introduction to animal science. competency 1.00 investigate agriculture animals in order to build a...
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Animal Science
Competency 1.00
• Investigate agriculture animals in order to build a foundational knowledge for advanced animal science studies
ANIMAL DOMESTICATION
Adapting animal behavior to fit the needs of people.
REASONS FOR DOMESTICATION
• To ensure a steadier supply of food and clothing
• Companionship• Assist in labor
RESULTS OF DOMESTICATION
• Less dependence on hunting and wild plants for food
• A surer source of food and clothing• A more settled way of life• Selective breeding
WHAT IS SELECTIVE BREEDING?
Selecting animals with certain desirable
characteristics to use for breeding purposes
ORIGIN OF CATTLE
• Bos taurus- European cattle• Bos indicus- Humped cattle from
tropical countries. – India
• First brought to the U.S. by Columbus
Bos indicus
Bos taurus
Cattle
ORIGIN OF CATTLE
• Major growth of large herds in great plains states because of grazing.
• Midwest and north central states became the main area for finishing cattle because of grain.
US Cattle
Grazing
Finishing
ORIGIN OF SWINE
• Sus scrofa and Sus vittatus.• Chinese were first to tame pigs• Brought to new world by Columbus• DeSoto took hogs westward• Midwestern cornbelt states
became largest hog producing area
Sus vittatus
Sus scrofa
Swine
ORIGIN OF SHEEP
• One of the first animals tamed by humans
• Brought to new world by Columbus• Used by colonists mainly for wool• Northeast and Western states are
main sheep producing areas
4000 BC
Sheep
ORIGIN OF GOATS
• Pasang and Grecian Ibex- Wild goats found in Asia Minor
• Goats brought to new world for milk and hair
Western Asia
Goats
ORIGIN OF HORSES
• Evolved from Eohippus• First tamed in Asia or Persia• Brought to new world by Columbus• Horses were left behind by
explorers• Brought to new world for work
animals
Asia and Persia
Horses
ORIGIN OF POULTRY
• Gallus gallus- Wild jungle fowl, ancestor of tame chickens
• Turkeys were probably tamed by people originally living in America
India and ChinaEgypt
North America
Poultry
Objective
• 1.01• Define terms used to identify
animals by sex, age, & physical traits in the beef, swine, and poultry industry
Terms
Cattle SwinePoultry
Not castrated Bull Boar RoosterCastrated (young) Steer Barrow CaponCastrated (old) Stag StagYoung female Heifer GuiltThat has not given birth
Older female Cow SowThat has given birth
Baby Calf Pig Chick
Objective
• 1.02• Identify the major breeds of beef,
swine, and poultry
Angus
Beef Breeds
• Angus– Black– Polled– Originated in Scotland– It is the most “registered” purebred– High in carcass quality
Hereford
Beef Breeds
• Hereford– Red and White face– Horns– Originated in England– Docile
• Gentle temperament
– Good foragers• Efficient converters of forage crops
Charolais
Charolais
Beef Breeds
• Charolais– White to light straw colored– Naturally Horned
• Breeding-up has created polled animals
– Large framed– Originated in France
Brahman
Brahman
Beef Breeds
• Brahman– Light Gray to Black or Red– Originated in India– Pronounced hump– Loose Dewlap– Insect tolerant– Disease tolerant
Polled Hereford
Polled Hereford
• Developed from the horned Hereford breed
• Originated in 1901• Warren Gammon• Des Moines, Iowa
Limousin
Limousin
• Native to the south central part of France
• Golden-red cattle
Beefmaster (Bull)
Beefmaster
• Developed from:– Brahman
– Hereford
– Shorthorn
• Developed by Ed Lasater in 1908
Shorthorn
Texas Longhorn
Chianina (pronounced kee-a-nee-na)
Dairy Breeds
Holstein
Dairy Breeds
• Holstein– 90% of the dairy cattle in the US– Black and white– Leading producer of milk– Produce about 18,000 lbs. Of milk per
cow per year
Jersey
Guernsey
Other Dairy Breeds Jersey
Cream to light fawn to almost black Number one in milk fat
Guernsey Fawn and white
Ayrshire Cherry red and white
Brown Swiss Solid brown
Ayrshire
Brown Swiss
Identifying Breeds of Swine
American Landrace
• White• Long Body• Big loped forward ears• Large litters• Good mothering ability• Originated in Denmark
American Landrace
Duroc
• Red• Drooped ears• Good growth rate• Excellent feed conversion
Duroc
Hampshire
• Black with a white belt• Erect ears• Good muscle• Carcass leanness
Hampshire
Yorkshire
• White• Erect ears• Large litters• Good feed efficiency• Excellent growth and mothering
ability• Long carcass
Yorkshire
Poland China
• Drooped ears• Black and white• Sound in its feet and legs
Poland China
Chester White
• Chester County, Pennsylvania• Intermingled English breeds
Chester White
Tamworth
• English breed• Ireland • Bacon-type
Tamworth
Berkshire
• Black and white• Erect ears• Fast and efficient growth• Reproductive efficiency• Cleanness• Meatiness
Berkshire
Spotted Swine
• Popular with farmers and commercial swine producers for their ability to transmit their fast-gaining, feed efficient, meat qualities to their offspring
Spotted Swine
Assignment
• Read pages 239 to 268 in the Livestock and Companion Animals textbook
• Answer the following questions and turn in on notebook paper:
Assignment (p. 239-248)
1. What is a new breed of pig that looks like the Hereford Cattle Breed?
2. Explain what a hybrid hog is.3. What is the current consumer trend in
swine type?4. How many piglets are produced on
average at each birth?5. How do you accurately measure
backfat?
Total Confinement
Farrowing Crate
Identifying Breeds of Poultry
Breeds, Varieties, Types & Classes
• Breed- group of related fowl that breed true for a specific trait
• Type- purpose for which it is breed
(meat or egg type)• Classes- geographic origin
(Mediterranean, American, English and Asiatic)
Egg Producers
Layers- chickens that produce eggs• White egg producers- small in size
– White Leghorns- white plumage
• Brown egg producers- larger birds that
are not as economical as Leghorns– Rhode Island Reds- dark red plumage– New Hampshires- red plumage– Plymouth Rocks- white plumage
White Leghorns
Barred Rock
Rhode Island Red
Layer Cages
Meat Producers
• Chickens used for meat production are called Broilers
• Birds used for meat production are usually commercial crosses– Example: White Plymouth Rock
females mated to Cornish (English class) males
Confinement Broiler House
Confinement Broiler House
Turkeys
Broad Breasted White• White plumage• Shanks, feet, and beak is white to pink• White pinfeathers
– Increases the value of the carcass
• Can survive better in hotter climates• Good body confirmation but smaller
than other breeds
Broad Breasted White
Turkeys
Broad Breasted Bronze• Black plumage• Dark colored pinfeathers• Largest of the turkey
varieties• Poor fertility and
reproductive problems– Males are not good breeders
Broad Breasted Bronze
Turkeys
Beltsville Small Whites• Developed by the USDA• Similar to the Broad
Breasted Whites• Averages about 10 lbs.
less in mature body weight
Beltsville Small Whites
Commercial Livestock
• Used in the livestock and poultry industry
• Crosses of more than one breed or strain of breeds
• Adds in genetic diversity– Livestock have more desired traits– Undesirable traits can be lessened
• Used by most producers
Livestock External Anatomy
Objective
• 1.03• Recognize the major parts of
cattle, swine and poultry
Cattle Parts
Cattle Parts
Cattle Parts
• In your notebook draw a diagram of a beef cow labeling 20 different parts including the 11 red stars in the class diagram
Cattle Parts
Swine Parts
• In your notebook draw a diagram of a swine labeling 15 different parts including red stars in the class diagram
Swine Parts
Poultry Parts
• comb• wattles• beak• eye ring• ear lobe• vent• hock
Diagram a chicken in your notes labeling these parts: (use the diagram in your textbook for help)
toesbreastbackabdomenbodyshank
Poultry Parts
External Parts• Anatomy
– The science of body structure
• Modified skin:– horns– hooves– feathers– fur– wool– hair
Selective Breeding
• Only the best animals are chosen as breeding stock:– Confirmation– Breed character– Structural soundness of feet and legs– Body capacity
Structural Soundness
Structural Soundness
Structural Soundness
Structural Soundness
Competency 2.00
• Recognize the benefits and importance of agricultural animals
Objective
• Breeds 2.01• State the importance of livestock
products and by-products
Livestock Products
• Work in groups of three and write down as many animals products and by-products as you can.
• You have 10 min. to complete this task!
Livestock Products
1. Food– meat, milk, cheese, eggs
2. Clothing– wool, leather from hides
3. Shelter– tents from hides
4. Power– work in less developed countries
Livestock Products
5. Recreation– horse back riding, rodeos
6. Fuel– burn dry animal manure
7. Animals are converters– eat stuff humans will not eat and
convert these materials into food– meat, eggs, milk, etc.
Which of the following was not made from animals:
Answer!
By-Products1. Wool2. Leather 3. Candy and chewing gum from
animal fat 4. Gelatin - from horns, hooves,
bones, and hides 5. Glue, cosmetics, waxes, soap,
lubricants, brushes, etc.
Wool
By-Products6. Animal feeds from scrap meat and
bones and blood meal 7. Insulin
– for diabetics– from livestock pancreas
By-Products
8. Heparin– for blood clotting– from livestock lungs
9. Candles10. Fertilizer
Trends in Animal Science
Objective
• 2.02• Describe the economic importance
and trends for each major classes of livestock and poultry produced in North Carolina
Swine
Trends in NC Swine
• The top agriculture commodity in North Carolina – found mostly in the eastern 1/2 of the
state
• North Carolina ranks 2nd nationally– Iowa is 1st
Trends in NC Swine
• The swine industry brings in over 1.5 billion dollars to the state
• The number of swine farms is decreasing– The size of farms is increasing
Poultry
Trends in NC Poultry
• Broilers are Cleveland County’s top agriculture commodity
• Broilers are NC’s second rank commodity
• Broilers bring in over 1.3 billion dollars in cash receipts to NC agriculture
Trends in NC Poultry
• Recent health concerns has increased the consumption of poultry products– less fat– subcutaneous fat layer
Animal Agriculture
• North Carolina livestock commodities brings in twice as much money as other agriculture products
Livestock, Dairy and Poultry Cash Receipts from Farm Marketing, 2001
Cleveland County Livestock Rank Within State, (2002 estimates)
• Hogs- 61st (1,500) (4,100 in 2004)
• Cattle- 7th (23,500)– Beef Cattle 6th– Milk Cattle 23rd (800)
• Broilers- 23rd (7,200,000)• All chickens- 30th
Statistics
Charts and statistics provided by:• NCDA
– http://www.ncagr.com/stats/index.htm
• USDA– http://www.usda.gov/nass/