intro petroleum system
TRANSCRIPT
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PETROLEUM SYSTEM – AN OVERVIEW
Saloma Yomdo, Oil India Limited
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AGENDA
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Fish Fossil
Plant fossil
WHAT IS OIL ?
•CRUDE OIL, OR PETROLEUM, IS AN
ORGANIC SUBSTANCE DERIVED FROM
THE REMAINS OF PREHISTORIC PLANT
AND ANIMAL MATTER.
•IT IS A MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS,
I.E. MOLECULES CONTAINING
HYDROGEN AND CARBON, WHICHEXIST SOMETIMES IN LIQUID FORM
(CRUDE OIL) AND SOMETIMES AS A
VAPOUR (NATURAL GAS).
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SOME PEOPLE THINK THAT OIL IS IN BIG POOLS
UNDERGROUND.
ACTUALLY, MOST OIL IS TRAPPED IN THE TINY PORE SPACES
BETWEEN GRAINS OF ROCK OR SAND. MOST OF THESE
PORES ARE TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN WITH THE NAKED EYE.
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ORIGIN OF OIL
OIL IS FORMED FROM ORGANIC MATTER
(REMAINS OF TINY PLANTS AND ORGANISMS).
ORGANISIMS MUST ACCUMULATED, BURIED AND PRESERVED BY
FINE SEDIMENTS
PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND BACTERIAL ACTION CONVERT
THEM TO HYDROCARBON
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA REMOVE OXYGEN, NITROGEN,
PHOSPHORUS AND SULFUR AND CONVERT THEM TO PETROLEUM
IN FAVOURABLE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CONDITIONS
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ORIGIN OF OIL
Inorganic Theory :
According to the inorganic theory, hydrogenand carbon reacted together under immense
pressure and temperature far below the earth
surface and formed Oil and Gas. These
hydrocarbon then migrated through porous
rocks to collect in various subsurface traps.
Organic Theory :
The more widely accepted organic theory
states that the hydrocarbons were generated
from organic matter (land and sea plants andanimals) under the influence of pressure and
temperature over geologic time.
Organic Theory
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CLEAN SANDSTONE
Clean Sandstone
• Well rounded grains
• Effective porosity
• Permeability
Clean Sandstone
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PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Accumulation
Source Rock
r
120° F120° F
350° F350° FGenerationGeneration
MigrationMigration
Seal RockSeal RockReservoir RockReservoirRock
OilOil
WaterWater
Gas CapGasCap
EntrapmentEntrapment
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MIGRATION OF HYDROCARBON
o DUE TO OVERBURDEN PRESSURE OIL IS SQUEEZED OUT OF THE SOURCE
ROCK AND MOVES /MIGRATES TO THE RESERVOIR ROCK. THIS PROCESS
IS CALLED MIGRATION.
Trap
GASOIL
Primary
Migration
Secondary
Migration
PRIMARY MIGRATION - SOURCE ROCKS TO RESERVOIR
SECONDARY AND TERTIARY MIGRATION - WITHIN RESERVOIR
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Surface Trap
Sub - Surface Trap
Petroleum Traps
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How Do We Find Oil?
• Oil reservoirs are located bymapping the subsurface
geology by seismic
acquisition
•
To do this, dynamites aredetonated on the surface,
and the resulting signals are
processed
• The processed data is then
analyzed and interpreted to
produce subsurface maps,
on which prospects can be
located.
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Reaching The Oil
• Oil wells are drilled bydedicated drilling rigs that work24x7 to reach their targetdepth.
• Wells are drilled throughnarrow holes (varying from 30”to 6” in diameter)
• Drilling involves a lot of risks asit is very difficult to predictwhat layer of rock we mightencounter, what pressures and
temperatures might bepresent.
• Once drilling is over, aproduction setup is installed atthe wellhead.
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Producing the Oil
• Oil wells are produced via a
production setup, called a
Christmas tree. It is an
assembly of valves and helps
to distribute the flow of oilinto the surface pipelines.
• When the production
declines, artificial lifting
mechanisms are installed,like Gas Lift, Sucker Rods, or
submersible pumps.
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WaterWater
OIL OIL
GasGas
OIL + Gas
(Associated gas)
Associated Gas (Solution Gas ) Reservoir
Evolution of Solution Gas
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Associated Gas (Gas Cap Gas ) Reservoir
OIL + Gas solution gasGas
Gas-cap-gas
OIL
Gas
OIL
Gas
Water Water
Expansion of the
Gas-Cap-Gas
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Water Water
Gas Gas
Non-Associated Gas Reservoir
(Non-Associated gas)
Gas
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Source: US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory
OIL PRODUCTION
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SURFACE SEPARATION OF
CRUDE OIL INTO OIL, GAS ANDWATER ON PRODUCTION
PLATFORMS
STORAGE OF CRUDE OIL IN
TANK FARMS
WELLS DRILLED INTO A
RESERVOIR – CRUDE OIL AND
NATURAL GAS PRODUCED
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RESERVOIR LIFE PROCESS
EXPLORATION
DISCOVERY
DELINEATION
DEVELOPMENT
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
ABANDONMENT
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IOR Processes
Productionenhancement
• Optimizing
artificial lift• Increasing well
stimulation
• Re-activating idlewells
• De-bottleneckingfacilities
Drilling / wellintervention
methods
• Infill/step-out
drilling• Re-completion
• Workover
• Deepening
Secondary recovery
• Water flooding
• Gas flooding(immiscible)
Enhanced oilrecovery
• Gas flooding –
CO2
• Condensateflooding
• Microbial (MEOR)
• Surfactant(chemical)
• Polymer• Thermal
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Field Size Distribution (FSD)
FSD in a basin Shows Lognormal distribution
•Very small fields - Few•Small fields - Many•Medium-size fields - Handful•Large fields - Very few
• FSD typically shifts towards smaller sizes as exploration matures
• Exploration and development opportunities diminish over time
in a mature basin
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Peak Oil – not just jargon
According to the theory of peak oil, worldwide reservesof petroleum have reachedtheir maximum.
New discoveries will not push
reserve replenishment figuresto where it was in the past
Further discoveries of oilfieldswill only help stem thedecline in reserves
Going by the trend of
exploration and productionthe world over, the theory of peak oil has been provedbeyond doubt.
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Reservoir Management Critical
Decreasing discovery trend
Insufficient production
Increasing consumption
Increasing exploration costs
Thrust to maximize recovery fromestablished reserves
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The Concept of Reservoir Management
RESERVOIRMANAGEMENT
Productionengineering
Reservoirengineering
Gas andchemical
engineering
Environmentaland legal aspects
Economics andmanagement
Research andservice labs
Productionoperations
Drilling
Design andconstructionengineering
Geology andgeophysics
fl f d
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Influence of Primary Producing
Mechanisms on Reservoir Pressure and
Recovery Efficiency
Recovery Efficiency, % OOIP
10 20 30 40 50 60
R e s e r v o i r
P r e s s u r e ,
% O
r i g i n a l P r e s s u r e
20
40
60
80
100Liquid and Rock Expansion
Solution Gas Drive
Gas Cap Expansion
Water Influx
Gravity Drainage
Through proper reservoir
management, it is aimed tokeep the graph following this
pattern, in order to maximize
recovery
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INTEGRATION AND TEAMWORK
PEOPLE
MANAGEMENT
ENGINEERS
LAND/LEGAL
FIELD
FINANCIAL
DATA
GEOLOGICAL
GEOPHYSICAL
RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING
FINANCIAL
TOOLS
SEISMICINTERPRETATION
DATA ACQUISITION
LOGGING
CORING
FACILITIES
SIMULATORS
EOR
PRESSURE TRANSIENT
TECHNOLOGY
SEISMIC
GEOLOGIC
GEOSTATISTICS
ENGINEERING
DRILLING
COMPLETIONS
EOR
HSE
T I t ti
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Team Integration
(G&G and Reservoir Engg.)
Flat spot recognised on seismic,implying presence of gas.
Secondary gas saturation from gas injection
observed in simulation model.
Model validated and loop closed.
Moran Field
New Approaches
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New Approaches
(3D Static and Dynamic Modelling)3D geocellular modelling captures
the complex sand-body geometries
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Virtual realization of the Geological model
KALPALOK
VIRTUAL REALIZATION CENTREOIL INDIA LIMITED, DULIAJAN
RESERVOIR
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RESERVOIR
SIMULATIONHelps to view the effects of
production and injection plans
on the reservoir in the past, as
well as helps us forecast future
production trends
In simulation, the entire
reservoir is converted into a
cyber grid, and using
processed seismic, geologicaland petrophysical data, the
model is made to resemble the
reservoir as best as possible.
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Category-I:
Proved petroliferous basins with
commercial production
Category-II:
Basins with known occurrence
of hydrocarbons but from which
no commercial production has
been yet obtained
Category-III:
Basins with no significanthydrocarbon shows but
assumed prospective on
geological considerations
Category-IV:
Frontier basins with uncertain
prospects. Deemed prospectiveon analogy with similar basins
worldwide
Category-V
Offshore basins
Deep Waters
Indian Petroleum Basins : An OverviewSedimentary Basins
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“We usually find oil in new places with old ideas. Sometimes,
we also find oil in an old place with a new idea, - but seldom
we find much oil in an old place with an old idea. Severaltimes in the past, we have thought that we were running out
of oil, whereas we were actually running out of ideas.”
Parke Atherton Dickey
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