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DDT auo Malaria Coutrof ......... . .... . ... . ............. .. .. . ....... 4 h~ Jack Petenen

Africa Fie&tine Malaria: 0~1 t&e Front Lines of Aovocac~ for Malaria Control a~10 Public Heaft& Insecticioes . . .. .. .... .. . .. ...... . . .. . 6 b~ Doualo Robert.s

International S~mposiwm on t&e Asian Tieer Mosquito . .. .. . ... . ... ... 14 b~ Ar~ Farajollahi, K.ri~te11 Bartlett-Heal~, Mark P Neloer, Batmeopau K.e5avaraju ano ElHifie CaHICtOII

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From w&ere I Sit: Notes from tJ,e AMCA Tec&}licaf Aovisor .. .. . .. ..... .. ..... 3 4 l1~ Joe Coulon

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DDT ana Malaria Control ,b~~ Iac& · Retetsel1~ ~ing .Beats Managi11g Eoitot

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 2009, WHO announced an inter- Secretary General and UNEP is an organochlorine synthesized national effort to combat malar- Executive Director [which hosts in 1874. Its insecticidal properties ia with an incremental reduction the secretariat of the Stockholm were discovered in 1939 and the of reliance on DDT. Convention] said: "The new pro-WHO's 1955 program to eradi - jects underline the determination cote malaria worldwide largely BACKGROUND of the international community relied on DDT. It was successful to combat malaria while rea liz-in eliminating the disease in the The WHO has partnered with the ing a low, indeed zero DDT world." Caribbean, Balkans, Africa, Aus- United Nations Environment Pro- The home page of the Stockholm tralia and South Pacific and in gram (UNEP) and, under the Stock- Convention on POPs presents a reducing mortality in Asia. Rachel holm Convention, agreed to ban detailed summary of this impor-Carson's book Silent Spring fo- a "dirty dozen" of persistent or- tant meeting. cused world-wide attention on the residual effects of DDT; reaction to OUR RESPONSE this publication has been pro-found and long-lasting. It is essen- The WHO is trying to phase out tial to scientifically evaluate the DDT without providing for an inex-implications of Carson's concepts. pensive, effective alternative. DDT

still has an important role to play On page 6 of this issue Donald in IRS. This is the argument made Roberts advocates the appro- by Don Roberts in this issue. priate use of public health in-secticides for malaria control. As WHO moves to phase out DDT While recognizing that there are and indoor residual spraying, there opposing views on this subject, there has been an increasing the Wing Beats editorial board emphasis on insecticide-treated agrees with Don's position. gonic pollutants (POPs) including bed nets for malaria control. How-

DDT, on environmental and pub- ever, as Manuel Lluberas warned In 2006, Arata Kochi, Director lie health grounds. The complete in his Wing Beats article, Nothing of the Global Malaria Program, text of the Stockholm Conven- But Net Only Works in Basketball, World Health Organization (WHO) tion is available online. over-reliance on just one facet said: "We must take a position of malaria control will have dis-based on the science and the TOWARDS A ZERO DDT WORLD astrous consequences. data. One of the best tools we have against malaria is Indoor At the 4th meeting of the Con- Many malaria-endemic countries Residual Spraying {IRS). Of the terence of the Parties to the WHO/ have replaced DDT with alterna-dozen or so insecticides WHO UNEP Stockholm Convention on tive insecticides, mostly pyrethroids. has approved as safe for indoor Persistent Organic Pollutants, In some instances this change house spraying, the most effec- May 4-8, 2009, Geneva, Switzer- has compromised the efficacy of five is DDT." land, the WHO described 1 0 new vector control programs.

projects, all part of the global Recently, however, WHO reversed program "Demonstrating and For example, in South Africa the its position on the use of DDT for Scal ing-Up of Sustainable Alter- switch from DDT to pyrethroids in malaria control and in a series of natives to DDT in Vector Manage- 1997 soon resulted in the reap-press releases dated May 6 and 9, ment." Achim Steiner, UN Under- pearance of Anopheles funestus,

4 ~ummer 2009 1fJt~e9- 'Bea-U

a major malaria vector, which had been eliminated by the 1980s. The reintroduced An. funestus was determined to be resistant to pyrethroids. This reinfestation re­sulted in severe malarta outbreaks, which justified reintroduction of DDT in 2000. This situation raised awareness of the risks associated with insecticide resistance and the potential danger of eliminat­ing DDT too soon. Subsequently, several countries in Africa have introduced, or are planning to re­introduce, DDT in IRS operations.

Vigorous, evidenced-based dis­cussion and debate on the role of DDT for malaria control is war­ranted. Field studies on the safe, effective use of DDT as part of an IRS program in Africa are urgently needed. Please contribute to this discussion by sending a manu­script to Wing Beats.

REFERENCES

http:Uchm.pops.int/Convention/ Media/Pressreleases/COP4 Geneva6May2009/tabid/539/ language/en-US/Default.aspx

http:l/chm.pops.int/Convention/ Media/Pressreleases/COP4 Geneva9May2009/tabid/542/ language/en-US/Default.aspx

http://chm.pops.int/Portals/O/ Repository/convention text/ UNEP-POPS-COP-CONVTEXT­FULL.English.PDF

http:l/chm.pops.int

The Use of DDT in Malaria Vector Control. WHO Position Statement. Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization 2007. http://apps.who.int/malaria/ docs/IRS/DDT/DDT position .pdf

htto:l/www.who. int/mediacentre/ news/releases/2006/pr50/en/ print.html

Lluberas, Manuel 2007. Nothing But Net Only Works in Basket­ball. Wing Beats. 18(4):22-27.

~ummer 2009 5

6

Africa Fighting Malaria: On the Front Lines of Aovocac~ for Malaria Control ana Public Health

Insecticioes b~ Donalo Roberts

Malaria sickens over 500 million people and claims over l million lives every year. The vast majortty of victims are African ch ildren. Malaria has no natural constituen­cy in developed countries, having long been eradicated. But recent high level marketing and advo­cacy through TV shows such as American Idol have catalyzed a growing movement of publ ic health institutions, businesses and charities to stop malaria in its tracks. While welcome, th is at­tention is unfortunately one-sided, focusing almost exclusively on mass distribution of mosquito nets to passively prevent transmission. If malaria is really to be pushed back, more sophisticated, thought­ful, and perhaps aggressive ad­vocacy is required to focus on vector control in conjunction with other disease management ap­proaches. The purpose of this ar­ticle is to highlight pressing issues in the global effort to control ma­laria and to bring to the attention of the Wing Beats readership the work of a small but dedicated advocacy group, Africa Fighting Malaria.

Africa Fighting Malaria, on whose Board I serve, is singular in its dedication to helping endemic countries make use of the full spectrum of tools in the malaria control arsenal. AFM is the only group I know of that operates without industry or government funding and conducts indepen­dent, evidence-based advocacy

~ummer 2009

for truly comprehensive malaria control solutions. Here I will des­cribe the diverse and complex issues of their work.

Malaria, like many vector-borne diseases, is complex and control­ling it requires a thorough under­standing of parasites, mosquitoes

and human behavior. Long be­fore we understood that mosqui­toes transmit the malaria para­sttes, the disease was declining in Europe and the US thanks to im­proved development, the drying up of mosquito larval habitat, better housing and health care. Spraying DDT inside houses helped to finally eradicate the disease from the US and many other coun­tries not long after World War II. This remarkable chemical is still avai lable and is used to great effect in several malarial coun­tries today.

For example, for over a decade, Mozambique has benefited from peace and stable democracy.

The civil war that raged in that country for more than two de­cades before, however, left most of the country with a destroyed infrastructure and the economy in tatters. As in many African countries, malaria was the number one ki ller of children and a severe burden on any nascent econom­ic activity. This all changed when the Mozambican authorities col­laborated with their neighbors in South Africa and Swaziland to control the disease. Both of the latter 2 countries have excellent malaria control skills, expertise and infrastructure. With private sector support, they set about extending that infrastructure to Mozambique. The program, known as the Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative (LSDI), has produced outstanding results and provides a roadmap for other malarial countries.

Indoor residual spraying (IRS) with insecticides including DDT was used to reduce malaria para­site prevalence from over 90% in some areas of southern Mozam­bique to around l 0%. Reducing the number of malaria cases has assisted in introducing new, highly effective but more expensive, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Reducing the burden of d isease has helped to boost the tourism industry and other sectors of the economy and is an important e lement to promoting economic growth.

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Given these successes, one would campaigns, so that now more ing can be reduced to carefully think that the World Health Or- people than ever, many living in targeted applications in areas of ganization (WHO), leading donor desperately poor countries, have recalcitrant malaria. agencies and the private sector access to life saving medicines. would be clamoring to replicate If the battle against malaria is to For several decades WHO and the LSDI model elsewhere, but be truly successfuL malaria control others have warned of the dan-one would be wrong. The only advocacy efforts must be broad- gers of insecticide resistance. agency that is putting any signif- ened and improved. Resistance to insecticides, along icant funding into IRS programs with the parasite's resistance to is the US President's Malaria Initio- To begin with, rt will be essential to drugs such as chloroquine and tive (PMI). This five year $1.2 billion overtum the World Heatth Assembly fansidar, has contributed to the program is supporting IRS in se- resolution (WHA resolution 50.13) rise in malaria's burden over the lected areas in 1 0 African countries passed in 1997, that called on past few decades. In the face of and plans to include some IRS in countries to reduce reliance on drug resistance, the WHO, leading another five countries. Most other insecticides in their fight against donors, and research organiza-donors restrict their support for malaria and other insect-borne tions established public-private malaria control to providing in- diseases. This reso lution, a tri - partnerships and other initiatives to secticide treated nets (ITNs). umph for environmentalists keen develop new medicines. Thanks

on limiting the use of man-made to these efforts, the malaria drug In May 2008, WHO's regional office chemicals, was a severe setback pipeline is healthy and more and for Africa issued a press release more people have access to claiming that the successes effective treatment. This contrasts achieved in the LSDI were due to sharply with our declining arsenal the use of long lasting ITNs. This of public health insecticides. is misleading as the success was due to IRS according to the ex- Today, as in decades past, there tensive reporting of this program can be no doubt that preventing in the scientific literature and the transmission of insect-borne popular press. diseases relies in large part on

effective insecticides. Yet little There is no argument that ITNs are funding has been devoted by a valuable tool in malaria control governments or by the private and that more ITNs are needed. sector to develop new publ ic There is also no doubt that in- health insecticides. Furthermore, creased awareness of malaria for malaria control programs in the profit motive is not sufficient and private donations to projects Africa and for the young children to entice insecticide companies procuring ITNs is of value in the at risk from this d isease. The reso- to invest in discovery of new pub-fight against malaria. The danger lution ignores the real risks that lie health chemicals. is that donor agencies and the people in poor countries face general public will become bored from disease-spreading insects In order to spur the creation of with malaria in Africa when, in 10 and imposes on them imagined much needed new insecticides, years time, they are still being risks from chemicals. Malarial AFM is advocating for a public-asked to buy ITNs and will be won- country governments, with support private partnership be created dering why, after the m illions of from public health activists and specifically to develop and bring ITNs already donated, malaria is ordinary men and women in rich to market new public health in-still a problem. countries, should exert their right secticides. In addition, innovative

to use insecticides to save lives, legislation that mirrors the US The current support for primary just as the US d id to eradicate Food and Drug Administration's reliance on ITNs has come about malaria. Once the malaria in- Orphan Drug Act or Priority Review thanks to sophisticated and sue- fections have been reduced Voucher could be introduced for cessful advocacy campaigns. below variable transmiss ion public health insecticides to People living with HIV/AIDS and thresholds through spraying, use encourage companies to invest TB have benefited from similar of ITNs, and other methods, spray- in this market. Advance market

'Uii~e<J ~eau ~ummer 2009 9

commitments have been pro- trol will be confined to interven- LITERATURE CITED posed for drugs or vaccines for tions that are an easy sell in the which there is liTtle or no profitable West, even though they are only Gabaldon, A. The Nation-wide market; something similar could a partial solution in Africa. campaign against m a laria in be introduced for new and effec- Venezuela. Part II. Transactions of tive vector control products. The This must change. The scientific the Royal Society of Tropical Medi-goal is to unleash the inventive and publ ic health communities cine and Hygiene, 1949. 43(2): and creative capabilities of toxi - must be more vocal and out- 33-1 64. cologists, chemists, medical en- spoken about the need for public tomologists and other researchers health insecticides and the mech- Grieco JP, Achee NL, Chareon-around the world, not just those anisms to use them. Furthermore viriyaphap T, Suwonkerd W, Chou-in the insecticide industry, to help African Ministries of Health must han K, et al. (2007) A New Classi-solve the pressing need for new exert whatever power they have fication System for the Actions of public health chemicals. within the World Health Assembly IRS Chemicals Traditionally Used

to ensure global malaria control For Malaria Control. PLoS ONE Grieco et a l. described three policies reflect their needs. In 2(8): e716. doi:l0.1371 /journal. main modes of chemical action particular, govemments need to pone.0000716 of spatial repellency, contact irri - overturn WHA resolution 50.13. toney and toxicity. These modes Smith, A and Webley, OJ . Ave-of action have been observed in The trend of WHO is that bilateral randah-trap hut for studying the the field over many decades and house-frequenting habits of mos-documented in the scientific lit- quitoes and for assessing insecti-erature. As a consequence, dis- cides. Ill. The effect of DDT on covery and development of new behaviour and mortality. Bulletin public health insecticides must of Entomological Research, 1969. account for the full spectrum of 1968(59):33-46. chemical actions, and efficacy of those actions in the control of STATEMENT OF FULL DISCLOSURE malaria and other diseases.

Donald Roberts is a non-paid Aside from specific advocacy for member of the Board for Africa use of public health insecticides Fighting Malaria. He receives no and for research and develop- funds from the insecticide industry ment of new pubic health b io - for AFM advocacy and has no fi-cides, malarial countries need and multilateral donors, and nancial interests in the industry. support to train and then employ others adapting their support to He is not in negotiations for a posi-medical entomologists and other what is perceived as politically tion in industry or in advocacy.

scientists that can actually run correct or presently in vogue de- £ and sustain disease control pro- fines, in a general sense, the need grams. Support is needed for the for Africa Fighting Malaria. Such infrastructure, such as the labora- advocacy is essential but not tories, field stations and vehicles popular and does not position the that are needed to keep malaria advocacy group for donations at bay. Yet for far too long, malaria and financ ial support. control has been promoted pri-marily as a decentralized com- I hope Wing Beats readers will munity-based activity. Without visit the AFM website at http:// robust infrastructure and expertise, fightingmalaria .org and help IRS programs will be impossible support the vital work of this small to start and maintain. Pushing ITNs but dedicated group of advo-ahead of other control measures, cates, and p lease spread the ensures that IRS programs will word of their important work. never be built and malaria con-

10 ~ummer 2009 'Uit~e9- ~ee:tU

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14

International S~mposium on tbe Asian Tiger Mosquito b~ Ar~ FarajoUabi, Kristen Bartlett-Heal~, Mark P NeloelJ Banugopan I<.esavaraju & Emilie Cameron

"If you think you are too small to be effective, you have never

been in bed with a mosquito." - African proverb

Among the most highly invasive species in the world, Aedes albo­pictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, (ATM) was introduced into the US in 1985; it is now dispersed over thirty-five states and continues to expand its range (Sprenger and Wuithiranyagool 1986, Enserink 2008). Public health officials con­cerned with vector-borne disease recognize this species as a po­tential vector of dengue and chikungunya, but it is also regard­ed as one of the most significant nuisance mosquitoes across its range (Benedict et al. 2007). Asian tiger mosquitoes are aggressive and persistent anthropophilic day-biters that significantly affect human quality of life . In the northeastern United States, this mosquito lays eggs in artificial containers, particularly in urban areas where human-mosquito contact is frequent. Where Ae. albopictus is prevalent in New Jersey, it is responsible for most service requests to local mosqui­to control programs, yet standard approaches to mosquito abate­ment fail to control this species.

For an urban pest like Ae. albo­pictus in New Jersey, a regional approach for control is necessary due to wide dispersal among neighboring properties. Funded

~ummer 2009

by the USDA- ARS Area-wide program, Rutgers University's Cen­ter for Vector Biology, wtth partners at the US Department of Agricul ­ture, Mercer County Mosquito Control, Monmouth County Mos­quito Extermination Commission, and Brandeis University, are devel­oping a multidisciplinary strategy for regional Ae. albopictus control (http://vectorbio.rutgers.edu/usda­award.php). The approach is to establish and implement an area-wide pest management research and action program for Ae. albopictus, resulting from a stakeholder partnership and collaboration dedicated to the demonstration and adoption of mosquito control technologies. The aim is to create an afford ­able program to manage and control Ae. albopictus. This will require 1he development of a mul­tidisciplinary approach among federal, state, local, and private interests, with stakeholders in ­volved in the program from con­ception to adoption.

The Center for Vector Biology at Rutgers University recently hosted the first International Symposium on the Asian Tiger Mosquito: Ecol­ogy, Evolution, Epidemiology and Control, February 12 & 13, 2009. The symposium's goal was to gather leading experts in the field, in order to set the future d irection for ATM research by identifying and proposing solu­tions to important obstacles in

the study and control of these highly invasive pests. Seventeen leaders, from six countries, in the field of ATM research were invit­ed to speak. The symposium was strongly interdisciplinary, bringing together workers from industry, extension, government, aca­demia, and mosquito control agencies. The symposium at­tracted over 170 attendees from fifteen countries and thirty US states, achieving both national and global attention. Participants aimed to identify research prob­lems, develop potential solutions, and determine how these new solutions might be implemented through collaborative multidisci­plinary team efforts. The sympo­sium also provided opportunities for active participation by stu­dents, postdoctoral students, and others by offering an expanded poster session. The poster sessions complemented the topics pre­sented in the oral portion of the symposium and created oppor­tunity for further informal dis­cussion.

Randy Gaugler (Director of the Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers UniVersity) opened the Symposium and soon after, the first session on "Biology and Control" com­menced. Banugopan Kesavaraju (Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University) moderated the first session. Phil Lounibos (University of Florida) provided the first pre­sentation, emphasizing the im-

portance of interspecific compe­tition in the invasion ecology of Ae. a/bopictus in the Americas. His talk illustrated that superior competitive abi lity, when com­pared to other species such as Ae. japonicus, is a major factor facilitating rapid species estab­lishment. Motoyoshi Mogi (Saga University, Japan) followed, de­livering a unique presentation on overwintering biology of Ae. al­bopictus and cold-resistance of non-diapausing eggs of Aedes (Stegomyia) species in Asia. In this talk, he discussed a variety of environmental variables, particu­larly temperature affecting A e. a/bopictus. After a short break, Steven Juliano (Illinois State UniVer­sity) presented information on the importance of native predators in the establishment of Ae. a/bopic­tus. Juliano's work showed that na­tive predators such as Corethrel/a appendicu/ata could provide biotic resistance to invasion as A e. albopictus do not show behavioral adaptation to native predators. The session concluded with a presentation by Didier Fontenille (Institute the Recherche pour le Developpement, France) on the biology of Ae. albopictus on La Reunion Island and the species role as a vector of the recent chi­kungunya virus epidemic in the Indian Ocean. A group discussion on the biology and ecology of Ae. albopictus followed. The presen­tations stimulated many questions

from the audience, as this species has caused global concern as a successful invasive species.

The next session on "Parasite-Vector Interactions" was moderated by Dina Fonseca (Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University) and opened with a presentation by Pattamaporn Kittayapong (Mahi­dol University, Thailand), speaking on the effect of transovarial infec­tion with the bacterium Wolba­chia on the vector competence of Ae. albopictus. Michelle Tseng (University of British Columbia, BC, Canada) followed, presenting a case study of a protozoan para­site, Ascogregarina taiwanensis, and its effect on Ae. albopictus. Her talk concentrated on parasite infections, environmental variation and virulence on their host or­ganisms. Shortly after, Michael Reiskind (Oklahoma State Univer­sity) delivered a talk on the life history, survival, and ecological effects on Ae. albopictus vector competence. Anna-Bella Failloux (Pasteur Institute, France) pre­sented information on the recent outbreaks of chikungunya virus in­fections in the Indian Ocean and the role of Ae. albopictus as an efficient vector. Stephen Higgs (University of Texas) completed the presentation with an illustrated presentat ion on vector-virus­vertebrate interactions, including the direct transmission of West Nile virus from infected to uninfected

mosquitoes during simultaneous blood-feedings. The session was brought to a close by group dis­cussion and questions from the audience. The session brought attention to the various strains of viruses, parasites, Wolbachia, and Ae. albopictus, and how varying combinations can create a var­iety of negative and positive situations.

The third session of the sympo­sium, "Surveillance and Control," was moderated by Theodore An­dreadis (Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station). Dan Strick­man (USDA ARS, MD, USA) briefed on concepts of eradication and control of Ae. albopictus. Although the term "eradication" is rarely mentioned in the field of entomol­ogy, Strickman argued for keep­ing that possibility open, citing his successful eradication of Ae. al­bopictus from Santa Clara County in California during his time as d istrict manager there. Stephen Dobson (University of Kentucky) followed, concentrating primarily on A e. albopictus suppression through incompatible male re­lease created by forced Wol­bachia infection. Mark Neider (Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University) provided a presentation on the tandem use of two com­mercially avai lable pesticides (monomolecular films and insect growth regulators) for the imme­diate and residual control of Ae.

February 12-13, 2009. Rutgers University, New Bru

:>ummer 2009 15

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a/bopictus larvae in conta iner potential vector for the trans-habitats. Brian Federic i (University mission of exotic arboviruses such of California) d iscussed a novel as dengue, Rift Valley fever, and approach to larvicides, by using yellow fever viruses. Although un-genetically engineered Bacillus derstanding of the exact role of bacteria. The session was brought Ae. albopictus in arbovirus trans-to a close by group d iscussion mission throughout the US re -and questions from the audience, mains elusive, its role as a vector concluding that using an area- of endemic arboviruses such as wide approach with many differ- La Crosse virus is becoming more ent integrated strategies is nee- evident (e.g., Gerhardt et al. 2001, essary to control Ae. a/bopictus. Hughes et al. 2006). Advances

in our understanding of Ae. a/-The final session concentrated bopictus biology are emerging on molecular biology, and was quickly, as evidenced by the work moderated by Emilie Cameron presented at the symposium (Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers and the bevy of work found in University). The first talk was given recently published manuscripts. by Peter Armbruster (Georgetown Researchers and mosquito con-University) on the molecular and trol officials have been battling physiological components under- this invasion for decades. Their lying diapause in Ae. albopictus. collaborations continue to a id Will ia m Bla ck (Colorado State the front lines of invasion with University) then gave an in depth necessary information for con-lecture on the molecular resources t inued development of novel available for Ae. a/bopictus in- control methods and advancing eluding a cautionary tale on the knowledge of vector biology. search for QTLs controlling trans-ovarial transmission. Luke Alphey In New Jersey, USA, where the con-(Oxford University, UK) presented terence convened, the invasion information on genetic steriliza- has been relatively recent and tion as a means to control Ae. rapid, with ever-increasing pres-albopictus. The last speaker of the sure to change existing para-symposium, Dina Fonseca (Cen- digms in mosquito control and ter for Vector Biology), stressed surveillance (Farajollahi and Nel-how understanding the biology, der, in press). Aedes albopictus ecology, and evolution of the will continue to affect the natu-Asian tiger mosquito are critical ral fauna in its current distribution for the development of an en- and create panic in areas poised lightened and effective manage- for invasion, making the study of ment program. The symposium the Asian tiger mosquito chal -was brought to a c lose with a lenging for many years to come. group d iscussion involving all the speakers. LITERATURE CITED

The recent outbreaks of chikun- Benedict MQ, RS Levine, WA gunya, and the genetic adap- Hawley & LP Loun ibos . 2007. tation of Ae. albopictus to th is Spread of the tiger: global risk of pathogen highl ights potential invasion by the mosquito Aedes epidemics to come. Threats con- albopictus. Vector-Bome and Zoo-tinue worldwide from A e. a/bo- notic Diseases 7:76-85. pictus-bome diseases. In the USA alone, Ae. albopictus remains a Enserink, M. 2008 . A mosquito

'3f/tl«)- ~eett<t

goes g lobal. Science 320:864-866.

Farajollahi, A, and MP Neider. Changes in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in New Jersey and implications for arbovirus transmission . J Med Entomol. (in press).

Gerhardt, RR, KL Gottfried, CS Apperson, BC Davis, PC Erwin, AB Smith, NA Panella, EE Powell, and RS Nasci. 2001 . First isolation of La Crosse Virus from naturally infected Aedes albopictus. Emerg Infect Dis. 7:807-811

Hughes, MT, JA Gonza lez, KL Reagan, CD Blair, and BJ Beaty. 2006. Comparative potential of Aedes triseriatus, Aedes albopic-tus, and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to transovarially trans-mit Lacrosse virus. J Med Ento-mol. 43:757-761 .

Sprenger, D, and T Wuithiranya-gool. 1986. The discovery and d istribution of Aedes a/bopictus in Harris County, Texas. JAm Mosq Control Assoc. 2:217-219.

Ary Farajollahi Kristen Bartlett-Healy

Mark P Neider Banugopan Kesavaraju

Emilie Cameron Rutgers University

Center for Vector Biology School of Environmental and Biological Sciences

180 Jones Avenue New Brunswick, NJ 08901

732-932-9341

~ummer 2009 17

18

;,.;;::' --- -- -- --- - --- - ---- -- - - -- - --- - - - -

I

: A Proposal to Honor John B Smith b~ Sean P Heal~

Mil lions of Americans suffered from mosquito -borne diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and dengue fever when John B Smith, Rutgers University biologist and professor, began his crusade against disease and nuisance mosquitoes.

As recently as 1880, twenty thou­sand lives were lost to mosquito­borne malaria in the Mississippi River Valley alone, and malaria was prevalent in much of the rest of the country. Coastal areas were often nea rly unsett led d ue to hordes of blood-feeding mos­quitoes. Smith was convinced that mosquitoes and their d is­eases could be managed. His 1904 study of the subject in his monumental work The Mosqui­toes of New Jersey proved that mosquitoes could fly many m iles, explaining the failure of local attempts at control and estab­lishing that suppression of mos­quitoes was not a local problem. His book became the national model for integrated mosquito management.

summer 2009

Smith's prominence grew to the point that he was the subject of a famous editorial cartoon show­ing Uncle Sam standing at the bottom of the Panama Canal and beset by disease-carrying mos­quitoes shouting "Tell Jersey we need her mosquito man Smith!"

As a result of his d iscoveries, Smtth advocated water management as a primary means of control­ling mosquitoes. A lawyer by train­ing, Smith pioneered legislation to reduce or eliminate mosquito habitat in a series of acts that be­came known collectively as the Smith Laws. In 1904, local boards of health were vested with au­thority to eliminate mosquito larval habitat. In 1906, Smith persuad­ed the legislature to pass an act for a broad program of mosquito control throughout New Jersey with support for local efforts from the state experiment station, lead­ing to a symbiotic relationship that continues uninterrupted today in the form of survei llance and other joint activities. In March of 1912, Governor Woodrow Wilson signed the centerpiece of the Smith Laws, authorizing the crea­tion o f county mosquito exter­mination commissions to assure full-time mosquito control.

John B Smith's commitment and visionary leadership in controlling mosquitoes and the debilitating diseases they carry deserves special recognition. Smith was the spark that ignited national efforts to control mosquitoes and eradi­cate malaria, yellow fever, and dengue in the United States. He stands beside Walter Reed and Will iam Gorgas os one of the

g iants in the history of mosquito control. Smith's lasting legacy is that his laws were widely emulat­ed nationally and continue to govern mosquito control activities across the nation and interna­tiona lly. He inspired the forma­tion of the New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Association, which led to the organization of the Eastern Association of Mosquito Control, later to become AMCA.

We believe that the Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee (CSAC) of the United States Postal Service (USPS) should honor Smith for his scientific, public health and legal accomplishments by issuing a commemorative postage stamp in his honor in 2012, the centennial of the Smith Law.

Wing Beats readers are encour­aged to write CSAC, at the address below, to recognize John B Smith.

USPS Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee

c/o Stamp Development 1735 N Lynn Street, Suite 5013

Arlington, VA 22209-6432

Sean P Healy Entomologist

Monmouth County Mosquito Extermination Commission

PO Box 162 Eatontown, NJ 07724

732-542-3630 sheal co.monmouth.n·.us

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The Florida Keys are a beautiful, challenging and environmentally sensitive place to do mosquito control. The Florida Keys Mosquito Control District stretches 125 miles from Upper Key Largo to Key West (90 miles from Cuba) including several offshore islands accessed by boat. The District operates entirely within a National Marine Sanctuary bordered on one side by the third largest barrier reef in the world and the only living coral reef in the United States.

Almost 95% of Monroe County's 1 ,788 square miles is owned and protected by federal and state governments, along with consid­erable holdings by environmen­tal organizations. To continue with its high tech approach to mos­quito control, the District has built a modern facility at the end of the runway of the Marathon Airport to replace dilapidated hangar and office spaces previously used.

The District dedicated its new

facility in Marathon, FL in a grand opening and ribbon-cutting cer­emony on June 23, 2008.

United States Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen joined mos­quito control officials to officially inaugurate the new facility, with the local press, City and County Commissioners, and the general public also in attendance. Florida Keys MCD Commission Chairman Steve Smith spoke about the his­tory of the Marathon Facility and

Figure 1: Attending the dedication of the new Florida Keys Mosquito Control District facility at Marathon, left to right: Commissioner Charles Langstaff, Commissioner Wiiliam Shaw, Commissioner Joan Lord-Papy, Director Ed Fussell, . US Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Commissioner Stephen Smith and Commissioner Richard, Rudell.

:>ummer 2009 23

24

Figure 2: Interior view of new Florida Keys Mosquito Control District hangar in Marathon, FL.

the advancements made through the District's efforts. Congress­woman Ros-Lehtinen described the District representatives' recent trip to Washington DC to visit with members of Congress to discuss issues related to mosquito control. She gave a special thanks to the District employees for their efforts in public health and quality of

~ummer 2009

work. She also mentioned her willingness to continue working with Mosquito Control in our efforts at the Federal level.

The ceremony was followed by tours of the new building. Archi­tect Tom Pope and bui lder DL Porter were available to answer specific questions about the

29,000 sq ft $7.4 million facility. The new facility has many new enhancements, including a well­equipped laboratory, hangar and office spaces.

The types of aircraft operated by the District include 2 Turbine Islander airplanes, 2 Bell 206B Jet Ranger and 2 Bell 206L4 Long

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The on-board weathe-r sta.tlon (Afl\;1l\1S2.0) provides real- time informa.Lim1 on wind speed, wi•nct qirec(ion, Pelativ-e hU111idily1 tt::~nporatwe and baromeltic }Jressure. The data is updated on evttry pa~s and sh(;)Vi-'11 on Lhe mavin~ map ctw'i.ng navigation.

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Figure 3: US Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen and Florida Keys Mosquito Control District Commissioner Stephen Smith hold the dedication plaque for the new facility at Marathon, Fl.

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Figure 4: Aerial view of the new Florida Keys Mosquito Control District facility at Marathon, FL.

Ranger Helicopters. Each of the aircraft is equipped with weather and modeling instruments to insure accuracy in the highly sen­sitive environment of the Florida Keys. The Wingman Agricultural GPS is in all the aircraft along with the Garmin 396 navigational GPS and the XM satellite weather radar. Inside one airplane, the District uses the AIMMS 20 Air Data Computer. The AIMMS 20 is used to calculate wind and barometric pressure while linked to the Wing­man, allowing it to create models of flight paths for the pilots. The

pilots are kept in constant contact with the ground crew through cell­sets that hook up to the Nextel radios. The a ircraft are used pri­marily to treat for salt marsh mos­quitoes throughout the Keys.

In addition to the operation at Marathon, the Florida Keys Mos­quito Control District has facilities at Key Largo, at the upper end of the Keys, and at Key West. the southernmost point of the Florida Keys and the continental US. The District has 78 fu ll-time and 25 part-time employees.

The 55th Annual NMCA Meeting will be held at the Sturbridge Host Hotel in Sturbridge, Massachusetts from Dec 2.-4, 2.009.

The Sturbridge Host Hotel and Conference Center is located on picturesque Cedar Lake in the heart of Sturbridge, MA. We are the area's most un ique one-stop resort anticipating all of your needs. For leisure travelers, the Sturbridge Host Resort can provide a relaxing vacation for you and your family in the heart of New England. Proximity t o attractions and a breathtaking lakeside setting make the Stur br idge Host an ideal location for taking it easy and hav ing some fun .

For more information please visit www.nmca.org .

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28 ~ummer 2009

wbicb "-cioe" are ~ou on? b~ Ar~ Farajo[[abi, Dona{o J Sutberfano1 c{auoia 0'Ma{{e~1

- ~i[~ium . .=. ~irn~~~- wto' Ae11~~ ® R(Uf!r! ·

"It is a damn poor mind indeed which can't think of at least two

ways to spell any word." - Andrew Jackson

J'h US President, 1767-1845

In a perfect world, we would all articulate thoughts and words clearly. Unfortunately, that is all too often not the case. However, scientists and professionals must express themselves precisely. We need to communicate with many different audiences that have different degrees of expe­rience and exposure to scientific terminology. Words have pre­cise meanings and should be used correctly, with clarity and precision. This position was the topic of discussion for Rupp et al. (2006) involving the use and definition of the words "breed" and "breeding."

But it should also be noted that accurate spelling of terms relat­ed to our profession is important in conveying assurance to those we serve and to those with whom we debate. Correct grammar and spelling in written reports, particularly those in the public domain, transmit a sense of pro­fessionalism and increase confi­dence for the community that we seNe. However, even profes­sionals may disagree on partic­ular spellings of certain terms. Such is the case for some com­mon terms that are routinely used in our professio n: those words

ending with the suffix "-cide."

A quick search through public domain websites of mosquito and vector control districts throughout the United States confirms that many different spellings exist for words ending in "-cide." This suffix means "a killer of" and is often used to form the names of chem­icals that kill a specific organism, such as pesticide, a chemical that kills a pest (MLA 2009). It is derived from the Latin word caedere, which means "to cut, kill, hack (at), strike" and in its wider meaning it may signify the destruction or dismantling of an object or concept (Borror 1988). The utilization of "-cide" is quite common in our industry when speaking or writing about prod­ucts directed at particular life stages of the pest we aim to con­trol. However, different spellings (particularly lack of uniformity in the spelling of these terms by in­dividuals in our profession) lessen our credibility and may increase the chance of miscommunica­tion. To remedy this potential failure and unify our community, we intend to provide a list of most commonly used terms which em­ploy the suffix "-cide" and are used by our colleagues in written and spoken word.

More commonly used terms like pesticide and insecticide are gen­erally accepted and written or spoken correctly by individuals

within and outside our profession and do not need further discus­sion here. In fact, "pesticide" is embodied in law as the Environ­mental Protection Agency defines a pesticide as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repel­ling, or mitigating any pest (EPA 2009). Since the root of pesticide is pest, the addition of the suffix "-icide" is straightforward, as it is with "insect+ icide." The same is true for "adult + icide."

However, when we come to the words "larvi(a)cide" or "pupi(a)­cide," we enter a different, lin­guistic arena. The terminal "a" on laNa or pupa becomes, with the addition of "cide," an indetermi­nate medial vowel that sounds more like "uh" than "a." Phonical­ly, then, laN(a)cide becomes lar­vicide, and the same holds true for pupicide. The addition of the suffix "-cide" has also been very simple in this case, since both words end in a vowel and to de­rive the correct term, we simply add an "-icide." Other examples of this occurrence may be seen in the term herbicide, a chemi­cal that kil ls plants, and adulti­cide, a chemical that kills the adult stage of a particular pest.

We reiterate the terms larvicide, a chemical that kills the larval stage of a particular pest, and pupicide, a chemical that kills the pupal stage of a particular pest.

~ummer 2009 29

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Both these terms are derived from words that end in a vowel (larva/pupa) and thus the cor­rectly spelled word omits the end­ing vowel and adds the suffix "-icide." Larvic ide is often mis­spelled and mispronounced in our industry as "larvacide" and pupicide as "pupacide."

It is less clear what the accepted spelling for a term denoting a chemical that kills mosquitoes should be: mosquitocide or mos­quiticide.

However, since mosquito is a complete word and the terminal "o" is not an indeterminate me­dial vowel, the shift from "o" to "i" is not necessary. Thus, given the linguistic appropriateness of "mosquitocide" and its historical precedence, the term "mos­quiticide" is clearly improper. "Mosquito" only requires the suffix "-cide" at its end, and since pre­cedence fo r the use of mos­quitocide already exists in the scientific literature, we have chosen to maintain th is term. Furthermore, if one wished to fall back on numbers, the use of an internet search engine would re­veal that "mosquitocide" has far more hits (over 4,200) than "mos­quiticide" (under 1 0); however, we believe that the linguistic ap­propriateness of mosquitocide should be determined on a lin­guistic basis, not solely on pop­ularity.

Thus, we reiterate that:

• a PESTICIDE is a product that kills pests;

• an INSECTICIDE is a product

• a LARVICIDE is a product that kills the larval stage of an insect;

• a PUPICIDE is a product that kills the pupal stage of an insect; and -

• an ADULTICIDE is a product that kills the adult stage of an insect.

Some may argue that these dis­t inctions are frivolous, but in a world where taxonomic distinc­tions are critica l, it seems to us that the same care should be ex­ercised with the terminology we use. The community wide ac­ceptance of accurate spelling and pronunciation of such es­sential terms in our profession wi ll increase consistency and credence in the eyes of those whom we serve and those to whom we must answer. It is thus imperative that we opt to side with the appropriate "-cide."

REFERENCES CITED

Borror, DJ. 1988. Dictionary of Word Roots and Combining Forms. Mayfield Publishing Company, Mountain View, CA.

Environmental Protection Agency. 2009. Pesticides . About pesti ­cides [Internet]. New York, NY: EPA [accessed January 19, 2009] . http:Uwww.epa.gov/pesticides/ about

Modern Language Association. 2009. "-cide." The American Her­itage® Stedman's Medical Dic­tionary. Wilmington, MA: Hough­ton Mifflin Company [accessed January 18, 2009]. http://dictionary. reference.com/browse/-cide

that kills insects; Rupp H, Bosak PJ, Reed LM. 2006. Of Breeding. JAm Mosq Control

• a MOSQU/TOCIDE is a product Assoc 22:563-564. that kills mosquitoes;

~ummer 2009 31

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34

During my tenure as Technical Advisor, I have not seen another issue animate the AMCA mem­bership to the extent of the re­cent recent 61

h Circuit Court of Appeals decision vacating the US Environmental Protection Agency's final ruling regarding National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting appli ­cability to mosquito control appli­plications of public health pes­ticides to ensure full compliance to provisions of the Clean Water Act (CWA).

The situation continues to evolve and its ultimate outcome re ­mains problematic. Nonetheless, I thought it might be instructive to provide some background on this extremely complicated issue to ensure that readers are aware of its history, efforts to solve the problems it presents, and better assist mosquito control personnel understand what's at stake.

The CWA, Section 301, states that it is a violation to discharge a pollutant from a point source into the navigable waters of the United States. One exemption to this violation is possession of an NPDES permit to allow the appli­cation. Section 502 of the CWA defines "point source" as "any dis­cernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, chan­nel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other float­ing craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged."

~ummer 2009

A number of high profile lawsuits have resulted from differing in­terpretations of the statute in var­ious courts. The first, Headwaters, Inc. v. Talent Irrigation District (9th Cir. 2001), resulted in the court holding that application of pes­tic ides to irrigation canals to control vegetation required an NPDES permit. This was followed by a second lawsuit, League of Wilderness Defenders v. Forsgren (9th Cir. 2002), in which the court

held that the CWA required an NPDES permit for the aerial ap­p lication of a pesticide to navi­gable waters of the United States.

These court cases prompted a number of congressional hear­ings in which AMCA played a prominent part in arguing that FIFRA-compliant mosquito con­trol applications did not require NPDES permits. George Wichter­man, Dave Brown and Joe Con­lon all testified before House sub­committees with regard to CWA permitting problems.

To further complicate the judicial

landscape on th is matter, in Fairhurst v. Hagener (9th Cir. 2005), the court held that the applica­tion of a pesticide applied to a navigable water of the US in full compliance with FIFRA labeling, resulting in de minimis deposttion did not require an NPDES permit. As you can see, the issue is con­voluted. This case prompted the EPA to issue an Interim Statement on August 13, 2005 that clarified EPA's position and solicited public comment. The uncertainty man­ifest in these cases prompted AMCA to file a petition with the EPA to adopt a formal regulation, which the Agency did when they issued their Final Rule on Nov. 27, 2006. This regulation took into ac­count comments that had been received on their Interim State­ment and proposed rule and was published in the Federal Register Nov. 27, 2006 as "Application of Pesticides to Waters of the United States in Compliance with FIFRA''. The rule states that a CWNNPDES permit is not requ ired when ap­p lication of pesticide to, over or near waters of the US is consistent with FIFRA. Activities not requiring permits included:

• The application of pesticides directly to waters of the United States in order to control pests. Examples of such applications include applications to control mosquito larvae, aquatic weeds, or other pests that are present in waters of the United States.

• The application of pesticides to control pests that are present over waters of the United States,

'

I I

including near such waters, where a portion of the pesticides will un­avoidably be deposrted to waters of the United States in order to target the pests effectively; for example, when insecticides are aerially applied to a forest canopy where waters of the United States may be present below the can­opy or when pesticides are applied over or near water for control of adult mosquitoes or other pests.

As one would expect, this engen­dered a flurry of litigation by en­vironmenta l interests. Petitions were filed in 11 circuit courts with final hearing being given, by lottery, to the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals (Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee) as National Cot­ton Council eta! v. EPA. On April 29, 2008 the court heard oral ar­guments. On January 7, 2009 the 6th issued its decision vacating

EPA's final Rule. In their ruling, a three-judge panel actually agreed with EPA's interpretation that not all pesticides are "pollutants," but held that the rule was not a reasonable interpretation of the CWA and subsequently vacated the rule.

As a core issue, the panel ruled that residue or excess pesticides are pollutants by definition once their beneficial use is finished. Specifically, the court found that, under what they determined to be the plain language of the statute:

• All biological pesticides are "biological material(s)" and there­fore "pollutant(s}."

• Excess or residual chemical is discharged "from a point source" (the application equipment) even

though it becomes "excess" or "residue" at some time after being released from the application equipment.

Upon extensive review, the AMCA felt that the panel decision rep ­resented a manifest danger to public health, by exposing mos­quito control organizations to litigation risks that will adversely affect the performance of their mission. Indeed, AMCA felt that even the threat of litigation would disrupt mosquito control efforts, due to potential imposition of substantial fines and attorney fees. EPA, state NPDES programs, and/or mosqurto control agencies could be harassed by nuisance lawsuits by citizens or environ­mental groups who feel that the permit program has not been ad­equately implemented or en­forced. Indeed, we can expect

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~ummer 2009 35

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those organizations having zero depositions in navigable waters as their goal to attempt to ham­string any realistic permitting scheme in the courts.

Although they were the aggrieved party in the decision, EPA de­c lined to request a rehearing, citing problematic legal hurdles to overcome in its defense. On April 9, 2009 the US Department of Justice filed a Motion for stay of the Mandate for 2 years. If such a stay is indeed granted, the two years would provide the EPA time to work with stakeholders to de­velop, propose and issue final NPDES general permits for unau­thorized NPDES states, territories and tribes for pesticide applica­tions covered under the decision. EPA states that according to their internal timelines, the first twenty months out of the two-year stay would involve working with state agencies and other stakeholders in drafting the permits, while the remaining months would be de­voted to outreach to concerned parties on the content and im­plementation of the permits.

A stay, however, is fraught with a number of problems. In essence it cedes the point that our ap­p lications constitute a de facto discharge of a pollutant - and

~ummer 2009

this, in affect paints EPA (and us, by extension) into a corner in terms of drafting any permitting scheme that will satisfy the anti­pesticide agenda.

AddiTionally, the CWA requires that NPDES permits include monitoring programs, yet the costs of routinely monitoring the constituents of pesticides before and after ap­plications at even a small frac­tion of application sites would be greater than the operational bud­gets of most mosquito control programs. Interestingly, this type of monitoring would also require provision of proprietary business information on the complete composition of pesticide prod­ucts to districts. In accordance with FIFRA, this information can­not be legally provided by EPA or the states. The irony, then, is that a legal NPDES permit would re­quire monitoring of chemical con­stituents whose makeup cannot legally be provided.

On the other hand, Industry rep­resentatives wrth standing, includ­ing RISE, BASF, FMC, Syngenta, Bayer, Delta Councit National Cotton Council, Illinois Fertilizer and Chemical Association, Agri­business Association of Iowa, and Southern Crop Production Association filed a motion to seek

a hearing en bane by the entire 15 judge Circuit Court. These were essentially the same groups who petitioned the EPA to expand the Final Rule. AMCA fi led a Brief of Amicus Curiae in support of the request for rehearing on April 15, 2009. The AMCA strongly feels that the original ruling had factual errors and misinterpretations of congressional intent that required rehearing. In addition, other in­dustry intervenors, namely the American Farm Bureau and Am­erican Forest & Paper Association, have a lso requested a rehearing.

The length of time it will take before a decision for rehearing is reached depends on a variety of factors, including whether the full Circuit requests additional papers to be filed by the parties and/or to hold oral arguments. It is possible for the full Circuit not to reach a decision for a full six months after the decision to re­hear is reached. However, a decision on whether to grant re­hearing could occur tomorrow -there's no way to know for sure.

Parties have the option to file an appeal with the US Supreme Court but the likelihood of the Supreme Court granting hearing appears quite low at this point.

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The 6th C ircuit's mandate to vacate the ruling will take effect 7 days after either a denial of petition for rehearing or a motion to stay the mandate - whichever is later. Until this happens, EPA's final ru le remains in effect and permits are not required for the application of products with a FIFRA label. Whether this is suffi­cient to provide adequate de­fense to legal challenge by acti­vists is somewhat unclear at this point, given the rule's vacatur and EPA's unwillingness to defend it.

In the meantime, EPA has set up a team comprised of members of the Office of Pesticide Pro­grams (OPP) and the Office of Water (OW) whose job it wil l be to develop a model permit that can be used by the states having primacy under the CWA and for use by EPA in the 4 states it reg­ulates. AMCA has a definite inter­est in this process and has been in constant contact with EPA OPP and OW, and has provided a great deal of information regard­ing potential resource burdens NPDES permit monitoring require­ments would levy upon mosquito control programs. AMCA has also provided EPA with surveil lance guidelines and treatment algo­rithms utilized by programs so that EPA fully understands the scope of the impact. This should help the Agency draft more equitable and informed model permits if required. Rest assured that the AMCA will be actively engaged on as many levels as needed in any discussions or workgroups organized to solve this problem. Our membership on the EPA's Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee ensures a seat at any table regarding pesticide issues. In addition, AMCA's Legislative and Regulatory Committee will likely spearhead initiatives involv-

~ummer 2009

ing legislative and regulatory advocacy in this arena.

Pending definitive resolution, AMCA has a number of irons in the fire . Representative Dennis Cardoza (D-CA), a congressman from Merced County, has agreed to champion our cause and is organizing the promulgation of a letter to his House colleagues asking that they co-sign it so it can be forwarded to Lisa Jackson, EPA Administrator. Representa­tive Cardoza has also tentatively agreed to sponsor a potential legislative fix for the issue, if ulti­mately needed. The AMCA mem­bership owes Representative Cardoza a debt of gratitude, for he has been a stalwart defender of mosquito control at every turn. Many thanks are also due to Allan Inman, AMCA Treasurer and manager of the Merced County Mosquito Abatement District, for successfully enlisting the contin­ued support of a key legislator so obviously dedicated to the health of his constituents.

What form of legislative solution to the problem it would take is anyone's guess, but amending any comprehensive legislation such as the CWA can be prob­lematic, given the array of inter­ests involved. Ultimately, it may take a slight rewording of the statute that would exempt pub­lic health pesticides in much the same way as agricultural runoff and irrigation return flow - which are both specifically exempt from permitting requirements. Given the utter fai lure of the Otter Bill (HR 1749) in 2006, which would have essentially codified the eventual EPA ruling, the suc­cess of amending the CWA in the present c limate is probably out of the question.

It's obvious, then, that the situation remains flu id at present. We should all hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. The best outcome in the short term would be a rehearing being granted and ultimate ly overturning the vacatur. In the long term , a challenge-proof legislative fix would be the best outcome ­but it's unlikely to occur, barring a m iraculous change of heart in the current administration.

What can be certain, though, is that AMCA is prepared to fight to maintain the capability to pro­tect our citizenry through the use of public health pesticides in an effective, cost-efficient manner. We are fu lly cognizant of the needs of programs to have up­to-date definitive guidance that will address concerns regarding potentially ruinous litigation . AMCA will do its best to provide this in as timely a manner as possible via our website or by blast e-mail to our membership.

In the meantime, keep your powder dry and proceed with caution, but remember that your mission, at its core, is preventing d isease in our c itizenry - your neighbors. Defend it, for it is in­deed a noble endeavor.

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