intelligence meets buildings

Intelligence meets Buildings

Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefKing Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA

Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

Arab League Center, Crowne Plaza Dubai Deira

Dubai - 2016

Presentation 1

Table of Contents

1. Human Intelligence

• Definitions

• Theories

• Measuring Human Intelligence

2. Intelligence in Relation to Architecture

• Definitions of Intelligent Buildings (IBs)

• Perspectives to IBs

• Evolution of IBs

• Features and performance indicators of IBs

• Intelligent buildings and green buildings

3. Structure of IBs

4. Examples of IBs

• Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong

• The EDGE, Amsterdam

• Bright Green Buildings: Examples

HUMAN INTELLIGENCE

• Definitions

• Theories

• Measuring Human Intelligence

Definitions of ‘Human Intelligence’

Is there a unified/standard definition of …

‘Human Intelligence’?


Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef


Dubai - 2016


In their research titled “A Collection of Definitionsof Intelligence”, Shane Legg & Marcus Hutter

(2006) collected 71 definitions of ‘Human

Intelligence’, including:

“The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.”

(The American Heritage Dictionary, fourth edition, 2000)

“The ability to use memory, knowledge, experience, understanding, reasoning,

imagination and judgement in order to solve problems and adapt to new situations.”

(All Words Dictionary, 2006)




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“. . . ability to adapt effectively to the environment, either by making a change in

oneself or by changing the environment or finding a new one . . .

…. intelligence is not a single mental process, but rather a combination of many mental processes.”

(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2006)

“An intelligence is the ability to solve problems, or to create products, that are valued within one or

more cultural settings.”

(H. Gardner, 1993)




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Summing up with a new definition of ‘intelligence’by the authors themselves:

“Intelligence measures an agent’s ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments.”

(S. Legg and M. Hutter, 2006)




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72 definitions of ‘Human Intelligence’

Theories of ‘Human Intelligence’

Theory of Multiple IntelligencesHoward Gardner (1983)

• Linguistic intelligence

• Logical-mathematics intelligence

• Spatial intelligence

• Musical intelligence

• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

• Interpersonal intelligence

• Intrapersonal intelligence




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• Linguistic intelligence

• Logical-mathematics intelligence

• Spatial intelligence

• Musical intelligence

• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

• Interpersonal intelligence

• Intrapersonal intelligence

• Naturalistic intelligence




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Theory of Successful IntelligenceRobert Sternberg (1985)

• Analytic intelligence

• Creative intelligence (when a person isconfronted with a challenge)

• Practical intelligence (adaptation to, selectionof, and shaping of the environment)




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PASS Theory of IntelligenceAlexander Luria (1966)

• Planning (selection/construction strategies)

• Attention (maintaining alertness)

• Simultaneous processing (integrating items intowhole units of information)

• Successive processing (organizing separateitems in a sequence)

These four processes are functions of four areasof the brain




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Measuring ‘Human Intelligence’

IQ (Intelligent Qutient)Test

• The ‘g’ (general intelligence factor) is the core of humanintelligence.

• Broad abilities include:o Short-term memory (Gsm)

o Long-term storage and retrieval (Glr)

o Decision/reaction time/speed (Gt)

o Visual processing (Gv)

o Quantitative reasoning (Gq): quantitative concepts andnumerical symbols

o Fluid intelligence (Gf): solve problems using novel procedures

o Crystallized intelligence (Gc): previously learned experiences

o Reading & writing ability (Grw)

o Auditory processing (Ga)

o Processing speed (Gs)




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Measuring ‘Human Intelligence’

IQ Test

• Intelligence tests are widely used ineducational, business, and military to predictbehavior.

• IQ (intelligence quotient) and g (generalintelligence factor) are correlated to withimportant social outcomes (divorce, welfare,and education).




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INTELLIGENCE IN RELATION TO ARCHITECTURE

• Definitions of Intelligent Buildings (IBs)

• Keywords to identify Intelligent Buildings

• Evolution of Intelligent Buildings

• Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of Intelligent Buildings

• Intelligent Buildings and Green Buildings (Bright Green Buildings)

Definitions of Intelligent Buildings (IBs)

Is there a unified/standard definition of‘Intelligent Buildings’?

The term ‘Intelligent Buildings’ was invented in1981 by the United Technology Building SystemsCorporation, USA, to become a reality in 1983 inthe City Palace Building in Hartford, USA.




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The definition in USA (Intelligent Building Institute):

An IB is the building that provides a productive andcost—effective environment through theoptimization of:

• Structure

• Systems

• Services

• Management

IBs features are: maximizing comfort,convenience, safety, long-term flexibility andmarketability, and minimizing initial and runningcost.




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The definition of IBs in Europe:

The European Intelligent Building Group, based inthe UK, defines an IB in terms of maximizingeffectiveness of occupants, efficient managementof resources, and minimum life-time cost ofhardware and facilities.

• Occupants

• Resources

• Cost




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The definition of IBs in Singapore:

The Public Works Department of Singaporegovernment stated that as an IB should has:

• Automatic control systems to monitor cariousfacilities

• Good network infrastructure that to enable dataflow

• Telecommunication facilities




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The definition of IBs in China:

The Shanghai, an IB should have ‘5As’:

• Communication Automation (CA)

• Office Automation (OA)

• Building management Automation (BA)

• Fire Automations systems (FA), and

• Maintenance Automation systems (MA)

So an IB is about automation in its broader sense.




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The definition of IBs in Japan:

Unlike other perspectives, an IB in Japan should bedesigned to suite the Japanese ‘culture’ and‘climate’. So an IB should:

• Serve management efficiency

• Ensure the satisfaction of occupants

• More administration with lower cost, and

• Be fast, flexible and economic.




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The definition of IBs for Asia:

According to the Asian Institute of IntelligentBuildings (AIIB), ‘an IB is designed and constructedbased on an appropriate selection of qualityenvironmental modules to meet the user’srequirements by mapping to the appropriatebuilding facilities to achieve a long-term buildingvalue’.

• Green (M1)

• Space (M2)

• Comfort (M3)

• Working efficiency (M4)

• Culture (M5)

• High-tech image (M6)

• Safety and structure (M7)

• Management practice & security (M8)

• Life cycle cost (M9)

• Health and sanitation (M10)




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• Each element is an‘assessment criteriaquestion’ given a certainweight.

• Element 1.24 (thermalcomfort) under M1 (Green)is given a weight of 5,whereas Element 3.18 underM3 (Comfort) weights 9.

• The score to each elementranges from 1 (lowest score)to 100 (highest score)

• The weight of each moduleis dependent on the buildingtype




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M7 Safety & Structure (31 elements)

• Earthquake monitoring devices

• Wind load monitoring devices

• Structural monitoring devices

• Structural control

• Terrorist attack consideration

• Average width of corridor

• Means of escape

• Fire detection and fire fighting

• Etc.

M5 Culture (13 elements)

• Entertainment facilities within buildings

• Food and beverage supply

• Privacy

• Religious facilitation

• Etc.




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Weight of Modules according to the building type




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Priorities of ‘Quality Environmental Modules’ in IBs




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Ranking of IB according to the IBI (AIIB)





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Keywords to identify Intelligent Buildings

• End-user orientation/satisfaction

• Integration

• Environmental friendliness

• Best utilization of spaces

• Movable space elements and equipment

• Life cycle cost

• Comfort

• Convenience

• Safety and security

• Working efficiency

• Image of high technology

• Culture

• Construction process

• Long term flexibility

• Marketability

• Information intensity

• Interaction

• Service—orientation

• Promoting health

• Adaptability

• Reliability

• Productivity

• Profitability

• Technical solutions.




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Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2016) “What is an Intelligent

Building? Analysis of recent interpretations from an

international perspective”. Architectural ScienceReview, 59(5), 338-357

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9Evolution of Intelligent Buildings




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Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of Intelligent Buildings

Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2016) “What is an Intelligent

Building? Analysis of recent interpretations from an

international perspective”. Architectural ScienceReview, 59(5), 338-357




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Intelligent Buildings and Green Buildings (Bright Green Buildings)

Green

Buildings

Intelligent

Buildings

Continental Automated Buildings

Association




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Intelligent Buildings and Green Buildings (Bright Green Buildings)

Potential benefits

Energy savings• Energy costs about 30% of the running cost

• The aim is to reduce energy consumption by up to 35%- 50% - 70%

Green house gas emission• Socially and environmentally responsible buildings

Operation and maintenance• Operating costs represent 50 - 80% of a building’s total

life cycle costs

• 20 to 30% Return On Investment

Water conservation

Comfort and productivity




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STRUCTURE OF INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS

• Human and Building: Analogy

• Transformation of Human Intelligence into Building Intelligence

• Intelligent Building Systems

Human and Building: Analogy




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Transformation of Human Intelligence into Building Intelligence




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Intelligent Building Systems

Concept

Self-know Self-decide Self-respond




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1- Intelligent Building Systems (IBS)

Air conditioning – Ventilation –Lighting – Hydraulics - Accesscontrol – CCTV - Fire detection -Fire fighting – Lifts - Etc.

2- Intelligent Building ManagementSystems (IBMS)

3- Protocols standards:

ASHRAE – BACnet – DALI – KNX –LonTalk – Midac – OPC - ZigBee

Intelligent Building Systems




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EXAMPLES OF INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS

• Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong

• The EDGE, Amsterdam

• Bright Green Buildings: Examples

Examples of Intelligent Buildings

Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong

Development:

• One of the top 20 tallest buildings in the world.

• It had been the world’s 3rd highest buildingwhen completed.

• 186,000 m2 development area

• 88 floors

• 420m height

• Gross floor area of over 180,000m2

• The project has won an array of awards for itsinnovative and outstanding design, technologyand construction.




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Structure:

• Central concrete core with external megacolumns.

• Minimal structure maximizes the view from thetower.

• On the primary faces, there is a clear 24m spanbetween supporting columns, creatingmaximum opportunities for unobstructed views.

• The tower was designed to withstand strongtyphoons (230km/h wind speed), a majorconsideration for tall buildings in Hong Kong.

• Innovative technologies saved several monthsfrom construction time.




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Fire:

• 4 horizontal fire separation floors (7th, 32nd, 52nd

and 64th ) with 20 escape staircase.

• 2 fully fire-protected “firemen lifts” serving allfloors.

Lifts:

• 8 double deck lifts (8 m/s)

• 3 service lifts

• 2 executive express lifts




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Smart systems:

• Highly efficient security systems

• Full smart card access control

• Face recognition access control

• X-ray checking machines

• Anti-territories attack provision

• Car park patrol security

• Car parking spaces of visitors are far away fromstructural elements.




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IBI audit results




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The EDGE, Amsterdam

Development:

• 40,000 m2 office building in Amsterdam

• Highest BREEAM rating score(98.36%)_Outstanding

• The building consolidated Deloitte’s employeesfrom multiple buildings throughout the city intoa single working environment.

• Collaborative working environment, socializationopportunities, comfort and productivity.

• Radical working environment enabled bysustainable technologies.




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The EDGE, Amsterdam

Sustainability and technology:

• 70% less electricity than comparable officebuildings.

• The roof incorporates the largest array ofphotovoltaic panels in any European officebuildings

• Contiguously measured occupancy, movement,lighting levels, humidity and temperature with30,000 sensors.

• Every employee is connected to the building viaan app on the smartphone.

• The building knows every employee; helpinghim/her find a parking space, free desk,colleagues, reports, etc. (customized services).




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The EDGE, Amsterdam

Sustainability and technology:

• Façade shading systems to reduce the heat gain

• Transparent allows external views

• Rain water is collected and used to flush toiletsand irrigate gardens

• Light over Ethernet (LoE) LED system developedby Philips made the system computercontrollable with sensors, reduced the energyrequirement by 50%.

• Every employee can customize the temperatureand light levels.




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The EDGE, Amsterdam

Awards

• 2016 Your BREEAM Award

• 2016 British Expertise International Awards:Outstanding International Architecture Project

• 2016 Urban Land Institute Global Awards forExcellence 2015 AIA Continental EuropeAwards Environmental Design Award

• 2015 Blueprint Awards Best Sustainable DesignCategory (Shortlisted)

• 2015 WAN Sustainable BuildingAwards (Shortlisted)

• 2015 MIPIM Awards, Best InnovativeGreen Building (Finalist)




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Bright Green Buildings: Examples

Ave Maria University, Florida (Converged Networks)

• 908-acre campus in Ave Maria, Florida.

• 500,000 square feet of facilities, serving nearly500 students and 200 faculty and staff.

• Shifting integrating systems management into asingle network and avoiding unnecessary andredundant cabling characteristic

• The University saved over $1M in building costs

• $350K savings annually in human resource costs




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Rogers Center, Toronto (Integrated Control Systems)

• A world class sports and entertainment complex(50,000 to 60,000 spectators)

• Approximately 7,000 light fixtures over 1.4-million square feet.

• By networking technology and advanced controlhardware and software, the electricity costsavings reached $325K annually (from $3Mannually) after stage 2 of the development.

• When fully completed, the project is expected togenerate a 76% savings in energy expenses fromlighting.

• Annual energy reductions are equivalent to theconsumption of 400 homes in Toronto.




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The King Abdul Aziz Endowment (structured cablingInfrastructure)

• 1.4 million square meter built area supporting75,000 tenants.

• The use of common IP backbone enabled easycommunication, operational excellence,minimized upfront costs, increased lifespan,durability, and minimal maintenance costs.

• The project is estimated to generate 33%reduction in cost (avoiding redundant cablingand containment space, labor, scheduling, andcommissioning).




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Thanks for attention


Department of Architecture,

Faculty of Environmental Design, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah,

Saudi Arabia

E-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Tel: 00966 53 7896 144

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