interrupt 8086 russia language

7/24/2019 interrupt 8086 russia language

1/53

..

28

2

16-

16-.

,

.

8086

Intel. , ,

,

. , .

8086 1978 .

. ,

8086, .

80- , 8086

. 8086

,

. Intel

, . 1982 Intel

, -

80186. 80186 -

8086

. Intel

80286. Intel,

Intel386, Intel486 Pentium .

1987 Intel -

80186: 80C186/C188. 80C186

80186 .

. 1990 80C186EB.

8086 ,


2/53

2. 16-

29

.

1991 . 80C186

: 80C186XL, 80C186EA 80C186EC. .

2.1. 8086

8086 -

16-

.

.

,

1

, 65536 65536 .

, , 24 .

256

: , .

8086 - ,

.

( ) ,

, ( ,

).

8086

,

.

.2.1.

8086

(), ()

.

- ,

,


3/53

..

30

/, /.

: 8- ;

16- ; 16- () ; 16- ; 16-

.

(20 )

-

(8 )

-

AH AL (20 ) BH BL CH CL

DH DL SP CS BP DS SI SS DI ES

IP

(16 )

.2.1.

. ,

, 8-

, -

, .


4/53

2. 16-

31

.

: 16- -

, 16- , 16- -

.

,

,

.

8086

.

.

MN/MX.

256

0 255, ,

.

.

.

()

, ,

.

.

(INT NMI) .

, ,

.


5/53

..

32

2.2. ,

-

. : /, . -

.

MN/MX. MN/MX 1, -

MN/MX 0.

.2.2.

,

.

, , .

. 2.2. 8086

.

/. . 2.2 AD A. 8086


6/53

2. 16-

33

, /. -

. -

. (A19 A16) . .

/ (AD0AD15)

.

BHE ( ) ,

(D8D15). BHE

. BHE -. A0 BHE.

- .

.

. -

, ,

.

.

ALE ( )

,

/. ALE ,

.

(WR) ,

/.

. (RD) ,

, /.

/ (DT/R)

. , .

.

(DEN) . DEN , .


7/53

..

34

. DEN , DT/R .

/ (M/IO) , .

, /. .

(INTR) -

. , -

.

(INTA) .

.

(NMI)

2. .HOLD ( ) ,

. HLDA .

HLDA, . HOLD

HLDA .

,

.

LOCK ,

. LOCK

. LOCK (LOCK)

,

.

LOCK ,

.

QS0 QS1 . .2.1

.

(S0S2)

, ,

.2.2.

HOLD-HLDA -

/

(RQ/GT). 8086.


8/53

2. 16-

35

2.1

QS1 QS0

0 0

0 1

1 1

1 0

2.2

S2 S1 S0

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 1 0

0 1 1 t

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1 1 ( )

CLK, RESET, READY - .

RESET , ,

.

, RESET

. CLK

. READY , /

. READY 1

.

, ,

.

, ,

1 - 4.

CLK .


9/53

..

36

:

/;

.

1

.

2 4. 1 /

.

ALE,

.

2 -

/. 4.

RDY.

4 .

. 4

1

() ,

. .

.2.3

.

ALE.

. 2 A/D ,

RD, -

. ,

/ , DT/R DEN.

( )

ALE /. 2

A/D

. 4. WR 2

4.


10/53

2. 16-

37

CLK

M/IO

ALE

BHE

A19A16

AD15AD0

RD

DT/R

DEN

WR

DT/R

DEN

.

. 2.3.

2.3.

- -

,

, ( ) . . 2.4.

: ( ), .

: ;

, , DX.

SP, ,

SI, DI.


11/53

..

38

-

-

-

-

-

AX

H L15 8

AH AL

BX

BH BL

CX

CH CL

DX

DH DL

7 0

SP

BP

SI

DI

15 0

CS

DS

SS

ES

PSW15 0

OF

DF

IF

TF

SF

ZF

AF

PF

CF

. 2.4.

. 8-

(, AL, , BL, , CL, DH,

DL), , , , DH

, AL, BL, CL, DL - .


12/53

2. 16-

39

. .2.3.

2.3

AX , /

AL , / ,

,

AH

BX

CX ,

CL

DX , /

SP

SI

DI

-

. 8086 16- -

: CS, DS, SS,

ES.

-, :

. :

OF, ;

SF, ;

ZF, ;

AF,

;

PF,

;

CF, .


13/53

..

40

:

DF,

;

IF, ;

TF,

.

20-

. 1

FFFFFH.

: , , .

- ,

8- ( ).

- ,

16- ( ),

, - . 16-

.

, .

() , -

.

-

,

32- . 32-

,

.

.

, 8086,

1 ,

.

- ,

16 65536 ; , 10.

. .2.5.


14/53

2. 16-

41

D

-

- -

. 2.5.

, -

.

65536 16.

,

, , .

-

.

8086

512 (.2.6): (D15-D8)

(D7-D0).

.

D7-DO , - D15-D8 .

0,

.

, ,

A0=0. , ,

=0 (.2.4).

,

.

.


15/53

..

42

0FFFFFH 0FFFFEH

00003H 00002H00001H 00000H

A19..A1 D15..D8 BHE D7..D0 A0

. 2.6.

2.4

BHE A0

BHE A0

0 0 0 1

(D15D8)

1 0

(D7D0)

1 1

64 .

.

.

,

.

16- .

20- .

4

.

, ,

4 0.

.


16/53

2. 16-

43

- , .

, .

, .

(EA).

.2.5 ,

.

2.5

-

CS IP

SS SP

(-

)

DS CS, ES, SS

DS CS, ES, SS SI

ES DI

BP SS CS, DS, ES EA

,

. .

2.4.

, .

,

,

, , .. . ,

,

.

, ,


17/53

..

44

. , ,

,

. ,

:

,

;

(

),

;

,

, ;

,

, .

,

.

.

( ) . ( ,

), ( ).

8086 16-

,

. () .

.

,

, , , ( ).

, .

, .

8086 .

,

. ( ) ,


18/53

2. 16-

45

. , (

) 8086

. .2.7. (

).

d w mod reg m/r dispL dispH

7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0

. 2.7.

() d w. d : d=l, , d=0,

.

, reg .

( ) .

w () : w=l, , w=0 . ,

d w (.2.6).

2.6

d w

d w

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1

, : mod,

reg r/m /. reg

, .

reg .2.7.

, DX,

SP, , SI, DI .

.


19/53

..

46

2.7

reg ( r/m) 8- 16-

000 AL

001 CL

010 DL DX

011 BL

100 SP

101 CH

110 DH SI

111 BH DI

mod .

, , r/m

. mod=11, , .

mod 11 ( ), r/m

8- 16- .

mod ,

() disp,

:

00, disp=0 ;

01, disp=dispL 8- ,

16 ;

10, disp=dispH, dispL .

r/m ,

.

: mod=00 r/m =110, EA=dispH, dispL.

. ,

(16- ) ( 8- 16-

). ( ), (SI DI),

.

24 .

8086 .


20/53

2. 16-

47

. ,

.

. .

3- reg r/m (mod=11). w 8-

16- ( ). ,

,

,

. : AL, , AX, BL, ,

. .

. 8 16 ,

. ,

.

. .

.

,

. 16 , - 8 (

16 ).

,

,

, . .

, ,

.

.

,

.

, .

,

. (


21/53

..

48

) .

, .

.

(. 2.8). , , SI DI

, SI DI.

.

.

,

, ,

. .

LEA,

. ,

CALL

16- .

. 2.8.

. ( )

. ,

( ).

, , , , . ,


22/53

2. 16-

49

, 8 16 . -

.

. [BREG] DISP

. [BREG+DISP]

. BREG

.2.9.

. ( ,

)

, , SI

DI. .

,

.

,

. 8086 .

,

16 .

ADDR16 [IREG],

. ADDR16 16- , IREG

SI DI. , ,

.

,

() .


23/53

..

50

- . .

,

, (. 2.10). ,

. ,

SI DI , ..

. 8086

8- 16- ,

. , .

,

, .

, .

,

.

.

,

.

, , . . .

[BREG] ADDR16 [IREG], ..

.

.

,

,

PC. PC ,

(,

PC ).

8086

,

( ). 8-, 16 ,

PC. ,

+128-127

. (SHORT)

, 80% . ,


24/53

2. 16-

51

, , .. , .

-.

,

.

. 2.10.

.

.

.

, SI

() -, DI ()-.

SI DI

.

-. -

,

, .

. ,

-,

. 8-

, ,

0255. -


25/53

..

52

: DX 065535.

DX

-. ,

DX.

.

,

. , ,

,

.

.

, , , .

.

2.5.

135

, :

, , , , ,

.

- -.

:

, /, , .

(, ,

) , - ,

.

( ) n.

, , ,

.


26/53

2. 16-

53

64 .

. : , ,

, .

:

,

.

, .

-, ,

/.

. -

,

.

. ,

8086 , ,

.

: ; -;

;

.

, .

POPF SAHF,

.

, ,

. MOV

(, ).

:

MOV dst,src; dst:=(src)

MOV src

dst .

MOV mem/reg,mem/reg. .


27/53

..

54

MOV , mem MOV mem, . ,

MOV AL, AL

BETA, MOV ALPHA, ALPHA.

AL ALPHA,

ALPHA+1. ,

( )

.

3 .

MOV sreg,mem/reg MOV mem/reg,sreg

/. , . ,

MOV sreg, mem/reg

CS, .

2 4 .

-; (8+)

(9+) . MOV sreg, mem/reg

, . . . , , DS

F000,

MOV AX,0F000H;

MOV DS, ; DS F000

XCHG .

, .

. 2 4 (

) 17+ ( ). XCHG

.

, XCHG .

XCHG ,

N.

XLAT -

AL 256- , . , AL


28/53

2. 16-

55

, . XLAT :

1)

AL ;

2)

(- DS) AL.

XLAT

.

11 .

LEA,LDS,LES

, () , .

LEA, LDS LES

. LEA reg,mem

( )

( !) . , ,

,

XLAT. LDS LES

: ,

DS;

, DS

( LDS) ES ( LES).

2 4 . , LDS

SI, LES DI,

SI DS,

DI ES.

LAHF SAHF

8086 8080.

LAHF ( ),

SAHF

(

).

. 8080 PSW

. : PUSH PSW

, POP PSW PSW

. 8086 LAHF SAHF .


29/53

..

56

2.8

MOV dest,src (dest)(src),

PUSH src (SP) (SP)2

((SP) + 1:(SP))(src)

POP dest (dest) ((SP)+1:(SP))

(SP) (SP) + 2

XCHG dest,src (temp) (dest)

(dest) (src)

(src) (temp)

XLAT AL ((BX) + (AL))

/

IN acc, port (AL) (port) or

(AX) (port)

OUT port, acc (dest) (AL) or

(dest) (AX)

LEA dest, src (dest) EA

LDS dest, src (dest) (EA)

(DS) (EA + 2)

DS

LES dest, src (dest) (EA)

(ES) (EA + 2)

ES

LAHF (AH)(SF,ZF,AF,PF,CF) AH

SAHF (SF,ZF,AF,PF,CF)(AH) AH

PUSHF (SP) (SP)2

((SP) + 1:(SP)) Flags

POPF Flags ((SP) + 1:(SP))

(SP) (SP) + 2


30/53

2. 16-

57

, :

LAHF ;

PUSH AX ; PUSH PSW

POP AX ; SAHF ; POP PSW

PUSH

POP. ,

, SP.

- :

,

SP. SP SS. , POP

PUSH. , CALL

RET . PUSH .

PUSH mem/reg

, POP mem/reg

. PUSH reg POP reg

.

PUSH sreg POP sreg

. , CS

.

, PUSHF POPF

16- .

TF,

. , 8

. ,

PUSH reg POP reg.

-. w, ,

. AL

() (). IN , port OUT port,

. IN , OUT


31/53

..

58

.

00FF. IN , DX OUT DX,

, 16- DX FFFF.

DX , .

.

-

, .

8086

, ,

. : , ,

.

,

. 8

16 , , .. . 8-

0255, 16- 065535. ,

, , -. 8- 16-.

() : 0 ,

1 . - . -128+127 8-

-32768+32767 16- .

.

,

, .

( )

6 .

; INTO

. -, : CF

( ) ( )

.

; AF

( ) ( ) .


32/53

2. 16-

59

; SF ( 7 15)

. ;

, ; ZF ; PF

1, 8 ; 0 ( PF

);

OF

, ..

( 2

. , INC reg,

w, ,

. .2.9.

ADD dst, src dst: =(dst)+ (src).

dst src

dst.

ADC dst,src dst: = (dsf) + (src) + (CF).

, ADD, -

. , CF,

.

:

INC dst dst:= (dst)+1.

. INC

, CF . dst .

.

.

CF.


33/53

..

60

2.9

ADD dest, src (dest) (dest) + (src)

ADC dest, src (dest) (dest) + (src) + (CF)

INC dest (dest) (dest) + 1

AAA If ((AL) and 0FH)>9 or (AF)=1

then (AL) (AL) + 6

(AH) (AH) + 1

(AF) 1

(CF) (AF)

(AL) (AL) and 0FH

ASCII

DAA If ((AL) and 0FH)>9 or (AF)=1

then (AL) (AL)+6; (AF)1

if (AL) > 9FH or (CF) = 1 then

(AL) (AL) + 60H, (CF)1

SUBdest, src (dest) (dest)(src)

SBB dest, src (dest) (dest)(src)(CF)

DEC dest (dest) (dest)1

NEG dest :

(dest) 0FFH(dest)

(dest) (dest) + 1

:

(dest) 0FFFFH(dest)

(dest) (dest) + 1

CMP dest, src (dest)(src)

AAS If ((AL) and 0FH)>9 or(AF)=1 then (AL) (AL)6

(AH) (AH)1

(AF) 1

(CF) (AF)

(AL) (AL) and 0FH

ASCII

DAS If ((AL) and 0FH)>9 or

(AF)=1 then (AL) (AL)6;

(AF)1

if (AL) > 9FH or (CF) =1 then(AL) (AL)60H, (CF)1


34/53

2. 16-

61

.2.9

MUL src src :(AX) (AL) (src)

If (AH) = 0

then (CF) 0

else (CF) 1 (OF) (CF)

src :

(DX:AX) (AX) (src)

If (DX) = 0

then (CF) 0

else (CF) 1 (OF) (CF)

IMUL src src :

(AX) (src) (AL)

src :

(DX:AX) (src) (AX)

AAM (AH) (AL) / 0AH

(AL) (AL) mod0AH

ASCII

DIV src src :(AL) (src) / (AX)

(AH) (src) mod(AX)

src :

(AX) (src) / (DX:AX)

(DX) (src) mod(DX:AX)

IDIV src src :

(AL) (src) / (AX)

(AH) (src) mod(AX)

src :

(AX) (src) / (DX:AX)

(DX) (src) mod(DX:AX)

AAD (AL) (AH) 0AH + (AL)

(AH) 0

ASCII

NEG (

) : NEG dst dst=0 - (dst).

, .

80 8000 , OF. ,


35/53

..

62

CF , , , CF=0.

. , . ,

.

( AF)

.

8086 : .

.

.

AL, 16-

AL. (ext) AL. src ,

, 32

DX .

DX.

, OF CF

, DX. OF CF

.

MUL . IMUL src

, MUL src,

. ,

DX,

( 00 (0000) FF (FFFF)

()), OF CF . ,

. OF, CF=0. IMUL .

8086 ,

.

( AL, DX 8- 16- )

src. AL ( ),

( DX). .


36/53

2. 16-

63

. ( FF FFFF) ,

0, .

: ; IF TF

0; CS ; CS 00002,

PC ; PC

00000.

0,

: 00000 00002. 0 (,

),

.

IDIV ,

DIV, .

-127+127,

, -32767+32 767, .

0.

IDIV . 8086

: (BCD-) (ASCII-

). BCD- (

), 8421; ASCII-

( ),

0011 ( ASCII), .

BCD- :

,

, . BCD- ,

BCD- :

, . . , 9;

,

16, 10. ,

AF, CF.

BCD-, ADD ADC

AL,


37/53

..

64

DAA. :

1)

AF=1 AL

( 1015), AL 06 AF

;2)

CF=1 AL

, AL 60

CF .

DAA AL -

, -

OF, DAA

. BCD-, , :

SUB SBB, , AL, DAS .

8086

,

DAS :

1) AF=1 AL

, AL 06 AF ;

2)

CF=1 AL

, AL 60 CF

.

.

, 8086, -

NOT (), AND (), OR (), XOR

( , .. 2) TEST,

, ( ).

, .. .

.2.10.

:

AND dst, src dsi:=(dsi)^ (src)

OR dst, src dst:==(dst)\/ (src)

XOR dst, src dst:=(dst)@ (src)

TEST dst, src (dst) (src)

NOT src src:= (src)


38/53

2. 16-

65

NOT . AND, OR, XOR TEST

:

OF CF , ;

SF, ZF PF

,

; AF .

AND

,

- .

.

OR

1 ,

.

XOR

,

.

w, ,

, .

mem/reg, count. mem/reg , a count ( )

.

1 ( ) CL.

1 , -

CL,

. , , (

). 1 CL

: v=0, count=1, v=l, count=(CL).

() .

.

-

: AF ; CF

,

OF=1, (-) ;


39/53

..

66

OF ; OF CF; SF, ZF PF -

. RCL RCR

, CF 1 . 8086

, 255.

SHL SHR

. , -

, . SAL

SAR .

,

, , . . SAL

SHL

.

-

. , ,

SAR , IDIV

, , -

. , -10 () 2 -3, -10 4 -2.

, IDIV ( -

) , SAR

, - .

:

MOV [DI],0 ;

AND DL,OFH ;

MULT: MOV AL,[SI] ;

INC SI ; AND AL,OFH ;

MUL DL ; ;

ADD AL,[DI] ;

;

MOV [DI],AL ;

INC DI ;

MOV [DI], ;

DEC ; -JNZ MULT ;


40/53

2. 16-

67

2.10

NOT dest :

(dest) FFH(dest)

:

(dest) FFFFH(dest)

AND dest, src (dest) (dest) and (src)

(CF) 0; (OF) 0

OR dest, src (dest) (dest) or (src)

(CF) 0; (OF) 0

XOR dest, src (dest) (dest) xor (src)

(CF) 0; (OF) 0

-

TEST dest, src (dest) and (src)

(CF) 0; (OF) 0

SHLdest, countSAL dest, count

15(7) 0CF 0

/-

SHR dest, count 15(7) 0CF 0

SAR dest, count 15(7) 0CF

ROL dest, count 15(7) 0CF

ROR dest, count 15(7) 0CF

RCL dest, count 15(7) 0CF

RCR dest, count 15(7) 0

CF


41/53

..

68

.

. , ,

. PC.

. -

CS PC.

. ,

, , .

,

( PC CS), .

8086 .

, IRET.

. ()

- PC

.

( NEAR).

-

PC CS

(: ).

( FAR),

. 8086

, , ,

, (.2.11).

PC PC CS, .

JMP dispL

, . -

( 16 ) PC, ,


42/53

2. 16-

69

JMP. -128+127. ,

, - .

. ,

.

JMPdisp ,

, 16- . --

,

-32768+32767 ,

JMP disp.

JMP mem/reg

. , , - 16- ,

. ,

dispL, dispH .

8086 19

, .

. , ( JCXZ -

),

.

(

AF), .

, PC (

16 ), ,

. ,

.

-128+127 .

, , .

.

JMP, -32768+32 767 .

, ,

JMP,

. ,

JMP .

JMP RET.


43/53

..

70

2.11

Jcond disp8 If cond=1

then (IP)(IP) + disp8

, -

CALL dest

dest

-

-

-

If inter-segment

then (SP) (SP)2

((SP)+1:(SP))(CS)

(CS) SEG

(SP) (SP)2

((SP) +1:(SP)) (IP)(IP) dest

RET

JMP dest If inter-segment

then (CS) SEG

(IP) dest

LOOP disp8 (CX) (CX)1

if (CX) 0then (IP) (IP) + disp8

LOOPE/LOOPZ disp8 (CX) (CX)1

if (ZF) = 1 and (CX) 0

then (IP) (IP) + disp8

, /

LOOPNE/LOOPNZ

disp8

(CX) (CX)1

if (ZF) = 0 and (CX) 0


, /

JCXZ disp8 If (CX) = 0


,

CX=0

INT num

INTO , -

IRET


44/53

2. 16-

71

2.12

,

JA/JNBE (CF or ZF)=0 /

JAE/JNB CF=0 /

JB/JNAE CF=1 /

JBE/JNA (CF or ZF)=1 /

JC CF=1

JE/JZ ZF=1 /

JG/JNLE ((SF xor OF) or ZF)=0 /

JGE/JNL (SF xor OF)=0 /

JL/JNGE (SF xor OF)=1 /

JLE/JNG ((SF xor OF) or ZF)=1 /

JNC CF=0

JNE/JNZ ZF=0 /

JNO OF=0

JNP/JPO PF=0 /

JNS SF=0

JO OF=1

JP/JPE PF=1 /

JS SF=1

JCXZ ,

, , ( CX)

.

. , , ZF=1

MORE, 0400

.

:

JNZ NEXT ; ZF=0

JMP MORE ; ZF=1

NEXT:

JMP .


45/53

..

72

, ( ) ,

.

.

,

, .

CALL

. .

, CALL. . ,

, RET

. ,

, .

8086 . ,

. -

( NEAR),

( FAR).

PC, PC CS.

, CALL ,

; CALL

dispL. PC CS CALL

JMP,

( SS)

SP. , SP

.

8086 ,

.

CALL addr

5 ,

.

: SP 2; SP SS CS;


46/53

2. 16-

73

SP 2; SP SS PC; PC

, CS seg.

CALL mem . PC

CS ,

PC, - CS.

RET

. ,

PC, SP 2.

( )

.

.

PC. ,

-128 +127 .

. , .

LOOP ( ), , ()0,

PC- ; (()=0 )

. , LOOP MORE

:

DEC

JNZ MORE

, .

LOOP. , LOOP 5

( ) 17 ( )

.

.

LOOPE LOOPZ

, ,

(-

PC), () 0 ZF=1. . ,


47/53

..

74

LOOP ZF.

6 18 .

LOOPNE LOOPNZ .

LOOP,

ZF.

8086 ,

.

, () INT, ,

NMI ,

, .

INT type ,

.

v , , , ,

INT.

v=0, - ,

. v=l,

0 255.

INT

: 2;

(

PUSHF); IF TF (

); 2;

CS; ADDRESS

4; CS

ADDRESS+2; 2; PC; PC

ADDRESS.

,

.

, . . .

,

, . ,


48/53


49/53

..

76

.

LEA, LDS LES.

SI DI ,

. DF

(DF=0) (DF=1) .

,

- ,

. ,

.

. () REP.

, ,

( )

DS:SI, ES:DI .

: REP, REPE, REPZ,

REPNE REPNZ. .

. REP

MOVS STOS

", ", .. ,

. REPE REPZ

,

REP. CMPS SCAS

ZF=1,

. REPNE REPNZ , ZF

. .

-

.

. , ,

,

(, ).

.


50/53

2. 16-

77

, . , -

, (-

, ). - , ,

, .

MOVS.

: MOVS dst.src dsi:=(src)

src, SI, dst, DI,

SI DI -

. . REP MOVS-

-. -

. ( -)

MOVSB MOVSW, (-

W-). .

CMPS.

: CMPS dst,src (src)-(dst)

dst,

DI, src,

SI.

, . -

. , ,

CMPS JL (, ), -

, src dst.

CMPS REPE (

REPZ), ", ". -

REPNE ( REPNZ) "-

, (

)". , CMPS

.

SCAS. ( )

: SCAS dst ()-(dst)

dst ( ),

DI, AL ()


51/53

..

78

(). , . REPE (

REPZ)

, . SCAS REPNE ( REPNZ),

" ,

".

LODS.

: LODS src := (src)

, (

), SI, AL

, SI . .

,

MOV , src INC SI ( DEC SI - .

LODSB LODSW, .

STOS. : STOS dst dst:=(ac)

() AL () ,

DI, DI .

ES,

, - .

.

, .

.

.

, -

. .

CLC, CMC STC ,

1 CF.

RCR RCL. CLD STD

DF.

SI DI . CLI STI IF.


52/53

2. 16-

79

CLI IF INT ( ).

NMI

. IF .

STI IF 1, INT.

, STI.

2.13

STC

CLC

CMC

STD

CLD

STI

CLI

HLT

WAIT

ESC

LOCK

NOP HLT

.

CLR, NMI,

INT, .

, .

WAIT ,

TEST.


53/53

..

WAIT . LOCK, ,

( ) LOCK

. LOCK .

ESC ,

()

.

,

NOP ( ) .

,

.

1.

8086?

2.

. ?3.

8086.

.4. 8086.

.

5. . . .

, ?

6.

8086?

, ?

7. ? ,

, , , , , ?

8.

8086?

9.

?

interrupt 8086 russia language

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