introduction to pathologic anatomy

Introduction to Pathologic Anatomy. Death.

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THEME Pathologic anatomy: Its subject, history, tasks and methods. Role of pathologic anatomy in medical science and hospital practice.Connection of pathologic anatomy with other theoretical disciplines.Theoretical basis of pathologic anatomy. Structural and functional correlations.Nature of disease: definition of etiology, pathogenesis, pathomorphism.

Aims of autopsy. Significance of the investigations of biopsies and operation material – clinico-anatomical analysis.Experimental investigation of diseases.




THEMEModern methods of pathology: light microscopy, electron

microscopy, immunohistochemistry, cytologic examination, cytogenetics.

Definition of death. Classification of death: natural, violent, as a result of diseases. Clinical and biological death.Postmortem signs – morphological characteristics, peculiarities in fetus and children.Etique of autopsy. Definition of thanatogenesis and reanimation.




“INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY” Today you begin to study new subject - Pathologic Anatomy! Our

subject is difficult and interesting. At the West countries there is subject - Pathology, which includes both

sections: pathologic anatomy and pathologic physiology. At many country we have two different subjects and two different departments: pathologic anatomy (or anatomic pathology) and pathologic physiology.

Pathologic anatomy based on normal anatomy, histology, biochemistry and immunology. Pathology studies of disease; it is refers the branch of medicine that deals with the nature of disease. So, pathologic anatomy studies morphologic basis of diseases.

Our subject divides in 2 parts: general pathologic anatomy (general pathology) - deals with general pathologic processes, such as: cell injury, circulatory disturbances, inflammation, adaptation, neoplasia etc.; and systemic pathologic anatomy (systemic pathology) - deals with diseases of different systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive etc.). http://www.mbbsh

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Pathologic anatomy deals with:

1. Etiology - cause of disease.2. Pathogenesis - mechanism of disease.3. Morphology (pathomorphology) - structural lesions in organs, tissues and cells.4. Morphogenesis - morphologic stages of disease.5. Pathomorphism - changes in course of disease due to treatment and environmental influences.6. Thanatogenesis - mechanism of death.7. Iatrogeny - pathology of treatment (unfavorable consequences of doctor’s mistakes).




Methods of Pathologic anatomy are: 1. Autopsy (or postmortem examination) - study cadaveric material: Aims of autopsy: l) making a correct (final) diagnosis;2) determination a cause of death and thanatogenesis (mechanism of death);3) control for clinical diagnosis and treatment;4) training of students and doctors;5) scientific investigations.2. Examination of operating material and biopsies:1) operating material - organs and tissues removed in operations from patients; 2) biopsies - taken a small piece of organ and tissue from patients for diagnosis.3. Experiment: organs and tissues taken from laboratory animals. http://www.mbbsh

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Investigators are used:1) Gross inspection of organs and tissues;2) Histological examination of slides stained by different stains:

a) hematoxilin and eosin, b) picrofucsin by Van-Gieson (collagen fibers), c) sudan (lipids), d) congo-red (amyloid) and many others;

3) Cytological examination - investigation of cells in smears by Papanicolau;4) Immunohistochemistry - application of immunologic techniques to the cellular pathology;5) Electron microscopy - examination of cell organelles:

a) transmission EM,b) scanning EM;

6) Cytogenetic - investigation of human chromosomes;7) Molecular pathology - detection of abnormalities at the level of DNA and RNA of cells. http://www.mbbsh

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In hospital practice, the term pathology uses in narrower sense to denote that specialty of medicine concerned with the performance and interpretation of laboratory procedures. There are two main divisions of pathology in the hospital environments:1) Clinical pathology is concerned with biochemical and microbiologic procedures performed on blood, tissue fluids or other substances secreted or excreted by the body, such as sputum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid.2) Anatomic pathology considers structural abnormalities of cells and tissues that can be detected by gross and microscopic examination of tissues removed from the patient. The anatomic pathology laboratory in a hospital includes subdivisions such as:a) surgical pathology (operating material, biopsies),b) cytology,c) hematopatology,d) autopsy pathology.3) Forensic pathology (medico legal pathology) - is application of medical knowledge to legal problems. http://www.mbbsh

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DeathDeath - stopping of vital activity of the organism:

Body → CadaverClassification:I. Cause: l) Natural2) Violent (Accident, Murder, Suicide)3) As a result of diseases

II. Type:l) Clinical (Reversible)2) Biologic (Irreversible) Disease → Terminal States (Shock, Coma, Bleeding) → Agony → Clinical Death (5 minutes) → Hypoxia → Death of Brain Cortex Cells (Decortication) → Biologic Death http://www.mbbsh

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Signs of Clinical Death:

l. Stop of Breath2. Stop of Blood CirculationReanimation - Returning to life in terminal states and clinical death




Biologic Death Progressive autolysis of tissues of the body:1) Nervous System, Heart2) Endocrine System3) Liver, Lung, Kidney, Stomach4) Bones, Fat, Muscles etc. Cadaver tissues transplantation: Heart, Liver, Kidneys, Blood vessels, Bones, Cornea.




Signs of Biologic Death (Cadaveric Signs):

1. Cooling: T body = T environment2. Rigor Mortis (Stiffen): Muscles become firm - destruction of ATP and accumulation of Lactic Acid3. Drying: evaporation of fluid (completed drying - mummification)4. Spots:l) Hypostases (early) - disappear by pressing2) Imbibition (late) - not disappear by pressing5. Blood redistribution: arteries - empty, veins - blood6. Decomposition: l) Enzymic destruction of tissues (Autolysis) 2) Bacterial autolysis (Saprophytes - E. Coli) 3) Putrefaction (Anaerobic bacteries) http://www.mbbsh

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introduction to pathologic anatomy

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