introduction to genetics powerpoint
TRANSCRIPT
Table of Contents
Date Description Category
1/4 Genetics Unit organizer1/4 Mendel & His Peas Video Activity 1/4 Who Loves Peas – Mendel Rdg. &?’s Homework
7th Grade Science Unit Organizer – Life Science Last Unit: Current Unit: Next Unit:
Essential Questions:1. Introduction to Genetics –What is the relationship among genes, chromosomes, and inherited traits?How are genes related to genotype and phenotype?
2. Punnett Squares –How is a punnett square used to determine the probability of possible offspring?
3. Genetics Since Mendel –What other inheritance patterns have been identified and how do they differ from what Mendel described?
4. Pedigrees –What is a pedigree chart and how are they interpreted?
Relationships:
Compare/ContrastCreating Analyzing
Hypothesize/PredictSimulate
Major Assignments &Assessments
(Check when complete & returned)
Genetics Foldable
Genetics & Heredity
1. Introduction to Genetics
Gregor Mendel
Principles of Genetics
To better understand we need to learn
More discoveries have been made
Tool used in Mendelian Genetics
Introduction to Genetics -based on 6 principals (what are they?)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Punnett Squares-how do you fill out a punnett square?
Create and explain an example.
Genetics Since Mendel-other inheritance patterns (list & describe)
1.
2.
3.
Study Guide – Life Science Last Unit:
MicroLifeCurrent Unit:
Genetics & Heredity Next Unit:
Human Body Systems
Genetics Unit Vocabulary – We will fill this section in as we go. Use these words to create flash cards. (Definitions will be in your notebook)
Gregor Mendel: Great Minds With Hank Green (A.K.A. - the guy from the Crash Course videos )
_________________________________________
Mendel’s Hypothesis:
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Gregor Mendel-
“Great Minds”
How are physical characteristics in pea plants passed to offspring?
Tended garden at the monastery And went to college to become a teacher –
studied Heredity
Parents “give” information/directions formation/directions to their offspring.
He studied:-color of flowers (purple/ white)
-size of plant (short/tall)-texture of pea (smooth/wrinkled)
-color of pea (yellow/green)
Did different crosses to get different results (on purpose) over and over
1. Offspring inherit a pair of “information”- one from each parent.
2. Alleles can be dominant or recessive.
3. Dominant doesn’t necessarily mean it is seen most often. It is in fact, random!
Yes!!!
They gave us the foundation of
genetics.
1/4 Who Loves Peas? – Gregor Mendel Reading
Your Task:To create a Genetics
foldable with
definitions and colors!
Name: Date: Period:
Genetics Foldable
Name: Date: Period:
Q: What have you inherited?
How traits are Inherited
The Father of Genetics
Dominant vs. Recessive
Genotype vs. Phenotype
Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
Punnett Squares
Task #1
Create your foldable & label the flaps as shown.
*You will cut 3 flaps in half
as shown.
1/6 - Warm-up: Brain Pop - Genetics
Warm-up:Tape down and reviewthe Brain Pop questions you got off the pink stool. Answer while you watch!
Who Loves Peas?
1. Choose one of your parents to compare yourself to and discuss two physical features that you share.
2. Why was Gregor Mendel given the nickname “Father of Genetics”?
3. There were two reasons given as to why Mendel chose to study the pea plant. List both.
4. What two ideas did Mendel get from his work with the pea plants?
5. What did Mendel believe was passed from the parent pea plants to the next set of plants?
6. What did Mendel mean when he said “some traits are not tied to other traits”?
7. What is shown in a Punnett Square?
8. Why do you think that it took so long for scientists to pay attention to all of the research on pea plants from Mendel?
Answers will vary
He was the first person who was able to figure out a lot about how directions are passed down from parents to children.
1. They grow quickly2. It’s easy to see changes in their stem length, seed color and flower color
1. He realized that each parent gives half of its directions to the children.2. Each trait he studied was passed on to the new plants without being tied to the other traits.
Directions
One trait did not necessarily affect another trait
The “directions” each parent has and what the children COULD look like
His ideas were brand new and notenough scientists were studying the same information for others to believe.
Introduction to Genetics -based on 6 principals (what are they?)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Punnett Squares-how do you fill out a punnett square?
Create and explain an example.
Genetics Since Mendel-other inheritance patterns (list & describe)
1.
2.
3.
Study Guide – Life Science Last Unit:
MicroLifeCurrent Unit:
Genetics & HeredityNext Unit:
Human Body Systems
Genetics Unit Vocabulary – We will fill this section in as we go. Use these words to create flash cards. (Definitions will be in your notebook)
Traits
Heredity
Genetics
Dominant
Recessive
Punnett Square
Characteristics
Genes
Genotype
Phenotype
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Alleles
Gregor Mendel
Probability
*Copy these words onto your Study Guide!
1/7 Warm-up
Genetics Vocabulary Word Boxes D IRECTIONS: Use the red text book and page numbers below to find/copy the definition for each
vocabulary word. Sentences must be complete and pictures must be colored.
p. 404
p. 411
p. 411
p. 410
p. 411Use your foldable!
p. 412
p. 411Use your foldable!
One of the alternative forms of a gene for a characteristic, such as hair color. The “stronger” form of the trait
One of the alternative forms of a gene for a characteristic, such as hair color. The “weaker” form of the trait
Mendel and His Peas Vocabulary In your own words, write a definition of the following terms in the space provided. *Use page 404 in the red text book.
1. Heredity: _____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Dominant Trait: _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________
3. Recessive Trait: _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Mendel and His Peas Vocabulary In your own words, write a definition of the following terms in the space provided. *Use page 404 in the red text book.
1. Heredity: _____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Dominant Trait: _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________
3. Recessive Trait: _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Warm-up:Write the following definitions in your notebook. You may use a text book. (page 404)
1/8 Warm-up: Genetics Definitions
The passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
The trait observed in the 1st generation when parents that have different traits are bred.
The trait that reappears in the 2nd generation after disappearing in the 1st when parents with different traits are bred.
Genetics Vocabulary Word Boxes One of the alternative forms of a gene for a characteristic, such as hair color. The “stronger” form of the trait
Because of the dominant allele, the baby had brown hair
One of the alternative forms of a gene for a characteristic, such as hair color. The “weaker” form of the trait
The only way to see a recessive trait is to have two recessive alleles
The passing of traits from parents to offspring
Square used to organize all of the possible combination of offspring from particular parents
Punnett squares show the results of genetic crosses.
The genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits
All of the offspring for this cross have the same genotype –BB.
An organism’s appearance or detectable characteristic
Phenotypes are affected by genes Brown
Eyes
An organism with two different alleles
A plant that has the genotype Pp is said to be heterozygous.
Pp
An organism with two dominant or two recessive alleles
A plant the hasthe genotypePP is said to be homozygous dominant. PP
The likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event
What is the probability of having a plant with white flowers?
Because of heredity, I can roll my tongue .
1/11 Warm-up: Heredity Concept Map
Heredity
characteristics
parents
offspring
genes
alleles
dominant genotype phenotype
1/11 Intro to
Genetics Notes
Intro to Genetics – Smart Notes
History of Genetics
Gregor __________ - Known as the “ _________ of Genetics”
Austrian monk – tended __________________ at monastery (church)
Experimented with _____ _________ to try and find a pattern to the way characteristics are passed from
generation to generation.
Why pea plants?!
1. ____________________________________
2. ____________________________________ (examples: plant height, seed color and seed shape)
3. ____________________________________
Mendel’s First Experiments
* Crossed 2 _________ pea plants RESULTS = ALL ____________ pea plants
* Crossed 2 _________ pea plants RESULTS = ALL ____________ pea plants
Mendel called these plants ____________ because they produced offspring with the same physical traits as parent
plants.
Mendel’s Second Experiments
* Crossed _________ plant with _______ plant RESULTS = ALL __________ plants.
* Crossed 2 _________ pea plants RESULTS = some ________, and some ____________ pea plants.
Mendel called these plants _____________ because they can produce offspring that can have the dominant form
of the trait OR the recessive form of the trait.
To be able to identify different generations from another, Mendel began naming generations:
Original plants = ______________________
1st offspring of parent plants = _________________________
2nd
offspring = _____________________________
Mendel concluded that some plants contained factors for both ___________ & ___________. These factors are now
known as ________________.
____________ are the units of heredity.
**Fill in the missing information as we move through the slides. Make sure to
add any extra information to your paper that I write
on the board!
What's up? I'm Gregor Mendel.
Studied math & science
Austrian monk
Tended the garden at the monastery (church)
Experimented with pea plants to find pattern of characteristics passed to next generations.
"Father of Genetics"
1. grow and reproduce quickly
2. large variety of characteristics to study
3. can be crossed (bred) easily
X
tall tall
Produces ALL Tall
X
True breeding = always produces offspring with same traits as parents.
short short
Produces ALL Short
A.K.A. – Purebred or Homozygous
X
tall short
Parent Generation (P)1st Generation
So what now?? ... SURPRISE!!!
X
tall tall
1st Generation 2nd Generation The parent plants must be Hybrids!!!
Hybrid = a plant that has the gene for the tall trait and a gene for the short trait
A.K.A. – Heterozygous
Mendel concluded......some plants contained factors for both DOMINANT & RECESSIVE traits.
These factors are now known as GENES.
• GENES are the units of Heredity.
• Different forms of a gene are called ALLELES.
Mendel kept careful, detailed records......• some traits seemed to be "stronger" - DOMINANT • some traits seemed to be "weaker" than others - recessive
DOMINANT (T)
recessive (t)
every organism has 2 forms of a gene for each trait(one from each parent)
Possible Gene Combinations:
Homozygous – when an organism has 2 dominant or 2 recessive alleles for the genotype
Heterozygous – when an organism has 1 dominant AND 1 recessive allele for the genotype (TT or tt) (Tt)
*Geneticists use symbols (letters) to represent different forms of traits (alleles)
TT
Rr Yy
d
ABb
bb
6 Principles of Genetics
1. Traits, or characteristics, are passed on from one generation to the next generation.
2. Traits of organisms are controlled by genes.
3. Organisms inherit genes in pairs - one gene from each parent.
4. Some genes are DOMINANT and other are recessive.
5. Dominant genes hide recessive genes when both are inherited by an organism.
6. Some genes are neither dominant or recessive - Incomplete DominanceOr CoDominance
Warm-up:Copy & Answer the following questions in your notebook. You may use your notes!
1/12 Warm-up: What is Genetics?
1. How are traits inherited?
2. What was Mendel's role in the history of genetics?
3. Heredity and genetics help explain what?
A: Traits of organisms are controlled by genes.
A: He was the father of genetics.
A: They help to explain why people are different.
Probability=
So......What is the probability of inheriting a certain gene from your mom? ____% dad? ____%
Branch of mathematics that helps you predict the chance something will happen
• Every organism has ____ forms of genes!!!!2
BoyGirl?
XX(Female)
What allele do you get from your mom?
What allele do you get from your dad?
X or X YX or
XY(Male)
Boy ____%Girl ____%?
XX(Female)
What allele do you get from your mom?
What allele do you get from your dad?
X or X YX or
XY(Male)
Chromosome
Gene
Trait
Genotype:The actual gene makeup of an organism........
*The 2 alleles (from mom and dad) an organism has for trait
TT ttFf dd
SsBB
The physical (visible) characteristics of an organism
"What does the trait LOOK LIKE?"
TALL SHORT
Phenotype:
Section A: Identify each situation below by writing a P for phenotype or a G for genotype.
1) ______ Bb 6) ______ AaBbCc
2) ______ brown hair 7) ______ widow’s peak
3) ______ stripes 8) ______ curly hair
4) ______ ZZ 9) _______ Tt
5) ______ tall 10) _______ PP
Section B: Identify the following genotypes as homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous.
11) BB ____________________ 16) GG ____________________
12) Bb ____________________ 17) AA ____________________
13) bb ____________________ 18) Ss ____________________
14) Tt ____________________ 19) qq ____________________
15) rr ____________________ 20) Dd ____________________
Section A: Identify each situation below by writing a P for phenotype or a G for genotype.
1) ______ Bb 6) ______ AaBbCc
2) ______ brown hair 7) ______ widow’s peak
3) ______ stripes 8) ______ curly hair
4) ______ ZZ 9) _______ Tt
5) ______ tall 10) _______ PP
Section B: Identify the following genotypes as homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous.
11) BB ____________________ 16) GG ____________________
12) Bb ____________________ 17) AA ____________________
13) bb ____________________ 18) Ss ____________________
14) Tt ____________________ 19) qq ____________________
15) rr ____________________ 20) Dd ____________________
G
P
P
G
P
G
P
P
G
G
Homozygous Dominant
Heterozygous
Homozygous Recessive
Heterozygous
Homozygous Recessive
Homozygous Dominant
Homozygous Dominant
Heterozygous
Homozygous Recessive
Heterozygous
Section C: Assign a symbol (letter) for each situation below.
21) Black fur is dominant over white fur _________
22) Tall is dominant over short ________
23) Yellow is dominant. Green is recessive. __________
24) White flowers are recessive. Purple flowers are dominant. ____________
25) Long tails are dominant over short tails. _________
Phenotype Vs. Genotype Name: __________________ Date:________ Period: ___ Section D: Assign a genotype for each situation below.
26) The rabbit is homozygous dominant for black fur. __________
27) The flower is heterozygous for purple petals. ___________
28) The pea plant is short, which is the recessive trait. ____________
29) The dog is heterozygous for brown fur. ____________
30) The man is homozygous dominant for widow’s peak. ____________
B-black; b-whiteT-tall; t-short
Y-yellow; y-greenP-purple, p-white
L-long; l-short
BB
Pp
tt
Bb
WW
What Color is the Pod?
Green (G) is the dominant color for pods of pea
plants.
Yellow (g) is recessive.
1. What are the phenotypes of the following
genotypes?
a. GG___________________________
b. Gg ___________________________
c. gg ___________________________
2. Fill in the Punnett squares below to show the
outcomes of the crosses. Next to each genotype,
write the correct phenotype.
1/13 Warm-up: What Color is the Pod?
GreenGreenyellow
Warm-up:Tape in & complete
the following questions &
punnett squares in your notebook. You may use your
notes!
What Color is the Pod?
2. Fill in the Punnett squares below to show the outcomes of
the crosses. Next to each genotype, write the correct
phenotype.
a. GG X Gg b. GG x gg
c. Gg X Gg d. Gg x gg
1/13 What Color is the Pod?
G GG
g
GG GG
Gg Gg
G G
g
g
Gg Gg
Gg Gg
G g
G
g
GG Gg
Gg gg
G g
g
g
Gg gg
ggGg
Height (tall and short)
Tall- T, Short- t
3. Tall because it is the only trait seen in the first generation
4. Short because it is NOTseen in the first generation
5. Tt; T was inherited from the first plantt was inherited from the second plant
G
F
D
H
C
B
A
E
1/13 Practice: Punnett Square Exercises
Practice: Tape in & complete the following punnett squares in your notebook
1/13 – Simple Genetics Practice Problems
Warm-up:
Label your T.O.C. & clean off your desk
**Except for your notebook and something to write with.
Level ZERO so we can get started!!!
No, because the inheritance of traits is completely random. They may have “similar” features but NOT identical! (every sperm is genetically different and every egg is genetically different)
No, because there is always variation due to each sperm and egg being genetically different. Also, because traits are passed down over many generations!
Most (if not all)!!!! Each trait can be traced back to one of the grandparents.
Answers will vary.
HOMHETHET
HOM
HET
HOMHETHOM
HET
HETHOMHOM
HET
HOMHOMHET
Purple Purple White
Brown Brown Blue
Round
Round Wrinkled
Long tail
Long tail Bobtail
SS Ss
ss
PPPp
pp
1/20 -1/22 : Team Time Assignment*complete this worksheet (both sides) & turn it into your class tray before you leave.
Sponge Bob #1
1/20 Oompah Loompah Genetics
Warm-up:Tape in & complete the following punnett squares in your notebook. You may use your notes!
Oompah Loompah Genetics
SHOW ALL WORK and complete PUNNET SQUARES 1. Oompahs generally have blue faces which are caused by a dominant gene. The recessive condition results in an orange face. Develop a "key" to show the genotypes and phenotypes possible for Oompah Loompahs.
Genotype Phenotype
BB
Bb
bb
2. Two heterozygous Oompahs are crossed. What percent of the offspring will have orange faces?
Blue
Blue
Orange
B b
B
b
BB Bb
Bb bb
3. A blue faced Oompah (homozygous) is married to an orange faced Oompah. They have 8 children. How many children will have blue faces? 4. Otis Oompah has an orange face and is married to Ona Oompah who has a blue face. They have 60 children, 31 of them have orange faces. What are the genotypes of the parents?
Genotype of Ona ___________ Genotype of Otis ____________
5. Odie Oompah has a blue face. In fact, everyone in Odie's family has a blue face, and the family boasts that it is a "pure" line. Much to his family's horror, he married Ondi Oompah who "gasp" has an orange face. What are the gentoypes of their children? Is Odie's line still "pure"?
3. A blue faced Oompah (homozygous) is married to an orange faced Oompah. They have 8 children. How many children will have blue faces? 4. Otis Oompah has an orange face and is married to Ona Oompah who has a blue face. They have 60 children, 31 of them have orange faces. What are the genotypes of the parents?
Genotype of Ona ___________ Genotype of Otis ____________
B B
b
b
Bb Bb
Bb Bb
ALL of them!
Bb
B B
b
b
Bb Bb
Bb Bb
bb
1. Label “Punnett Square Stations” in your T.O.C. and on the next blank page in your notebook.
2. Clear off your tables except for a pencil.
3. ”Level 0” !!
Warm Up!
P
Change the B to a P!
Punnett Square Stations:
#1 and #2- Cookie Monster and TMNT
#3 and #4- Stewie and Mickey and Minnie Mouse
#5 and #6- Donald Duck and Mario and Princess Peach
#7 and #8– Bugs Bunny and Kermit and Miss Piggy
Bunny Genetics- Bunny Genetics
7th Grade Science Unit Organizer – Life Science Last Unit:
MicroLifeCurrent Unit:
Genetics & Heredity Next Unit:
Human Body Systems
Essential Questions:1. Introduction to Genetics –What is the relationship among genes, chromosomes, and inherited traits?How are genes related to genotype and phenotype?
2. Punnett Squares –How is a punnett square used to determine the probability of possible offspring?
3. Genetics Since Mendel –What other inheritance patterns have been identified and how do they differ from what Mendel described?
4. Pedigrees –What is a pedigree chart and how are they interpreted?
Relationships:
Compare/ContrastCreating Analyzing
Hypothesize/PredictSimulate
Major Assignments &Assessments
(Check when complete & returned)
Genetics Foldable
Intro to Genetics Notes
Mendel’s Work SS
Phenotype/Genotype Notes
Punnett Square Stations
SpongeBob Genetics #1
Genetics Vocab Quiz
Genetics & Heredity
1. Introduction to Genetics
Genetics Vocabulary
2. Punnett Squares
Gregor Mendel
Principles of Genetics
Inheritance Traits
Tools Genetic Crosses
Probability
To better understand we need to learn
More discoveries have been made
Tool used in Mendelian Genetics
P
Change the B to a P!
Warm Up:
It’s QUIZ Day!!!
• Clear off your tables (put everything on the floor except for your pencil!)
• LEVEL ZERO – so we can get things started
• Turn your Quiz into your class tray.
• When are finished with the quiz you should…?? Get & Complete SpongeBob Genetics #1 worksheet.
What’s the probability that I am going to ace this quiz!!!
HoHoHo
HeHe He
He
(He)-(Ho)- TT, ff, DD, bb, tt, BB, dd, FF
Dd, Bb, Tt, Ff,
BlueYellowYellow
Square Square round
TT, Tt tt
ppPpPP,
HoHo
HoHo
Ho
S ss s
Ss ssSs ss
Ss= square and ss= round2 4 50
2 4 50
P pPp
PP PpPp pp
PP= pink, Pp= pink and pp= yellow3 4 751 4 25
B Bb b
Bb BbBb Bb
Bb= square 1000
No, because they would have both the blue and green alleles.
B bBb
BB BbBb bb
BB= blue, Bb= blue and bb= green7525
T T
Tt
TT TTTt Tt
TT= tall, and Tt= tall
Yes, it is not possible for Mr. and Mrs. Krabbsto have a short eyeball baby.