reservoir yields support 50% of reference quantities

Adequate quality water from Guguf

River is available for livestock for 3 months of the year instead of 4 & for humans for 1 month instead of 2.

Minor river Hade-Alfa and seasonal pools dry up

Lower yields and higher demand contribute to breakdown of deep well after 2nd month of the reference year

Hand-dug well & reservoir yields support 50% of reference quantities

Woreda water officers report that:Woreda water officers report that:

What happens when drought hits the area two years in a row?

Reduced source yields result in a 70% reduction in water use for both Poor and Middle households

Initial water deficit

Coping strategies: water

All HHs pay to access more water at reservoir and deep well

Households excavate water pits in dry riverbeds of Hade-Alfa (minor) river

Middle HHs start consuming water at Guguf River, intensify livestock watering there

HHs travel to distant highland spring for drinking & livestock water

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Baseline Final Picture

Income (food+cash) - Birr

Income (food+cash) - Poor

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000



Income (food+cash) - Poor

Final picture: food & income access

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000



Income (food+cash) - Middle

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000



Income (food+cash) - Middle

Livelihoods Protection Threshold

Survival threshold

Livelihoods Protection Threshold

Survival t/holdMiddle HHs are

hit hardest, as the bulk of their income is dependent on sales of livestock and livestock products.

Poor income (food+cash)

Middle income (food+cash)

Final picture: Middle HH water access

Coping: travel tohighland spring secures enough water for human consumption

Breakdown of deep well hits Middle HH particularly hard…

…resulting in a 56% drop in drinking water access

Final picture: Poor HH water access

Breakdown of deep well & decreased source yields…

Coping: increased reliance on river & travel to highland spring increase access

…results in a 71% drop in total water access

but Poor HHs still fall short of survival needs

Final picture: water survival deficits Unlike Middle HHs, Poor HHs

cannot secure enough drinking water from the highland spring, because they have few assets to transport & store water

Poor HHs also have trouble releasing labour for water collection due to engagement in labour activities

Interventions: water for survival

Provision of small carts to Poor HHs might be considered

Interventions should ensure Poor HHs receive 2400 L of drinking water

2400 L

As should a subsidy for water over the long term, of at least 61 ETB

water 61 ETBwater 61 ETB

Interventions: livelihoods protection

Livelihoods protection deficit

Although Middle HHs access enough water to meet food & income needs, they don’t get enough for livestock survival in the long term

A livestock watering intervention should provide 29,000 L for Middle households

Livelihoods protection deficit

Interventions: livelihoods protection

Poor HHs need 40,000 L from the intervention to ensure long term livestock survival

More numerous shallow wells - instead of complex deep wells - may be better technology choice

Thank you

integrating water economy analysis and hea prepared for the livelihoods integration unit a usaid...

Documents

water fits

hea slide

minimum water

hea hea

impacts of water

appropriate water

analysis slide

water thresholds survival