ISLAMIC ISLAMIC GUNPOWDER GUNPOWDER

EMPIRESEMPIRESEARLY MODERN ISLAM EARLY MODERN ISLAM

1450 TO 17501450 TO 1750

DYNASTIC STATEDYNASTIC STATE The Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal rulers and Islam The Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal rulers and Islam

All three Islamic empires were military creationsAll three Islamic empires were military creations Called Gunpowder empires as guns were critical to rise of empireCalled Gunpowder empires as guns were critical to rise of empire Military prowess of rulers, elite units critical Military prowess of rulers, elite units critical

Authority of dynasty derived from personal piety Authority of dynasty derived from personal piety Devotion to Islam led rulers to extend faith to new landsDevotion to Islam led rulers to extend faith to new lands

Steppe traditions Steppe traditions All three were Turkish in origin; two were ShiaAll three were Turkish in origin; two were Shia Autocratic: emperors imposed their will on the state Autocratic: emperors imposed their will on the state Ongoing problems with royal succession Ongoing problems with royal succession Ottoman rulers legally killed brothers after taking the throneOttoman rulers legally killed brothers after taking the throne

Royal women often wielded great influence on politicsRoyal women often wielded great influence on politics Wives, sisters, daughters, aunts, mother of sultan lived in haremWives, sisters, daughters, aunts, mother of sultan lived in harem Eunuchs protected women; both eunuchs, women had influenceEunuchs protected women; both eunuchs, women had influence Children raised in harem; often not allowed out until teenagerChildren raised in harem; often not allowed out until teenager Harem politics: women often influenced policies, selectionsHarem politics: women often influenced policies, selections

RISE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRERISE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE Anatolian clan of the Seljuk TurksAnatolian clan of the Seljuk Turks

Frontier Emirate Founded 1289-”Islamic Outpost”Frontier Emirate Founded 1289-”Islamic Outpost” Founder was Osman BeyFounder was Osman Bey Led Muslim religious warriors (Led Muslim religious warriors (ghazi)ghazi)

Ottoman expansion into Byzantine empire Ottoman expansion into Byzantine empire Organized Organized ghazi ghazi into formidable military machine into formidable military machine Central role of the Janissaries (slave troops) Central role of the Janissaries (slave troops) Effective use of gunpowder in battles and siegesEffective use of gunpowder in battles and sieges

1414thth – 15 – 15thth Century Expanded into S. E. Europe Century Expanded into S. E. Europe Conquered Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, GreeceConquered Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Greece

Mehmed the Conqueror (reigned 1451-1481) Mehmed the Conqueror (reigned 1451-1481) Captured Constantinople in 1453Captured Constantinople in 1453 Renamed city Istanbul, the Ottoman capital Renamed city Istanbul, the Ottoman capital Absolute monarchy; centralized state Absolute monarchy; centralized state Expanded to Serbia, Greece, AlbaniaExpanded to Serbia, Greece, Albania Attacked ItalyAttacked Italy

TURKISH SOCIAL STRUCTURETURKISH SOCIAL STRUCTURE Four social groupings in settled, urban environmentFour social groupings in settled, urban environment

The men of the penThe men of the pen Judges, imams (prayer leaders), other intellectualsJudges, imams (prayer leaders), other intellectuals

Men of the sword: militaryMen of the sword: military Men of negotiations, such as merchantsMen of negotiations, such as merchants Men of husbandry: farmers, livestock raisersMen of husbandry: farmers, livestock raisers

Women had no rights aside from tradition, class,Women had no rights aside from tradition, class, husbands’ wisheshusbands’ wishes

DevshirmeDevshirme Ottomans-- Ottomans-- devshirmedevshirme

Young Christian males between the ages of 8 and 15 Young Christian males between the ages of 8 and 15 Were removed from villages in the Balkans to be trained for state serviceWere removed from villages in the Balkans to be trained for state service Youths were brought before the sultanYouths were brought before the sultan Best of best pickedBest of best picked

educated, convert to Islam ,trained in the military,elite educated, convert to Islam ,trained in the military,elite Those not selected for the palace schoolThose not selected for the palace school

Converted to Islam, worked for rural Turkish farmersConverted to Islam, worked for rural Turkish farmers Became sultan’s elite infantry: Janissaries.Became sultan’s elite infantry: Janissaries.

Most important battle for them wasMost important battle for them wasBattle of Chaldiran in 1514. DefeatedBattle of Chaldiran in 1514. DefeatedSafavids. Led to constant conflictSafavids. Led to constant conflictBetween the two.Between the two.

SULEYMAN THE SULEYMAN THE MAGNIFICENTMAGNIFICENT

Empire at its height under SuleymanEmpire at its height under Suleyman Reigned 1520-1566 Reigned 1520-1566

Came to power through murder of brothersCame to power through murder of brothers Conquered lands in Europe, Asia, AfricaConquered lands in Europe, Asia, Africa Encouraged development of artsEncouraged development of arts Beautified Constantinople with mosquesBeautified Constantinople with mosques

Empire began a slow decline afterEmpire began a slow decline after SuleymanSuleyman

THE TURKISH MILLETTHE TURKISH MILLET Each millet Each millet

Was headed by its own religious dignitaryWas headed by its own religious dignitary Heads of millet were responsible to Turkish sultanHeads of millet were responsible to Turkish sultan

Advised sultan on affairs in the communityAdvised sultan on affairs in the community Was punished by sultan for problems of the communityWas punished by sultan for problems of the community

Later expanded to all ethnic communitiesLater expanded to all ethnic communities Muslims did not have to have milletMuslims did not have to have millet Muslims ruled by Quran, shariaMuslims ruled by Quran, sharia

In the millet systemIn the millet system Each community was responsible for Each community was responsible for

The allocation and collection of its taxesThe allocation and collection of its taxes Its educational arrangementsIts educational arrangements Internal legal matters pertaining to marriage, divorce, inheritanceInternal legal matters pertaining to marriage, divorce, inheritance

SAFAVID PERSIASAFAVID PERSIA Turkish conquerors of Persia and Mesopotamia Turkish conquerors of Persia and Mesopotamia

Founder Shah Ismail (reigned 1501-1524) Founder Shah Ismail (reigned 1501-1524) Proclaimed Twelver Shiism official religionProclaimed Twelver Shiism official religion Imposed it on Sunni population Imposed it on Sunni population

Twelver Shiism Twelver Shiism Traced origins to 12 ancient Shiite imams Traced origins to 12 ancient Shiite imams Ismail believed to be twelfth, or "hidden,“Ismail believed to be twelfth, or "hidden,“ imam. Thought to still be alive.imam. Thought to still be alive.

Shah Abbas the Great (1588-1629)Shah Abbas the Great (1588-1629) Revitalized the Safavid empire Revitalized the Safavid empire Modernized militaryModernized military Sought European alliances Sought European alliances Permitted European merchants, missionariesPermitted European merchants, missionaries New capital at IsfahanNew capital at Isfahan Centralized administrationCentralized administration

MUGHAL EMPIREMUGHAL EMPIRE Tamerlame was direct predecessorTamerlame was direct predecessor Babur (1523-1530)Babur (1523-1530)

Founder of Mughal ("Mongol") dynasty in India Founder of Mughal ("Mongol") dynasty in India Central Asian Turk invaded India in 1523Central Asian Turk invaded India in 1523 Seized Delhi in 1526 Seized Delhi in 1526 By 1530, Mughal empire embraced most of IndiaBy 1530, Mughal empire embraced most of India

Akbar (reigned 1556-1605)Akbar (reigned 1556-1605) Created centralized, absolutist government Created centralized, absolutist government ExpandedExpanded Encouraged religious tolerance Encouraged religious tolerance

Between Muslims and HindusBetween Muslims and Hindus Employed Hindus in his government Employed Hindus in his government

Developed a syncretic religion called "divine faith“Developed a syncretic religion called "divine faith“ Eliminated head tax on Hindus, banned satiEliminated head tax on Hindus, banned sati

Aurangzeb (1659-1707) Aurangzeb (1659-1707) Expanded the empire to almost the entire Indian subcontinent Expanded the empire to almost the entire Indian subcontinent Revoked policies of toleration: Hindus taxed, temples destroyed Revoked policies of toleration: Hindus taxed, temples destroyed His rule troubled by religious tensions and hostilityHis rule troubled by religious tensions and hostility Arrival of Europeans: permitted them to trade, establish basesArrival of Europeans: permitted them to trade, establish bases

COMMERCE & DEMOGRAPHYCOMMERCE & DEMOGRAPHY Food crops Food crops

Agriculture: the basis of all three empires Agriculture: the basis of all three empires Imports of coffee, tobacco very popularImports of coffee, tobacco very popular Peasants Peasants

Tended to be overtaxed, overworked by noblesTended to be overtaxed, overworked by nobles Many so mistreated that they abandoned their landsMany so mistreated that they abandoned their lands

CommerceCommerce Long-distance trade important to all three empires Long-distance trade important to all three empires

RELIGIOUS AFFAIRSRELIGIOUS AFFAIRS Religious diversity Religious diversity

Created challenges to rule of empiresCreated challenges to rule of empires Uniformity hard with religious differences Uniformity hard with religious differences

Religious minorities Religious minorities Generally tolerated in Islamic states Generally tolerated in Islamic states In Ottoman empireIn Ottoman empire

Conquered peoples protected, granted religious, civil autonomyConquered peoples protected, granted religious, civil autonomy In IndiaIn India

Majority of population was HinduMajority of population was Hindu Early Muslim rulers closely cooperated with Hindu majority Early Muslim rulers closely cooperated with Hindu majority Under Aurangzeb: Islam proclaimed state religion, nonbelievers taxedUnder Aurangzeb: Islam proclaimed state religion, nonbelievers taxed

In PersiaIn Persia Shia were fanaticalShia were fanatical Enforced articles of faithEnforced articles of faith

DETERIORATIONDETERIORATION Dynastic decline Dynastic decline

Caused by negligent rulers, factionsCaused by negligent rulers, factions Constant competition between factions within governmentConstant competition between factions within government Former elite military units often became threatsFormer elite military units often became threats

Government corruptionGovernment corruption Bribery became way of doing businessBribery became way of doing business Many officials pocketed taxes, overtaxed, etc.Many officials pocketed taxes, overtaxed, etc.

Harem politics Harem politics Rulers raised in harems let sex carry them awayRulers raised in harems let sex carry them away Rulers took to drinking, partying too muchRulers took to drinking, partying too much Rulers’ mothers, wives jockeyed for position, sonsRulers’ mothers, wives jockeyed for position, sons

Tensions increased Tensions increased Religious conservatives abandoned tolerance Religious conservatives abandoned tolerance Ottoman conservatives Ottoman conservatives

Resisted innovations like the telescope, printing pressResisted innovations like the telescope, printing press Resisted western military innovations, industrializationResisted western military innovations, industrialization Discouraged merchants, commercialism Discouraged merchants, commercialism

Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire Shiite leaders urged shahs to persecute Sunnis, SufisShiite leaders urged shahs to persecute Sunnis, Sufis Non-Muslims lost many protections Non-Muslims lost many protections

Mughal IndiaMughal India Aurangzeb's policies provoked deep animosity of HindusAurangzeb's policies provoked deep animosity of Hindus Rise of SikhsRise of Sikhs Rise of Christians with coming of EuropeansRise of Christians with coming of Europeans

REASONS FOR DECLINEREASONS FOR DECLINE Economy and Military ExpansionEconomy and Military Expansion

The Conquerors The Conquerors Each conquest provided booty to state to help developmentEach conquest provided booty to state to help development End of territorial expansion meant no bootyEnd of territorial expansion meant no booty Difficult to support armies and bureaucrats Difficult to support armies and bureaucrats Series of long and costly wars with no financial supportSeries of long and costly wars with no financial support

Economy Stagnated by eighteenth centuryEconomy Stagnated by eighteenth century Officials resorted to raising taxes to deal with financial problemsOfficials resorted to raising taxes to deal with financial problems Official, unofficial corruption lost millions in revenue to state Official, unofficial corruption lost millions in revenue to state

Failure to develop trade and industryFailure to develop trade and industry Commerce had always been in hands of Jews, ArmeniansCommerce had always been in hands of Jews, Armenians Lost initiative to European merchants Lost initiative to European merchants

Military decline Military decline Imported European weapons but never made their ownImported European weapons but never made their own Arsenals outdated; tactics outdated; systems outdated Arsenals outdated; tactics outdated; systems outdated Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire

Even purchased military vessels from abroadEven purchased military vessels from abroad Europeans developed extremely modern militariesEuropeans developed extremely modern militaries 1689: Austrians raise 21689: Austrians raise 2ndnd siege of Vienna, liberate Hungary siege of Vienna, liberate Hungary

IndiaIndia Rise of Marhattas, Rajputs in India Rise of Marhattas, Rajputs in India Mughals refused to build a navy, let Europeans rule seasMughals refused to build a navy, let Europeans rule seas Led to loss of Mughal provincesLed to loss of Mughal provinces Local princes, rulers assumed control, defied MughalsLocal princes, rulers assumed control, defied Mughals

Rise of Banditry, PiracyRise of Banditry, Piracy In countryside, many poor peasants took to banditryIn countryside, many poor peasants took to banditry On seas, many ports and merchants too to piracyOn seas, many ports and merchants too to piracy Trade disrupted, made Europeans mad who often retaliatedTrade disrupted, made Europeans mad who often retaliated