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INTRODUCTION OF WEEK 7 Assignment Discussion

Graded: 3-1-2 (Creation of Database) (All submitted!) Naming standard, Logical to physical design OEM required Listener configuration, Delete group 3 Lessons learned (10 points): error and resolution, documentation as future

instruction manual, reflection of your learning Turn in the 3-1-3 only in the future, not 3-1-1 and 3-1-2

Turned in: 5-1 (Connectivity Paper) Due this week: 6-1 (High Availability Paper)

Review of previous week and module Database Change Management Availability Requirement and Architecture Database access validation: were you able to use OEM and SQL

Plus? Overview of this week

Database Security User Management and Security in Oracle Midterm Review

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MODULE 3 DATABASE MANAGEMENTSection 3 Database Security

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DATA INTEGRITY

Database structure integrity Index corruption, data block corruption Invalid objects Managing structural problems: DBMS utility

Semantic data integrity Entity integrity – primary key should be used Check constraint , rules in SQL Server –

validate data Trigger – a piece of code that is executed

automatically when a data modification happens

Referential integrity – establish the relationship between primary and foreign key columns

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ASPECTS OF DATABASE SECURITY Authorization – controlling access to data Authentication – restricting access to

legitimate users Auditing – ensuring accountability and

inspection Encryption – safeguarding key data in the

database Enterprise security – managing the security

of the entire organizational information structure beyond database itself

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AUTHORIZATION

Authorization – controlling access to data Policy issues – what info should be viewed Integrity issues – preventing unexpected

results Types of privileges

Data access – read, write, or reference to a table, a view

Database object – create or modify database objects

System – perform certain types of system-wide activities

Procedure – execute specific functions and stored procedures

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AUTHORIZATION IMPLEMENTATION

Data Control Language (DCL) – Grant and Revoke

Grant different types of privileges GRANT SELECT, INSERT on Titles to user5; GRANT CREATE session, CREATE table to user1; GRANT SELECT ANY table to user9; GRANT EXECUTE on Proc1 to user2, user5;

Grant with GRANT option – pass the granted authority to others GRANT SELECT on Titles to user3 WITH GRANT

OPTION;

Revoke REVOKE INSERT on Titles from user5;

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ROLE AND GROUP

Roles – a collection of granted privileges A role can be created using the CREATE ROLE. The permissions are granted to the role The role is assigned to users using GRANT. These

users will get all the privileges from the role. Groups – DBMS built-in roles

System administrator: SYS in Oracle, SA in SQL Server

Database administrator: all privileges over the database

Operations control: perform certain operations such as backup and recovery

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AUTHENTICATION

Authentication – restricting access to legitimate users

DBMS user ID and password Password guidance and enforcement

Operating system login ID and password

LDAP authentication A global login account is established for

enterprise access In order to access a database, the global

login account has to be associated with the database.

It is a single sign-on or with same login and password

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AUDITING

Auditing – ensuring accountability and inspection

When auditing is enabled, the DBMS will produce an audit trail of database operations.

Auditing level – database, user, object Auditing issues – performance

degradation, storage usage Examples of audit facilities

Login and logoff attempts Commands issued to an object Stored procedure executions

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ENCRYPTION

Encryption – protect sensitive data in the database

It is a security technique that encodes legible data into a scrambled format.

Encryption consists of applying an encryption algorithm to data using some pre-specified encryption key. The resulting data has to be decrypted using a decryption key to recover the original data.

Examples of encryption Public key encryption Digital signature

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ENTERPRISE SECURITY

Enterprise security – managing the security of the entire organizational information structure beyond database itself

System-related issues: Operating system, database physical files, network access and control

Legal and ethical issues

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MODULE 3 DATABASE MANAGEMENTSection 4 User Management and Security in Oracle

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USER MANAGEMENT Creating a new user

Privilege required: “create user” system privilege SQL> CREATE USER mobeydick IDENTFIEDY BY

whitewhale;

Altering a user – modifying password, assign resource, etc. Privilege required: “alter user” system privilege SQL> ALTER USER Jim IDENTIFIED BY red; SQL> ALTER USER Jim DEFAULT TABLESPACE users;

Resource Default tablespace, temporary tablespace Profile: limit on the amount of resources a user can

use

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ORACLE PRIVILEGES

In oracle, there are two types of privileges: system and object.

System privilege - allowing a user to perform a particular action within the database, or on any schema objects

Object privilege - gives user ability to perform some operations on a specific object such as table, view, procedure, function.

A role is a named group of collected system and object privileges.

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SYSTEM PRIVILEGE

System privilege - allowing a user to perform a particular action within the database, or on any schema objects

Privilege required: the system privilege with ADMIN OPTION, or GRANT ANY PRIVILEGE system privilege

Examples: CREATE SESSION: connect to a database CREATE ANY INDEX, SELECT ANY TABLE

Information is stored in: dba_sys_privs

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OBJECT PRIVILEGE

Object privilege - gives user ability to perform some operations on a specific object such as table, view, procedure, function

Privilege required: the owner of the object, object privileges with the GRANT option, GRANT ANY OBJECT system privilege

Examples: GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON Titles to user1;

Information is stored in: dba_tab_privs

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ORACLE NAMING CONVENTION

In Oracle data dictionary, most object names begin with one of three prefixes:

USER_ information about objects owned by the user performing the query

ALL_ information from USER plus other objects on which privileges have been granted to PUBLIC or to the user

DBA_ all database objects, regardless of owner

Oracle dynamic views: current instance information

V$ v$session contains info of all current sessions

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0EXAMPLES OF DATA DICTIONARY VIEWS DBA_USERS – information about all user

accounts DBA_ROLES – all the roles in the database USER_TAB_PRIVS – table privileges for

which you are the grantee, the grantor, or the object owner

USER_SYS_PRIVS – system privileges that have been granted to the user

USER_ROLE_PRIVS – roles that have been assigned to the user

SESSION_PRIVS – system privileges currently enabled for the login user

SESSION_ROLES – roles currently enabled for the user

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MIDTERM REVIEW DBA roles and responsibilities DBMS architecture and selection drivers Oracle architecture

database vs. instance logical and physical structures high-level understand background processes and memory

structure DBMS installation basics, change consideration Database design: conceptual, logical, and physical design Database connectivity layers, ODBC/JDBC architecture Oracle Net, Listener, purposes of “listener.ora” and

“tnsnames.ora” Database change: types, impacts, and management Database high-availability problems and solutions Database security: aspects, authorization, authentication Oracle privileges: system and object, roles

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