Learning PointsIn the introduction you will discover the answers to these questions:What is leadership, and why is it important?Where do leaders learn to lead, and what do people want in a leader?What are the satisfactions and frustrations of leadership?What are the elements of caring leadership?

Learning PointsLeadership is a concept that is both current and timelessLeadership excellence requires the ability to:Attract capable peopleMotivate them to put forth their best effortSolve problems that ariseThese are difficult tasks, which helps explain why effective leadership is so rare

Learning PointsConsider these questions:Have you ever been the victim of a poor leader?What made them good or bad?How do you feel about the good leaders you have known?

Learning PointsA good leader is more important than other other factor for work morale and job performanceSocial conscience and conduct were influenced by Martin Luther King and Susan B. AnthonyThe fates of nations were determined by Alexander the Great and Joan of ArcCivilization was shaped by philosophers such as John Stuart Mill and Adam Smith

Three Types of LeadersThere are three types of leaders:Teachers, who are rule breakers and value creatorsAristotleBuddahJesusMarxMohammedPlatoSocrates

Three Types of LeadersHeroes, responsible for great causes and noble worksColumbusCurieEdisonGalileoHippocratesNewtonPasteur

Three Types of LeadersRulers, who are motivated by dominating others and exercising powerAlexanderElizabeth IHitlerJulius CaesarMao Tse-tungNapoleonRamses II

Learning PointsLeadership scholar Ralph M. Stogdill identified these leadership traits:A strong drive for responsibility and task completionVigor and persistenceVenturesomeness and originality in problem-solvingInitiative in social situationsSelf-confidence and sense of personal identityWillingness to accept consequences of decisions and action

Learning PointsReadiness to absorb interpersonal stressWillingness to tolerate frustration and delayAbility to influence other persons behaviorCapacity to structure social interaction systems to the purpose at handThese traits differentiate:Leaders from followersHigher echelon from lower echelon leaders

Environmental FactorsRecently, leadership has been viewed as a social phenomenon, not an individual traitThis explains why leaders who are successful in one situation fail in anotherEgyptians: demanded authority, discrimination, and just behavior in their leadersGreeks valued:Justice and judgment (Argamemnon)Wisdom and counsel (Nestor)Shrewdness and cunning (Odysseus)Valor and action (Achilles)

Environmental FactorsPatterns of behavior deemed acceptable in leaders differ from time to time and culture to cultureThus, the establishment of educational institutions and curricula to impart and reinforce the knowledge, skills, and attitudes deemed important by a society or group

Environmental FactorsThroughout history, male leaders have outnumbered female leadersEven the definition of leader is a social phenomenonEdith Wilson ran the U.S. while her husband was incapacitated, but history credits President Woodrow Wilson as leader during that timePublic recognition of Mrs. Wilsons influence would not have been in line with the norms of the time

Interaction of Individual & EnvironmentLeadership results from the interaction of a person with the environment Findings from sociobiological studies support this viewExample: Young male fish remained small and sexually underdeveloped until the adult male population dwindled. Then, size and sexual maturation accelerated dramatically.

Interaction of Individual & EnvironmentSudden maturation is also found in humans Leaders may emerge spontaneously in social crises after filling anonymous roles for yearsPolands Lech Walesa went from shipyard worker to national labor leader during the 1980sInnate abilities often unfold under certain conditionsExternal circumstances and internal qualities interact to create a sudden, dramatic spurt of performance

Learning to Lead: What People WantThe U.S. Chamber of Commerce sought to answer two questions:Where do leaders learn to lead?What do people want in a leader?

Learning to Lead: What People WantWhere do leaders learn to lead?#1 is from experienceOften sink or swim#2 is from examples or modelsThey show both what to do and what to avoid#3 is from books and schoolIncludes formal education, seminars, and professional reading

Learning to Lead: What People WantWhat people want most in a leader:Integrity, also known as honestyJob knowledgePeople-building skills

Leader Satisfactions and FrustrationsAbout 1 out of every 10 people in the American workplace is a supervisor, administrator, or managerManagement author Andrew DuBrin identifies the satisfactions and frustrations typically found in leadership roles

Leader Satisfactions and FrustrationsSatisfactionsA feeling of power and prestigeA chance to help othersHigh incomeRespect and statusOpportunities for advancementA feeling of being in a position of knowledgeAn opportunity to control money and other resources

Leader Satisfactions and FrustrationsFrustrationsToo much uncompensated work timeToo many problemsNo enough authority to carry out responsibilityLonelinessToo many problems involving peopleOrganizational politicsThe pursuit of conflicting goals

Caring LeadershipCaring is an essential ingredient for successOnly when the leader cares will:Others careThere be focus and energy for the work to be doneThere are two aspects of caring leadership:Commitment to a taskConcern for people

Caring LeadershipTheodore Roosevelt advocates a life of engagement and meaningThis means a personal commitment to accomplishing a goalGoals may be a one-time endeavor or a lifes workThe goal may or may not be tangibleIn any case, the leaders commitment becomes contagious, igniting the emotions of all present

Caring LeadershipCaring leadership also means caring about peopleThe caring leader is unselfish, ready and eager to hear the other persons storyHe/she is dedicated to the service of othersConcern for others results in loyalty and dedication to the leaders goals

Caring LeadershipLessons from great leaders:Jan Carlzon, former CEO of Scandinavian Airlines: there are two great motivators in life. One is fear. The other is love. You can manage people by feat, but if you do, it will diminish both them and you. The path to success begins in the heart.James Autry, former CEO of Meredith Corporation: If you dont truly care about people, you should get out of leadership; it will save a lot of people a lot of trouble and maybe even a heart attack.

Caring LeadershipBoth commitment to a goal and concern for others must be present for caring leadership to occurWithout commitment, there is no passionWithout concern, there is no loyaltyCaring leadership cannot be legislated, and it cannot be an actWhen the leader cares, others become focused and energizedAt this point direction and momentum develop and great achievements are made

Leadership in the Work SettingManagement author John Kotter says that too many organizations are over-managed and under-ledToo much emphasis on controlNo enough on motivation and creativityLeaders need to be developed at all levels of responsibility

Leadership in the Work SettingWhat is the difference between leadership and management?Management involves four functions:PlanningOrganizingDirectingControlling

Leadership in the Work SettingLeadership describes what takes place during the first three of these functions:Establishing a direction (planning)Aligning people and resources (organizing)Energizing people to accomplish results (directing)

Leadership in the Work SettingTo be successful, these processes require:InsightDecisivenessCourageStrengthResolveDiplomacy

Leadership in the Work SettingOther definitions:Management provides order and consistencyLeadership produces change and movementSuccessful organizations have bothKarl Marx observed that how a society does its work shapes the things society believes and doesThe principles and practices applied on the job impact the home and larger community

Nine Key Areas of LeadershipA breakdown in choosing a course of action or in making progress is usually due to a deficiency in:Leadership variablesThe power of visionThe importance of ethicsThe empowerment of peopleLeadership principlesUnderstanding peopleMultiplying effectivenessDeveloping othersPerformance management