interhands/southcom october 2000 jim kunder the international humanitarian community (“who are...
TRANSCRIPT
INTERHANDS/SOUTHCOM October 2000Jim Kunder
THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN
COMMUNITY(“Who Are These Guys? And, What Do
They Want From Me?”)
Kunder/Reali Associates
Presentation Outline
• Who Shows Up During “Complex Emergencies?” Know Your Partners!
• What Are All These Folks Doing?
• The Coordination Mechanisms
• Avoiding The Common Mistakes
• What Does The Future Hold?
Kunder/Reali Associates
“Complex Emergency”
• A humanitarian crisis in a country or region where there is a total or considerable BREAKDOWN of authority resulting from internal and/or external conflict, which requires an international response that goes beyond the mandate or capacity of any single agency. The crisis may be worsened by natural disasters.
• SUCH A CRISIS OFTEN ENTAILS SIGNIFICANT SECURITY RISKS BOTH TO THE POPULACE AND TO RESPONDING ORGANIZATIONS.
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Useful Definitions
“NGOs” Non-governmental Organizations
“PVOs” Private Voluntary Organizations
“IOs” International Organizations
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Deprivation due to family impoverishment…
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…injury, illness, disability
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…separation from families
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…displacement from home
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value distortion…
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Missed schooling…
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…torture, arrest and detention,sexual and physical abuse,psychosocial distress,abduction and slavery, recruitment…
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Death…
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Complex Emergencies• Afghanistan• Angola• Balkans• Caucasus (Armenia;
Azerbaijan; Georgia)• Central African Republic• Congo• DPR Korea• East Timor• Eritrea/Ethiopia• Great Lakes Region
• Guinea-Bissau• Horn of Africa Drought• Indonesia (Maluku;
Timor)• Iraq• Liberia• Russian Fed. (Chechnya)• Sierra Leone• Somalia• Sudan• Tajikistan
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The International Humanitarian Community• UNITED NATIONS HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES
(OCHA, UNICEF, UNHCR, WFP, AND MANY OTHERS)
• INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (IOs)(ICRC, IFRC/C, IOM, AND MANY OTHERS)
• PVOs AND NGOs [PROGRAM DELIVERY](CARE, SAVE THE CHILDREN, WORLD VISION, CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICES, AND MANY, MANY OTHERS)
• PVOS AND NGOS [ADVOCACY](AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, AND MANY OTHERS)
• DONOR AGENCIES(OFDA, ECHO, AND MANY OTHERS)
• HOST GOVERNMENTS AND AGENCIES
• MILITARY FORCES
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Characteristics of Relief Agencies
• DIVERSE
• INDEPENDENT• IMPARTIAL AND NEUTRAL• GRASSROOTS FOCUSED•FLEXIBLE•WILLING TO OPERATE IN HIGH-RISK
AREAS
•EMPHASIS ON SUSTAINABILITY
DEPENDENT ON FUNDRAISING FOR RESPONSE
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NGO Culture Contrasted With Military Culture
• Independent
• Decentralized Authority
• “C3A”• Cooperation• Coordination• Consensus• Assessment
• On-The-Job Training
• Few Field Manuals
• Long-term Perspective
• Field Experience
• Highly Disciplined
• Hierarchical Command
• C3I• Command• Control• Communications• Intelligence
• Extensive Branch Training
• Doctrinal Publications
• “End-State” Approach
• Combat Experience
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Roles of Humanitarian Agencies
Traditional:• Distribution of food and non-food relief supplies• Primary and emergency health care• Water and sanitation• Shelter and housing• Camp management and refugee services• Logistics and warehousing
Evolving:• Land mine awareness and training• Reintegration services for former fighters• Conflict management and resolution• Human rights monitoring• Rebuilding "civil society"
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In-Country Coordination
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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS DURING DISASTERS“The Fog of Relief”
UN Coord and
AgenciesUNICEF
WFPUNDP NGO
UNHCR
NGO
NGO
USG
Red Cross
ICRC
Affected Country Requirements
NGO
Donor
OtherDonors
NGO
Donor
NGONGO
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Field-Based Humanitarian Coordination
The Embassy "Country Team" Other USG Agencies (OFDA "DART") UN Coordination Entities
Humanitarian Operations Center (HOC)
On-site Operations Coordination Center (OSOCC)
NGO-Only Coordination Bodies Host Government Ministries/Authorities U.S. Military Structures
Civil-Military Operations Center (CMOC)
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CMOC Services Requested By Humanitarian Agencies
• Daily Security Briefings -- "The Big Picture"
• Convoy Support
• Guidance for Firearms/Local Security
• "911" Services
• Joint Assessment!!!!!!!!!
• Sectoral Planning and Coordination
• Technical Assistance – Communications/Vehicle Repair/Construction Materials
• Access to Areas "Behind the Wire" – Ports
– Airfields
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Avoiding the Common Mistakes in Humanitarian Response
Intelligence/information exchange
Sustainability
Proportionality
Target populations
“Warlord photo ops”
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What Does The Future Hold?
• Debates on Impartiality
• Hard Choices on Intervention
• Risks to Relief Workers
• “Mid-Range Peacebuilding”• Demobilizing fighters…
• Relocating displaced populations…
• New concepts of “safe zones”…
• Rebuilding the security and justice apparatus…
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Useful Civilian Disaster Web Sites• Centers for Disease Control www.cdc.gov• ECHO (European Community Humanitarian Office) http://europa.eu.int/comm/echo• ICRC (Int'l Committee of the Red Cross) www.icrc.ch/• IFRC (Int'l Federation of Red Cross/Crescent) www.ifrc.org/• Individual NGOs:
– International Medical Corps www.imc-la.com/– Doctors without Borders www.msf.org/
• InterAction www.interaction.org• OFDA (Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance) www.info.usaid.gov/hum_response/ofda• OCHA (Office/Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) www.reliefweb.int/dha_ol/• PAHO (Pan-American Health Organization) www.paho.org• Relief Web www.reliefweb.int• UNICEF www.unicef.org• UNHCR (High Commissioner for Refugees) www.unhcr.ch/• World Health Organization www.who.int
