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Submitted by: Muhammad Salah-ud-Din B.SC (Hons) Agriculture 2012-uam-39 Dpt. Of Entomology

Submitted to: Dr. Shafqat Saeed

Muhammad Nawaz SharEEf

University of Multan.2

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Integration of pheromones and biological control for the

management of cotton bollworms in Pakistan

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N.Ahmad,M.Ashraf,T.Hussain,B.FatimaAtomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre,TandoJam ,Pakistan

Authors Name

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Content of PresentationAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults And DiscussionAcknowledgementReferences

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AbstractThemanagementofcottonbollwormsinasemi-

isolatedareathroughtheuseofinundative releasesoftheeggparasitoid Trichogrammachilonis(Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae)in conjunctionwithpheromonessuppressedpopulationsofthepinkandspottedbollwormstosub-economiclevels.

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Theparasitoidwasmoreeffectiveagainstpinkbollwormthanspottedbollworm.

Applicationsofeitherpheromonesorparasitoidsbythemselveswerelesseffectivewhencomparedto

thecombinedtreatment.ThelevelofparasitisminthecottonfieldwascomparativelylowinJuneand

JulybutgraduallyincreasedduringAugustandSeptember.Maximumparasitismwasrecordedin

November.Studiesindicatedthattemperatureaffectedtheestablishmentoftheparasitoid,and

populationsincreasedsignificantlywhenfavourableconditionsprevailedinthecottonfield.

Abstract (Continued…)

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InroductionThepinkbollworm,PBW,Pectinophoragossypiella(Lepidoptera:Gelechii

dae)isapestofgreateconomicimportanceinmanycotton-

growingcountries.Thecontrolofthispestdependslargelyontheapplicationofpesticides,whichhasprecipitatedthe

developmentofresistance.Asaresult,inordertoachieveeffectivecontrol,morechemicala

pplicationsperseasonareneeded[1].Furthermore,controlofthispestusinginsecticidesb

ecomesineffectiveduetotheconcealedfeedinghabitsofthelarvaeinsidethecottonbolls[2].T

hecontinuedapplicationofinsecticidetomanagethispestalsocanleadtoseriousoutbre

aksofsecondarypestsincotton[3,4] .

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Inroduction (Continued…) Alternativecontrolstrategies,suchasmatingdisruptionwithsyntheticpheromone[5

,6]and conservationofnaturalenemies[7],arebeingstudiedfortheirpotentialroleinaninteg

rated pestmanagementprogramforPBW.AlthougheffectivecontrolofPBWusingmating disruptionhasbeenreportedinPakistan[5,6],secondaryinfestationsbythespotted bollworm,Aeriasvittella(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae),requireadditionalinsecticideap

plications fortheircontrol.Assuch,thefullpotentialofmatingdisruptionmayonlybeachievedifit

is integratedwithotherenvironmentallyfriendlytechniquesthatcancontroltheotherb

ollworm species.Theeggparasitoid,Trichogrammachilonishasthepotentialtocontrolallthre

e speciesofcottonbollwormsandwouldintegratewellwithmatingdisruptiononanarea

-wide basis.

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Materials And Methods Studieswereconductedinasemi-

isolatedarea(202.35ha)plantedwithcotton.Theareawas dividedintofiveblocksthatreceivedonethefollowingtreatments.Thefirstblockwastrea

ted withTrichogrammachiloniswhichhadbeenrearedoneggsoftheAngoumoisgrainmoth (Sitotrogacerealelld)inthelaboratory.Theparasitoidcolonywasmaintainedat25±2°Ca

nd 60±70%relativehumidity.Topreparetheparasitoidsforrelease,eggsoftheAngoumois grainmothweregluedtowhitepapercardsandexposedtoadultparasitoidsfor24h.The parasitoidswerereleasedinthefieldbyattachingthecardswithparasitizedeggst

ocotton leavesat1 4dintervalsattherateof20,000parasitoidsperhectareforthedurationofthe season.ThesecondblockwastreatedwithcommerciallyavailablePBWandspotted bollwormpheromonesattheprescribedrates[8,9] .Thethirdblockreceivedacombinati

onof

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Materials And Methods (Cont…) parasitoidsandpheromones.Thefourthblockwastreatedwithconventionalin

secticides, receivingatotalofsixspraysduringtheseason.Thefift

hblockwasuntreatedandservedasa control. Thepresenceandestablishmentoftheparasitoidsinthecottonfieldswasascer

tainedusing sentinelcardsofAngoumoisgrainmotheggspreparedasdescribedabove.The

secardswere lef

tinthefieldfor24handthenbroughtbacktothelaboratory.Theassessmentwasrepeated

every1 5days.Inaddition,fieldinfestationsofpinkandspottedbollwormswererecordedat

weeklyintervals.ThedatawereanalyzedstatisticallyusingtheDMRtest.

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Results And Discussion Pinkandspottedbollwormswereeffectivelycontrolledinblocksreceivingthecombi

nation ofpheromonesandeggparasitoids(Table1).Infestationsofbothspeciesintheinsecti

cide treatedblockswerecomparabletothosefoundinthepheromoneplusparasitoidtrea

tments. However,infestationsdetectedintheblockthatreceivedonlyparasitoidsoronlyphe

romones wasmuchhigherthanintheothertreatments.InthecaseofPBWonflowers,thisdiffer

ence wassignificant.SpottedbollworminfestationswerehigherthanPBWinallthetreatm

ents. Thismightbeduethepossibilitythatthespottedbollwormpheromonebecamelesse

ffective overtimebecauseofdegradationandisomerizationofactiveingredientsbyultraviol

etlight [9].

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Results And Discussion

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Pinkandspottedbollworminfestationsweresignificantlylowerinalltreatmentsascompared totheuntreatedcontrolssuggestingthatalltreatmentshadsomedegreeoffieldeffectiveness. However,parasitoidestablishmentinthefieldwaslowduringthewarmestmothsand graduallyincreasedasthetemperatureandrelativehumiditybecamemorefavourable(Table 2).ParasitoidestablishmentstartedincreasinginAugustandmaximumparasitismrateswere recordedduringNovember.Ourresultssuggestthattemperatureinthefieldplaysan importantroleintheestablishmentandfieldpersistenceoftheparasitoids. Ourresultssuggestthatpheromonesbythemselvesdidnotcontroltheinfestationofboth speciesofbollwormsaseffectivelyastheuseofcombinedtreatments(parasitoidsplus pheromones).However,thetruetreatmenteffectsmayhavebeenobscuredbecausethe distancebetweenourdifferentblocksmayhavebeentoosmall(~50m).Henneberryetal.[10] suppressedPBWwithpheromonestoasignificantdegreewhencomparedwithresults

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recordedininsecticidetreatedblocks.However,theirexperimentswereconductedinlarge

isolatedareas.Parasitoidshavelongbeenrecognizedasanimportantinsectsuppressivetool

andinmanycasestheyhavecontrolledthetargetpesttoadegreewherenofurthercontrol

treatmentshavebeennecessary.Nonetheless,biologicalcontrolhasnotalwaysprovided

adequatecontrol[11].Ourpreliminaryresultssuggestthattheapplicationofparasitoidsin

combinationwithpheromonesmightbeappropriateforthecontrolofthelepidopteranpest

complexincottoninPakistan.Studiesinlargeisolatedblocksshouldbeconductedtoassess

theful lpotentialofcombiningtheseenvironmentallyfriendlytactics.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThisworkwassupportedbyIAEAunderaCoordin

atedResearchProgrammeNo7168/RB;wegratefullyacknowledgetheirhelp

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