Overview of MAIRS Dryland Study

Monsoon Asia Integrated Regional study (MAIRS)

AilikunInternational Program Office

NEESPI/LCLUC workshop, Urumuqi, 15-20 Sep, 2007

ESSP (Earth System Science Partnership)

MAIRS is a new initiative of Integrated Regional Study under the leadership of ESSP. IPO is located

in Beijing, supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Science and Technology.

Vision of MAIRS

“To significantly advance understanding of the interactions

between the human-natural componentsof the overall environment in the monsoon

Asian region, and implications for the global earth system, in order to support strategies for sustainable development.”

MAIRS Interests: 1

MAIRS is focused on the research of monsoon climate changes possibly induced by the human activity, such as

land cover/use change, increasing aerosol emission

and water use change.

MAIRS Interests: 2

MAIRS is focused on the assessment ofimpacts of climate

changes to Land, water, air and ecosystem

services.

MAIRS Interests: 3

MAIRS is focused on the integration between naturaland social sciences, helping delivering the results to public and policy maker.

MAIRS Interests: 4

MAIRS is focused on the research of linkages between regional and global climate change

Coastal Zone

Urban ZoneSemi-arid Zone

Mountain Zone

Rapid transformation of land and marine resources

Multiple stresses on ecosystem and biophysical resources

Vulnerability of ecosystem due to changing climate and land use

Changes in resources use and emission due to rapid urbanization

Key Points of Each Research Zones

forest

grassland

Paddy field

grassland

Desert andGobi

Dry farmland

Semi arid

ChinaArid China

Highlights of MAIRS Semi-arid/Arid Study in China

Climate Change in China 1960-2006 (climate base: 1971-2000)

Temperature change based on the climate mean 1970-2000 Precipitation change based on the climate mean 1970-2000

Time series of Temperature anomaly 1961-2006Time series of precipitation anomaly 1961-2006

T increasing is more significant

in arid and semi-arid region

P increases in arid region, Decrease in

semi-arid region

Temp Preci

Temp

Preci

wetdry

Land use change in arid and semi-arid China from 1980 to 2000

Forest Grassland

decrease

decr

ease

decrease

incr

ease

incr

ease

increase

decre

ase

increase

decrease

increase

decrease

forest

grassland

Paddy field

grassland

Desert andGobi

Dry farmland

Land cover in 2000 Cropland

decrease

incr

ease

b) Wetness indexa) Palmer index

Trend of aridity during last 50 years (1951-2004)

70E 80E 90E 100E 110E 120E 130E 140E

20N

30N

40N

50N

70E 80E 90E 100E 110E 120E 130E 140E

20N

30N

40N

50N

Figure a-d from Zhuguo MA, 2007

70E 80E 90E 100E 110E 120E 130E 140E

20N

30N

40N

50N

c) Changes of frequency of extreme drought events ( 1990’s –1950’-80’s)

Semi-arid region becomes drier, and arid region becomes wetter?

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005-0.5

0

0.5

year

sun

light

tim

e an

omal

y (h

r/d) trend= -0.1/10a

b) Temperaturea) Precipitation

Climate change in Xinjiang

c) Annual pan evaporation

d) Annual sunshine duration

Change of soil moisture in XinjiangS

oil M

oist

ure(

0.1%

)

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

1 8 0

2 0 0

1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0

Pre

cipi

tatio

n(m

m)

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

Soil

Moi

stur

e(0.

1%)

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

3 5 0

1 9 8 2 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 0

Prec

ipita

tion(

mm

)

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

Usu

Soi

l Moi

stur

e(0.

1%)

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

3 5 0

4 0 0

1 9 8 2 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 0

Pre

cipi

tatio

n(m

m)

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

YiliAltay1980 2002

1980 2002 20021980

blue：Soil Moisture at 50CM

black：precipitation80 90 100 110 120 130 140

20

30

40

50

Xinjiang is becoming wetter under the global warming

impact, more researches are needed to get this conclusion

ShacheShache T_flux

T_flux

Wulanwusu

Wulanwusu PAMPAM

AkesuAkesu PAMPAM

TalimuTalimu BasinBasin

TianshanTianshan MountainMountain

1m2m

4m

8m

20m

-5cm-10cm-20cm-40cm-80cm

风速、风向空气温度/湿度

土壤热通量土壤温度/湿度

•辐射观测•大气压•降水量

Din

gxin

Din

gxin

PBL

Tower

PBL

Tower

BadanjilinBadanjilin DesetDeset

1,Wulanwusu (44.30ºN, 85.86ºE)

2, Akesu (41.16ºN, 80.24ºE)

3, Shache (40.2ºN, 99.44ºE)

Observing Sites in Xinjiang support by CAS key project ( PL: Z. MA, IAP)

correlations of real evaporation and pan evaporation at oasis of Akesu(By Hu, 2007)

y = 0. 2017x + 0. 02R2 = 0. 9989

0

1

2

3

0 4 8 12E_pan/ mm

E_re

al/m

m

Rea

l Eva

pora

tion

Rea

l Eva

pora

tion

Pan EvaporationPan Evaporation

Real evaporation is about 20% of pan evaporationReal evaporation is about 20% of pan evaporation

02468

1012

05-1

0-01

05-1

1-01

05-1

2-01

06-0

1-01

06-0

2-01

06-0

3-01

06-0

4-01

06-0

5-01

06-0

6-01

06-0

7-01

06-0

8-01

Dat e

E_pa

n(mm

)

0

1

2

3

E_re

al(m

m)

Epan aks Er eal aks

Pan E

vapora

tion

Pan E

vapora

tion

Observation errorsObservation errors？？

Observing site in Tongyu(semi-arid) site, supported by

Chinese national key project (PL: C. FU and X. YAN, IAP)

Degraded grassland cropland

Tongyu, Jilin , Northeast china

净辐射

潜热

感热

地热

日均值10日的滑动平均

w/m

2

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

-2 0

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

- 4 0

- 2 0

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 1 - 0 1 1 2 - 0 1 0 1 - 0 1 0 3 - 0 1 0 4 - 0 1 0 5 - 0 1 0 7 - 0 1 0 8 - 0 1 0 9 - 0 1 1 1 - 0 1 1 2 - 0 1 0 2 - 1 0 - 0 1 0 3 - 0 2 - 0 1 0 3 - 0 6 - 0 1 0 3 - 1 0 - 0 1 - 3 0

-2 0

-1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

R n

L E

H

T s o i l - 5

w/m

2

w/m

2

w/m

2

È Õ ¾ ù Ö µ1 0 ÈÕ» ¬ ¶ ¯ ƽ¾ù

0 3 - 1 2 - 3 1

2 0 0 3 Ä ê ² Ý µ Ø Ä Ü Á ¿ Æ ½ º â ¸ ÷ ·Ö Á ¿ È Õ ¾ ù Ö

Net radiation

Latent heat flux

Sensible heat flux

Soil heat content

Daily mean10-day mean

Components of energy balance of glasslandComponents of energy balance of Components of energy balance of glasslandglassland

Albedo with NDVI、EVI

grassland

grassland

cropland

cropland

11-1 12-1 1-1 3-1 4-1 5-1 7-1 8-1 9-1 11-1 12-1 02-10-1 03-2-1 03-6-1 03-10-1

mg/

m3 /s

-.3

-.2

-.1

0.0

.1

.2

03-12-31

11-01 12-01 01-01 03-01 04-01 05-01 07-01 08-01 09-01 11-01 12-01 02-10-01 03-02-01 03-06-01 03-10-01

mg/

m2 /s

-.4

-.3

-.2

-.1

0.0

.1

03-12-31

ÈÕ¾ùÖµ

1 0 ÈÕ» ¬ ¶ ¯ ƽ¾ù

Glass land

Crop land

CO2 flux in TongyuCO2 flux in CO2 flux in TongyuTongyu

Daily mean

10-day running mean

The location of key experiment areasThe location of key experiment areas

（（The background is the landscape map of Heihe basinThe background is the landscape map of Heihe basin））

WATER project: Hydrological WATER project: Hydrological cycle research in catchmentcycle research in catchment--

scale supported by NSFC scale supported by NSFC (PL: X Li, CAREERI)(PL: X Li, CAREERI)

1. Cold region in the upper reaches2. Forest area3. Arid region in the middle reaches

Hydro-meteorological observations at Heihe River Basin

Cold regional hydrology experimentCold regional hydrology experiment

Airborne remote sensing experiment

Instruments Observation items

Microwave radiometer

snow depth, freeze/thaw of the upper layer of soil, soil moisture

Lidar snow depth, land surface roughness, DTM

Hi-spectral imager

snow area, reflectance of snow, snow grain size, and land cover type

• Precipitation: Doppler radar• Ground-based microwave

radiometer and spectrometer• Snow and frozen soil observations• Satellite remote sensing data

GroundGround--observing items in the observing items in the foci area of the cold regionfoci area of the cold region

RunoffAWSDoppler radarRadiometerSpectrometerFrost depthPrecipitationSnow depthSnow densitySnow grain sizeSnow temperatureSnow wetnessEvaporation and sublimation from snow surfaceSnow coagulationSoil moistureSoil temperatureSoil properties…… 花杆测雪点

Forest hydrology experimentForest hydrology experiment

Hyper-spectral Biophysical parameters and vegetation types

Multi-angle thermal infrared

Temperatures of soil surface and canopy

Lidar Canopy structure and NPP

• Precipitation: Doppler radar• Densified precipitation

observations• Densified observation for

forest hydrology• Collection of satellite

remote sensing data

Arid region hydrology experiment in artificial oasis Arid region hydrology experiment in artificial oasis and desert areasand desert areas

Hyper-spectral Biophysical parameters and vegetation types

Multi-angle thermal infrared

Temperatures of land surface and canopy

Lidar Canopy profile and surface roughness

Microwave radiometer

Soil moisture

• Simultaneous precipitation measurement• Simultaneous measurement of

vegetation and soil parameters• Intensive observation about weather

parameters, energy-water- biochemical components, groundwater dynamics and irrigation in some typical zones.

6-10 flights

6-10 flights

6-10 flights

Airborne missions

16Apr, 2006, Beijing

18Apr, 2006, Tokyo

10Apr, 2006 inner Mongolia

Aerosol study: Long Distance Transport of Dust Aerosol

80 90 100 110 120 130 140

20

30

40

50

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1500

1700

1800

2000

2100

Lanzhou

Tongyu

Comprehensive Observations at Loess Plateau supported by Lanzhou Uni. (PL: Huang)

Quote from J. Huang (Lanzhou University)

Preliminary Results: Semi-Direct Effect of Dust Aerosol

Reduce low cloud water PathHuang et al., GRL, 2006b

Correlation between dust storm index and ISCCP low cloud total water path

Correlation between dust storm index and ISCCP cloud optical depth.

SW Forcing-350

-300

-250

-200-150

-100

-50

0DUST CLD PCOD COD

Region

C sw [W

/ ㎡]

a)

LW Forcing

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

DUST CLD PCOD CODRegion

C lw [W

/ ㎡]

b)

Net Forcing-200

-160

-120

-80

-40

0DUST CLD PCOD COD

Region

C net [W

/ ㎡]

c)

Dusty cloud reduced Instantaneous net TOA cloud cooling effect by 30%!!! (By Huang, 2007)

Comparison of the averaged radiative forcing from the ten-cases at the TOA.

MAIRS New Initiative: Coordinated Observing Network in Arid and Semi-arid East Asia

National workshop of Integrated Study over Arid/semi-arid China, 27-29 Jun, 2007, Beijing

Supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Association of Science and Technology, National Science Foundation of China

Participants: Lanzhou University; Lanzhou University; CAS (6)(6)—Institute of Atmospheric Physics/IAP, Cold and Arid Regions Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute/CAREERI, Environmental and Engineering Research Institute/CAREERI, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources research/IGSNRR, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, research/IGSNRR, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Institute of Botany, Institute of Botany, XinjiangXinjiang Institute of Ecology and Institute of Ecology and Geography; Geography; Chinese Meteorological AdministrationChinese Meteorological Administration(7)(7)——GansuGansuBureau, Bureau, XiniangXiniang Bureau, Bureau, ShanxiShanxi Bureau, Bureau, NingxiaNingxia Bureau, Bureau, ShanxiShanxi Bureau, Bureau, JilinJilin Bureau, Inner Mongolia Bureau. Bureau, Inner Mongolia Bureau.

CoCo--Organized by MAIRS IPO and RCEOrganized by MAIRS IPO and RCE--TEATEA

Main outputs of this workshopIdentifying the key issues of integrated study in

Arid/semi-arid China

Building of “The Integrated Observation Network in Arid/semi-arid China” by using the existing observing stations.

Integration of ground observations on Land-surface processes, hydrological cycle, dust-aero and ecology.

Trying to have an joint enhanced observation period during Mar-Sep, 2008

This activity will be the national contribute to MAIRS program from China

Key Scientific Issues for Dryland Research

1) Relationships of global warming, climate change and aridity

2) Land surface processes and regional water balance/water cycle

3) Impacts of global warming,climate change and human activity to the ecosystem in the region

4) Physical/Chemical characteristics of dust aerosol and aerosol-cloud-precipitation process

70°E 80°E 90°E 100°E 110°E 120°E 130°E 140°E30°N

35°N

40°N

45°N

50°N

55°N

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1314

1516 AWS

1)Dingxi 2)Zhangye 3)Wuwei 4)Jinzhou 5)Steppe in Inner Mongolia 6)Pingliang 7)Maqu 8)Tongyu 9)Yuzhong 10)Akesu 11)Wulanwusu 12)Chnagwu 14)Xilinhaote 15)Qilian 16)Dayekou

Distribution of ground meteorology and radiation observing stations (17) in arid/semi-arid east Asia

70°E 80°E 90°E 100°E 110°E 120°E 130°E 140°E30°N

35°N

40°N

45°N

50°N

55°N

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1314

15

16

1)Dingxi 2)Zhangye 3)Wuwei 4)Jinzhou 5)Steppe in Inner Mongolia 6)Pingliang 7)Maqu 8)Tongyu 9)Yuzhong 10)Akesu 11)Wulanwusu 12)Changwu 14)Xilinhaote 15)Shache 16)Dingxin

PBL Tower

Flux PAM

Distribution of PBL towers (13) and surface flux (16) observing stations in arid/semi-arid east Asia

Distribution of soil moisture/temperature (16), ecology(5) and aerosol (4) observing stations in arid/semi-arid east Asia

70°E 80°E 90°E 100°E 110°E 120°E 130°E 140°E30°N

35°N

40°N

45°N

50°N

55°N

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1213

14

15 16

17

Ecology

SMTMS

Aerosol

1)Dingxi 2)Zhangye 3)Wuwei 4)Jinzhou 5)Steppe in inner Mongolia 6)Pingliang 7)Maqu 8)Tongyu 9)Yuzhong 10)Akesu 11)Wulanwusu 12)Dayekou 13)Qilian 14)Changwu 16)Xilinhaote 17)Taiyuan

Design of Scientific Working groups

Team numbers Scientists involved

Land-surface processes Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP), Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute(CAREERI), GansuMeteorological Bureau of CMA, Lanzhou University, Institute of soil and water conservation,

15 senior, 20 young

Hydrological cycle in Basin scale (Heihe River)

CAREERI 5 senior, 15 young

Aerosol studies Lanzhou University, IAP, Inner Mongolia Meteorological Bureau of CMA, Shanxi Bureau

5 senior, 10 young

Ecosystem Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources research(IGSNRR), institute of Botany, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography

5 senior, 10 young

Remote sensing IAP, CAREERI 3 senior, 5 Young

Design of Implementing Teams

Team numbers Scientists involved

Calibration of observing equipment and data unifying

Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP), Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute(CAREERI), Gansu Meteorological Bureau of CMA, Lanzhou University, Institute of soil and water conservation,

5 senior, 5 young

Data collection and data Assimilation

IAP, CAREERI 5 senior, 5 young

Modeling IAP, Lanzhou University, CAREERI 5 senior, 5 young

MAIRS International linkages on semi-arid/Arid study

Tokyo Bay

1, 2 stations from Mongolia (CEOP Reference site) will join the IOP next year

2, India will try to have 1 station in semi-arid region joining the IOP

3, MAIRS IOP will conjunct with the Asian monsoon year (AMY/WCRP, CEOP/GEWEX) IOP (southern China and southeast Asia) in 2008

4, MAIRS will collaborate with NEESPI on land use/land cover change and its interaction with climate and ecosystem in the region, also welcome to join the IOP.

“Mongolia” (run by MAVEX)

since the former CEOP

semi-desert

□ Satellite imageregion

＋ MOLTS points

“Northern Mongolia”taiga forest to semi-arid grassland

newly implemented

Taiga

grassland

semi-desert

desert

“ULB radar” (run by MAVEX)

since the former CEOP

updated CEOP Ref. site in Mongolia

Selbe river basin

Ulanbaataar

Thank you!

http://www.mairs-essp.orginfo@mairs-essp.org

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