Introduction to Emergency

Definition

First aid is the emergency care and treatment of a sick or injured person (casualty) before professional medical services are obtained. FIRST AID MEASURES ARE NOT MEANT TO REPLACE PROPER MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, but will only consist of providing temporary support until professional medical assistance is available

First Aid AimsFirst Aid Aims

The purposes of first aid are:

(1) to save life

(2) prevent further injury, and

(3) to minimize or prevent infection.

Responsibilities of the First AiderResponsibilities of the First Aider

• Assess the situation quickly and safely and call for appropriate help

• Protect casualties and others (bystanders) from possible danger

• To identify, as far as possible, the nature of illness or injury affecting casualty.

• To give each casualty early and appropriate treatment, treating the most serious condition first.

• To arrange for the casualty’s removal to hospital or into the care of a medical team.

• To remain with a casualty until appropriate care is available.

Priorities of CausalitiesPriorities of Causalities

• Save the conscious casualties before the unconscious ones as they have a higher chance of recovery.

• Save the young before the old.• Casualties should always be treated in the order of

priority, usually given by the “3 Bs3 Bs”:– Breathing– Bleeding– BonesRemember: One of your aims is to preserve life, and not

endanger your own in the process of rendering First Aid

Types of Emergency careTypes of Emergency care- Pre-hospital care

• The time from injury to definitive care is a determinant of survival, particularly those with major internal hemorrhage.

• Careful attention must be given to the circulation, airway and breathing (CAB’s). with cervical spine immobilization,

Consist of two types of supports:1)Basic life support:Without intervention splint, pressing wound 2)Advanced life support.With intervention

• Intubations, Intra Venous line.• useful in cardiac patient.• Harmful in trauma patient. Because this take the

golden hour waiting for the ambulance.

Additional Pre-Hospital MeasuresAdditional Pre-Hospital Measures

• Occlusive dressings to manage open chest wounds

• Needle thoracotomy to relieve tension pneumothorax

• Endotracheal intubation

- Hospital care• Behavior and treatment different between

Emergency Room (ER) and word.

• Because in ER there is no time (deal with the core of the problem).

Fundamentals of First AidFundamentals of First Aid

• The first concern in first aid is: safetysafety

• The second concern is, unless the victim is in a life-threatening situation, he or she should: not be movednot be moved

Giving First Aid RAPCABHRAPCABH

R = Responsiveness (Is the victim conscious?)

A = Activate EMS (Emergency Medical Services)

P = Position (no spinal injury, position according to injury)

C = Circulation (Is there a pulse? Check!)

A = Airway (is it blocked? Check head position)

B = Breathing (is the victim breathing? Check!)

H = Hemorrhaging (Is the victim bleeding?)

Perform secondary survey. Examine the victim for other injuries and wait for medical attention to arrive.

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Giving First Aid

RAPCABHR is for Responsiveness

Is the victim conscious?

Touch their shoulder, ask if they are alright.

Ask if they need help.

If they say no, then proceed no further

If yes, or no response, then proceed to A

A is for Activate EMS (Emergency Medical Services)

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P is for PositionOnly re-position the victim if the victim is in further danger in their present location.

And / or there does not seem to be spinal injury and additional care requires moving them.

If there are suspected spinal injuries, do not move the victim (except when the victim is in a life

threatening situation).

Explain when an injured person should and should not be moved?

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C is for circulationIf there is not a pulse, then this person needs CPR.The best place to check for a pulse is the carotid artery along the side of the neck along the windpipe.If you are not trained in CPR, then find someone who is.

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A is for airway

Use your finger to sweep the mouth to remove any seen object.

-check to see if the airway is blocked.

B is for breathing

Look, listen and feel by watching the chest and placing your cheek a few inches above the mouth of the victim to sense any movement of air. If the victim is not breathing, they may need their head repositioned.

If they are still not breathing they need

rescue breathing, do not give unless you

are trained, instead, find an adult

H is for Hemorrhage

If the victim is bleeding, then provide the necessary care.

First Aid KitFirst Aid Kit

Gauze Pads -To cover wounds and prevent infection.

Roll Bandage -To stabilize strains and sprains and cover wounds.

Triangular Bandage -To cover wounds and prevent infection .

Container – To keep all first aid items in one common container.

Bandages -To stop minor bleeding and prevent infection.

Adhesive Tape -To secure bandages to wounds.

Antibacterial Ointment -To prevent infection on small cuts.

Calamine Lotion -To prevent itching. Soap -To clean minor wounds and

prevent infection. Latex Gloves -To protect the rescuerBandage Scissors -To cut gauze and

bandages. from infection and blood pathogens

The Emergency TrolleyThe Emergency Trolley

Is a multi drawer cabinet contains the essential medication and tools needed for emergency cases.

Goal of emergency trolley

• Compromised Airway• Respiratory Distress /Respiratory Arrest• Cardiac Arrest• Drug Overdose• Hypoglycemia• Anaphylactic Reaction

• Oxygen supply • Defibrillator with Monitor• Portable monitor/defibrillator unit • Portable suction apparatus• Laryngoscope • Shuttle forceps• Sphygmomanometer• Stethoscope • Emergency Crash Cart Check Sheet• Check List of cart contents.• Emergency drug information sheet

The Emergency TrolleyContents of the trolley

External Contents Oxygen supply:

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Oxygen regulator with flow meter and avalve to adjust the rate of oxygen flow

Oxygen cylinder

Contents of the Trolley

Defibrillator

Contents of the Trolley

Suction Apparatus

Sphygmomanometer: An instrument to measure blood pressure.

 

Stethoscope: 

 

Contents of the Trolley

Bag valve mask (Ambo bag)

Breathing and Airway

Contents of the Trolley

Breathing and AirwayTracheostomy Set:

Contents of the Trolley

Ventilation DevicesPocket mask 

Breathing and Airway

Contents of the Trolley

Airway adjunctsOropharyngeal Airways:

Nasopharyngeal Airways:.

Breathing and AirwayContents of the Trolley

Circulation: IV supplies 

Contents of the Trolley

I.V Cannula Butterfly

Syringe Tourniquet

Sample supplies

Contents of the Trolley

Tongue blades

Scissors Thermometer

Protective gownsmasks

Kidney bowel

Sample supplies

Contents of the Trolley