isolant - manual colocación

8/9/2019 Isolant - Manual colocación

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Mstjdkca Lmftar.

Mstkdas arnullasas cm llmnkr ekstk ]c. fa` u`k ùmvk emrrkdjm`tk qum,

frmmdas, kyuckrë m` gum`k dmcjck k cmskrrallkr ml dmrfkca cm lk fa`struffjö`

y m` pkrtjfulkr, lk utjljzkfjö` cm kjslkdjm`tas.

M` mstm tjmdpa emdas rmfanjca las fadm`tkrjas cm tmfejstks, fa`struftarms

y praomsja`klms qum, -fa` ml kpartm cm su mxpmrjm`fjk praomsja`kl-, fadpkrtm`

sus faàfjdjm`tas y às pmrdjtm` valfkrlas m` mstk ùmvk mcjfjö` cml Dkùkl

cm Falafkfjö` cm JVALK@S V.K.

_kyk k tacas ùmstras kdjnas tmfejstks y praomsja`klms, ùmstra sj`fmra

knrkcmfjdjm`ta.

Kquä emdas kdpljkca las ou`ckdm`tas gësjfas cm las cjstj`tas kjslkdjm`tas

qum cmgm tm`mr fuklqujmr emfea fa`struftjva, cmtkllkdas pksa k pksa lk oardk

cm falafkfjö` y rmsalufjö` y kpartkdas cmtkllms fa`struftjvas qum pumcm` smr-

vjr cm nuäk pkrk qum ]c. cmskrrallm su lkgar praomsja`kl.

Xar òltjda, prmsm`tkdas las cjstj`tas pracuftas qum JVALK@S V.K. cmskrrallk

y okgrjfk pkrk ml dmrfkca lafkl m j`tmr`kfja`kl.

Fada sjmdprm, smnujdas trkgkbk`ca fa` y pkrk ustmc, nrkfjks par kfadpkûkràs.

Cmbkdas m` sus dkàs ùmstra @umva Dkùkl cm Falafkfjö`.

Farcjklms sklucas.

Dkrnkrjtk Dky

Nmrm`tm cm Dkrimtj`n

JVALK@S V.K.

M

W V

J A @ 7 . 8



3

Mlmdm`tas cm u` tmfea

Xkrtms cm u`k fugjmrtk >

Fa`sjcmrk`ca lk pm`cjm`tm cm cjstj`tas tjpas cm fugjmrtk 5

Fëlfula cm supmrojfjm cm fugjmrtk m` tmfeas j`flj`kcas y furvas :

Nm`mrkljckcms cm las mlmdm`tas dës usuklms cm fugjmrtk2

fekpk y tmbks ;8

Falafkfjö` cm cjomrm`tms tjpas cm tmbks ;7

Ra`ks cm suffjö` ;6

Mstrufturks

Mstrufturk cm dkcmrk ;3

Mstrufturk dmtëljfk ;>

Mlmdm`tas cm ojbkfjö` ;>

Mstrufturk cm eardjnö` y/a vjnumtks prmtm`skcks ;5

Kjslkfja`ms

Kjslkfjö` ejcröounk 78

Fa`cm`skfjö` 7;

Kjslkfjö` têrdjfk 77

Fklar trk`sdjtjca par fa`cuffjö` 76

Fklar trk`sdjtjca par fa`vmffjö` 73

Fklar trk`sdjtjca par rkcjkfjö` 7=

Fadpkrktjvk m`trm JVALK@S y atras kjslk`tms têrdjfas 7?

Gm`mojfjas cm kjslkr fa` dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S 7>

Ra`ks Gjakdgjm`tklms 75

Fadpartkdjm`ta cm lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S orm`tm kl oumna 7:

Oardks cm falafkfjö`

Lä`mk vjvjm`ck 68

Mstrufturk fa` tjrk`tms y dkfejdgrm a m`tkgla`kcas 68

Xksa k pksa cm falafkfjö` cm dmdgrk`ks gkba tmbk JVALK@S 6;

Mstrufturk fa` tjrk`tms, sj` dkfejdgrm 66

Falafkfjö` m` mstrufturk cm dkcmrk mxjstm`tm 63

Mstrufturk fa` m`tkgla`kca m` za`ks cm tmdpmrkturks

mxtrmdks cm fklar a oräa 6=

Mstrufturk j`flj`kck cm lask 6?

Fadpkrkfjö` m`trm fugjmrtk kcemrjck fa` dmzflk

y fa`trkpjsa cm pmrljtk vs. fugjmrtk ojbkck k

ljsta`ms cm dkcmrk m JVALK@S SGK = 6>

Lä`mk j`custrjk 65

J`struftjva pkrk lk falafkfjö` cm dmdgrk`ks Caglm Klu

fa` salkpm tmrdasalckca 65

J`struftjva cm pmnkca fa` pjstalk cm kjrm fkljm`tm 6:

Ojbkfjö` cml dktmrjkl k lk mstrufturk 38

Falafkfjö` m` mstrufturk dmtëljfk umvk

Falafkfjö` sagrm lk mstrufturk 3;

Falafkfjö` fa` salckca prmvja cm las rallas 37

Falafkfjö` m` mstrufturk dmtëljfk mxjstm`tm

M` oardk rmftk 36

Kfadpkûk`ca lk oardk cml tmfea pkrkgöljfk a k cas knuks 33

Wmojlkcar JVALK@S 3=

Cmtkllms fa`struftjvas

M`fum`tra m`trm oklcö` y dura cm fkrnk lktmrkl 3?

M`fum`tra m`trm oklcö` y dura cm fkrnk supmrjar 35

Ljdktmsks y fudgrmrks 3:

Ljdkeayks a fa`vmrsks =8

Fk`klmtks y fm`moks m` tmfeas cm tmbks =;

Fk`klmtks y fm`moks m` tmfeas cm fekpk =7

Fejdm`mks a fa`cuftas =6

Gafks cm luz sagrm ml tmfea =3

Kpê`cjfm

Mstrufturk plk`k cm eardjnö` y/a vjnumtks prmtm`skcks ==

M` duras y tkgjqums =?

Ojfeks têf`jfks

Lä`mk _jvjm`ck

Dmdgrk`ks mstë`ckr SG =5

Dmdgrk`ks kludj`jzkcks SGK ?8

Dmdgrk`ks fa` kludj`ja pura rmoarzkca SGK D]LSJFKXK ?7

Lä`mk J`custrjk

Dmdgrk`ks fa` kludj`ja pura m` kdgks fkrks ?3

Xrmnu`tks ormfum`tms ??

Fkljckc JVALK@S ?5

J`cjfm



M L M D M @ S A V C M ] @ S M F E A

L]FKW@K

FK@KLMSK

CMVKNÜM

LJDKSMVK

F]DGWMWK

FEJDM@MK

OKLCÖ@

SJDXK@A

FLKWKGAZK

LJDKEAZKA FA@_MWVK

Mlmdm`tas cm u` tmfea

>

Fuk`ca ekglkdas cm tmfea às rmomrjdas k u` fa`bu`ta cm mlmdm`tas qum faòardk` lk pkrtm supmrjar cm u`k mcjojfkfjö`, qum lk fugrm

y fjmrrk. Xar mstm datjva ms u` fadpa`m`tm msm`fjkl cm lk vjvjm`ck qum pratmnmrë kl rmsta cm las mlmdm`tas. Fa`vm`crë m`ta`fms kl

dadm`ta cm dktmrjkljzkr ml tmfea, tm`mr m` fum`tk lks dmbarms prëftjfks cm fa`struffjö` yk qum la qum à sm prmvmk m` ml krdkca

j`jfjkl smrë lumna fastasa cm j`farparkr.

K la lkrna cm mstm dkùkl k`kljzkrmdas ml tmfea smpkrk`ca sus fadpa`m`tms2 lk fugjmrtk, lk mstrufturk y oj`kldm`tm las dktmrjklms

kjslk`tms qum sm ojbkrë` k lk mstrufturk.

Lk fugjmrtkLk fugjmrtk ms lk pkrtm mxtmrjar cml tmfea fuyk ou`fjö` ms fk`kljzkr lks knuks pluvjklms, ms lk prj`fjpkl gkrrmrk ejcrëuljfk y cm pratmffjö` dmfë-

`jfk orm`tm k lks sjtukfja`ms fljdëtjfks2 lluvjk, vjm`ta, `jmvm, nrk`jza, mtf., y ckr u`k tmrdj`kfjö` mstêtjfk k lk fa`struffjö`.

K ′ Xkrtms cm u`k fugjmrtkFkck plkà qum oardk u`k fugjmrtk sm llkdk oklcö`. Lks krjstks qum smpkrk` fkck oklcö` sm llkdk` ljdks, qum pumcm` smr ljdkeayks (m` lk

pkrtm fö`fkvk), ljdktmsks (m` lk pkrtm fa`vmxk) a ljdks cm qujmgrm (m`trm pkûas fa` cjomrm`tm j`flj`kfjö`). Lk ljdk supmrjar cm fara`kfjö` sm

llkdk fudgrmrk a fkgkllmtm. Las mxtrmdas jòmrjarms qum sagrmsklm` cm lk okfekck sm llkdk` klmras.

Las mlmdm`tas qum pumcm` kpkrmfmr m` u`k fugjmrtk, pkrk jludj`kr y vm`tjlkr ml j`tmrjar, sa` lufkr`ks a lufmr`ks, a sjdplmdm`tm vm`tk`ks

pkrk tmfeas.

K las duras kcykfm`tms k fkck oklcö`

las cmàdj`krmdas fkrnks, sjm`ca lk

fkrnk lktmrkl, supmrjar a jòmrjar.





5

G ′ Fa`sjcmrk`ca lk pm`cjm`tm cm cjstj`tas tjpas cm fugjmrtk

Xkrk skgmr fukl ms lk supmrojfjm cml oklcö` qum sm cmgm fugrjr tm`crmdas m` fum`tk lk luz y lk pm`cjm`tm sunmrjck par ml okgrjfk`tm cm lk

fugjmrtk (tmbks, fekpks, mtf.).

K fa`tjùkfjö` sm grj`ck u`k tkglk fa` lks pm`cjm`tms rmfadm`ckcks par klnuàs okgrjfk`tms cm mlmdm`tas pkrk fugjmrtks.

DKSMWJKL XM@CJM@SM M@ NWKCAV % CM LK XM@CJM@SMSmbk ork`fmsk Dä`jda 78² 6= %

Smbk fala`jkl Dä`jda 78² 6= %

Smbk plk`k Dä`jda 6=² >8 %

Xjzkrrk Dä`jda 78² 6= %

Fekpk a`culkck Dä`jda ?² ;; %

Fekpk trkpmzajckl Dä`jda ?² ;; %

Fekpk cm ojgrafmdm`ta Dä`jda ;=² 7> %

Fekpk plk`k m` gk`cmbk Dä`jda 78² 6= %

@ASK2 Fa`sultm kl okgrjfk`tm cm lk fugjmrtk qum utjljfm, kfmrfk cm lk pm`cjm`tm dëxjdk y dä`jdk qum rmfadjm`ck pkrk su falafkfjö`.

Wmfarcmdas qum k 3=² cm j`flj`kfjö` farrmspa`cm u`k pm`cjm`tm cml ;88%.

Fa`sjcmrmdas ml djsda mbmdpla k`tmrjar2

Sm`mdas qum fugrjr u`k luz cm 6 dmtras fa` u`k pm`cjm`tm cm 6=% cmtmrdj`kck par lk falafkfjö` cm tmbks ork`fmsks.

Xkrk cmtmrdj`kr lk cjstk`fjk KG cm lk ojnurk k`tmrjar, sm prafmcm ksä2

]`k kltmr`ktjvk ms rmsalvjê`cala nmadêtrjfkdm`tm k trkvês cm Xjtënarks (fukcra K)2

KG 4 KF7 + FG7

KG 4 (6,88 d)7 + (;,78 d)7 4

KG 4 :,88 + ;.33 4 ;8,33 4

KG 4 6,76 d

Atrk oardk cm fëlfula sjdpljojfkca ms utjljzk`ca Famojfjm`tm cm Xm`cjm`tm2

Mstm famojfjm`tm (KG/KF) mstkrë m` mstm fksa j`cjfkca a sunmrjca par las okgrjfk`tms cml mlmdm`ta

cm fugjmrtk. M` lk tkglk, cmtmrdjà ml FX (Famojfjm`tm cm Xm`cjm`tm) farrmspa`cjm`tm kl parfm`-

tkbm cm pm`cjm`tm mstjpulkca pkrk tmbks ork`fmsks (6=%). Ksä, vmdas qum k 6=% lm farrmspa`cm

u` vklar cm ;.8>. Msm vklar cmgm smr dultjpljfkca par lk luz cm lk ekgjtkfjö` (KF4L) pkrk agtm`mr

ml lkrna cml oklcö` (KG).

KG 4 FX x L

% CMXM@CJM@SM

FX (FAMOJFJM@SM

CM XM@CJM@SM)

;8 ;.88

78 ;.87

6= ;.8>

=8 ;.;7

>8 ;.77

;88 ;.3;

Fa` mstm vklar (KG) y tm`jm`ca m` fum`tk las klmras, yk pacmdas fklfulkr las dmtras fukcrkcas rmklms k fugrjr m` ml tmfea. Xkrk mlla sala rmstk

dultjpljfkr ml vklar agtm`jca par ml k`fea cml oklcö`.

KG x K`fea cml oklcö` 4 d7 tatklms cm fugjmrtk.

@ASK2 Xkrk vklarms j`tmrdmcjas cm pm`cjm`tm, kcaptkr sjmdprm ml FX dks klta.

Vj ml pracufta cm kjslkdjm`ta k j`stklkr llmvk u` salkpm m`trm rallas, cmgm tm`mrsm m` fum`tk pkrk ekfmr ml pmcjca rmkl cm d7 cm kjslkdjm`ta k fadprkr. (Nm`mrkldm`tm ra`ck m` ml ;8%).




:


F ′ Fëlfula cm supmrojfjm cm fugjmrtk m` tmfeas j`flj`kcas y furvas

Xkrk rmkljzkr ml fëlfula cm fk`tjckc cm dktmrjklms `mfmskrjas m` ml tmfea, sm prmsm`tk lk `mfmsjckc cm fklfulkr lk supmrojfjm rmkl cm lk fugjmrtk,

qum à ms jnukl k lk supmrojfjm m` plk`tk.

K fa`tjùkfjö` prmsm`tkdas klnuàs mbmdplas cm fëlfulas.

• Smfeas j`flj`kcas Mstm ms ml fksa vjsta k`tmrjardm`tm (fukcra K)

• Smfea k u` knuk

Xm`cjm`tm 4 E / L x ;88

Vupmrojfjm cm fugjmrtk 4 K x L x FX

Vjm`ca2

K 4 K`fea cml oklcö`

L 4 Luz k fugrjr

FX 4 Famojfjm`tm cm Xm`cjm`tm

Smfeas j`flj`kcas. Atras mbmdplas cm fëlfula.

Xkrk faàfmr lk fk`tjckc cm rallas cm dktmrjkl kjslk`tm k fadprkr à sala sm cmgm fa`sjcmrkr lks dmcjcks cml tmfea k fugrjr, lk pm`cjm`tm mstj-

pulkck par ml okgrjfk`tm cm lk fugjmrtk y las salkpms m`trm rallas.

_mkdas klnuàs mbmdplas2

• Smfea k cas knuks

Xm`cjm`tm 4 E / L x ;88

Vup. cm fugjmrtk 4 K x L x FX

• Smfea k fuktra knuks

Xm`cjm`tm 4 7E / L7 x ;88

Vup. cm fugjmrtk 4 7E FX/Xm`c. (L; + L7/7 ‖ E/Xm`c.)

@ASK2 m` tacas las fksas, pkrk agtm`mr lk fk`tjckc cm rallas cm dmdgrk`k JVALK@S k utjljzkr dultjpljfkrmdas ml rmsultkca

agtm`jca m` lk oördulk par ;.;8, y cjvjcjrmdas ml tatkl par 782

;,;8 4 ;8% cm dktmrjkl uskca m` ml salkpm 78 4 d7 cm dmdgrk`k qum vjm`m par ralla (Lä`mk _jvjm`ck)




;8

Fëlfula m` fugjmrtks furvks a pkrkgöljfks

M` ml fksa cm tm`mr qum kjslkr u` nklpö` fuyk mstrufturk ms cm oardk furvk, ml prafmcjdjm`ta cm fëlfula smrë ml sjnujm`tm.

_mkdas u` mbmdpla2

Sm`mdas qum fugrjr u` nklpö` fuyk luz ms cm 7= dmtras y olmfek dëxjdk ms cm ;,=8 d.

Xkrk cmtmrdj`kr lk la`njtuc furvk KG cm lk ojnurk sm prafmcmrë fa` lk sjnujm`tm oördulk2

Furvk KG 4 (ψ x W x λ)

:8

Ca`cm

Wkcja cm furvkturk (W) 4 (L7 /3 + o 7) / 7O

λ 4 krfsm` (L/7W)

Fa` mstm vklar y tm`jm`ca m` fum`tk las klmras, yk pacmdas fklfulkr las dmtras fukcrkcas rmklms k fugrjr m` ml tmfea. Xkrk mlla sala rmstk dul-

tjpljfkr ml vklar agtm`jca par ml lkrna cml nklpö`.

KG x k`fea cml nklpö` 4 d7 tatklms cm fugjmrtk.

@ASK2 Las rallas cm lk Lä`mk J`custrjk tjm`m u` k`fea rmkl cm ;,8= d (j`flujcas las salkpms) ml k`fea òtjl ms cm ;,88 d.

Faàfjck lk furvk KG sm pacrë fa`sjcmrkr saljfjtkr ml ralla fa` ml lkrna k dmcjck.

Las rmgkbms cm Caglm Klu ;8 y ;= sa k lk djtkc cml mspmsar, m` Caglm Klu = sala sm qujtk ml ojld cm kludj`ja.

C ′ Nm`mrkljckcms cm las mlmdm`tas dës usuklms cm fugjmrtk2 fekpk y tmbks

FEKXKV

Lks fekpks cm fugjmrtk sm mspmfjojfk` smnò` su dktmrjkl (nklvk`jzkcks, cm kludj`ja zj`fkcks, plëstjfks, cm paljfkrga`kta, ojgrafmdm`ta, mtf.)9 par

lk oardk cm lks a`cks (sjùsajckl a kfk`klkcks ardkl a k`fek, ljsks, trkpmzajcklms)9 par ml lkrna y ml mspmsar (m` dd) y mvm`tukldm`tm ml falar.

Kftukldm`tm ml lkrna cm lks fekpks sm pjcm cml djsda lkrna cml oklcö` k fugrjr par la qum sm mvjtk lk supmrpasjfjö` cm fekpks, à agstk`tm

rmpracufjdas u` cmtkllm sagrm las salkpkdjm`tas lktmrklms cm lks fekpks.

Luz k tmfekr cm 7=,88 d fa` u`k olmfek cm 6,=8 d

Xkrk lk ojbkfjö` cm lk fekpk k mstrufturk cm dkcmrk utjljzkrmdas flkvas fa` fkgmzk cm plada

a krk`cmlks cm `maprm`m, qum jdpjcm` ml j`nrmsa cml knuk par ml arjojfja cm lk ojbkfjö`.@AWDKV CJ@ CMVJN@K@ KFKCK MVXMVAW CM FEKXK

DMSËLJFK FA@ ]@ @²2

MVXMVAW CM@ADJ@KFJÖ@

8.68 dd @² 68

8.6= dd @² 75

8.38 dd @² 7>

8.== dd @² 73

8.>; dd @² 77

8.5: dd @² 78

;.7= dd @² ;5

;.?8 dd @² ;?

7.88 dd @² ;3

7.=8 dd @² ;7

SAW@JLLA K]SAXMWOAWK@SM FA@ KWK@CMLK CM @MAXWM@M

VM VALKXK ]@KA@CK Z DMCJK

G

K SMWDJ@KFJÖ@LKCA JR[]JMWCA

SMWDJ@KFJÖ@LKCA CMWMFEA

K

G

CMSKLLM CM FALAFKFJÖ@ CM FEKXKV




;;

AWCM@ CM FALAFKFJÖ@

_JM@SAVXWMCADJ@K@SMV

CJWMFFJÖ@ CM FALAFKFJÖ@

_ J M @ S A V

X W M C A D J @ K @ S M V

CMSKLLM CM FALAFKFJÖ@ CM FEKXKV

MLMDM@SAV CM OJBKFJÖ@

M` fksa cm mstrufturks dmtëljfks cm pmrojl “F— uskrmdas tar`jllas kutapmroark`tms, y m` las fksas cm mstrufturks cm pmrojlms cm ejmrra `ardklj-

zkcas a vjnks rmtjfulkcks la farrmfta smrë ojbkrlks fa` nk`feas.

Lk ojbkfjö` cm fekpks m` mstrufturk cm dkcmrk sm momftòk nm`mrkldm`tm sagrm flkvkcmrks cm 7—x7— y ms prmomrjglm ml usa cm flkvas mspjrklkcas

k`tms qum las fadu`ms, pumsta qum grj`ck` dkyar smnurjckc cm submfjö` m` za`ks ca`cm lk kffjö` cml vjm`ta (suffjö`) ms duy oumrtm.

Cmskrrallkrmdas dmbar mstm tmdk m` ml fkpätula cm mstrufturks dmtëljfks.

NK@FEA GKVSÖ@a “B— FAWSA XKWK

WMSJF]LKCA

NK@FEA GKVSÖ@ A“B— LKWNA XKWK

XMWOJL MVSW]FS]WKL

Ml tjpa cm ojbkfjö` mstkrë rmlkfja`kca fa` ml tjpa cm mstrufturk k lk qum ojbmdas lk fugjmrtk.Smdk qum vmrmdas m` ml fkpätula sjnujm`tm

NK@FEA “L— XKWK XMWOJL

MVSW]FS]WKL

SAW@JLLAV K]SAXMWOAWK@SMVFA@ KWK@CMLKV CM

@MAXWM@M

FLK_A MVXJWKLKCA

Ms prmomrjglm ml usa cm flkvas mspjrklkcas k`tms qumlas fadu`ms, pumsta qum

grj`ck` dkyar smnurjckc cmsubmfjö` m` za`ks ca`cm lkkffjö` cml vjm`ta (suffjö`)

ms duy oumrtm.




;7

SMBKV

Mstks pumcm` smr fmrëdjfks, cm fmdm`ta a dmtëljfks. Xrmsm`tk`ca

cjstj`tks oardks y tkdkûas. M` Krnm`tj`k usukldm`tm sm utjljzk` tmbks

fmrëdjfks cjspumstks sagrm flkvkcmrks, cm 7x;—.

Las pkrëdmtras qum cmgmrë` mstkr cmoj`jcas m` ml fktëlana cml okgrj-

fk`tm sa`2 lkrna y k`fea (tatkl y òtjl m` kdgas fksas), pmsa, fk`tjckc

cm pjmzks par dmtra fukcrkca y pm`cjm`tm dä`jdk cm falafkfjö`. Lkcurmzk cm lk tmbk fmrëdjfk mstkrë ckck par ml vklar cm kgsarfjö` cm

knuk qum prmsm`tk, k dmàr vklar dkyar curmzk.

M` fuk`ta k lk smfum`fjk cm falafkfjö` knrmnkdas ml sjnujm`tm nrë-

ojfa2 m` tacas las fksas sm fadm`zkrë falafk`ca u` ejla pkrklmla kl

orm`tm cm las fkgjas fada nuäk pkrk lk klj`mkfjö` ora`tkl cm lks tmbks.

SKGLK CM XMVA XAW DMSWA F]KCWKCA (d7)

CM DKSMWJKL CM F]GJMWSK

Smbks ork`fmsks (;7.= tmbks par d7) 3= In/d7

Smbks tjpa “Wadk`ks— (;;.3 tmbks par d7) 65.5 In/d7

Smbks tjpa “Flkssjf— (;?.= tmbks par d7) 65.5 In/d7

Smbks fala`jklms (75 tmbks par d7) ?;.? In/d7

Fekpk sjùsajckl 7> 3.;> In/d7

Fekpk sjùsajckl 7= =.6: In/d7

W A D K @

K

O W K @ F M V K

ML SWKGKCA CMLKV SMBKV JDXJCMML J@NWMVA CML

KN]K CM LL]_JK

FAL]D@KV CM CMWMFEKK JR[]JMWCK

M@FKBM SWK@V_MWVKL

M@FKBM LA@NJS]CJ@KL

E J L K C K E A W J R A @ S K L

Falafkfjö` cm cjomrm`tms tjpas cm tmbks




;6

ËWMKV CM V]FFJÖ@ DËUJDK

k f e

a

;8% k`fea

;8% k`fea

;8% k`fea

;8% k`fea

;8% k`fea

FA@VJCMWKW VJMDXWMK@FEA DKZAW Z _JM@SAV

XWMCADJ@K@SMV

Lk cjdm`sjö` cml flkvkcar surnjrë cml fëlfula, par la nm`mrkl sa` cm dkcmrk cm 7— x ;— fuyk smpkrkfjö` cmpm`cmrë cml lkrna òtjl cm lks tmbks.

Xkrk lk ojbkfjö` cm lks tmbks sm rmfadjm`ck utjljzkr flkvas cm fagrm cm 7— cm lkrna, yk qum ml flkva cm ejmrra pumcm axjckrsm pmrcjm`ca rmsjstm`fjk

a komftk`ca lk tmbk fuk`ca sm ej`fem par farrasjö`.Fada rmnlk nm`mrkl sm sunjmrm ojbkr tacks lks tmbks cm u` oklcö`9 atrk oardk sjdpljojfkck ms lk oardk m` qum sm dumvm ml fkgklla cm kbmcrmz (m`

oardk cm L) y ojbk`ca las pmrädmtras a lks za`ks cm dkyar suffjö`.

F A L A @

J K L

M ′ Ra`ks cm suffjö`

M` tacas las tmfeas sjmdprm sm rmnjstrk` za`ks a ërmks m` ca`cm

lk kffjö` cml vjm`ta pracufm ml momfta cm suffjö`, sadmtjm`ca k lk

fugjmrtk k u` msoumrza `a fa`stk`tm pmra m` afksja`ms duy j`tm`sa,

dufeks vmfms ekstk ml caglm cml rmsta cml tmfea.

Msta pumcm afurrjr cm daca tkl qum sm krrk`qum` msas mlmdm`tas, par

la tk`ta m` cjfeks ërmks eky qum pa`mr mspmfjkl fujckca m` lk rmkljzk-

fjö` cm ojbkfja`ms y ml trkgkba m` nm`mrkl.

M` las msqumdks qum sm prmsm`tk` k fa`tj`ukfjö` vmdas fuklms sa`

lks za`ks dks fadpradmtjcks y lk praparfjö` cml tmfea qum sm vm

mspmfjkldm`tm fadpradmtjck. M` mstks za`ks fa`vm`crë ojbkr mspm-

fjkldm`tm lks tmbks.



M V

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Mstrufturks

Mstrufturk cm u` tmfea

Ms ml mlmdm`ta cm sastê` cm lk fugjmrtk. Ms lk m`fkrnkck cm sapartkr

kcmdës cm su pmsa prapja y ml cm lk fugjmrtk m` sä, lks fkrnks mvm`tuklms

qum pumck rmfjgjr lk fugjmrtk, fada vjm`ta, `jmvm, mtf. K fa`tj`ukfjö`

ekrmdas u`k grmvm rmomrm`fjk k las tjpas cm mstrufturks dks utjljzkcas.

SKGLKV CM DKFEJDGWM

SKGLKV CM DKFEJDGWM FKGJAV A SJWK@SMV FLK_KCMWKV A KLOKBJKV VALMWK A

SJWK@SJLLA

LJVSÖ@

K ′ Mstrufturk cm dkcmrk

Nrk` pkrtm cm lks vjvjm`cks utjljzk mstm dktmrjkl pkrk rmsalvmr lk mstrufturk cm su fugjmrtk. Ml mxfmlm`tm fadpartkdjm`ta mstrufturkl cm lk

dkcmrk grj`ck kcmdës u`k fkljcmz m jcm`tjckc cjomrm`tm kl kdgjm`tm ca`cm sm utjljzk.

Xar la nm`mrkl lk mstrufturk sm rmsumlvm fa` u`k trkdk cm vjnks, fkgjas y farrmks, cm dmcjcks y smpkrkfjö` vkrjkglm smnò` las fëlfulas cml

praymftjstk, m` ou`fjö` cml pmsa k sapartkr (vmr fukcra m` fkpätula k`tmrjar). Vagrm las fkgjas sm ojbk u` m`tkgla`kca dkfejdgrkca par sagrm ml

fukl sm cjspa`m` lks kjslkfja`ms `mfmskrjks y lk mstrufturk cm ojbkfjö` cm lk fugjmrtk (ljsta`ms y flkvkcmrks).

Xkrk lk rmkljzkfjö` cm mstks mstrufturks fa`tkdas fa` cjomrm`tms smffja`ms a msfukcräks cm pjmzks, smnò` lk ou`fjö` qum fudplk` m` lk mstrufturk.

]` cmtkllm k fujckr m` ml fksa cm flkvkcmrks y ljsta`ms ms qum lk dmcjck

rmkl cmpm`cmrë cm qum lk pjmzk smk fmpjllkck a a. Ksä par mbmdpla u`k

flkvkcmrk cm 7—x7— tm`crë mstk dmcjck rmkl fuk`ca smk sj` fmpjllkr,

pmra sj ms fmpjllkck, la qum lm atarnk u`k dmbar tmrdj`kfjö , pacrë pmr-

cmr ekstk 8.= ö ; fd smnò` smk su fkljckc, par ml fmpjllkca.

Fada vmdas, lks dmcjcks fa` lks qum kfatkdas lks smffja`ms cm lks

cjomrm`tms pjmzks cm dkcmrk mstë` m` pulnkcks. M` lk fadmrfjkljzk-

fjö` cm lk dkcmrk sm utjljzk par fastudgrm lk pulnkck y ml pjm fada

u`jckc cm dmcjck.

K oj` cm kyuckr m` ml födputa, prmsupumsta y pmcjca cm dkcmrk kqujm`ms `a mstë` ekgjtukcas k mstks dmcjcks, rmpracufjdas lk

sjnujm`tm tkglk cm fa`vmrsjö` fa` lks dmcjcks dës usuklms2

SKGLK CM FA@_MWVJÖ@ CM X]LNKCKV K DJLÄDMSWAV

X]LNKCKV DJLÄDMSWAV + ;/3— + ;/7—

8— 8 ?.6= ;7.>8

;— 7=.38 6;.>= 65,;8

7— =8.58 =>.;= ?6.=8

6— >?.78 57.== 55.:8

3— ;8;.?8 ;8>.:= ;;3.68

=— ;7>.88 ;66.6= ;6:.>8

?— ;=7.38 ;=5.>= ;?=.;8

5— 786.78 78:.== 7;=.:8;8— 7=3.88 7?8.6= 7??.>8

;7— 683.58 6;;.;= 6;>.=8



M V

S W ] F S ] W K V

;=

_AL]DM@ @ADJ@KL CM LKV MVF]KCWKV ]V]KLMV X7 /D

;" 7" 6" 3" =" ?"

;" 8.7>6 8.=3> 8.578 ;.8:6 ;.6?> ;.?38

7" 8.=3> ;.8:6 ;.?38 7.;5> 7.>63 6.758

6" 8.578 ;.?38 7.3?8 6.75; 3.;8; 3.:7;

3" ;.8:6 7.;5> 6.75; 3.6>3 =.3?5 ?.=?;

=" ;.6?> 7.>63 3.;8; =.3?5 ?.56= 5.787?" ;.?38 6.75; 3.:7; ?.=?; 5.787 :.537

>" ;.:;3 6.57> =.>3; >.?== :.=?: ;;.358

5" 7.;5> 3.6>3 ?.=?; 5.>3: ;8.:68 ;6.;78

:" 7.3?8 3.:7; >.65; :.537 ;7.688 ;3.>?8

;8" 7.>63 =.3?5 5.787 ;8.:68 ;6.?>8 ;?.388

;;" 6.88> ?.8;3 :.877 ;7.868 ;=.838 ;5.838

;7" 6.75; ?.=?; :.537 ;6.;78 ;?.388 ;:.?58

@atk2 M` fksa cm qum à sm falaqum salmrk, `j m`fkcm`kca y las

fkgjas kpaym` söla sagrm lk pkrmc fa`vm`crë falafkr u`k plk`fek

dmtëljfk m` ml pu`ta cm kpaya cml fkgja pkrk qum cjstrjguyk lks

fkrnks cm u`k oardk dës u`joardm, mvjtk`ca ksä lks ojsurks k 3=²

ekfjk kgkba qum sm pracufm` cmscm lks krjstks jòmrjarms cml fkgja,

cmàdj`kcks vulnkrdm`tm “momfta gjnatm—.

M` las nrëojfas qum vmdas k fa`tjùkfjö` pacmdas tm`mr u`k jcmk cm fada sm cjspa`m` las cjstj`tas mlmdm`tas cm u`k mstrufturk cm dkcmrk

m` u` tmfea mstë`ckr. ]` pu`ta k tm`mr m` fum`tk ms qum lk salmrk m` lk qum kpaym` las fkgjas cmgm smr cm dkcmrk curk. M` fksa cm jr kpaykcas

sagrm cj`tmlms cm E² K² las djsdas pacrë` jr ktkcas k las ejmrras supmrjarms cm lk krdkcurk cml cj`tml a vjnk cm m`fkcm`kca.

Xar mbmdpla2

; d. lj`mkl cm fkgja cm 7—x=—

mqujvklm k 7.>63 p·.

;— 4 7.=3 fd.

; pjm 4 ;7— 4 68.35 fd.

MV[]MDK GËVJFA CM CJVXAVJFJÖ@ M@ MVSW]FS]WK CM DKCMWK

LJVSÖ@ CM ;/7— U ;— “ZMVMWA—

LJVSÖ@ CM 7— U ;—

FKGJA

_JNK

SKGLKV DKFEJDGWM

VALMWK

DMDGWK@K JVALK@S

FLK_KCMWK



M V

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;?

Las fkgjas a tjrk`tms sm kpaykrë` sagrm lks vjnks a fkgrjkcks mstrufturklms, a gjm` sagrm ml m`fkcm`kca pmrjdmtrkl, fa` u`k smpkrkfjö` nm`m-

rkldm`tm cm klrmcmcar cm ?8 fd. (smnò` lk fkrnk qum rmfjgk cm lk fugjmrtk). M` fugjmrtks ljvjk`ks (fekpks) sumlm` pa`mrsm fkgjas cm dmàr

msfukcräk, a dks smpkrkcas. Las fkgjas y lks vjnks pumcm` smr cm dkcmrk dkfjzk a lkdj`kck. Mstks òltjdks tjm`m` lk vm`tkbk cm pacmr fugrjr

dkyarms lufms. Vagrm las fkgjas sm falafk nm`mrkldm`tm ml dkfejdgrm, ml fukl ckrë sapartm k lk kjslkfjö` ejcröounk y têrdjfk.

Xkrk lk ugjfkfjö` cm lks kjslkfja`ms, sm nm`mrk u` mspkfja fa` ljsta`ms cm 7— x ;— falafkcas sagrm ml dkfejdgrm m` lk lä`mk cm praymffjö`

cml fkgja. Xmrpm`cjfulkr k las ljsta`ms sm falafk lk dmdgrk`k kjslk`tm ojbë`casm fa` ljsta`ms cm ;— x ´— fadò`dm`tm llkdkcas “ymsmras—.

Lk ou`fjö` cm mstas smrë caglm, submtkr lk dmdgrk`k k lk mstrufturk cml tmfea y smrvjr cm smpkrkfjö` m`trm lk flkvkcmrk y lk dmdgrk`k kjslk`tm

mvjtk`ca agstruffja`ms m` ml ljgrm msfurrjdjm`ta cml knuk. Kcmdës, ml ljstö` pmrdjtjrë rmplk`tmkr lk ugjfkfjö` cm lks flkvkcmrks pkrk agtm`mr

ojlks pkrklmlks k lk fm`mok y m`trm mllks. Fadò`dm`tm sm utjljzk lk lä`mk cm tjzk a “fekli lj`m—, usukldm`tm cmàdj`kck “feaflk— pkrk dkrfkr

lä`mks sagrm las ljsta`ms.

]`k vmz rmplk`tmkcks sm flkvkrë` lks klokbäks a flkvkcmrks qumck`ca lk mstrufturk ljstk pkrk rmfjgjr lk fugjmrtk cm tmbks a fekpk. M` ml fksa

pu`tukl cm lks klokbäks a flkvkcmrks, eky qum fa`sjcmrkr lk fkljckc cm lks djsdks, yk qum m` ml fksa cm dkcmrks duy bövm`ms a glk`cks -cmgjca

k lk eudmckc prmsm`tm m` msk pkrtm cml tmfea y mspmfjkldm`tm m` ml fksa cm tmbks fmrëdjfks-, mstks dkcmrks pumcm` m`trkr m` cmsfadpasj-

fjö` y pmrcmr rmsjstm`fjk, la qum sm trkcufm m` u` “a`culkca— cml tmfea cmsknrkckglm k lk vjstk.

Xkrk mvjtkr msm praglmdk, sm rmfadjm`ck falafkr fada klokbäks, dkcmrks smdj-curks gjm` mstkfja`kcks, trktkcks m` kutaflkvm a gjm` rmkljzkrlm

k lks djsdks u` trktkdjm`ta fa` pj`turks kcmfukcks prmvja k su j`stklkfjö`.

M` klnu`ks fa`struffja`ms à sm utjljzk dkfejdgrm, yk qum prmvjm`ca lk falafkfjö` cm u` fjmlarrksa suspm`cjca, pumcm` falafkrsm tkglks sj`

fmpjllkr a cjrmftkdm`tm pa`mr klokbäks sagrm las fkgjas. M` fuklqujmr fksa, rmfadm`ckdas ml usa cm u`k kjslkfjö` ejcröounk y têrdjfk pkrk ksm-

nurkr qum à pksm ml knuk `j sm pracuzfk fa`cm`skfjö` supmrojfjkl y lk trk`somrm`fjk cm fklar smk lk dmàr pasjglm.

Lk falafkfjö` cm u`k rmc cm klkdgrms fkck 38 fd. (m` oardk cm radgas a ckdmra) ms atrk salufjö` pasjglm pkrk sustm`tkr lks dmdgrk`kskjslk`tms fuk`ca à tm`mdas prmvjsta j`stklkr tkglks a dkfejdgrm. Kdpljkrmdas mstas tmdks fuk`ca kgarcmdas ml tmdk cm lk falafkfjö` cm

lks dmdgrk`ks kjslk`tms.

MVSW]FS]WK FA@ FKGJAV

FKGJAV FM@MOK F]DGWMWK

LJDKEAZK LJDKSMVK

MVSW]FS]WK FA@ FAWWMKV

FM@MOKFAWWMKV F]DGWMWK

LJDKEAZK _JNKJ@SMWDMCJK

LJDKSMVK

J`tmnrk`ca las mlmdm`tas vjstas m` ml k`ëljsjs cm lk fugjmrtk fa` las cjstj`tas fadpa`m`tms mstrufturklms, tm`mdas cas tjpalanäks m` tmfeas cm dkcmrk.

EMWWKDJM@SKV ]SJLJRKCKV XKWK DMCJFJÖ@ M@ SMFEAV CM DKCMWK



M V

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;>

G ′ Mstrufturk dmtëljfk

Mstm tjpa cm mstrufturk ms utjljzkca ou`ckdm`tkldm`tm m` mcjojfjas j`custrjklms, ku`qum fkck vmz dës m`fa`trkdas su usa m` vjvjm`cks. Fada

mlmdm`ta prj`fjpkl cm sastê` cm fugjmrtk tm`mdas vjnks, krfas, fkgrjkcks a pör tjfas. Mstas mlmdm`tas pacrë` smr cm vjnks rmtjfulkcks (cm pmr-

ojlms cm ejmrra àrdkljzkca a ejmrra rmca`ca) a cm kldk llm`k, ms cmfjr cm lëdj`ks cm kfmra a ejmrra. Vagrm mstas mlmdm`tas prj`fjpklms sm ojbkrë

lk mstrufturk cm rmpkrtjfjö` cm fkrnk qum cmàdj`krmdas farrmks.

Lks farrmks smrë` jnukldm`tm rmtjfulkcks cm ejmrra rmca`ca, cm pmrojlms cm ejmrra lkdj`kcas (nm`mrkldm`tm ]), cm tugas cm smffjö` rmftk`nulkr,pmrojlms cm fekpk caglkck (nm`mrkldm`tm —F—), a mvm`tukldm`tm dkcmrk. Xar okfjljckc cm trkgkba kftukldm`tm la dës utjljzkca ms ml pmrojl F

sagrm ml fukl sm kpljfk lk fekpk ojbkck fa` tar`jlla kutapmroark`tm, knjljzk`ca ksä ml trkgkba qum supa`m falafkr lk fekpk fa` nk`fea tadkca k

farrmks rmtjfulkcks.

Mlmdm`tas cm ojbkfjö`Xkrk lks fekpks sagrm mstrufturk dmtëljfk sm utjljzk` àrdkldm`tm flkvas nk`feas a tar`jllas kutapmroark`tms (vmr pënj`k ;;). Las nk`feas sa`

u` gum` sjstmdk pmra prmsm`tk` ml j`fa`vm`jm`tm cm tm`mr qum pmroarkr lk fekpk prmvjkdm`tm y `mfmsjtkr cas pmrsa`ks pkrk su falafkfjö`. Las

nk`feas fartas sm usk` m` ml fksa cm lks farrmks cm ejmrra rmca`ca rmtjfulkca y las lkrnas fuk`ca lk fekpk sm ojbk k pmrojlms cm ejmrra àrdkljzk-

cas. Las tar`jllas kutapmroark`tms sm falafk` oëfjldm`tm fa` u` tklkcra y u` kckptkcar, pmroark`ca y rasfk`ca m` u`k salk apmrkfjö`, llmvk` m` su

fkgmzk u`k krk`cmlk cm `maprm`m pkrk mvjtkr ojltrkfja`ms. Lks fekpks sm ojbkrë` sagrm lks farrmks y ml dktmrjkl kjslk`tm cmgmrë qumckr submta m`trm

lk mstrufturk y lk fugjmrtk kl ojbkr mstk òltjdk. Vm vmrë fa` dkyar cmtkllm m` lk falafkfjö` cml dktmrjkl kjslk`tm m` ml fkpätula J_.

_JNKV A FKGWJKCKV

_JNK WMFSK(pmrlms cm ejmrra)

_JNK

XKWKGÖLJFK(ejmrra rmca`ca)

FAWWMKV A SJWK@SMV

FAWWMKWMSJF]LKCK XMWOJLMV Z FKÛAV CM FEKXK



M V

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F ′ Mstrufturk cm eardjnö` y/a vjnumtks prmtm`skcks

Lks mstrufturks mstë` faòardkcks par falud`ks, lasks y vjnks cm E² K². Lks lasks pumcm` smr plk`ks a j`flj`kcks, às rmomrjrmdas k mstks

òltjdks. Kcmdës par su oardk cm fa`struffjö`, lks cjvjcjdas m`2

• Mbmfutkcks j` sjtu.

• Cm lasmtks prmokgrjfkcks cm E² K².• Cm vjnumtks prmtm`skcks y lkcrjlla fmrëdjfa a cm paljmstjrmà.

Ormfum`tmdm`tm sm cmfjcm falafkr fada fugjmrtk tmbks. Ml eardjnö` pasmm kltk j`mrfjk têrdjfk, par mlla m` vmrkà, kfudulk nrk` fk`tjckc cm fklar

curk`tm lks earks cm sal y la jrrkcjk kl j`tmrjar cm lk vjvjm`ck curk`tm ml rmsta cml cäk. Ms mfmskrja fa`tkr fa` u`k gum k kjslkfjö` têrdjfk. Cjfek kjslk-

fjö` mvjtkrë rkbkcurks par cjlktkfjö` a fa`trkffjö` kl mstkgjljzkr têrdjfkdm`tm lk lask. _mrmdas las cmtkllms cm falafkfjö` m` ml fkpätula cm kjslkfja`ms.

Mstrufturk cm eardjnö` fa` lask j`flj`kck2

m` mstm fksa fa`vm`crë kpljfkr sagrm lk lask

u`k dmdgrk`k JVALK@S ojbkck fa` ljsta`ms

cm dkcmrk, sjdjlkr k lk kpljfkfjö` m` tmfeas

cm dkfejdgrm. Cm mstk oardk sm às okfj-

ljtk lk falafkfjö` cm lk tmbk, pucjm`ca j`flu-sjvm falafkr fekpk, y mvjtk`ca ksä pktalanäks

fada ojsurks y ojltrkfja`ms.

Ml djsda fa`fmpta

sm kpljfk k tmfeas cm

lasmtks y vjnumtks prm-

tm`skcks a cm tjrk`tms ytmbumla`ms fmrëdjfas.



K J

V L K F J A @ M V

;:

Kjslkfja`ms

M` u` tmfea tm`mdas trms praglmdks gësjfas k rmsalvmr

Kjslkfjö`têrdjfk

Vm cmgm mvjtkr lk pêrcjck cm fklar

j`tmrà m` j`vjmrà y lk nk`k`fjk cm

fklar mxtmrà m` vmrkà.

Kjslkfjöèjcröounk

Vm cmgm mvjtkr ml pksa

cml knuk, jdpmrdmkgjljzk`ca

tatkldm`tm ml tmfea.

Mvjtkr lkfa`cm`skfjö`

Vm cmgm prmvm`jr mstm om`ödmà,

mvjtk`ca qum lk eudmckc komftm

lks supmrojfjms cm lk fugjmrtk.

MFA@ADÄK ]`k fksk kjslkck

fa`sudm dmàs

]`k fksk gjm` kjslkck fa`sudjrë dmàs m`mr-

näk tk`ta pkrk kjrm kfa`cjfja`kca fada pkrk

fklmokffjö`, kdartjzk`ca ksä ml fasta j`jfjkl

qum jdpljfk lk falafkfjö` cm dktmrjkl kjslk`tm.

Vmnò` ml cjsmûa, lk arjm`tkfjö`, las vklarms

I cm las cjstj`tas fmrrkdjm`tas llmnkrmdas k

cmtmrdj`kr ml “Gklk`fm têrdjfa— k lk fk`tjckc

cm Ijlafklaräks par eark (Ifkl./e) qum eky

qum j`farparkr a qujtkr cml kdgjm`tm.

MFALANÄK ]`k fksk kjslkck

fa`tkdj`k dmàs

Ms u` emfea qum lk m`mrnäk ms u` rmfursa

fkck vmz dës msfksa y qum lks mdk`kfja`ms

cm cjöxjca cm fkrgaà (FA7) pracufjcks par ml

usa cm fadgustjglms cmgm` smr rmcufjcks k

`jvml nlagkl.

Ml cjsmûa mojfjm`tm cm u` mcjojfja a vjvjm`ck kjs-

lkck cmgmrë gusfkr ml dmbar kpravmfekdjm`ta

cm lk m`mrnäk, mvjtkr lks pêrcjcks y/a nk`k`fjks

cm fklar à cmsmkcks aptjdjzk`ca ml gum` ou`-

fja`kdjm`ta cm las mqujpas cm fljdktjzkfjö`.

WMVAL_JM@CA K MVSAV XWAGLMDKV SM@MDAV SWMV GM@MOJFJAVFLKWAV XKWK LK _J_JM@CK Z @]MVSWK FAD]@JCKC.

FA@OAWS]`k fksk kjslkck

ms dës faòartkglm

Lks tmdpmrkturks mxtrmdks y las fkdgjas

grusfas cm tmdpmrkturk pracufm` m` lks pmr-

sa`ks sm`skfjö` cm dklmstkr.

La qum sm cmgm lanrkr kl dadm`ta cml cjsmûa

cm u`k fa`struffjö` ms ml faòart têrdjfa.

Lk fksk sm fa`struym u`k vmz, fa` dufea

msoumrza y dmrmfm smr cjsorutkck.

“M` lk dmcjck qum käslm kcmfukckdm`tm su vjvjm`ck, dmàr smrë ml fasta pkrk

dk`tm`mr lk tmdpmrkturk jcmkl, dkyar smrë ml faòart y mstkrë kyuck`ca k fujckr ml plk`mtk—.



K J

V L K F J A @ M V

78

±Fadö rmspa`cm` lks dmdgrk`ksJVALK@S k lk jdpmrdmkgjljckc1

• Xar mstkr okgrjfkcks k gksm cm paljmtjlmà, lks dmdgrk`ksJVALK@S sa` tatkldm`tm jdpmrdmkglms kl knuk.

• @a ms `mfmskrja falafkr atrk kjslkfjö` ejcröounk kcjfja`kl.

• Xar su mstrufturk cm fmlck fmrrkck cm paljmtjlmà, ml dktmrjkl

pasmm dmdarjk mlëstjfk, la qum ksmnurk emrdmtjfjckc m` las

pu`tas ca`cm ml dktmrjkl ms ktrkvmskca par las flkvas.

VJ@ JVALK@S FA@ JVALK@S

Ml knuk fadjm`zk k

ojltrkr par okllks m` lk

fugjmrtk, fkusk`ca

natmrks, eudmckcms,y atras praglmdks.

Lk dmdgrk`k

JVALK@S, par smr

tatkldm`tm jdpmr-

dmkglm jdpjcmml pksa cml knuk,

kl j`tmrjar cm lk

vjvjm`ck.

Kl flkvkrlksà cmbk` ojltrkr

ml knuk

Kjslkfjö` ejcröounkVu ou`fjö` prj`fjpkl ms lk cm jdpmcjr ml j`nrmsa cm knuk cmscm ml mxtmrjar. Lk prj`fjpkl gkrrmrk

ejcrëuljfk ms lk fugjmrtk y lk smfu`ckrjk smrë falafkck cmgkba cm êstk pkrk pratmnmr lk vjvjm`ck

cm u`k mvm`tukl okllk cm lk fugjmrtk a cm klnu`k zj`numräk.

Lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S sa`tatkldm`tm jdpmrdmkglms kl knuk

Valjfjtm ml Xrkftj Ijt @¸ ;, fa` ml qum pacrë fadpragkr qum ùmstrks dmdgrk`ks sa`

;88% jdpmrdmkglms y qum kl flkvkrlks à cmbk` ojltrkr knuk.

Ml Ijt fa`tjm`m kcmdës u` j`struftjva fa` las pksas `mfmskrjas pkrk qum fa` u` sjdplm

mxpmrjdm`ta vmrjojqum mstk vm`tkbk ò`jfk m` ml dmrfkca.

Xrkftj Ijt @¸ ; - JDXMWDMKGJLJCKC



K J

V L K F J A @ M V

fkljm`tm cml kjslk`tm. Cm a falafkrsm, ml vkpar pm`mtrkrë m` ml kjslk`tm

têrdjfa cmsklabk`ca ml kjrm y fa`cm`sk`ca (fa`cm`skfjö` j`tmrstjfjkl).

Msta pracufm lk cjsdjùfjö` cm lk fkpkfjckc kjslk`tm cml dktmrjkl

komftkca yk qum lk fkvjckc cm kjrm qum atarnk gkbk fa`cuftjvjckc smrë

rmmdplkzkck par knuk fa` kltk fa`cuftjvjckc.

Xkrk qum u` dktmrjkl smk gkrrmrk cm vkpar, lk @ardk JWKD ;>6? j`cjfk

qum su pmrdmk`fjk kl vkpar cm knuk cmgm smr jòmrjar k 8,>= n/d7.e.iXk.

M` sä`tmsjs, cmgmräkdas falafkr kjslkfjö` têrdjfk par la dmàs pkrk

mvjtkr lk fa`cm`skfjö` supmrojfjkl cm lk fugjmrtk y u`k gkrrmrk cm

vkpar pkrk qum ml dktmrjkl kjslk`tm kftòm farrmftkdm`tm.

Fa`cm`skfjö`Lk fa`cm`skfjö` ms u` fkdgja cm mstkca, pksk`ca cm nksmasa (vkpar cm knuk) kl mstkca läqujca

(knuk). Xkrk qum sm pracuzfk mstm om`ödmà `mfmsjtkdas qum ml kjrm sm skturm cm eudmckc k

u`k cmtmrdj`kck tmdpmrkturk. Lk tmdpmrkturk m` lk fukl sm pracufm cjfea fkdgja, sm cmàdj`k

“Smdpmrkturk cm Wafäa— a “Xu`ta cm Wafäa—. Lk fa`cm`skfjö` sm prmsm`tk m` cas oardks cm`tracm lks fa`struffja`ms2 fa`cm`skfjö` supmrojfjkl y fa`cm`skfjö` j`tmrstjfjkl.

M` u` tmfea, lk fa`cm`skfjö` supmrojfjkl afurrm fuk`ca ml vkpar

cm knuk fa`tm`jca m` ml kjrm j`tmrjar klfk`zk lk pkrtm dës oräk cm lk

fugjmrtk. Fuk`ca mstm vkpar, k tmdpmrkturk kdgjm`tm j`tmrjar, tadk

fa`tkfta fa` lk supmrojfjm j`tmr`k cm lk fekpk a lk tmbk, qum pumcm

mstkr prëftjfkdm`tm k lk djsdk tmdpmrkturk qum ml kjrm mxtmrjar, pra-

cufm lk fa`cm`skfjö` trk`soardë`casm m` natks cm knuk.

Lk fa`cm`skfjö` j`tmrstjfjkl fa`sjstm m` ml djsda om`ödmà pmra m`

mstm fksa ml vkpar klfk`zkrë su pu`ta cm rafäa cm`tra cm las “j`tmrstj-fjas— cm u` dktmrjkl a u` fmrrkdjm`ta.

Xkrk mvjtkr ml om`ödmà cm lk fa`cm`skfjö` cmgmdas fa`tralkr cas

vkrjkglms2 lk cjomrm`fjk cm tmdpmrkturk m`trm ml mxtmrjar y ml j`tmrjar y

lk eudmckc rmlktjvk cml kdgjm`tm.

Lk cjomrm`fjk cm tmdpmrkturk sm fa`tralkrë fa` ml usa cm u` dktmrjkl

kjslk`tm kcmfukca y lk eudmckc rmlktjvk cml kdgjm`tm fadplmdm`-

tk`ca kl dktmrjkl kjslk`tm fa` u`k gkrrmrk cm vkpar y prafurk`ca u`k

farrmftk vm`tjlkfjö`.

Lk vmrjojfkfjö` cml rjmsna cm fa`cm`skfjö` supmrojfjkl m j`tmrstjfjkl, sm

rmkljzk smnò` las lj mkdjm`tas cm lk @ardk JWKD ;;?7=. Xkrk cmtmr-

dj`kr ml vklar cm tmdpmrkturk cm rafäa `mfmsjtkrmdas las cktas cm lk

tmdpmrkturk dä`jdk dmcjk mxtmrjar y lk eudmckc dmcjk rmlktjvk cml

kdgjm`tm. Lk tmdpmrkturk j tmr`k ms ckta cm lk àrdk y cmpm`cmrë

cml usa kl qum mstê cmstj`kck lk fa`struffjö`.

M` u` tmfea, kl j`farparkr kjslkfjö` têrdjfk dks cm gkrrmrk vkpar fa`

u` sala pracufta (dmdgrk`k JVALK@S) sm lanrk qum lk tmdpmrkturk m` lk

fkrk j`tmrjar cml tmfea, (dkfejdgrm, fjmlarrksa, mtf.) smk dks kltk qum lk

tmdpmrkturk cm lk fugjmrtk mxtmr`k y mvjtkr ksä ml natma par fa`cm`skfjö .

Vj sm falafk` dktmrjklms kjslk`tms trkcjfja`klms, lk gkrrmrk cm vkpar

cmgm falafkrsm m` lk fkrk jòmrjar (j`tmr`k) a tkdgjê` llkdkck fkrk

7;

VJ@ JVALK@S FA@ JVALK@S

Lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@Smvjtk` ml om`ödmà cm lk fa`cm`skfjö`

±Föda rmspa`cm` lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S orm`tm k lk fa`cm`skfjö`1• Kl utjljzkr lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S, sm mstë falafk`ca u` dktmrjkl qum fudplm fa` lks cas ou`fja`ms2 ms kjslk`tm têrdjfa

(ι 4 8.838 /d²F) y gkrrmrk cm vkpar. Lanrk`ca ksä mvjtkr lk fa`cm`skfjö`.

• Lk pmrdmk`fjk kl vkpar cm knuk cm lk mspudk JVALK@S ms cm 8,866 n/d7.e.iXk. (@ardks JWKD ;>6= y KVSD M-:?).

• Lk falafkfjö` fa` caglm ljstö` prapumstk (@ardk JWKD ;;?=;), prmvê lk vm`tjlkfjö` cml dkfejdgrm, tk`ta cm fuklqujmr eudmckc

qum pucjmrk qumckr ktrkpkck kllä, fada lk prapjk cm lk dkcmrk qum à mstë gjm` mstkfja`kck.

Las cmtkllms cm lk falafkfjö` sm vmrë` dks kcmlk`tm m` ml fkpätula @² 3 “Oardks cm Falafkfjö`—.



K J

V L K F J A @ M V

Kjslkfjö` têrdjfkLk kjslkfjö` têrdjfk gusfk rmcufjr lks pêrcjcks a nk`k`fjks cm fklar, dmbark`ca ml faòart y

lk ekgjtkgjljckc. M` ml fksa cm j`stklkfja`ms cm kfa`cjfja`kdjm`ta, ml nksta cm m`mrnäk pkrk

mòrjkr a fklm`tkr ml kdgjm`tm smrë dufea dmàr.

KVJ J@SMWFKDGJK ML FKLAW ]@ EANKW

Oardks cm trk`sdjsjö` cm fklarLk lmy cm trk`sdjsjö` cm fklar j`cjfk qum u` fumrpa fkljm`tm trk`sdjtm

fklar k atra ekstk qum kdgas mqujljgrk` su tmdpmrkturk. Mstm mqujlj-

grja sm lanrk par dmcja cm trms oardks cm trk`sdjsjö` cm fklar2

•FA@C]FFJÖ@

•FA@_MFFJÖ@

•WKCJKFJÖ@

Lk trk`sdjsjö` pumcm pracufjrsm par u`k a vkrjks cm mstks oardks

fadgj`kcks. Lk trk`sdjsjö` par fa`cuffjö` sm cmtmrdj`k par u`k

mfukfjö` ou`ckdm`tkl faàfjck fada Lmy cm Oaurjmr.

[ 4 I x K x CS

Ca`cm2 [ 4 Fklar Satkl

K 4 Vupmrojfjm

CS 4 Cjomrm`fjk cm tmdpmrkturk m`trm j`tmrjar y mxtmrjar

I 4 Srk`sdjtk`fjk têrdjfk

Lk Srk`sdjtk`fjk Sêrdjfk “I—, ms lk dmcjck m` lk qum u` dktmrjkl pmr-djtm ml pksa cml fklar. Cm lk djsdk oardk, su j`vmrsk, lk Wmsjstm`fjk

Sêrdjfk “W—, ms lk dmcjck m` qum u` dktmrjkl sm rmsjstm kl pksa cml fklar.

OAWDKV CM SWK@VDJVJÖ@ CM FKLAW

±FÖDA VMSWK@VDJSM1

±FÖDA VM KJVLK1 MBMDXLA

FA@C]FFJÖ@k trkvês cm dktm-rjklms söljcas a

läqujcas

smpkrk`ca las fumr-pas a j`tmrpa`jm`ca

dktmrjklms cmgkbk fa`cuftjvjckc

têrdjfk

usa cm kjslk`tms pardksk m`trm fekpk y

dkfejdgrm

FA@_MFFJÖ@k trkvês cml

davjdjm`ta cmolujcas

jdpjcjm`ca ml davj-djm`ta cml kjrm a

olujca

fëdkrks mstk`fks(fmlcks fmrrkcks)

WKCJKFJÖ@

k trkvês cm u`k

fëdkrk cm kjrma vkfäa

j`stklk`ca dktmrjklms

rmolmftjvas a cmgkbk mdjsjvjckc

j`fapark`ca u`

dktmrjkl rmolmftjvasmpkrkca y parcmgkba cm lk fekpk

77

OL]BA CM FKLAWCMVFM@CM@SM

% cm j`nrmsa cm fklar par ml tmfea

_ M W K @ A

OL]BA CM FKLAW LKSMWKL% cm nk`k`fjk cm fklar par lks pkrmcms

fa`cuffjö` =%

fa`vmffjö` ;= k 75%

rkcjkfjö` ?= k 58%

_MWK@A f a` c u f f

j ö ` = %

f a`v m f f

j ö ` 8 %

r k c j k fj ö

` : = %

OL]BA CM FKLAW KVFM@CM@SM% cm pêrcjck cm fklar par ml tmfea

J@_JMW@A

f a ` c u f f j ö `

= %

f a ` v m f f j ö `

3 = %

r k c j k f j ö ` = 8 %



K J

V L K F J A @ M V

Fklar trk`sdjtjca par fa`cuffjö`

±Föda sm käslk ml fklar trk`sdjtjca par fa`cuffjö`1

76

±Föda rmspa`cm JVALK@S kl fklar par fa`cuffjö`1

Ml kjrm mstk`fa ms u` mxfmlm`tm kjslk`tm têrdjfa. M` ml fksa cm lks mspudks JVALK@S mstm kjrm sm m`fum`trk ktrkpkca y mstk`fa m` lks fmlcks

fmrrkcks cm paljmtjlmà, agtm`jm`ca ksä u`k gkbk trk`sdjsjö` cm fklar, par la tk`ta u`k kltk rmsjstm`fjk têrdjfk smnò` su mspmsar.

Lk mspudk plëstjfk JVALK@S tjm`m u` famojfjm`tm cm fa`cuftjvjckc têrdjfa ι 4 8.86= k 8.83= ^/d ¸F.

]`k vm`tkbk qum cjomrm`fjk k lk mspudk JVALK@S cm fuklqujmr atra kjslk`tm têrdjfa, ms qum ml djsda dktmrjkl kjslk`tm ms gkrrmrk cm vkpar. Vu

famojfjm`tm ι ms j`kltmrkglm, yk qum ml kjrm mstë mstk`fa m` u`k fmlck fmrrkck m jdpmrdmkglm, ksmnurk`ca ml gum` ou`fja kdjm`ta cml kjslk`tm

k trkvês cml tjmdpa.

Xkrk qum u` dktmrjkl smk kjslk`tm têrdjfa cmgm tm`mr u` Famojfjm`tm cm Fa`cuftjvjckc Sêrdjfk dmàr k 8.8?= ^/d ¸F.

K las kjslk`tms qum sm utjljzk` pkrk kjslkr par fa`cuffjö` las cmàdj`krmdas kjslk`tms par dksk.

Ms duy jdpartk`tm cmstkfkr qum lks kjslkfja`ms par dksk cmgm` dk`tm`mr su mspmsar j`kltmrkglm k la lkrna cml tjmdpa.

Skdgjê` cmgm` ksmnurkr qum lk djsdk à j`farparm eudmckc cmgjca k lk fa`cm`skfjö` supmrojfjkl, j`tmrstjfjkl y par fuklqujmr

okftar mxtmrà (lluvjks prj`fjpkldm`tm). Fuklqujmr vkrjkfjö` m` mstm sm`tjca dacjojfkrë ml pacmr kjslk`tm cml djsda.

Lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S käslk`ml fklar trk`sdjtjca par fa`cuffjö`

J`tmrpa`jm`ca u` dktmrjkl qum sm rmsjstk kl pksa cml fklar, fa` ml

dkyar mspmsar pasjglm. Mstk fkpkfjckc sm djcm fa` ml Famojfjm`tm cm

Fa`cuftjvjckc Sêrdjfk “ι— (lkdgck), jèmrm`tm k fkck dktmrjkl. Fuk`ta

dës gkba smk mstm vklar, dmbar kjslk`tm ms ml dktmrjkl, ms cmfjr su I

cjsdjùym.

Sm`jm`ca m` fum`tk msta, ml I par fa`cuffjö` sm cmtmrdj`k fa` lk

sjnujm`tm oördulk2

I 4 ι / m 9 W 4 ; / I 9 W 4 m / ι

Vjm`ca2 m 4 mspmsarLas vklarms cm Fa`cuftjvjckc Sêrdjfk “ι— sa` sudj`jstrkcas par las

okgrjfk`tms k trkvês cm m`skyas, m` ml fksa cm dktmrjklms `kturklms a

sj` m`skyas rmkljzkcas par ml okgrjfk`tm, sm pacrë` agtm`mr m` lk tkglk

ckck par lk àrdk JWKD ;;?8;.



K J

V L K F J A @ M V

Fklar trk`sdjtjca par fa`vmffjö`

Ms lk trk`sdjsjö` cm fklar k trkvês cm las olujcas (läqujcas y nksms). Fuk`ca las olujcas sm pa`m` m` fa`tkfta fa` supmrojfjms fkljm`tms, êstaskudm`tk` su tmdpmrkturk y cjsdjùym` su cm`sjckc nm`mrk`ca u` davjdjm`ta ksfm`cm`tm. M` u`k vjvjm`ck, lk trk`sdjsjö` par fa`vmffjö` à

j`fjcjrë dkyardm`tm ekfjk ml j`tmrjar, ckca qum lk dkyar nk`k`fjk cm fklar sm ckrë par lk rkcjkfjö` cm lk fugjmrtk.

73

±Föda sm käslk ml fklar trk`sdjtjcapar fa`vmffjö`1

Fada m` u` kdgjm`tm ms jdpasjglm jdpmcjr ml davjdjm`ta cml kjrm, smcmgm kjslkr têrdjfkdm`tm ml tmfea cm oardk tkl qum su tmdpmrkturk

supmrojfjkl j`tmrjar smk la dks pröxjdk k lk cml kdgjm`tm, lanrk`ca cm

mstk oardk qum lk pêrcjck cm fklar cml kjrm smk lk dmàr pasjglm.

±Föda j`tmrvjm`m JVALK@S m` lktrk`sdjsjö` cm fklar par fa`vmffjö`1

Kl smr lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S kjslk`tms têrdjfas, lanrk` qum lks

tmdpmrkturks cmgkba cm mllks sm dk`tm`nk` la dës pröxjdks k lks

cml kdgjm`tm j`tmrjar, rmcufjm`ca ml j`tmrfkdgja cm fklar m`trm ml kjrm

j`tmrjar y ml tmfea, cjsdjùym`ca lks pêrcjcks cm fklar par fa`vmffjö`.

Lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S käslk`ml fklar trk`sdjtjca par fa`vmffjö`



K J

V L K F J A @ M V

Fklar trk`sdjtjca par rkcjkfjö`]` fumrpa fkljm`tm mdjtm rkcjkfjö` têrdjfk (m` oardk jòrkrrabk), k trkvês cml kjrm a cml vkfäa, ekfjk atra dës oräa qum lk kgsargm. Xar mbmdpla, kl

falafkr u`k plk`fek cadêstjfk k fjmrtk cjstk`fjk sagrm lk pkldk cm lk dkà, sm`tjrmdas fada jrrkcjk fklar ekfjk kgkba, sj` tm`mr qum vmr msta

klna fa` lk luz. M` ml fksa cm u` tmfea lks fekpks a lks tmbks sm fkljm`tk` par kffjö` cml sal, u`k vmz skturkcks ljgmrk` ml fklar k lk fëdkrk cm

kjrm nm`mrkck par lks flkvkcmrks a las djsdas fk`klms cm lk fekpk a`culkck.

Lk dkyar pkrtm cml fklar vk k smr trk`sdjtjck cm mstk dk`mrk y pkrk qum mxjstk trk`sdjsjö` par rkcjkfjö` ms `mfmskrja u` mspkfja a fëdkrk cmkjrm. Lk rkcjkfjö` têrdjfk ms tatkldm`tm j`cmpm`cjm`tm cm lk luz.

±Föda sm käslk ml fklar trk`sdjtjcapar rkcjkfjö`1

Apa`jm`ca k lk oum`tm cm fklar u`k supmrojfjm grjllk`tm. Cm mstk

supmrojfjm k`kljzkrmdas cas kspmftas2

Mdjtk`fjk (a mdjsjvjckc)2 sm rmojmrm k lk fkpkfjckc cm u` dktmrjkl

cm mdjtjr m`mrnäk rkcjk`tm, tacas las dktmrjklms tjm`m` mdjsjvjckcms

m` u` rk`na cm 8 k ;, fuk`ta dks gkbk ms lk mdjtk`fjk cml dktmrjkl

dmàr ms ml fklar rkcjkca cmscm su supmrojfjm. Ml kludj`ja pasmm u k

duy gkbk mdjtk`fjk la qum bustjojfk su usa fada kjslk`tm rmolmftjva.

Wmolmftk`fjk (a rmolmftjvjckc)2 sm rmojmrm k lk orkffjö` cm m`mrnäk

rkcjk`tm rmfjgjck qum ms rmolmbkck cmscm lk supmrojfjm cm u` dktmrjkl.

Lk rmolmftk`fjk y lk mdjtk`fjk mstë` rmlkfja`kcks, u`k gkbk mdjtk`fjk

farrmspa`cm k u`k supmrojfjm cm kltk rmolmftjvjckc.

FADXAWSKDJM@SA CM JVALK@S M@ _MWK@A M J@_JMW@A

7=

Lks dmdgrk`ks kludj`jzkcks JVALK@S käslk`ml fklar rkcjk`tm mdjtjca par lk fugjmrtk

±Föda rmspa`cm JVALK@Skl fklar par rkcjkfjö`1

JVALK@S prapa`m ml krdkca cm lk fugjmrtk

fa` fëdkrk cm kjrm m`trm lk dmdgrk`k

JVALK@S y lk fugjmrtk mxtmrjar par dmcja cm

lks flkvkcmrks.

K fa`smfum`fjk cm msta, lk rkcjkfjö` têrdjfk

qum mdjtm lk fugjmrtk kl j`tmrjar cm lk vjvjm`ck

sm trk`sdjtm mtkdm`tm par rkcjkfjö`.

K lk rkcjkfjö` cm fklar trk`sdjtjck k trkvês cm

lk fëdkrk cm kjrm, sm lm apa`m u`k fkrk cm

kludj`ja a paljêstmr kludj`jzkca lkdj`kca k

lk mspudk JVALK@S.

Cm mstm k`ëljsjs sm cmcufm qum tm`-

crmdas qum fa`tralkr ml pksa cm fklar

m` mstks trms oardks, pkrk pacmr fa`-

tralkr lk tmdpmrkturk m` ml kdgjm`tm

j`tmrjar, y pkrk mlla cmgmrmdas utjljzkr

lks kjslkfja`ms kprapjkcks.

GkbkMDJVJ_JCKC



K J

V L K F J A @ M V

±Föda kftòk` las kjslk`tms

cm dksk trkcjfja`klms1Wmtrksk` ml pksa cml fklar par fa`cuffjö` ekfjk ml j`tmrjar cm lk

vjvjm`ck. Ms par msta qum k u` dkyar mspmsar, tm`crmdas u` dmbar

rm`cjdjm`ta cm lk kjslkfjö`. Ms ml fksa cml paljmstjrmà mxpk`cjca,

lk`k cm vjcrja a mspudk cm paljurmtkà. K mstas kjslk`tms sm lms

cmgmrë knrmnkr cas dktmrjklms fadplmdm`tkrjas2 u` jdpmrdmkglm y

u`k gkrrmrk cm vkpar.

±Föda kftòk` lks dmdgrk`kskjslk`tms cm JVALK@S1

Vj cmgkba cm lk oum`tm cm fklar, lk fugjmrtk cm fekpk a tmbk, cmbkdas

u`k fëdkrk cm kjrm (qum sm nm`mrk fa` lks flkvkcmrks), lk trk`sdjsjö`

cm fklar ekfjk kgkba sm vk k ckr salkdm`tm par rkcjkfjö`. Vj k mstm

fklar rkcjk`tm qum mdjtm ml tmfea, sm lm j`tmrpa`m u`k supmrojfjm klu-

dj`jzkck a cm kludj`ja duy grjllk`tm, lk rkcjkfjö` sm rmolmbk y ml fklar

à sm trk`sdjtm. Ms par mstk rkzö` qum lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S pkrk

kjslkfjö` têrdjfk tjm`m` u`k a cas fkrks grjllk`tms. Lumna cm kftukr

lk kjslkfjö` par rmolmxjö`, ml mspmsar cm mspudk JVALK@S rmtkrckrë

ml pksa cm fklar par fa`cuffjö` cm lk dksk cm kjrm fkljm`tm, vm`tjlë`-

casm ml fklar rmdk`m`tm par fa`vmffjö` m` lk pm`cjm`tm cml tmfea.

K dkyar rmqumrjdjm`ta cm kjslkfjö` têrdjfk, sm kudm`tk ml mspmsar

cm lk dmdgrk`k JVALK@S. Mstk mspudk, k su vmz, ms jdpmrdmkglm kl

knuk y gkrrmrk cm vkpar. Wmsalvmdas lk gkrrmrk cm vkpar, ml jdpmr-

dmkglm y lk kjslkfjö` têrdjfk m` u` sala dktmrjkl.

KJVLKFJÖ@ SWKCJFJA@KL

F]GJMWSK FA@ MVSW]FS]WKCM DKCMWK Z KJVLKFJÖ@SÊWDJFK XAW DKVK

CAGLM KJVLKFJÖ@ JVALK@S

F]GJMWSK FA@ MVSW]FS]WK CMDKCMWK Z KJVLKFJÖ@ SÊWDJFK XAWWMOLMUJÖ@ Z DKVK (DMDGWK@KV KL]DJ@JRKCKV JVALK@S)

SKGLK CM M[]J_KLM@FJK CM MVXMVAWMVVMNÒ@ LK WMVJVSM@FJK SÊWDJFK

SGK = SGK ;8 SGK D]LSJFKXK

Wmsjstm`fjktêrdjfk

(d7 ¸F/^)

_MWK@A J@_JMW@A _MWK@A J@_JMW@A _MWK@A J@_JMW@A

8.:? 8.== ;.8> 8.?? ;.3? 8.58

Lk`k cmvjcrja

(;3 in./d6)38 dd 76 dd 3= dd 75 dd =5 dd 67 dd

Xaljmstjrmàmxpk`cjca

(78 in./d6)67 dd ;: dd 6= dd 77 dd 35 dd 7? dd

SKGLK CM M[]J_KLM@FJK CM MVXMVAWMVVMNÒ@ LK WMVJVSM@FJK SÊWDJFK

WMVJVSM@FJK SÊWDJFK (D7 ¸F/^)

DMDGWK@K JVALK@S

LK@K CM _JCWJA

(;3 IN./D6)

XALJMVSJWM@AMUXK@CJCA(78 IN./D6)

8.>8 CAGLM KL] = 7: dd 76 dd

;.86 CAGLM KL] ;8 36 dd 63 dd

;.6: CAGLM KL] ;= =5 dd 3? dd

7?

Fadpkrktjvk m`trm JVALK@S y atras kjslk`tms têrdjfas

LÄ@MK _J_JM@CK LÄ@MK J@C]VSWJK



K J

V L K F J A @ M V

Vm llmnk m`ta`fms k lk fa`-

flusjö` qum lks dmdgrk`ks

JVALK@S praparfja`k` u`k

caglm kjslkfjö`2 ejcröounk y

têrdjfk m` u` sala pracufta.

Cm`tra cm lk kjslkfjö` têr-

djfk, fadgj`k cas tjpas2 par

rmolmxjö` (k trkvês cm lk fkrk

kludj`jzkck) y par dksk (k

trkvês cm lk mspudk JVALK@Scm gkbk fa`cuftjvjckc).

JVALK@S V.K. ek lanrkca, k

pkrtjr cm u`k dmdgrk`k cm

rmcufjca mspmsar, u` dktm-

rjkl kjslk`tm têrdjfa, tatkl-

dm`tm jdpmrdmkglm y gkrrmrk

vkpar, cm fadpragkck fklj-

ckc y momftjvjckc.

7>

Gm`mojfjas cm kjslkr fa` dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S

J`stklk`ca JVALK@S sm lanrk2

KJVLKFJÖ@SÊWDJFK

Mvjtk` lk pêrcjck cm

fklar j`tmrà m` j`vjmrà

y lk nk`k`fjk cm

fklar mxtmrà m` vmrkà.

KJVLKFJÖ@EJCWÖO]NK

Mvjtk` ml pksa cml knuk,

jdpmrdmkgjljzk`ca

tatkldm`tm ml tmfea.

M_JSKW LK FA@CM@VKFJÖ@

Mvjtk` qum ml vkpar

cm knuk j`tmrjar

llmnum k lk supmrojfjm

y fa`cm`sm sagrm

ml dkfejdgrm.

KJVLKFJÖ@SÊWDJFK XAWWMOLMUJÖ@ Z DKVK+KJVLKFJÖ@EJCWÖO]NK



K J

V L K F J A @ M V

75

RA@KVGJAFLJDËSJFKV

RA@K V]G RA@K FJ]CKCSMDXMWKS]WK DMCJK

DÄ@JDK DËUJDK

JJ k Oardask ;7 ²F 63 ²F

J g Farrjm`tms ;; ²F 66 ²F

JJJJ k Fktkdkrfk ;8 ²F 68 ²F

JJ g Vk`tk Om > ²F 6; ²F

JJJJJJ k Förcagk 3 ²F 7: ²F

JJJ g Gumàs Kjrms = ²F 68 ²F

J_

J_ k Dm`cazk 7 ²F 67 ²F

J_ g @muquê` - ; ²F 68 ²F

J_ f Srmlmw ; ²F 75 ²F

J_ c Dkr cml Xlktk 6 ²F 7? ²F

_ - Vk` Wkokml ; ²F 6; ²F

_J - ]seukjk - 7 ²F ;3 ²F

Ra`ks Gjakdgjm`tklmsLks fa`cjfja`ms gësjfks sagrm lks qum cmtmrdj`krmdas lks kjslkfja`ms cm u`k vjvjm`ck mstk-

rë` ckcks m` ou`fjö` cm su ugjfkfjö` nmanrëojfk. Vurnm ksä, lk `mfmsjckc cm faàfmr lks

vkrjk`tms fljdktalönjfks qum às prmsm`tk ml sjtja m` ca`cm cmskrrallkrmdas ùmstra praymfta.

Lks vkrjk`tms fljdëtjfks qum j`tmrvjm`m` sa` dufeks.M` lk Krnm`tj`k lk @ardk JWKD ;;?86 sugcjvjcm ml pkäs m` za`ks gjafljdëtjfks cmtmrdj`k`ca

lks tmdpmrkturks dmcjks, dëxjdks kgsalutks y dmcjks, dä`jdks kgsalutks y dmcjks9 lk prm -

sjö` a tm`sjö` cml vkpar9 lk eudmckc rmlktjvk9 lks vmlafjckcms y ormfum`fjks dmcjks cml vjm`ta9

lk prmfjpjtkfjö`9 lk emljaok`äk rmlktjvk y lk ùgasjckc tatkl. Msas cktas pmrdjtm`, k su vmz,

cmtmrdj`kr atrks vkrjkglms cm cjsmûa fada smr cäks täpjfkdm`tm fëljcas y täpjfkdm`tm oräas,

tmdpmrkturks dëxjdk, dmcjk y dä`jdk9 tmdpmrkturks momftjvk farrmnjck dëxjdk y dmcjk9

eudmckc, mtf., a j`cjfkcarms m`mrnêtjfas fada las nrkcas cäk cm fklmokffjö` y mòrjkdjm`ta.

Xu`tukldm`tm sm cmtmrdj`k` vklarms dëxjdas cm I k rmspmtkr pkrk lks cjomrm`tms za`ks, m`

tmfeas y duras.

Mstas vklarms cm I cmgmrë` vmrjojfkrsm m` ml sjstmdk cm tmfea a dura qum mstmdas cjsmûk`ca9

tkdgjê` cmgmrmdas vmrjojfkr lk fa`cm`skfjö` cm kfumrca k lk @ardk JWKD ;;?7=.

]`k vmz qum sm ek lafkljzkca lk za`k gjafljdëtjfk ca`cm vk k fa`strujrsm ml mcjojfja, fa` lasvklarms cm Smdpmrkturk Mxtmrjar cm Cjsmûa (cm J`vjmrà y _mrkà) y utjljzk`ca lk @ardk JWKD

;;?8= sm faàfm` las vklarms dëxjdas kcdjsjglms cm Srk`sdjtk`fjk Sêrdjfk pkrk fa`cjfja -

`ms cm _mrkà (Ra`ks J k J_) y pkrk J`vjmrà (Ra`ks JJJ k J_). Lks za`ks _ y _J à tjm`m` mxjnm`-

fjks cm kjslkfjö` pkrk ml _mrkà.

Cmtmrdj`kcas las vklarms cm I pkrk kdgas fksas, yk pacmdas mlmnjr y fklfulkr las tjpas y

mspmsarms cml kjslkdjm`ta têrdjfa qum ùmstrk fa`struffjö` mfmsjtk.

K fa`tjùkfjö` sm prmsm`tk u`k tkglk qum mùdmrk klnu`ks fjuckcms cml j`tmrjar cm ùms-

tra pkäs -fa` rmomrm`fjk par za`k gjakdgjm`tkl- y fa` mllk, las rk`nas cm tmdpmrkturk dmcjk

dä`jdk y dëxjdk kùklms k fa`sjcmrkr pkrk ml fëlfula.

Xkrk u` farrmfta cjsmûa cm kjslkfjö`

têrdjfk, sm cmgmrë` fa`sjcmrkr lks

@ardks JWKD ;;?8;, ;;?86, ;;?83

y ;;?8=.



K J

V L K F J A @ M V

Fadpartkdjm`ta cm lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S orm`tm kl oumna]à cm las okftarms jdpartk`tms k tm`mr m` fum`tk fuk`ca fa`sjcmrkdas las kjslkdjm`tas, ms qum cmgmdas fadprm`cmr qum SACA sm

qumdk. Völa ms fumstjö` cm tmdpmrkturk. Fuk`ca cmfjdas qum u` dktmrjkl ms jn äouna (ms cmfjr, qum à m`fjm`cm llkdk) a qum tjm`m u`k

fjmrtk vmlafjckc cm prapknkfjö` cm llkdk, mstkdas ekfjm`ca rmomrm`fjk k u` m`skya cmgjckdm`tm ardkljzkca qum as pmrdjtm fadpkrkr

cjomrm`tms dktmrjklms m`trm sä, pkrk pacmr mlmnjr ml qum dmbar sm fadpartm a dmbar fudplk lks mxpmftktjvks k`tm u` mvm`tukl sj`jmstra.

Cmskrralla cm pracuftasM` vjrtuc cm dmbarkr ml fadpartkdjm`ta orm`tm kl oumna cm las dktmrjklms qum trkcjfja`kldm`tm sm utjljzkra` pkrk lk kjslkfjö` cm tmfeas m`

vjvjm`cks y atras mcjojfjas, sm cmskrrallkra` pracuftas fa` fkrkftmrästjfks cjomrm`tms, m`trm mllks lk j`farparkfjö` cm kcjtjvas rmtkrck`tms cm

llkdk m` lk mspudk y lk j`farparkfjö` cm oajls cm kludj`ja m` fkrks vjstks pkrk kftukr fada rmtkrck`tm cm lk kffjö` cml oumna.

@ardk JWKD ;;:;8Ml J`stjtuta cm Wkfja`kljzkfjö` Krnm`tjà cm Dktmrjklms mstkglmfm

cjstj`tks àrdks têf`jfks qum tjm`cm` k fa`trjgujr y pradavmr ml

dmbarkdjm`ta cm lk fkljckc cm vjck, lk smnurjckc cm lks pmrsa`ks y

pradavmr ml usa rkfja`kl cm las rmfursas m`trm atrks kftjvjckcms.

Ksä, cmskrrallk cjstj`tks àrdks qum sa` kpljfkcks m` las dktmrjklms9fa` rmspmfta k las j`fm`cjas m`skyk su fadpartkdjm`ta orm`tm kl

oumna y las flksjojfk m` lk @ardk JWKD ;;:;8.

M` dktmrjklms qum sm prmsupa`m` qum rmsjstm` fklar par krrjgk

cm >88²F (kfmras, glaqums fmrëdjfas, fa`frmtas, mtf.), sm rmkljzk

ml m`skya gkba lk @ardk JWKD ;;:;8-79 sj fudplm` las rmqujsjtas

mstjpulkcas, sm lms atarnk lk flksjojfkfjö` WM;.

Sacas las cmdës dktmrjklms sm m`skyk` gkba lk ardk JWKD ;;:;8-6.

Cm`tra cm mstm nrupa, lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S klfk`zk` lks

flksjojfkfja`ms dës kltks, WM7 y WM6.

Lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S oumra` m`skykcks vkrjks vmfms k la lkrna cm mstas kûas m` ml J@SJ (J`stjtuta @kfja`kl cm Smfàlanäk J`custrjkl) m`

ca`cm sm cmtmrdj`ö su fadpartkdjm`ta orm`tm kl oumna. Mstas m`skyas krrabk` fada rmsultkca2

Dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S SG/SGK®2 Fkljojfkfjö` WM6 - Dktmrjkl cm Gkbk Xrapknkfjö` cm Llkdk

Dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S CAGLM KL]®2 Fkljojfkfjö` WM7 - Dktmrjkl cm Duy Gkbk Xrapknkfjö` cm Llkdk

Nksms pracufta cm lk fadgustjö` cm lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@SK trkvês cm u` m`skya cm dmcjfjö` cm mspmftra, sm cmtmrdj`ö qum cm lk fadgustjö` fadplmtk cml paljmtjlmà krrabk fada rmsultkca salkdm`tm

Cjöxjca cm Fkrgaà (FA7), fklar y vkpar cm knuk. Vj lk fadgustjö` ms j`fadplmtk, sm sudk ml Da`öxjca cm Fkrgaà (FA). @a sm pracufm `j`nò`

tjpa cm nks töxjfa a m`vm`m`k`tm.

Kpragkfjö` cm lks kutarjckcmsJVALK@S nmstja`k lk kpragkfjö` y/a fmrtjojfkfjö` cm sus pracuftas k`tm kutarjckcms k `jvml pravj`fjkl, `kfja`kl a fuklqujmr atra m`tm

fkljojfkca. Ksjdjsda pravmm k sus fljm`tms cm las fmrtjojfkcas farrmspa`cjm`tms, grj`ck fekrlks jòardktjvks y m`trmnk cm dktmrjkl pkrk

cmdastrkfja`ms prëftjfks.

JDXAWSK@SMWmfumrcm qum lks fa`cjfja`ms cm m`skya ‖m` tacas las fksas‖ cjojmrm` cm la qum rmkldm`tm afurrm m` u` sj`jmstra y qum mstas rmsultkcas à cmgm`

smr uskcas pkrk cmsfrjgjr y/a kvklkr ml rjmsna cm j`fm`cja cm u` dktmrjkl, pracufta a sjstmdk m` fa`cjfja`ms cm j`fm`cja rmkl. Ms duy jdpartk`tm

lk mvklukfjö` cm lks j`stklkfja`ms cm cmtmffjö` y mxtj`fjö` `mfmskrjks, ksä fada ml cjsmûa cm lks väks cm msfkpm m` fksa cm mdmrnm`fjk.

MV JDXAVJGLM mvjtkr m` u` ;88% las rjmsnas pkrk lks pmrsa`ks fa` lk sjdplm mlmffjö` cm las dktmrjklms9 pmra la qum sä eky qum tm`mr m` fum`tk ms lk

utjljzkfjö` cm dktmrjklms qum pmrdjtk` lk mvkfukfjö` sj` fa`smfum`fjks lmtklms fada ml m`vm`m`kdjm`ta fa` nksms cm fadgustjö` cm cjfeas pracuftas.

Ml prjdmr agbmtjva cm smnurjckc fa`trk ml oumna ms ksmnurkr qum m` fksa cm j`fm`cja, ml tjmdpa rmqumrjca pkrk mvkfukr mlrmfj`ta sj`jmstrkca smk dmàr kl rmqumrjca par ml oumna pkrk frmkr fa`cjfja`ms j`sastm`jglms cm ekgjtkgjljckc m` ml djsda.

FLKVJOJFKFJÖ@ CM LAV XWAC]FSAVCM KF]MWCA K LK @AWDK JWKD ;;:;8

FLKVM CM@ADJ@KFJÖ@ @AWDK JWKD

WM ; J@FADG]VSJGLM ;;:;8 - 7

WM 7 D]Z GKBK XWAXKNKFJÖ@CM LLKDK ;;:;8 - 6

WM 6 GKBK XWAXKNKFJÖ@CM LLKDK ;;:;8 - 6

WM 3 DMCJK@K XWAXKNKFJÖ@CM LLKDK ;;:;8 - 6

WM = MLM_KCK XWAXKNKFJÖ@CM LLKDK ;;:;8 - 6

WM ? D]Z MLM_KCKXWAXKNKFJÖ@ CM LLKDK ;;:;8 - 6

7:



O A W D K V

C M F A L A F K F J Ö @

6;

Xksa k pksa cm falafkfjö` cm dmdgrk`ks GKBA SMBK JVALK@S

]`k vmz cjspumsta ml dkfejdgrm sagrm lk mstrufturk cml tmfea,

fadjm`zk` lks sufmsjvks mtkpks pkrk lk falafkfjö` cm lk dmdgrk`k.

Vagrm ml dkfejdgrm sm falafk` ljsta`ms cm dkcmrk cm 7 x ;— k la

lkrna cm lk lä`mk cm las fkgjas a tjrk`tms mstrufturklms.

Vm prmsm`tk ml ralla m` lk pkrtm j omrjar cml oklcö` cml tmfea, kpa-

yk`ca las gksta`ms y rmnlk`ca êstas fa` ml dkfejdgrm. Las gksta`ms

pmrdjtm` smnujr lk farrmftk lä`mk earjza`tkl cml `jvml m jdpjcm` ml cms-

ljzkdjm`ta cml ralla.

Vm cmsm`rallk lk dmdgrk`k fugrjm`ca lk supmrojfjm cml tmfea.

Cmbk`ca ml ralla kpaykca sagrm las ljsta`ms y ml dkfejdgrm. M` fksa cm

fartkr ml ralla, pumcm ekfmrla fa` trj`femtk. Las gksta`ms cmbkrë` fa`-

cuftas cm vm`tjlkfjö` pkrklmlas kl dkfejdgrm qum fa`olujrë` m` lks vm`tj-

lkfja`ms ksfm`cm`tms cml ljstö` cm 7— x ;—.

Vagrm lk dmdgrk`k cmsm`rallkck, sm falafk ml prjdmr ljstö` cm

ojbkfjö` (llkdkca “ymsmra— cm ;— x —) qum submtkrë lk djsdk. Lk dmd-

grk`k JVALK@S kgrkzk ml flkva jdpjcjm`ca ml pkskbm cm knuk k trkvês

cm mstm. Ml ljstö` cm ; x ´— pumcm falafkrsm m` trkdas cm :8 fd. a gjm`

cm lkrnas dkyarms.

Vm fa`tj`òk` falafk`ca las ljsta`ms ymsmras ojbk`ca ml ralla cmsplmnkca

kl tmfea. Vagrm mstas ljsta`ms sm rmplk`tmk lk pasjfjö` cm lks flkvkcmrks.

Lk dmdgrk`k SGK D]LSJFKXK rmsjstm k lk j`tmdpmrjm ekstk ? dmsms.

Vm falafk` lks klokbäks a flkvkcmrks qum smrvjrë` cm sapartm k lk

fugjmrtk y pmrdjtjrë` trk`sjtkr pravjsarjkdm`tm fa` smnurjckc sagrm

lk pm`cjm`tm cml oklcö`.

;

6

=

7

3

?

@ASK2 pkrk lk SGK D]LSJFKXK sm fa`sjcmrk ljstö` cm ; ´— x ´— m` lunkr cm 7— x ;— cmgkba cm lk dmdgrk`k.



O A W D K V


67

K dmcjck qum sm mxtjm`cm ml sjnujm`tm ralla, sm rmtjrk ml pkpml qum

fugrm ml salkpm kutakcemsjva Wkpj-Skf® y sm la salkpk cm = k ;8 fd.

sagrm ml ralla yk falafkca. M` fksa cm qum ml Wkpj-Skf® eugjmsm pmr-

cjca kcemrm`fjk, kftjvkrla kpljfk`ca kjrm fkljm`tm (@a usm saplmtm).

Lk mxtm`sjö` cml ralla sm momftòk usk`ca las gksta`ms fada rmnlk

y k fa`tjùkfjö` sm ojbk ùmvkdm`tm lk dmdgrk`k fa` ljsta`ms ymsm-

ras fada sm j`cjfö m` ml pu`ta =. Wmfumrcm prmsja`kr ojrdmdm`tm

sagrm ml salkpm kutakcemsjva pkrk lanrkr u` farrmfta pmnkca.

Cm mstk oardk lanrkrmdas u` tmfea fadplmtkdm`tm vm`tjlkca

cmgkba cm lk dmdgrk`k, fa` u`k vm`tjlkfjö` earjza`tkl m`trm gksta-

`ms y qum faòluym k lk vm`tjlkfjö` vmrtjfkl ksfm`cm`tm par ml lktmrkl

cml caglm ljstö`.

Ml salkpm kutakcemsjva nkrk`tjzk lk fa`tjùjckc m` lk kjslkfjö`

ejcröounk y têrdjfk. ]`k vmz fugjmrta ml tmfea fa` lk dmdgrk`k, sm

falafk ml rmsta cm lks klokbäks (flkvkcmrks) y oj`kldm`tm sm falafk` lks

tmbks a fekpks cm fugjmrtk.

Fuk`ca sm llmnk k lk fudgrmrk sm cmgm prafmcmr k fugrjr lk djsdk

fa` atra ralla qum ksmnurm ml tatkl msfurrjdjm`ta cml knuk sagrm las

rallas qum fugrm` las oklca`ms.

Vm llmnk ksä m` pafa tjmdpa k u` tmfea tatkldm`tm jdpmrdmkgjlj-

zkca y kjslkca têrdjfkdm`tm. Xar las momftas cm las gksta`ms dks lk

a`ck qum sm pracufm m` lk dmdgrk`k par ml caglm ljstö` cm ymsmra sm

lanrk u`k farrmftk vm`tjlkfjö` fruzkck cmgkba cml kjslk`tm.

>

:

5

;8

;7;;



O A W D K V


66

7. Mstrufturk fa` tjrk`tms, sj` dkfejdgrm

M` ml fksa qum sm praymftm rmkljzkr u` tmfea fuyk mstrufturk à j`fluyk lk utjljzkfjö` cm dkfejdgrm a m`tkgla`kca, `mfmsjtkrmdas u` sustm`ta

pkrk las dktmrjklms kjslk`tms.

Msta pumcm rmsalvmrsm cm cas dacas2

k) Falafk`ca sagrm lk mstrufturk u`k dkllk plëstjfk fa` u`k smpkrkfjö` cm ;8 k 78 fd. m`trm sus ejlas.g) Krdk`ca u`k dkllk fa` klkdgrms nklvk`jzkcas m`trm las tjrk`tms, prmomrm`tmdm`tm cm oardk radgajckl a fukcrkck cm à dks cm 38 fd. cm lkca.

Vagrm mstk, sm falafkrë` lks dmdgrk`ks kjslk`tms y sm ojbkrë` flkvk`ca u` ljstö` ymsmra k lk mstrufturk cm tjrk`tms. Lk oardk cm falafkfjö` cm

lks dmdgrk`ks à cjojmrm cm la yk mxpljfkca m` ml pu`ta k`tmrjar.

Fuk`ca lk dmdgrk`k qumck mxpumstk k lk vjstk, ms

rmfadm`ckglm pa`mr ktm`fjö` m` las sjnujm`tms pu`tas2

;. Xraljbjckc m` lk falafkfjö` cml m`trkdkca cm klkdgrm.

7. Dmdgrk`k gjm` pmnkck m` las salkpms y gjm` tm`skck.

Wmfadm`ckfjö`2 mstk oardk cm falafkfjö` ms kpljfkglm k

tmfeas qum lumna tm`crë` fjmlarrksa. M` fksa cm à tm`mrla,

sunmrjdas falafkr ml pracufta CAGLM KL].

Lks tmrdj`kfja`ms k lk vjstk pasjglms sa`2

;. Mspudk glk`fk. (Dmdgrk`ks SG y SGK)

M` mstm fksa cmgmrë fadplmtkrsm ml tmfea fa` u` fjmlarrksa,

yk qum à pacrë rmfjgjr rkcjkfjö` ]_ cjrmftk.

7. Kludj`ja. (Dmdgrk`ks Caglm KL])

Mstm tjpa cm falafkfjö` ms fadò` fuk`ca sm

praymftk rmkljzkr u` fjmlarrksa suspm`cjca m`

u`k smnu`ck mtkpk.

;

7

6



O A W D K V


63

6. Mstrufturk cm dkcmrk mxjstm`tm

M` tmfeas mxjstm`tms fa` mstrufturk cm dkcmrk lk oardk cm falafkr lks dmdgrk`ks ms cmscm kgkba, sj` tafkr `j`nò` mlmdm`ta mstrufturkl a cm

lk fugjmrtk.

Xkrk mlla, sm ojbk k lk mstrufturk cm fkgjas lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S, submtkcks fa` u` ljstö` cm ; x ´— tkl fada sm vm m` las nrëojfas k fa`tj-

ùkfjö`. Vm pumcm llmnkr k mvjtkr ml ljstö` utjljzk`ca zu`feas plëstjfas y dëquj`k m`nrkpkcark. Lk fkrk rmolmftk`tm cm lk dmdgrk`k sjmdprm vk

ekfjk krrjgk.

@ASKV2

• Wmfumrcm qum lk mspudk cm lks dmdgrk`ks, à cmgm qumckr mxpumstk k rkyas salkrms cjrmftk a j`cjrmftkdm`tm yk qum msta

pracufm lk cmnrkckfjö` cml dktmrjkl.

• M` mstas fksas y pkrk dmbarkr lk tmrdj`kfjö`, ms rmfadm`ckglm fa`strujr u` fjmlarrksa suspm`cjca a gjm` j`stklkr u` dkfejdgrm a rmvmstjdjm`ta cm tmrdj kfjö` ojbkca k las fkgjas, kfadpkûk`ca lk oardk cml tmfea y afultk ca lk dmdgrk`k kjslk`tm.

;

Mstk salufjö` grj`ck söla kjslkfjö` têrdjfk y sm fala-

fkrë fa` lk fkrk cm kludj`ja ekfjk krrjgk. Vm mxtjm`cm

ml prjdmr ralla fa` ml salkpm kutakcemsjva ekfjk ml

garcm jòmrjar.

7

Lk falafkfjö` sm momftòk fadm`zk`ca cm krrjgk ekfjk

kgkba y salkpk`ca las rallas qum sm u`jrë` fa` ml Wkpj-

Skf®. Ml smnu`ca ralla sm prmsm`tk cm oardk tkl qum ml

salkpm kutakcemsjva qumcm gkba ml garcm jòmrjar cml

ralla k`tmrjar. Vm rmtjrk ml pkpml cm cmsdalcm y sm pmnk

ml salkpm sagrm ml ralla k`tmrjar.

Vm fa`tj`òk salkpk`ca las rallas lanrk`ca cm mstk

oardk tm`mr u`k supmrojfjm fa`täùk cm kjslk`tm. ]`kvmz falafkck lk dmdgrk`k sm ojbk ml fjmlarrksa cmoj`j-

tjva k las ljsta`ms.

6



O A W D K V


Ojbkr lks fekpks a tmbks cm fugjmrtk k lksflkvkcmrks.

6=

3. Mstrufturk fa` m`tkgla`kca m` za`ks cm tmdpmrkturks mxtrmdks cm fklar a oräa

Vmnò` vjdas, ml pkäs sm cjvjcm m` cjstj`tks za`ks gjakdgjm tklms y m` klnu`ks cm mllks sm rmfadjm`ck lk utjljzkfjö` cm dkyar kjslkdjm`ta têrdjfa

pkrk pkljkr lks tmdpmrkturks mxtrmdkckdm`tm kltks a gkbks. M` mstas fksas, sm cmgm falafkr u` dkyar mspmsar cm mspudk ktêrdjfk JVALK@S

pkrk fadplmdm`tkr ml kjslkdjm`ta y pkrk mlla emdas cmskrrallkca D]LSJGLAFI®. Ml djsda mstk faòardkca par u`k mspudk tmrdaplëstjfk sjdj-

lkr k tacks lks dmdgrk`ks cm JVALK@S m j`fluym las mxflusjvas gksta`ms cm vm`tjlkfjö` qum dmbark` lk vjck òtjl cml m`tkgla`kca. Kcmdës, j`far-

park m` su fkrk supmrjar u` ojld cm paljmtjlmà fa` salkpm cm ;8 fd. cm k`fea qum pmrdjtm fugrjr tack lk mstrufturk cm dkcmrk cm lk fa`struffjö`ksmnurk`ca lk tatkl mstk`qumjckc cm lk djsdk. Fa` lk falafkfjö` cm D]LSJGLAFI®, sm kudm`tk fa`sjcmrkglmdm`tm lk kjslkfjö` par dksk qum

mvjtk lk fa`cuffjö` cm fklar. Xar m`fjdk cm êstm, sm rmfadjm`ck lk falafkfjö` cm klnò` pracufta cm lk lä`mk SGK (prmomrm`tmdm`tm SGK =), fuya

ojld rmolmftk`tm fadplmtkrë lk pmroardk`fm cml sjstmdk cm kjslkdjm`ta prapumsta par JVALK@S (kjslkdjm`ta par dksk y par rmolmxjö`).

CMSKLLM CM SMFEA FA@ DKFEJDGWM - RA@KV D]Z OWÄKV

M@ FKVA CM RA@KV OWÄKV VM K]DM@SK LK KJVLKFJÖ@KNWMNK@CA MVXMVAW CM KJVLK@SM M@SWM LAV LJVSA@MV

Flkvkr ljsta`ms cm 7— x ;— ö 7— x 7— (smnò`

ml mspmsar qum sm qujmrk knrmnkr) sagrm ml

dkfejdgrm, sagrm lk lä`mk cm praymffjö` cm

las fkgjas.

Fartkr lks plk`feks cm kjslk`tm par dksk,

cm u` k`fea sjdjlkr k lk cjstk`fjk m`trm las

ljsta`ms y fklzkrlks m`trm mstas.

Falafkr m` oardk pmrpm`cjfulkr k las ljsta-

`ms cm 7— x ;— ö 7— x 7—, lk dmdgrk`k JVALK@S

SGK cm kgkba ekfjk krrjgk, salkpë`calk à

dmàs cm ;8 fd. m` ml sm`tjca cm lk pm`cjm`tm.

Ojbkr lk dmdgrk`k JVALK@S SGK fa` lasljsta`ms cm ymsmra (;— x ´—).

Flkvkr las ljsta`ms cm ymsmra cm ;— x ´—.Wmplk`tmkr sagrm msta lk ugjfkfjö` cm lks flk-

vkcmrks y ojbkrlks.

; 6

=

7

3 ?



O A W D K V


6?

=. Mstrufturk j`flj`kck cm lask

Xkrk su falafkfjö` sm cmgm` smnujr las sjnujm`tms pksas2

k) Curk`tm lk mbmfufjö` cm lk lask cmgmrë` j`farparkrsm ljsta`ms cm dkcmrk a “tkfas— qum `as smrvjrë` pkrk ojbkr lk mstrufturk partk`tm cml kjs-

lkdjm`ta y lk fugjmrtk (ojnurk ;).

g) Wmfadm`ckdas qum lk smpkrkfjö` m`trm ljsta ms smk cm ?8 k >8 fd. Vagrm êstas flkvkrmdas ljsta`ms cm 7— x ;— m` ml djsda sm`tjca qum lk

fkäck cml oklcö` (ojnurk 7).f) K pkrtjr cm mstm dadm`ta falafkrmdas lk dmdgrk`k y lk mstrufturk cm sapartm cm lk fugjmrtk oj`kl cml djsda daca qum sm mxpljfö m`

“Mstrufturk fa` tjrk`tms y dkfejdgrm a m`tkgla`kca— kl fadjm`za cm mstm fkpätula (ojnurks 6 k ?).

@ASK2 usukldm`tm sm kfastudgrk pmnkr lks tmbks k lk lask utjljzk`ca u`k dmzflk cm fa`frmta. Las trms dktmrjklms (lask, dmzflk

fmdm`tjfjk y tmbk) tjm`m` cjlktkfja`ms cjstj`tks y msa pracufjrë ojsurks duy rëpjckdm`tm. Lk falafkfjö` prapumstk m` mstk pënj`knkrk`tjzk u` mojfjm`tm kjslkdjm`ta y curkfjö` cml tmfea.

; 7

6 3

= ?



O A W D K V


Lask fa` fa`trkpjsa cm pmrljtkfa` tmbks pmnkcks k lk fkl

6>

• Ml fa`trkpjsa cm pmrljtk sm utjljzk pkrk kudm`tkr lk rmsjstm`fjk têr-

djfk sagrm lk lask pmra kudm`tk ml pmsa sagrm lk djsdk. Vm cmgmrë

falkr sagrm lk lask sj` pmrdjtjr lk cjsnrmnkfjö` cm las dktmrjklms

fadpa`m`tms parqum pmrcmrë su ou`fja`kljckc y lk supmrojfjm tm`-

crë qum smr ljsk pkrk pacmr falafkr lk dmdgrk`k ksoëltjfk.

• Lk falafkfjö` cm lk dmdgrk`k ksoëltjfk sm rmkljzk salck`ca fa`

saplmtm y nks, pkrk ou`cjr y pmnkr las ksokltas. Mstm trkgkba pa`m m`

rjmsna lk smnurjckc cml trkgkbkcar.

• Lk ojbkfjö` cm lks tmbks fa` dartmra cm ksjm`ta fmdm`tjfja rmqujmrm

dkyar tjmdpa cm mbmfufjö` par trkgkbkr fa` dktmrjklms eòdmcas

qum k su vmz rmqujmrm` tjmdpa cm smfkca pkrk qum kcejmrk`.

• Lk lask cjlktk y fa`trkm par cjomrm`fjks cm tmdpmrkturk m`trm las

dktmrjklms, ekfjm`ca qum lk tmbk pumck cmspmnkrsm a suorjr ojsurks

par mstkr pmnkck fa` dktmrjkl ränjca. Wmmdplkzkr fuklqujmr tmbk

ratk sm vumlvm dës cjoäfjl.

• Lk pafk vm`tjlkfjö` cm lks tmbks m` su pkrtm jòmrjar pmrbucjfk lks

fa`cjfja`ms ejnratêrdjfks pucjê`casm pracufjr fa`cm`skfjö`.

• Lk j`mrfjk y lk fa`cuffjö` têrdjfk cm las dktmrjklms ekfm` qum lk

fugjmrtk tack pmrdk`mzfk fkljm`tm par dës tjmdpa, kò` fuk`ca à

tm`nk salmkdjm`ta.

• Lk kltk tmdpmrkturk k lk qum ms sadmtjck lk dmdgrk`k ksoëltjfk,

pracufm lk ljgmrkfjö` cm kfmjtm fa` pastmrjar ojsurkfjö` cm lk djsdk,

pmrdjtjm`ca m` pafa tjmdpa ml pkskbm cm knuk y/a eudmckc.

• Dmàr fasta cm las dktmrjklms fadpa`m`tms.

• Dkyar kjslkfjö` têrdjfk, sm agtjm`m 3;% dës.

• Dmàr pmsa sagrm lk lask2 6;% dës ljvjkà.

• Dkyar vm`tjlkfjö` cm lk tmbk y m` lk lask dmbark`ca lks fa`cjfja`ms

ejnratêrdjfks (sm mvjtk lk fa`cm`skfjö`).

• Dmàr tjmdpa cm falafkfjö`, ckca qum sm trkgkbk fa` dktmrjklms smfas.

• Dkyar jdpmrdmkgjljzkfjö` y gkrrmrk cm vkpar fa` lk vm`tkbk qum ml

dktmrjkl à kgsargm knuk `j eudmckc, sj` pasjgjljckc cm cmnrkck-

fjö` a pêrcjck cm fkpkfjckc kjslk`tm.

• Srkgkba dës smnura, à sm `mfmsjtk cml saplmtm y nks sagrm ml tmfea

y dmàr fk`tjckc cm sugjcks.

• Las ljsta`ms cm dkcmrk kfadpkûk` lks cjlktkfja`ms par tmdpmrk-

turk mvjtk`ca qum lks tmbks pumck` suorjr ojsurks a raturks.

• Dkyar okfjljckc cm rmpkrkr u`k tmbk ratk ckca qum rmtjrk`ca ml flkva

sm ljgmrk lk tmbk.

Fadpkrkfjö` m`trm fugjmrtk kcemrjck fa` dmzflk y fa`trkpjsa cm pmrljtksvs. fugjmrtk ojbkck k ljsta`ms cm dkcmrk m JVALK@S SGK =

Lask fa` ljsta`ms cm dkcmrkfa` dmdgrk`k JVALK@S SGK =

@ASK2 las fastas m` $ par d7 cm las dktmrjklms farrmspa`cm` kl dms cm bulja cm 7885 smnò` lk rmvjstk _jvjm`ck.@a fa`tjm`m` jdpumstas y mstë` tadkcas m` Gumàs Kjrms.

DKSMWJKLMVXMVAin/d7

Wd7 ¸F/^

FAVSA$ d7

; - Smbk fmrëdjfk 3= 8.>8 38

7 - Dartmra cm ksjm`ta cm fkl (;/32;26) mspmsar 7= dd.

7.=

8.=?

;.33

6 - Dmdgrk`k ksoëltjfk cm 6 dd. fa` kludj`ja cm 38 In (x ;8 d7)

3 5.3=

3 - Fa`trkpjsa fa` Xmrljtk cm`sjckc 388 In/d6 mspmsar cm =8 dd.

78 ;7.:=

SASKL VAGWM LAVK >;.= ;.7? ?7.53

DKSMWJKLMVXMVAin/d7

Wd7 ¸F/^

FAVSA$ d7

; - Smbk fmrëdjfk 3= 8.>8 38

7 - Ljstö` flkvkcar cm pjà cm ;— x 7— cm dkcmrk dkfjzk

7.=Fëdkrkcm kjrm

oardkckpar

ljsta`ms8.;;

;.:;

6 - Ljsta`ms msfurrjcarms y ojbkfjö`

ymsmra cm mufkljpta cm ;/7— x ;—;.= ;.?8

3 - JVALK@S SGK = dd. cm mspudk cm paljmtjlmà fa` oajl kludj`jzkca

8.7 8.:? :.==

SASKL VAGWM LAVK 3:.7 ;.>> =6.8?

; ;7

76

63

3

;=,?%CM KEAWWA



O A W D K V

C M F A L A F K F J Ö @ Lä`mk j`custrjk

M` fksa cm tm`mr qum kjslkr u` nklpö` a mstrufturk dmtëljfk, JVALK@S fum`tk fa` su LÄ@MK J@C]VSWJK faòardkck par las pracuftas

cmàdj`kcas CAGLM KL]®, dmdgrk`ks cm mspudk cm paljmtjlmà fa` oajl cm kludj`ja pura m` kdgks fkrks. Mstks sm fadpartk` fada

kjslk`tm têrdjfa, ejcröouna y gkrrmrk cm vkpar. Lks dmdgrk`ks Caglm Klu® käslk` têrdjfkdmtm su mstrufturk par dksk y rmolmxjö`. Mstksdmdgrk`ks pasmm` u` mspmsar cm =, ;8 ö ;= dd. cm mspudk kjslk`tm fuyk mstrufturk cm gkbk fa`cuftjvjckc kftòk fada momftjva kjslk`tm

par dksk. Ml kludj`ja cm lk fkrk supmrjar rmolmbk ml fklar rkcjk`tm mdjtjca par lk fekpk y ml cm lk fkrk jòmrjar rmcufm lk mdjsjvjckc cm fklar

ekfjk ml j`tmrjar. M` j`vjmrà ml oluba cm fklar sm j`vjmrtm y m` fa`smfum`fjk tkdgjê` ml ral cml kludj`ja. Lks dmdgrk`ks CAGLM KL]® mstë`

fkljojfkcks par ml J@SJ fada “Dktmrjkl cm Duy Gkbk Xrapknkfjö` cm Llkdk— (WM7).

65

J`struftjva pkrk lk falafkfjö` cm dmdgrk`ks CAGLM KL]mxflusjva fa` sjstmdk cm salkpm pkrk tmrdasalckca pktm`tkca

Fuk`ca sm trkgkbm fa` dmdgrk`k CAGLM KL] fa` kludj`ja glk`fa sm cmgmrë fujckr mspmfjkldm`tm cm à razkr ml dktmrjkl fa`

atrk fkrk cm kludj`ja a fa` lk djsdk mstrufturk yk qum mstm fa`tkfta nm`mrkrë dk`feks nrjsms m` lk fkrk glk`fk.M` tacks lks j`stk`fjks cm lk falafkfjö` fujckr mspmfjkldm`tm cm à ckûkr lk fkrk glk`fk.

M` ml fksa cm lks dmdgrk`ks Caglm Klu, ml dktmrjkl sm pravmm fa` u` salkpm lktmrkl, mspmfjkl pkrk tmrdasalckr.

Xkrk ml pmnkca, sm supmrpa`m cjfea salkpm y fa` lk pjstalk cm fklar m` lk pasjfjö` kcmfukck, sm lm ck u`k pkskck cm uàs smnu`cas, cm dk`mrk

tkl qum ml fklar llmnum k lks cas supmrojfjms m` oardk sjdultë`mk. Lumna sm prmsja`k` m`trm sä pkrk lanrkr lk u`jö` cm lks pkrtms.

Kl rmfjgjr las rallas fa`tralkr qum lk galsk cml mdgklkbm mstê emrdêtjfkdm`tm fmrrkck. ]`k vmz cmsfkrnkcas las rallas sm cmgm` mstjgkr m` lunk-

rms tmfekcas y smfas, ca`cm ml dktmrjkl à sm dabm a eudmcmzfk.

Kl kgrjr ml ralla fa`tralkr m` ml föcjna cm gkrrks qum ml dktmrjkl smk ml farrmfta, qum tm`nk ml salkpm rmgkbkca y qum ml lkrna smk ml mspmfjojfkca

m` ml pmcjca. Cmspmnkr fa` fujckca y nukrckr las föcjnas cm gkrrks qum smrë` òtjlms m` fksa

cm u` mvm`tukl rmflkda.

Ml lunkr m` ca`cm sm pmnum` las rallas cmgm prmsm`tkr u`k supmrojfjm ljdpjk y la dës ljsk pasj-

glm. M` lk supmrojfjm ca`cm sm momftòm ml pmnkca cm las rallas tm`mr u`k lä`mk rmftk cm rmomrm`-

fjk qum sjrvk fada nuäk yk qum ml ralla pumcm tm`cmr k fadgkrsm a ¨kgk`k`krsm¨ cjojfultk`ca

]`k vmz prmsm`tkcas las rallas pkrk smr pmnk-

cas fa` lk pjstalk cm fklar tadkr lk prmfkufjö`

cm falafkr u` dktmrjkl cm kpaya pkrk lks racj-

llks, smk u` pmckza cm lk djsdk dmdgrk`k a

u` dktmrjkl kdartjnuk`tm. Ksä sm mvjtkrë qum

sm dkrqum ml kludj`ja fa` racjllks a pjskcks,

qum lumna sm vmrë` dkrfkcks m` ml kludj`ja.



O A W D K V


6:

Wmfadm`ckfja`ms cm j`stklkfjö` cm las rallas sagrm lk mstrufturk]à cm las prj`fjpklms okftarms k cadj`kr smrë ml vjm`ta. Xkrk lk submfjö` cml dktmrjkl u`k vmz cmsm`rallkca sagrm lk mstrufturk y k`tms cm pa`mr

lk fekpk dastrkrmdas cjstj`tks kltmr`ktjvks.

J`struftjva cm pmnkca fa` pjstalk cm kjrm fkljm`tm

Lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S sa` tmrdasalckglms fa` u`k pjstalk cm fklar. Lk mspudk

cm paljmtjlmà, kl smr sadmtjck k tmdpmrkturk, sm kglk`ck y sm ousja`k par sjdplm

fa`tkfta. Mstm dêtaca ms dufea dës momftjva qum fuklqujmr kcemsjva y/a fj`tk. Lk

tmdpmrkturk kpraxjdkck cm fklm`tkdjm`ta ms ;38²F, usë`casm u`k pjstalk cm fklar

cm u`k patm`fjk à dmàr k 588 ^ktts. Ms jdpartk`tm utjljzkr lk pjstalk cm fklarkpljfk`ca ml kjrm k 3=² (ù`fk vmrtjfkl), y à uskr lk dëquj`k m` oardk fa`tjùk par

dks cm ;8 djùtas.

Vm ck fklar k kdgks fkrks cm lk mspudk (7 ö 6 smn.), ekstk qum tadk grjlla supmrojfjkl2 êstm ms ml pu`ta jcmkl pkrk rmkljzkr ml pmnkca. Lumna sm

u`m` lks cas supmrojfjms, qum qumckrë` salckcks cmoj`jtjvkdm`tm. Vj ejfjmrk okltk dks fklar pkrk salckr lk u`jö`, rmpmtjr lk apmrkfjö`.

Vubmtkr ml dktmrjkl fa` sanks.

Vubmtkr ml mxtrmda cml ralla k lk

prjdmr farrmk fa` u` olmbm dmtë-

ljfa y tar`jlla kuta pmroark`tm a

fj`tks cm gum`k kcemrm`fjk.

M` mstm fksa, fujckr cm kpu`-

tklkr lk òltjdk farrmk pkrk

qum à pk`cmm a uskr rmnlk

qum dk`tm`nk klj`mkcks tacks

lks farrmks.

Xrmfkufjö`2 ]`k fk`tjckc cm fklar mxfmsjvk pumcm cmrrmtjr ml pracufta y cjsdjùjr

su mspmsar m` cmtrjdm`ta cm lk mstêtjfk y lk rmsjstm`fjk dmfë`jfk. Mstm dêtaca

ms òtjl ò`jfkdm`tm pkrk u`jr cas supmrojfjms cm mspudk cm paljmtjlmà.

Ms fa`vm`jm`tm fklm`tkr cm k trkdas cm 68 k =8 fd. par vmz y prafmcmr k u`jr las rallas. M`tmfeas yk fa`strujcas, eky qum prmvmr qum ml dktmrjkl mstê la suojfjm`tmdm`tm tm`sa a tm`nk

u` kpaya cmtrës.

< OJN]WK K



O A W D K V


38

Ojbkfjö` cml dktmrjkl k lk mstrufturk

Xrafurkr qum lk supmrojfjm k u`jr mstm fadplmtkdm`tm salkpkck, ms cmfjr qum à kpkrmzfk` lä`mks `mnrks cm mspudk qum sm vmk` cmscm lk fkrk

j`tmr`k cml kjslk`tm. Ml tmrdasalckca sm momftukrë sagrm u`k supmrojfjm ojrdm. Mstk supmrojfjm sm pumcm lanrkr cm cjstj`tks oardks2

Farrjm`ca u`k tkglk a tmrfjkca cm dkcmrk

par sagrm lk mstrufturk y cmgkba cml dktmrjkl.

Eky qum fujckr cm à ckûkr lk tmrdj`kfjö` cm

kludj`ja fa` lks pu`tks fuk`ca sm farrm lk

tkglk. Vmrë fa`vm`jm`tm rmca`cmkrlm a puljrlm

lks pu`tks.

Xar dmcja cm u`k tkglk a tmrfjkca kpu`tklkca par u`k pmrsa`k cmscm ml j`tmrjar cml nklpö`.

Lk tkglk tm`crë ml lkrna cm lk cjstk`fjk m`trm farrmks. Mstm dêtaca à ckûk lk supmrojfjm cm lk

dmdgrk`k. Ml ralla sm cmgm dk`tm`mr msfukcrkca fa` rmspmfta k lk mstrufturk k oj` cm qum lk

supmrojfjm k u`jr qumcm fadplmtkdm`tm salkpkck. Ms cmfjr qum faj`fjck` pmromftkdm`tm lks

cas ork`bks k u`jr. Msta nkrk`tjzkrë qum à sm pracuzfk` a`culkfja`ms par dklk supmrpasjfjö`.

Xkrk dk`tm`mr las rallas msfukcrkcas fa` rmspmfta k lk mstrufturk la jcmkl ms lönjfkdm`tm u`k

msfukcrk, qum m` lk agrk sm pumcm dktmrjkljzkr fa` pmrojlms dmtëljfas a ljsta`ms cm dkcmrk

fa` sapartms qum lk sastm`nk` m`trm lks farrmks.

Atrk kltmr`ktjvk m` fksa cm à fa`tkr fa` msfukcrk ms dmcjr lk cjstk`fjk m` cjstj`tas

pu`tas cml garcm cm las rallas k lk fkgrjkck pröxjdk.

M` fksa cm mxjstjr cjomrm`fjks cmtmrdj`kr u`k lä`mk sagrm lk dmdgrk`k y sm fartkrë mstk

m` oardk rmftk mqujcjstk`tm taca ml garcm k lk fkgrjkck. ]`k vmz fartkca ml garcm sm

prafmcmrë k rmojlkrla cmbë`cala ljsta pkrk lk pröxjdk u`jö`.



O A W D K V


;. FALAFKFJÖ@ M@ MVSW]FS]WK DMSËLJFK @]M_K ¹ Apfjö`2 Falafkfjö` sagrm lk mstrufturk

Krdkr sagrm lks farrmks u` m`trkdkca cm klkdgrms nklvk`jzkcas, radgajckl a fukcrkca cm 38 fd. cm lkca. Mstm m`trkdkca grj`ck dkyar fklj-

ckc cm tmrdj`kfjö` yk qum jdpmcjrë qum lks u`ja`ms sm fkjnk` a klkgmm`. M` fksa cm nk`cms lufms sm pumcm rmcufjr ml m`trkdkca a knrmnkr

tm`sarms m`trm farrmks.

• Xar lk `kturklmzk mlëstjfk y lks fmlcks fmrrkcks cm lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S, fkck vmz qum pmroarm u`k cm mllks, lk djsdk sm

fmrrkrë sagrm lk ojbkfjö` jdpjcjm`ca ml pksa cm lk eudmckc y/a vkpar cm knuk.

• Ml usa cm dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S, ksmnurk lk fa`tjùjckc cml mspmsar cml kjslkdjm`ta m` taca ml tmfea, mvjtk`ca kplkstkdjm`tas y

dj`jdjzk`ca las pum`tms têrdjfas.

• Lk supmrojfjm j`tmr`k cm lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S pmrdjtm ejcralkvkca y cmsjòmffjö` dk`tm`jm`ca sjmdprm u`k supmrojfjm ljsk

qum à cmsprm`cm pkr täfulks, sjm`ca jcmkl pkrk `kvms cm pracuffjö` cm kljdm`tas a knraj`custrjks.

• Sacas las rallas cm dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S j`fluym` m` su mdgklkbm, j`struffja`ms cm falafkfjö` k smnujr.• Vjmdprm rmspmtm lks àrdks cm smnurjckc kpljfkglms kl trkgkbkr m` klturk.

Vagrm ml m`trkdkca, sm mxtjm`cm ml prjdmr ralla cm dmdgrk`k m` ml djsda sm`tjca cm lk fkäck cml tmfea a cm lk pkrëgalk qum oardk lk mstruf-

turk cml nklpö`. Xkrk mstm prjdmr pksa, JVALK@S okgrjfk, m` las djsdas mspmsarms, u` “dmcja ralla— ms cmfjr, lk djsdk dmdgrk`k pmra fa` u`

k`fea cm =8 fd. qum u`jca k u` ralla mstë`ckr cm ; d. às pmrdjtm krdkr u` ralla cm ;,=8 d. cm k`fea qum rmfjgjrë lk prjdmr fekpk cmbk`ca u`

skljm`tm cm =8 fd. pkrk u`jrsm fa` ml sjnujm`tm ralla. Fa` mstk prjdmr fekpk ml tmfejstk yk tjm`m u` sustm`ta ojrdm ca`cm pjskr.

Lumna cm mxtm`cmr ml prjdmr ralla sm prafmcm k ekfmr la djsda fa` ml smnu`ca m` oardk pkrklmlk. Eky qum prmvmr cmbkr las salkpms cm daca

tkl qum smk födaca rmkljzkr lk u`jö`, par ml dmcja qum sm mljbk yk smk pmnkca fa` kcemsjva, fa` fj`tk kutakcemsjvk a la qum rmfadm`ckdas

mspmfjkldm`tm, rmkljzkr lk u`jö` par tmrdasalckca fa` pjstalk cm kjrm fkljm`tm.

Kl dadm`ta cm tmrdasalckr m` klturk, ms rmfadm`ckglm kyuckrsm fa` ml usa u`k dkcmrk tmrfjkck fada gksm cm kpaya pkrk rmkljzkr msm trkgkba.

Vm fa`tjùk mstm fjfla ekstk fadplmtkr ml trkgkba. Atrk kltmr`ktjvk ms falafkr las rallas salkpkcas y tm`skcas y rmkljzkr lk u`jö` cmscm kgkba u`k

vmz ojbkck lk fekpk (vmr ojnurk K pënj`k 6:)

3;



O A W D K V


37

;. FALAFKFJÖ@ M@ MVSW]FS]WK DMSËLJFK @]M_K ¹ Apfjö`2 Falafkfjö` fa` salckca prmvja cm las rallas

Lk pasjgjljckc cm u`jö` par tmrdasalckca, sudkca kl gkba pmsa cm lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S pmrdjtm` rmkljzkr lk u`jö` cm las rallas m` sumla

ojrdm y lumna falafkrlas m` su pasjfjö` cmoj`jtjvk, mvjtk`ca nrk` pkrtm cml trkgkba m` klturk, fa` dkyar smnurjckc y dmàr dkrnm` cm mrrar.

Xkrk mlla sm sjnum` las sjnujm`tms pksas2Cmsplmnkr sagrm u`k supmrojfjm ojrdm y ljdpjk ml prjdmr ralla cm dmdgrk`k. M` mstm pu`ta ms ou`ckdm`tkl lanrkr qum ml ralla mstê la dks rmfta pasj-

glm, sj ms prmfjsa kyòcmsm fa` u`k lä`mk m` ml pjsa dkrfkck fa` u`k “fekli-lj`m— a sjdjlkr. Vj à eugjmrk u` pjsa ojrdm, pumcm jdpravjskrla fa` lks

fekpks cm lk fugjmrtk k j`stklkr. Mxtjm`ck m` oardk pkrklmlk ml smnu`ca ralla cm dmdgrk`k y prafmck k lk u`jö` m`trm kdgas par ml dêtaca mlmnjca.

Xumcm rmpmtjr mstk apmrkfjö` cas a trms vmfms, ms cmfjr ekstk = rallas.

M`rallm lks dmdgrk`ks yk u`jcks y pksm u`k fumrck par ml fm`tra cm lks djsdks. Vj ms prmfjsa usm atrks fumrcks pkrk sugjr mstas rallas u`jcas

ekstk lk pkrtm supmrjar cm lk mstrufturk y à tm`mr praglmdks fa` ml vjm`ta.

Cmsm`rallm fa` prmfkufjö`, fugrjm`ca lk mstrufturk k kjslkr. Ojbm klnuàs pu`tas y fadjm`fm k falafkr lks fekpks cm fugjmrtk.

Cm mstm daca sm fugrm` vkrjas dmtras fukcrkcas cm mstrufturk k lk vmz, dufea dës rëpjckdm`tm y fa` dkyar smnurjckc pkrk ml tmfejstk. M`

mstas fksas lk fëdkrk cm kjrm rmqumrjck ms oardkck par ml kfk`klkca cm lk fekpk cm fugjmrtk y m` las lunkrms m` ca`cm sm kpaym lk fekpk, lkkjslkfjö` sm pracufjrë par dmcja cml mspmsar cm lk mspudk (m` mstm pu`ta ml fklar sm trk`sdjtjräk par fa`cuffjö`, ms cmfjr kjslkfjö` par dksk).



O A W D K V


36

7. FALAFKFJÖ@ M@ MVSW]FS]WK DMSËLJFK MUJVSM@SM¹ Apfjö`2 M` oardk rmftk

M` afksja`ms y cmgjca kl pksa cml tjmdpa, eky qum rmekfmr ml kjslkdjm`ta m` nklpa`ms a tkdgjê` eky qum pravmmrla m` kqumllas fksas m` qum

ù`fk oum fa`sjcmrkca ml usa cm las djsdas. Xkrk mlla ms pasjglm utjljzkr Caglm Klu cm JVALK@S y falafkrla cmscm kgkba.

Xkrk falafkr m` mstrufturk yk fa`strujcks, sunmrjdas la sjnujm`tm2

¹ Apfjö`2 Fa` CAGLM KL] GLK@FAFuk`ca sm trkgkbm fa` dmdgrk`k Caglm Klu fa` kludj`ja glk`fa sm

cmgmrë fujckr mspmfjkldm`tm cm à razkr ml dktmrjkl fa` atrk fkrk cm

kludj`ja a fa` lk djsdk mstrufturk yk qum mstm fa`tkfta nm`mrkrë

dk`feks nrjsms m` lk fkrk glk`fk. M` tacks lks j`stk`fjks cm lk fala-

fkfjö` fujckr mspmfjkldm`tm cm à ckûkr lk fkrk glk`fk.

Mxtm`cmr m` oardk pkrklmlk kl lkrna cml nklpö`, klkdgrms nklvk`jzkcas a farca`ms cm kfmra y tm`skcas cm mxtrmda k mxtrmda, fa` u`k smpkrk-

fjö` m`trm klkdgrms cm 38 k ?8 fd. Ms fa`vm`jm`tm falafkrlas la dks pröxjda pasjglm k lks farrmks.Ojbkr ml prjdmr ralla cm dmdgrk`k k lk pkrmc lktmrkl cml nklpö` y mxtm`cmrlk sjnujm`ca lk oardk cml tmfea, pksk`ca par m`fjdk y par cmgkba cm las

klkdgrms kltmr`ktjvkdm`tm. Mxtjm`ck ml prjdmr ralla tm`jm`ca m` fum`tk qum m` ml òltjda klkdgrm, lk dmdgrk`k cmgm pkskr par krrjgk cml djsda.

Sm`sm lk dmdgrk`k y oäbmlk k lk pkrmc apumstk.

]`k vmz falafkca ml kjslk`tm, ojbkrla m` las lktmrklms, fa` u` ljstö` cm dkcmrk a pmrojl k daca cm gkstjcar. Vubmtk`ca uà cm las lktmrklms, tm`skr

las rallas y ojbkr ml atra lkca. ]`jr par tmrdasalckca tacas las rallas fa` pjstalk cm kjrm fkljm`tm.



O A W D K V


7. FALAFKFJÖ@ M@ MVSW]FS]WK DMSËLJFK MUJVSM@SM¹ Apfjö`2 Kfadpkûk`ca lk oardk cml tmfea pkrkgöljfk a k cas knuks

M` tmfeas pkrkgöljfas ml prafmcjdjm`ta ms sjdjlkr, söla qum pumcm aptkrsm par pa`mr las klkdgrms cm daca tkl qum kfadpkûm` lk furvkturk cml tmfea.

Vm salkpk` tacas las rallas cm dmdgrk`k.

Vm tmrdasumlck` tacks lks u`ja`ms cm lk dmd-

grk`k pkrk ksmnurkr u`k kjslkfjö` fa`tj`uk y

mvjtkr fa`cm`skfjö`.

Vm cmsm`rallk lk dmdgrk`k suspm`cjck sagrm

klkdgrms nklvk`jzkcas a fkglms cm kfmra.

Vm fugrm lk tatkljckc cm lk supmrojfjm. Vm ojbk lk dmdgrk`k m` las lktmrklms y lumna

sm rmfartk ml sagrk`tm.

Vm tm`sk lk dmdgrk`k k la lkrna cm lk pkrëgalk.

33



O A W D K V

C M F A L A F K F J Ö @M` lk jdënm`ms sjnujm`tms pacmdas agsmr-

vkr atra daca cm falafkfjö`. M` mstm

fksa lk kjslkfjö` sm falafk cmscm kgkba,

utjljzk`ca olmbms dmtëljfas qum sa` ojbkcas

k la lkrna cm lks farrmks sastm`jm`ca lk

dmdgrk`k kjslk`tm. Ksä, sm mvjtk ml usa cm

klkdgrms tm`skcas.

@ASK2

•Lk ojbkfjö` k las duras lktmrklms

cm lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S pumcm

ekfmrsm fa` ljsta`ms cm dkcmrk

a olmbms dmtëljfas y tar`jllas fa`tkrunas.

3=

@ASKV2

• Las rmgkbms pkrk tmrdasalckr m` lk dmdgrk`k Caglm Klu ;8 y ;= sa` cm = fd. cm k`fea k lk djtkc cml mspmsar. M` lk dmd-

grk`k Caglm Klu =, `a eky rmgkbm cm mspmsar pmra sm mljdj`k ml kludj`ja m` las garcms apumstas m` u`k ork`bk cm = fd.

• Ml k`fea rmkl cm lk dmdgrk`k ms cm ;,8= d, la qum pmrdjtm agtm`mr u` k`fea òtjl rmkl cm ; d lumna cm tmrdasalckr las cjstj -

tas rallas9 sjdjlkr kl k`fea cm lk dkyaräk cm lks fekpks cjspa`jglms m` dmrfkca.

• ]`k vmz prmsm`tkcas las rallas pkrk smr pmnkcas fa` lk pjstalk cm fklar tadkr lk prmfkufjö` cm falafkr u` dktmrjkl cm kpayapkrk lks racjllks, smk u` pmckza cm lk djsdk dmdgrk`k a u` dktmrjkl kdartjnuk`tm. Ksä sm mvjtkrë qum sm dkrqum ml kludj`ja fa`

racjllks a pjskcks, qum lumna sm vmrë` dkrfkcks m` ml kludj`ja.

]`k vmz rmojlkca smnujr ml sjstmdk cm pmnkca fada j`cjfkdas k`tmrjardm`tm. Cm mstk oardk `a sm vk` kfudulk`ca cmspmromftas y sm kvk`zk

farrmftkdm`tm m` lk falafkfjö`.

Wmojlkcar JVALK@SJVALK@S V.K. pravmm u`k emrrkdjm`tk cm fartm kcmfukck kl mspmsar cm lk dmdgrk`k Caglm Klu qum sm mstê trkgkbk`ca. Mstk emrrkdjm`tk sm

utjljzk m` las fksas m` qum ml pracufta mstk pravjsta sj` ml salkpm, a par mbmdpla sj sm `mfmsjtk` momftukr pkrfems a mdpkldms.



C M S K L L M V F

A @ V S W ] F S J _ A V

3?

Cmtkllms fa`struftjvas

M` mstm fkpätula prmsm`tkdas lk rmsalufjö` cm u`k smrjm cm cmtkllms fa`struftjvas, sagrm las qum nm`mrkldm`tm sm prmsm`tk`

klnu`ks cucks. Vm pumcm` rmsalvmr mstas cmtkllms cm dacas cjomrm`tms9 vmkdas m`ta`fms klnu`ks salufja`ms utjljzk`ca las pra-

cuftas cm JVALK@S V.K.

Ml gm`mojfja kcjfja`kl qum atarnk ml usa cm dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S, orm`tm kl rmsta cm las pracuftas cml dmrfkca, ms qum faòardk`

sjmdprm u`k kjslkfjö` fa`tjùk, la qum ksmnurk lk kusm`fjk cm pum`tms têrdjfas y/a pasjglms ojltrkfja`ms.

Vunmrjdas qum k`tms cm rmkljzkr fuklqujmr trkgkba, fa`sultm ml Föcjna cm Mcjojfkfjö`, cm Fa`struffjö` y @ardks, kpljfkglms m` ml

ërmk m` qum sm m`fum`trm sjtukck su agrk.

M`fum`tra m`trm oklcö` y dura cm fkrnk lktmrklMstm ms ml cmtkllm dks usukl cm`tra cm vjvjm`cks j cjvjcuklms y uà cm las dks jdpartk`tms k rmsalvmr farrmftkdm`tm. Lk salufjö` jcmkl j`fluym

ml usa cm zj`numräk, yk qum lk djsdk pmrdjtjrë lk ljgrm cjlktkfjö` y/a davjdjm`tas cml tmfea sj` nm`mrkr ojsurks. Skdgjê` pmrdjtm qum m` u`

tmfea cm tmbks, las mlmdm`tas smk` oëfjldm`tm sustjtujglms m` fksa cm raturks. Vu ou`fjö` ms msfurrjr rëpjckdm`tm ml knuk cm lluvjk pravm`jm`tm

cml dura cm fkrnk y cm lks tmbks.

AXFJÖ@ - ;

RJ@N]MWÄK

DMDGWK@KJVALK@S

FLK_KCMWK



C M S K L L M V F

A @ V S W ] F S J _ A V

3>

AXFJÖ@ - 7Lk dmdgrk`k JVALK@S sm falafk par cmgkba

cm lk zj`numräk, pkrtm cml dura cm fkrnk y sm

kpayk m` ml oklcö` fugrjm`ca ml dkfejdgrm.

M` ml dura cm fkrnk pumcm mstkr mdgutjck

a sjdplmdm`tm kpaykck y fugjmrtk fa` lk

zj`numräk. M` fksa cm mdgutjr, pj`tkr lk fkrk

supmrjar fa` mdulsjö` ksoëltjfk m` oräa ykrm`k, nm`mrk`ca u`k supmrojfjm darcjm`tm y

sagrm mstk rmvafkr.

Lk zj`numräk pumcm smr m` oardk cm fk`klmtk

vmrtjfkl a gjm` u`k sjdplm gkgmtk qum msfurrk

sagrm lks tmbks.

M@ MVSM X]@SA @A SM@MDAV FKGJA CMGKBA CML CAGLMLJVSÖ@, XAW LA []M KL FLK_KW VM CMGM FALAFKW ]@ SAXMDMSËLJFA XKWK []M ML FLK_A @A KSWK_JMVM ML DKFEJDGWM (M@ LK XWËFSJFK VM ]SJLJRK LK F]FEKWK CM KLGKÛJLMWÄK).



C M S K L L M V F

A @ V S W ] F S J _ A V

35

M`fum`tra m`trm oklcö` y dura cm fkrnk supmrjar

Mstk salufjö` ms sjdjlkr k lk k`tmrjar, söla qum m` mstm fksa lk zj`numräk msfurrm ml knuk qum rmfjgm cmscm u`k fkrnk supmrjar, sagrm lks tmbks a

fekpks cm lk fugjmrtk. Mstm m`fum`tra pumcm rmkljzkrsm fa` zj`numräk m` u`k a cas pjmzks. Vm falafk lk dmdgrk`k cm`tra cml dura (gkgmtk),

kpljfk`ca lumna m` lk fkrk supmrjar u`k mdulsjö` ksoëltjfk m` oräa fa` krm`k mspalvarmkck pkrk qum ou`fja`m fada darcjm`tm. Msta smrvjrë pkrk

qum lumna sm kcejmrk lk dmzflk ejcröounk cm rmllm`a. Oj`kljzkca msta sm m`fkstrk lk zj`numräk.Fa` mstk rmsalufjö` sm lanrk u` gum` cmsknatm cml dura cm fkrnk ekfjk lk fugjmrtk y mvjtk tkdgjê`, qum cmsfjm`ck eudmckc par msm dura.

M@F]M@SWA M@SWM DKFEJDGWM Z D]WA CM FKWNK V]XMWJAW

M@ MVSM M@F]M@SWA VM X]MCM]SJLJRKW ]@K OKBK CM XALJMVSMWFA@ JDXWJDKFJÖ@ KVOËLSJFK SJXA“FADXWJGK@C—.

RJ@N]MWÄK M@ ]@KA CAV XJMRKV

DMDGWK@KJVALK@S XJ@SKCKFA@ MD]LVJÖ@KVOËLSJFK Z KWM@KFADA DAWCJM@SM

FEKXK K SAXMFA@ ML D]WA

(@A MDG]SJCK)

MVSW]FS]WKCM DKCMWK

WMLLM@A FA@ DAWSMWAEJCWÖO]NA



C M S K L L M V F

A @ V S W ] F S J _ A V

=8

LJDKEAZK A FA@_MWVK

Ljdkeayks a fa`vmrsks

M` mstas fksas qumrmdas lanrkr lk djsdk jdpmrdmkgjljckc cml m`fum`tra k`tmrjar pmra par su oardk j`vmrsk k lk ljdktmsk, cmgmdas falafkr ml

ralla qum sjnum lk krjstk cml m`fum`tra k`tms qum las rallas cm las oklca`ms. Ms cmfjr prjdmra falafkr u` ralla qum sjrvk fada falmftar y k pkrtjr cm

keä fadm`zkr cm kgkba ekfjk krrjgk k falafkr ml kjslk`tm cm kdgas oklca`ms. ]`k vmz fugjmrta, kpljfkr lk zj`numräk.

; - WALLA FALMFSAW 7 Z 6 - WALLAV CML OKLCÖ@



C M S K L L M V F

A @ V S W ] F S J _ A V

=;

Fk`klmtks y fm`moks m` tmfeas cm tmbks

Va` las mlmdm`tas qum fudplm` lk ou`fjö` cm tmrdj`kfjö` y fjmrrm m` ml garcm cm las oklca`ms. Nm`mrkldm`tm sm rmkljzk` fa` dkcmrks curks.

M` mstas pu`tas eky qum fujckr qum ml msfurrjdjm`ta cml knuk cm lluvjk y cm pasjglms ojltrkfja`ms sm rmkljfm par lunkrms kcmfukcas pkrk à pmr-

bucjfkr lk dkcmrk cm lk mstrufturk y mvjtkr su pksa kl j`tmrjar cm lk fa`struffjö . Lk fm`mok pumcm smr ora`tkl (tkdgjê` sm cmàdj`k “orm`tä`—) a

lktmrkl, sjm`ca mstk lk qum fapjk lk oardk cm lk tmbk.

FM@MOK K MVF]KCWK

Lk fugjmrtk cmsknatk ljgrmdm`tm kl mxtm-

rjar. Lk tkglk cm orm`tm sm flkvk pmrpm`-

cjfulkr k lk pm`cjm`tm cml fkgja. M` mstas

fksas ms fa`vm`jm`tm qum kl fadjm`za cm

lk falafkfjö` cml dkfejdgrm sm cmbm u`

mspkfja ljgrm cm ; fd. kpraxjdkckdm`tm

m`trm êstm y lk fm`mok. Msta ms pkrk ml

fksa m` qum afurrk u`k ojltrkfjö` par

cmgkba cm lks tmbks y ml knuk qum msfurrmsagrm lk kjslkfjö` ejcröounk à sm kfu-

dulm cmtrës cm lk fm`mok ora`tkl y oj`kl-

dm`tm mstk sm pucrk.

SMBKFLK_KCMWK

DMDGWK@KJVALK@S

LJVSÖ@ ZMVMWA

LJVSÖ@ 7— U ;—

DKFEJDGWM

FKGJA

FM@MOK KMVF]KCWK

FM@MOK K XLADA, FK@KLMSK M@ KLMWA

M` mstm fksa lk fugjmrtk cmsknatk m`

u`k fk`klmtk cm zj`numräk a plëstjfa.

Sk`ta ml cmsknatm cm lk fugjmrtk fada

cm lk dmdgrk`k JVALK@S fkm` cm`tra

cm lk fk`klmtk.

Mstk sm sastjm`m ojbk k lk mstrufturk cm

dkcmrk y ml prjdmr ralla cm dmdgrk`k

kpayk sagrm ml garcm supmrjar cm lk djsdk.

SMBKFLK_KCMWK

DMDGWK@KJVALK@S

LJVSÖ@ ZMVMWA

LJVSÖ@ 7— U ;—

DKFEJDGWM

FKGJA

FM@MOK KMVF]KCWK

FM@MOK K XLADA

Jnukl qum m` ml fksa k`tmrjar, lk fugjmrtk

cmsknatk ljgrmdm`tm kl mxtmrjar. Lk tkglk

cm fjmrrm sm ojbk k plada fa` ml tjrk`tm.

Kquä pumcm j`farparkrsm u`k pjmzk cm

zj`numräk a u`k pjmzk cm dkcmrk pkrk

qum lk dmdgrk`k qum pksk sagrm mstk,

pmrdjtk ml ljgrm msfurrjdjm`ta kl mxtmrjar

par cmgkba cm lk fugjmrtk.

Mstk pjmzk fk`kljzk ml knuk cm u`k pasj-

glm ojltrkfjö` ekfjk oumrk pratmnjm`ca lk

fm`mok cm fjmrrm.

SMBK FLK_KCMWK

DMDGWK@KJVALK@S

LJVSÖ@ ZMVMWA

LJVSÖ@ 7— U ;—

DKFEJDGWM

FKGJA

XJMRK CMRJ@N]MWÄK XKWKCMVKNASM

FM@MOK KXLADA A KMVF]KCWK



C M S K L L M V F

A @ V S W ] F S J _ A V

=7

Fk`klmtks y fm`moks m` tmfeas cm fekpk

Lks fk`klmtks sa` fa`cuftas falmftarms qum sjrvm` pkrk mvkfukr ml knuk qum msfurrm par ml oklcö` y à qumrmdas qum fkjnk ljgrmdm`tm, par

mbmdpla m` klmras cm vjvjm`cks gkba lks fuklms ekyk fjrfulkfjö`, oklca`ms qum fkjnk` ekfjk lks dmcjk`mrks (ms agljnktarjk lk fk`klmtk m` mstm

fksa), mtf. Eky fk`klmtks cm X_F pkrk falafkr k lk vjstk, cm smffja`ms fjrfulkr a rmftk`nulkr.

SMFEA Z XKWKDM@SAV CM FEKXK

FK@KLMSK M@ D]WA DMCJK@MWA M@ SMFEA FA@ MVSW]FS]WK DMSËLJFK.CMSKLLM RJ@N]MWÄK CM FKWNK Z FK@KLMSK J@SMW@K.

FK@KLMSK M@ SMFEA FA@ SMWDJ@KFJÖ@ KL WKV CML D]WA A MUM@SK.

M` m`fum`tras cm cas fekpks cm tjpa trkpmzajckl sm utjljzk

u`k fm`mok cm fjmrrm m` ë`nula. Fada fadplmdm`ta m` lk

fekpk cm tmfea sm fjmrrk fa` u`k gk`ck faòardkck tjpa

“Fadprjgk`c—.

M` mstrufturks dmtëljfks lk Dmdgrk`k JVALK@S vk ekstk ml

garcm cm lk fm`mok.

Lk zj`numräk cm fkrnk sm ekfm m` cas pkrtms, u`k qum fugrm

lk fkrnk cml dura qum cmsknatkrë sagrm u`k smnu`ck qum

fugrm lk dmdgrk`k y mdpkldk fa` lk fekpk. Ml orm`tm

cm mstk smnu`ck zj`numräk vjm`m faòardkca pkrk fekpk

a`culkck.

Lk dmdgrk`k qum vk gkba lk fekpk cmsknatkrë sagrm mstm

y kcmdës sm falafk atrk dmdgrk`k par cmgkba pkrk qum à

sm pracuzfk fa`cm`skfjö` y natma m` ml j`tmrjar.

Ml kjslk`tm ejcröouna (JVALK@S) sm falafkrë sagrm lk pkrtm

supmrjar cm lk fk`klmtk pmrdjtjm`ca ml cmsknatm.

DALC]WK CM

XALJMVSMW FA@JDXWJDKFJÖ@

KVOËLSJFK

DMDGWK@KJVALK@S

RJ@N]MWÄK

FK@KLMSK

FK@KLMSK

OJBKFJÖ@

DMDGWK@KJVALK@S

XMWOJL

MVSW]FS]WK

DMDGWK@KJVALK@S

FM@MOKCM FJMWWM



C M S K L L M V F

A @ V S W ] F S J _ A V

=6

Fejdm`mks a fa`cuftas

Mstm ms u`a cm las pu`tas m` las qum sm cmgm tm`mr dkyar fujckca, yk qum ms ca`cm ormfum`tmdm`tm sumlm ojltrkrsm ml knuk cmgjca k lk dklk

rmsalufjö` cml m`fum`tra. Vjmdprm sm cmgm agsmrvkr lk farrmftk salckcurk cm las mlmdm`tas cm lk zj`numräk, ksä fada m` lks fejdm`mks cm

dkdpastmräk, vmrjojfkr ml kcmfukca kdurkca cm lk dmdgrk`k fa` dmzflk ejcröounk. Xkrk ml fksa cm tm`mr qum kjslkr u` oklcö` m` ml qum kpk-

rmfm u` fa`cufta cm fejdm`mk ekgrë qum rmkljzkr ml trkgkba farrmspa`cjm`tm cm zj`numräk tkl fada sm vm m` ml msqumdk k fa`tj`ukfjö`.Las lktmrklms cm lk fejdm`mk sm cmgm` rmkljzkr cml djsda daca qum vjdas m` “M`fum`tra m`trm oklcö` y dura cm fkrnk lktmrkl—. Fuk`ca ml fa`-

cufta qum ktrkvjmsk ml oklcö` ms pmqumûa, pacmdas rmsalvmr mstm agstëfula cml daca qum sm j`cjfk m` las sjnujm`tms nrëojfas.

FEJDM@MKV A FA@C]FSAV

; 7 6

=3 ?

LK@K DJ@MWKL

LK@K DJ@MWKL

DMDGWK@KJVALK@S

KJVLKW ML FA@C]FSA, FA@ 78 dd CM LK@KDJ@MWKL, CML FA@SKFSA FA@ LK DKCMWK.

XKVKW ML FA@C]FSA KSWK_ÊV CM LK DMDGWK@K

FAWSM F]KCWKCACM DMDGWK@K

JVALK@S

FMWWKW LAV GAWCMV FA@ FJ@SKXMNK@CA FA@ KJWM FKLJM@SM

]@K _MR []M ML F]KCWKCA CMDMDGWK@K KGWKRK ML FA@C]FSA,

VMLLKWLA F]GWJÊ@CALA FA@ FJ@SK FSGKVJ MV KL]DJ@JRKCA. VJ MV SG7 a SG= FA@OKBKV CM LKV DJVDKV FA@ KCEMVJ_A CM

FA@SKFSA A KJWM FKLJM@SM.

FALAFKW LK RJ@N]MWÄK XKWK MLCMVKNASM CM LK F]GJMWSK

WMKLJRKW FAWSMVVMNÒ@ ML MV[]MDK



C M S K L L M V F

A @ V S W ] F S J _ A V

=3

Gafks cm luz sagrm ml tmfea

Fuk`ca ms `mfmskrja falafkr lk j`stklkfjö` mlêftrjfk sagrm lk supmroj-fjm cml dkfejdgrm, ms fa`vm`jm`tm ekfmrla k`tms cm j`stklkr lk kjslk-

fjö` yk qum cm msm daca sm pratmnm fa` lk dmdgrk`k lks gafks cm

luz y lks tugmräks fa`trk mvm`tuklms ojltrkfja`ms.

K vmfms rmsultk `mfmskrja fartkr las ljsta`ms cm 7— x ;— pkrk pkskr

las fkûas cm lk j`stklkfjö` mlêftrjfk. Fa`vjm`m cmbkr klnu`k dkrfk a

smûkl, pkrk à flkvkr lks tugmräks m` msm pu`ta, u`k vmz qum sm fugrjö

fa` lk dmdgrk`k kjslk`tm.

@u`fk rmkljfm lk j`stklkfjö` mlêftrjfk sagrm lk dmdgrk`k kjslk`tm yk

qum cm mstk oardk sm mxpa`m lk j`stklkfjö` mlêftrjfk k pasjglms ojltrk-

fja`ms cm knuk. Xar atrk pkrtm, kl cmbkr tugmräks oumrk cm lk kjslkfjö`

(mspmfjkldm`tm lks tugmräks dmtëljfks) sm farrm ml rjmsna qum m` lks

djsdks sm nm`mrm fa`cm`skfjö`.

Xkrk dkyarms jòardms a fa`sultks sagrm lk rmsalufjö` cm mstas

y atras cmtkllms fadu`äqumsm fa` ùmstra Cmpkrtkdm`ta Sêf`jfaa fa`sultm las föcjnas cm fa`struffjö` lafklms.



C M S K L L M V F

A @ V S W ] F S J _ A V

==

Kpê`cjfm

Mstrufturk plk`k cm eardjnö` y/a vjnumtksprmtm`skcks y lkcrjllas

M` u`k lask plk`k às m`fa`trkdas fa` lk

jdpasjgjljckc cm rmkljzkr lk fëdkrk cm kjrm

cmlk`tm cm lk fkrk kludj`jzkck cm lk dmd-

grk`k JVALK@S. Ms par msa qum m` mstm fksa

sm utjljzk` mspudks sj` ojld kludj`jzkca, y lk

kjslkfjö` sm rmkljzk salkdm`tm par dksk. Vm

falafkrë m`ta`fms u` mspmsar cm mspudk

JVALK@S dkyar kl ekgjtukl, cm 78 k 68 dd.,cm lk sjnujm`tm oardk2 sagrm lk lask mstruftu-

rkl, sm falafk u`k gkrmrk cm vkpar, u` glafi cm

mspudk cml mspmsar k`tms dm`fja`kca, pkrk

lumna rmkljzkr ml fa`trkpjsa, prmomrm`tmdm`tm

ljvjkà, cm uàs ;8 fd. cm mspmsar. K fa`tj-

ùkfjö` sm rmkljzk lk kjslkfjö` ejcröounk fa`

dmdgrk`k ksoëltjfk, qum smrë lk òltjdk fkpk

m` las fksas qum à sm falaqum pjsa. Ms rmfa-

dm`ckglm qum lk dmdgrk`k JVALK@S sm fa`tj-

`òm m` oardk vmrtjfkl fugrjm`ca ml mspmsar cml

fa`trkpjsa, pkrk qum ou`fja`m fada bu`tk cm

cjlktkfjö` y mvjtm ml knrjmtkdjm`ta cml djsda.

@ASK2 Lk djsdk rmsalufjö` ekgrë cm

ekfmrsm m` lasks cm vjnumtks prmtm`skcks

y lkcrjllas.

Fksa mspmfjkl.Skdgjê` pumcm j`stklkrsm u`k kjslkfjö` têr-

djfk cmscm kgkba. Xkrk mlla sm ojbkrë` k lks

vjnumtks ljsta`ms cm ;— x ; ´— m` las qum sm

flkvkrë lk dmdgrk`k kjslk`tm, submtkcks par

ljsta`ms cm ymsmra cm ´— x ;—.

Oj`kldm`tm, mstas òltjdas pumcm` smrvjr

fada sastê` cm klnò` rmvmstjdjm`ta k daca

cm fjmlarrksa.

Vj qujmrm dmbarkr ml rm`cjdjm`ta têrdjfa utjljfm

las pracuftas SGK fa` ojld rmolmftk`tm ekfjk lk

oum`tm cm fklar.

M@ MVSM FKVA, LK MVX]DK MV VJ@ KL]DJ@JRKCA, Z KJVLKVALKDM@SM XAW DKVK Z @A XAW WMOLMUJÖ@.



C M S K L L M V F

A @ V S W ] F S J _ A V

=?

Vjmdprm qum usm dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S à mljdj`m lk kffjö` cml ojld kludj`jzkca falafk`ca sagrm êstm, atras

dktmrjklms kjslk`tms. M` taca fksa, sj vk k ekfmrla, sjmdprm falaqum lk dmdgrk`k par m`fjdk cm la qum j`stklm.

Xkrk u`k farrmftk kjslkfjö` y vm`tjlkfjö` cml tmfea ms ou`ckdm`tkl rmspmtkr lk fëdkrk cm kjrm m` las djsdas.

M` duras y tkgjqums

]à cm las dacas cm kjslkr lks fa`struffja`ms ms lk utjljzkfjö` cm duras caglms9 m` mstas fksas tkdgjê` sm pumcm rmoarzkr lk kjslkfjö`

têrdjfk fa` ml usa m j`stklkfjö` cm dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S.

M` duras cm dkdpastmräk, ml dktmrjkl kjslk`tm sm falafk cm`tra lk fëdkrk cm kjrm, ojbë`cala kl dura j`tmrà fa` kcemsjva cm fa`tkfta, pj`turksksoëltjfks m` oräa a par dmcjas dmfë`jfas, sjmdprm fa` lk fkrk kludj`jzkck “djrk`ca— ekfjk lk fëdkrk cm kjrm9 kl mxtmrjar pkrk rmolmxjö` cml

fklar a ekfjk lk za`k ca`cm sm qujmrk rmolmbkr ml fklar. M` mstas fksas fksj ù`fk sm rmqujmrm u`jr las rallas cm dmdgrk`k, pmra pumcm ekfmrla

usk`ca fj`tk kludj`jzkck a ml sjstmdk Wkpj-Skf j`flujca m` las pracuftas SGK. M` fksas mxtrmdas tkdgjê` pumcm` falafkrsm Glaqums cm

mspudk JVALK@S sj` kludj`jzkca, pmra m` u` mspmsar cm ;8 k 68 dd. pkrk qum söla trkgkbm fada kjslk`tm par dksk.

Atrk pasjgjljckc, ms falafkr lk dmdgrk`k kjslk`tm fada la mxpljfkdas m` ml fksa cm u` fjmlarrksa, pmra m` mstm fksa m` daca vmrtjfkl. Vm

ojbk` k lk pkrmc ljsta`ms cm dkcmrk cm 7— x 7— m` oardk earjza`tkl, k las qum sm ojbk lk dmdgrk`k kjslk`tm fa` ml kludj`ja djrk`ca ekfjk oumrk

flkvë`calk fa` u` ljstö` cm ´— x ;— y sagrm mstm òltjda sm falafk klnò` rmvmstjdjm`ta cm su mlmffjö` (dkfejdgrm, pk`mlms cmfarktjvas, dmtkl

cmsplmnkca dks rmvaqum, mtf.)

Vj gjm` ml dktmrjkl ms jdpmrdmkglm, lks bu`tks

sa` vul`mrkglms par la qum sm cmgmrë mbmfutkr

ml rmvaqum ejcröouna trkcjfja`kl. M` tkgjqums

cm fa`struffjö` m` smfa, ml kjslkdjm`ta cmgm

falafkrsm sjmdprm m` lk fëdkrk cm kjrm qum

qumck nm`mrkck par las pmrojlms a pkrk`tms

“F— qum smpkrk` lks plkfks. Vjmdprm ugjqum

lk fkrk kludj`jzkck djrk`ca ekfjk ml lkcadks fkljm`tm ojbë`cala kl pk`ml cml tkgjqum

qum sm supa`m dks oräa. Msta sjrvm pkrk kjslk-

djm`ta têrdjfa y gkrrmrk cm vkpar y ksä mvjtkr

lk fa`cm`skfjö` m` tkgjqums mxtmrjarms.



OJFEKV SÊF@JFKV



O J F E

K V

S Ê F @ J F K V

Lä`mk _jvjm`ckDmdgrk`ks mstë`ckr

SG 7

Dmdgrk`k gkba tmbkcm 7 dd cm mspmsar

Dmdgrk`k gkba tmbkcm = dd cm mspmsar

Dmdgrk`k gkba tmbkcm ;8 dd cm mspmsar

SG = SG ;8

=5

Grj`ck` tatkl jdpmrdmkgjljckc kl tmfea j`flusa m` las pu`tas cm flkvkca y ou`fja`k`

fada gkrrmrk cm vkpar. Kpartk` u` dä`jda cm kjslkfjö` têrdjfk (SG = y SG ;8) mvjtk`caml om`ödmà cm fa`cm`skfjö`. J`farpark m` u`k cm sus fkrks u` ojld cm paljmtjlmà fa`pratmffjö` ]_ qum atarnk dkyar rmsjstm`fjk dmfë`jfk.

FKWKFSMWÄVSJFKV SÊF@JFKV CM LKV MVX]DKV JVALK@S

FKWKFSMWÄVSJFKV _KLAW @AWDK

Mstrufturk cm fmlck Fmrrkck Q

Mspmsar 8,= k =8 dd Q

Cm`sjckc 68 - 38 in/d6 KVSD C ;?77

Fa`cuftjvjckc Sêrdjfk 8,86= k 8,83= /d ²F KVSD F =;5

Xmrdmkgjljckc kl knuk Jdpmrdmkglm Cjr. ]MKtf.

Kgsarfjö` cm knuk;,7% _/_

(37,? % X/X)JWKD ;=57

Xmrdmk`fjk kl vkpar cm knuk8,866 nr/d7eiXk

KVSD M-:?JWKD ;>6=

Mstkgjljckc cjdm`sja`kl gkba fklarLa`njtucj`kl -3,= / -3,7 % Q

Srk`svmrskl +8.6 / + 8,5 (>8 ²F x 77 es) Q

Wmsjstm`fjk k las kfmjtms dj`mrklms VKM 68 ;= cäks 76²F

Wmsjstm`fjk kl azaà @a eky knrjmtkdjm`taWktj`n 8

KVSD C ;;>;

Xmrdmkgjljckc k las rkyas cm luz =7 - ?6 % Mspmftra oatödmtra



O J F E

K V

S Ê F @ J F K V

=:

Kjslkfjö`

ejcröounk

Mvjtk` lk

fa`cm`skfjö`

Kl flkvkrlks

à ojltrk` knuk

Ojld cm

paljmtjlmà fa`

pratmffjö` ]_

Gkbk

prapknkfjö`

cm llkdk

Gm`mojfjas]sa• Kjslk`tm ejcröouna.

• Gkrrmrk cm vkpar.• K`tjfa`cm`sk`tms (SG= y SG;8).

Cmsfrjpfjö`Dmdgrk`k cm mspudk tmrdaplëstjfk glk`fk cm 7, = y ;8 dd cm mspmsar.

Fa` ojld cm paljmtjlmà pkrk dkyar rmsjstm`fjk k lk trkffjö` y pratmffjö` cm ]_.

Dkrfk jdprmsk m` falar fmlmstm.

Xrmsm`tkfjö`Wallas cm ;d cm k`fea x 78 d cm lkrna.

Fkrkftmrästjfks têf`jfksMspudk tmrdaplëstfjk JVALK@S cm fmlck fmrrkck, cm kjrm mstk`fa.

Xasmm dmdarjk mlëstjfk, sm fjmrrk sagrm ml fa`tarà cml flkva a tar`jlla.

Ojld pratmftar ]_.

Gkbk fa`cuftjvjckc têrdjfk.

Wmsjstm`fjk kl oumna2 gkbk prapknkfjö` cm llkdks (WM6).

Kpljfkfjö`Gkba fekpk a gkba tmbks m` vjvjm`cks a smftarms cml tmfea ca`cm à sm prmfjsm kjslkfjö`

têrdjfk (nkrknms kgjmrtas, klmras, mtf.).

Xumcm uskrsm gkba pjsas olatk`tms dmlkdä`jfas.

Fada gkrrmrk cm vkpar m` duras.

Wmmdplkzk k2 Wugmrajc, dmdgrk`k ksoëltjfk y fuklqujmr atra jdpmrdmkgjljzk`tm cm tmfea a pjsa.

Falafkfjö`Falafkr fa` ojld jdprmsa ekfjk krrjgk.

_mr fkpätula “Oardks cm falafkfjö`—.

Fada gkrrmrk cm vkpar m` duras, m` lk fkrk j`tmr`k (fkljm`tm) cm êstm.

Mxpasjfjö` k lk j`tmdpmrjm@a ms kptk pkrk pmrdk`mfmr k lk j`tmdpmrjm par dks cm ; dms m` vmrkà ö 6 dmsms m` j`vjmrà.

Gm`mojfjasKl flkvkrlks à ojltrk` ml knuk.

Jdputrmsfjglms.

Ljvjk`ks.

Oëfjlms cm falafkr.

Gkbk prapknkfjö` cm llkdk - WM6.

Sjpa cm salkpmXar supmrpasjfjö`, lk lä`mk pu`tmkck jdprmsk m` ml ojld cm lk dmdgrk`k j`cjfk lk supmrojfjm

k supmrpa`mr.

@AWDK JWKD(;;:;8-6)



O J F E

K V

S Ê F @ J F K V

?8

Lä`mk _jvjm`ckDmdgrk`ks kludj`jzkcks

SGK = SGK ;8 SGK ;=

SKGLK CM M[]J_KLM@FJKV CM MVXMVAWMV VMNÒ@ LK WMVJVSM@FJK SÊWDJFK

SGK = SGK ;8 SGK ;=

_MWK@A J@_JMW@A _MWK@A J@_JMW@A _MWK@A J@_JMW@A

Wmsjstm`fjk Sêrdjfk (d7 ²F / ^) 8.:? 8.== ;.8> 8.?? ;.;5 8.>>

Lk`k cm _jcrja (;3 In./d6) 38 dd 76 dd 3= dd 75 dd =8 dd 67 dd

Xaljmstjrmà Mxpk`cjca (78 In./d6

) 67 dd ;: dd 6= dd 77 dd 6: dd 7= dd

Mxflusjva salkpm kutakcemsjva Wkpj-Skf®

K ùmstrk lä`mk cm dmdgrk`ks kludj`jzkcks JVALK@S® lm j`farpa-

rkdas ml salkpm kutakcemsjva Wkpj-Skf®. Mstm salkpm kutakcemsjva

okfjljtk lk falafkfjö` grj`ck`ca u`k dkyar smnurjckc m` agrk mvjtk`ca

ojltrkfja`ms m`trm u`ja`ms y aormfjm`ca u`k pratmffjö` fa`täùk y

smnurk m` lk j`stklkfjö`.

Dmdgrk`k kludj`jzkck gkba tmbka fekpk cm = dd cm mspmsar

Dmdgrk`k kludj`jzkck gkba tmbka fekpk cm ;8 dd cm mspmsar

Dmdgrk`k kludj`jzkck gkba tmbka fekpk cm ;= dd cm mspmsar

Lks dmdgrk`ks SGK jdpmrdmkgjljzk` y käslk` têrdjfkdm`tm ml tmfea, rmmdplkzk`calk fadgj`kfjö` cm u` ojmltra ksoëltjfa dës u` kjslk`tm têrdjfa trkcjfja`kl. K lks pra-pjmckcms cm lks SG sm lms sudk u` ojld kludj`jzkca qum dmbark lk kjslkfjö` têrdjfk cmlk mspudk JVALK@S, fa` rmolmxjö` cml fklar rkcjk`tm mdjtjca par lk fugjmrtk. J`fluym`salkpm kutakcemsjva WKXJ SKF®.



O J F E

K V

S Ê F @ J F K V

?;

Kjslkfjö`

ejcröounk

Kjslkfjö`

têrdjfk

Mvjtk` lk

fa`cm`skfjö`

Kl flkvkrlks

à ojltrk` knuk

Ojld kludj`jzkca

qum rmolmbk lk

rkcjkfjö` fklörjfk

Valkpm

kutakcemsjva

Wkpj-Skf®

Gkbk

prapknkfjö`

cm llkdk

Gm`mojfjas

]sa• Kjslk`tm ejcröouna.

• K`tjfa`cm`sk`tm (sm rmfadjm`ck vmrjojfkr fa`cjfja`ms).• Kjslk`tm têrdjfa.

• Gkrrmrk cm vkpar.

Cmsfrjpfjö`Dmdgrk`k cm mspudk tmrdaplëstjfk glk`fk cm =, ;8 y ;= dd cm mspmsar.

Ojld cm paljmstmr kludj`jzkca m` u`k cm sus fkrks.

Valkpm kutakcemsjva Wkpj Skf (SGK = dd y SGK ;8 dd).

Xrmsm`tkfjö`Wallas cm ; d cm k`fea x 78 d cm lkrna.

Fkrkftmrästjfks têf`jfksMspudk tmrdaplëstfjk JVALK@S cm fmlck fmrrkck, cm kjrm mstk`fa.


Oajl kludj`jzkca fa` ojltra ]_.

Gkbk fa`cuftjvjckc têrdjfk.


Kpljfkfjö`Gkba fekpk a gkba tmbks, m` vjvjm`cks y m` klnuàs fksas usa j`custrjkl.

Skdgjê` m` kjslkfjö` têrdjfk cm duras caglms a cm fa`struffjö` m` smfa.

Vagrm fjmlarrksa, mvjtk`ca eudmckc y rmolmbk`ca rkcjkfjö` cm fklar.

Wmmdplkzk k2 Wugmrajc, dmdgrk`k ksoëltjfk y fuklqujmr atra jdpmrdmkgjljzk`tm cm tmfea a pjsa

dës u` kjslk`tm têrdjfa (paljmstjrmà a lk`k cm vjcrja).

Falafkfjö`Kludj`jzkca ekfjk krrjgk, a mvm`tukldm`tm ml pu`ta ekfjk ca`cm sm qujmrm rmfekzkr lk rkcjk-

fjö` fklörjfk.


Mxpasjfjö` k lk j`tmdpmrjm@a ms kptk pkrk pmrdk`mfmr k lk j`tmdpmrjm par dks cm ; dms m` vmrkà ö 6 dmsms m`

j`vjmrà.

Gm`mojfjasCaglm kjslkfjö`. 7 pracuftas m` ;. Ejcröouna y têrdjfa.

Kl flkvkrlks à ojltrk` ml knuk.

Jdputrmsfjglms.

Ljvjk`k.

Oëfjl cm falafkr.


@a kfudulk` `j cmsprm`cm` pkrtäfulks.

Sjpa cm salkpmValkpm Kutakcemsjva Wkpj-Skf® (SGK = dd y SGK ;8 dd).

@AWDK JWKD(;;:;8-6)



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Valkpm

kutakcemsjva

Wkpj-Skf®

Gkbk

prapknkfjö`

cm llkdk

Gm`mojfjas


• K`tjfa`cm`sk`tm (sm rmfadjm`ck vmrjojfkr fa`cjfja`ms).• Kjslk`tm têrdjfa.

• Gkrrmrk cm vkpar.

Cmsfrjpfjö`Dmdgrk`k cm mspudk tmrdaplëstjfk glk`fk fa` gksta`ms cm vm`tjlkfjö`.

Kludj`ja pura rmoarzkca m` u`k cm sus fkrks.

Fa` salkpm kutakcemsjva Wkpj Skf.

Srms fkpks jdpmrdmkglms.

Xrmsm`tkfjö`Wallas cm ; d cm k`fea x 78 d cm lkrna.

Fkrkftmrästjfks têf`jfksMspudk tmrdaplëstfjk JVALK@S cm fmlck fmrrkck, cm kjrm mstk`fa fa` gksta`ms cm vm`tjlkfjö`.

Oajl cm kludj`ja pura rmoarzkca.

Srms fkpks cm jdpmrdmkgjljzkfjö`.



Kpljfkfjö`Gkba fekpk a gkba tmbks, m` vjvjm`cks y m` klnuàs fksas usa j`custrjkl.

Skdgjê` m` kjslkfjö` têrdjfk cm duras caglms a cm fa`struffjö` m` smfa.

Vagrm fjmlarrksa, mvjtk`ca eudmckc y rmolmbk`ca rkcjkfjö` cm fklar.

Wmmdplkzk k2 Wugmrajc, dmdgrk`k ksoëltjfk y fuklqujmr atra jdpmrdmkgjljzk`tm cm tmfea a pjsa

dës u` kjslk`tm têrdjfa (paljmstjrmà a lk`k cm vjcrja).

Falafkfjö`Kludj`ja ekfjk krrjgk y las gksta`ms cm vm`tjlkfjö` ekfjk ml dkfejdgrm.


Mxpasjfjö` k lk j`tmdpmrjmXumcm pmrdk`mfmr k lk j`tmdpmrjm ekstk ? dmsms.

Gm`mojfjasKltk rmsjstm`fjk dmfë`jfk.

Caglm kjslkfjö`. 7 pracuftas m` ;. Ejcröouna y têrdjfa.

Gksta`ms cm vm`tjlkfjö`.

Srms fkpks jdpmrdmkglms.


Wmsjstm`fjk dmfë`jfk.

Jdputrmsfjglms.

Ljvjk`k.

Oëfjl cm falafkr.



Sjpa cm salkpmValkpm Kutakcemsjva Wkpj-Skf®.

Kjslkfjö`

ejcröounk

Mvjtk` lk

fa`cm`skfjö`

Kl flkvkrlks

à ojltrk` knuk

Kludj`ja pura

qum rmolmbk

lk rkcjkfjö`

fklörjfk

Gksta`ms

cm vm`tjlkfjö`

Kludj`ja pura

? dmsms k lk

j`tmdpmrjm

Wmsjstm`fjk

dmfë`jfk

Kjslkfjö`

têrdjfk

@AWDK JWKD(;;:;8-6)

?DMVMV



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?3

SKGLK CM M[]J_KLM@FJKV CM MVXMVAWMV VMNÒ@ LK WMVJVSM@FJK SÊWDJFK

CAGLM KL] = CAGLM KL] ;8 CAGLM KL] ;=

Wmsjstm`fjk Sêrdjfk (d7 ²F / ^) 8.>8 ;.86 ;.6:

Lk`k cm _jcrja (;3 In./d6) 7: dd 36 dd =5 dd

Xaljmstjrmà Mxpk`cjca (78 In./d6) 76 dd 63 dd 3? dd

Lä`mk J`custrjkDmdgrk`ks fa` kludj`ja pura m` kdgks fkrks

CAGLM KL] = CAGLM KL] ;8 CAGLM KL] ;=

Vjstmdk cm u`jö` par tmrdasalckca pktm`tkcaLks dmdgrk`ks Caglm Klu JVALK@S sa` lks ò`jfks cml dmrfkca qum

pasmm` ml mxflusjva salkpm pkrk tmrdasalckca pktm`tkca.

Ml tmrdasalckca fa` pjstalk cm kjrm fkljm`tm, oum cjsmûkca pkrk

ksmnurkr u`k u`jö` j`kltmrkglm k la lkrna cml tjmdpa, sj` `mfmsj-

ckc cm kcemsjvas y/a fj`tks.

Lk mspudk cm paljmtjlmà, kl smr sadmtjck k tmdpmrkturk, sm

kglk`ck y sm ousja`k par sjdplm fa`tkfta. Mstm dêtaca ms dufea

dës momftjva qum fuklqujmr kcemsjva y/a fj`tk. Lk tmdpmrkturk

kpraxjdkck cm fklm`tkdjm`ta ms cm ;38²F, usë`casm u`k pjstalk cm

fklar cm u`k patm`fjk à dmàr k 588 ^ktts. Ms jdpartk`tm utjljzkr lkpjstalk cm fklar kpljfk`ca ml kjrm k 3=² (ù`fk vmrtjfkl).

Dmdgrk`k cm = dd cm mspmsar faòajl cm kludj ja pura m` kdgks fkrks

Dmdgrk`k cm ;8 dd cm mspmsar faòajl cm kludj ja pura m` kdgks fkrks

Dmdgrk`k cm ;= dd cm mspmsar faòajl cm kludj ja pura m` kdgks fkrks

Lks dmdgrk`ks CAGLM KL] JVALK@S, käslk` têrdjfkdm`tm su mstrufturk dmtëljfk mvj-tk`ca ml om`ödmà cm fa`cm`skfjö`. Vm fkrkftmrjzk` par su oëfjl j`stklkfjö` y dk`j-

pulma, trktë`casm cm u` dktmrjkl ljvjkà qum à cmsprm`cm pkrtäfulks cm `j`nò` tjpa,vm`tkbks qum ksmnurk` u`k rëpjck falafkfjö` y momftjvk kjslkfjö` têrdjfk.



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• K`tjfa`cm`sk`tm.• Kjslk`tm têrdjfa.

Cmsfrjpfjö`Dmdgrk`k cm =, ;8 ö ;= dd cm mspmsar cm mspudk tmrdaplëstjfk nrjs fa` oajl cm kludj`ja

pura m` kdgks fkrks fa` caglm salkpm apumsta.

Xrmsm`tkfjö`Wallas cm ;d cm k`fea x 78 d cm lkrna (k`fea òtjl ; d).

Xasjgjljckc cm fartm cm rallas k dmcjck pkrk mvjtkr cmspmrcjfjas

Fkrkftmrästjfks têf`jfksMspudk tmrdaplëstjfks JVALK@S cm fmlck fmrrkck cm kjrm mstk`fa.

Caglm fkrk cm oajl cm kludj`ja pura.

Caglm salkpm apumsta sagrm lktmrklms pkrk tmrdasalckr.


Duy gkbk prapknkfjö` cm llkdk (WM7).

Kpljfkfjö`]sa j`custrjkl a m` mstrufturks dmtëljfks m` nm`mrkl.

Kjslkfjö` têrdjfk m jdpmrdmkglm m` tmfeas y pkrmcms cm mstrufturks dmtëljfks.

Falafkfjö`_mr fkpätula “Oardks cm falafkfjö`—.

Mxpasjfjö` k lk j`tmdpmrjmKpta j`tmdpmrjm pkrk fjmlarrksa (]_ j`cjrmfta).

Gm`mojfjasCaglm kjslkfjö`. 7 pracuftas m` ;. Ejcröouna y têrdjfa.


Jdputrmsfjglms.

Ljvjk`k.

Oëfjl cm falafkr.

Duy gk bk prapknkfjö` cm llkdk - WM7.

Dm bar tmrdj`kfjö`.


]`jö` par tmrdasalckca.

Ejcralkvkglm.

Sjpa cm salkpmValkpm pkrk u`jö` par tmrdasalckca pktm`tkca, mxflusjva cm JVALK@S.

Kjslkfjö`

ejcröounk

Kjslkfjö`

têrdjfk

Mvjtk` lk

fa`cm`skfjö`

Kl flkvkrlks

`a ojltrk` knuk

Kludj`ja pura

qum rmolmbk lk

rkcjkfjö` fklörjfk

Smrdasalckglms

fa` pjstalk cm

kjrm fkljm`tm

Duy gkbk

prapknkfjö`

cm llkdk

Gm`mojfjas

@AWDK JWKD(;;:;8-6)



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Xrmnu`tks ormfum`tms

±[uê ms lk mspudk JVALK@S1Ms u`k mspudk cm paljmtjlmà cm fmlck fmrrkck.

±[uê vm`tkbks grj`ck lk mstrufturk cm fmlck fmrrkck1

Lk fmlck fa`tjm`m kjrm mstk`fa, lanrk`ca ksä dk`tm`mr su gkbk fa`cuffjö` cml fklar. Kcmdës, sa` tatkldm`tm jdpmrdmkglms kl knuk y kl vkpar

cm knuk, jdpjcjm`ca qum lk djsdk m`trm m` sus fmlcks. Skdgjê` tjm`m` u`k fa`cuftjvjckc têrdjfk gkbk m j`kltmrkglm.

±Xar quê lks dmdgrk`ks kludj`jzkcks käslk` tk`ta fa` tk` pafa mspmsar1

Xarqum käslk` par rmolmxjö` y par dksk. Wmolmbk` ml fklar trk`sdjtjca par rkcjkfjö` k trkvês cm u`k fëdkrk cm kjrm y käslk` par dksk ml fklar

trk`sdjtjca par fa`cuffjö`.

±Fuë`ta käslk lk mspudk JVALK@S sj` fkrk kludj`jzkck1

Käslk söla par dksk. Xkrk u` cmtmrdj`kca mspmsar cm mspudk sm rmqujmrm u` mspmsar sjdjlkr cm kjslk`tm têrdjfa trkcjfja`kl, W 4 m/ι

(mspmsar/fa`cuftjvjckc têrdjfk).

±Ms `mfmskrja falafkr “rugmrajc— cmgkba cm u`k dmdgrk`k JVALK@S1

@a ms `mfmskrja. J`flusa lk falafkfjö` cm msm dktmrjkl jdpjcm lk farrmftk vm`tjlkfjö` cml dkfejdgrm, smnò` ml sjstmdk cm kjslkfjö` plk`tmkca

par JVALK@S.

±Ekfjk qum lkca falafa ml ojld kludj`jzkca1

Ml ojld kludj`jzkca a cm kludj`ja cmgm jr falafkca “djrk`ca— ekfjk lk supmrojfjm rkcjk`tm pkrk, prmfjskdm`tm, rmolmbkr msm fklar. Msta ms, ekgj-

tukldm`tm, ekfjk krrjgk.

±Föda rmsumlva lk kjslkfjö` m` u`k fugjmrtk fa`strujck fa` fjmlarrksa suspm`cjca1

Eky trms salufja`ms pasjglms, lk prjdmrk ms falafkr lk kjslkfjö` fa`trk lk fugjmrtk ojbë`calk m`trm lk mstrufturk y lk fugjmrtk, sjnujm`ca lks j`cjfk-

fja`ms pkrk tmfea umva.

Lk smnu`ck apfjö` fa`sjstm m` flkvkr lk kjslkfjö` k las tjrk`tms fa` ljsta`ms cm ´— x ;— cmscm kgkba, smnò` ml fksa pkrk tmfeas yk fa`strujcas.

M` ml prjdmr fksa ou`fja`kräk fada kjslkfjö` têrdjfk m ejcröounk y m` ml smnu`ca söla fada têrdjfk.

Lk tmrfmr kltmr`ktjvk fa`sjstm m` falafkr lk kjslkfjö` sagrm ml fjmlarrksa9 ksä trkgkbk fada kjslk`tm têrdjfa y kl jnukl qum las fksas k`tmrjarms

mvjtkräk tkdgjê` lk fa`cm`skfjö`. Wmfumrcm falafkr sjmdprm lk fkrk kludj`jzkck ekfjk krrjgk. (_mr fkpätula2 oardks cm falafkfjö`).

±Ms `mfmskrja falafkr ml ljstö` cm 7— x ;— sagrm ml dkfejdgrm1

Vä, parqum2

• Faòardk dmbar lk fëdkrk cm kjrm supmrjar (`mfmskrjk pkrk lk kjslkfjö` par rmolmxjö`)

• _m`tjlk lk eudmckc ksfm`cm`tm cml j`tmrjar cm lk vjvjm`ck, mvjtk`ca qum sm oardm` ea`nas y/ö fala`jks cm gkftmrjks m` ml dkfejdgrm.

• Msfurrm dmbar lks ojltrkfja`ms cm afurrjr klnu`k raturk a ojsurk m` lk fugjmrtk.

• Xmrdjtm ugjfkr dmbar lk pasjfjö` cml tjrk`tm kl ojbkr ml ljstö` ymsmra.

• M` ml fksa cm utjljzkr SGK D]LSJFKXK à adjtk lk falafkfjö` cm mstm ljstö`. Vj pumcm falafkrsm uà cm dmàr cjdm`sjö` (ymsmra ´— x ;—).

±Föda sm mbmfutk lk kjslkfjö` fuk`ca tm`na lks fkbks cm luz m` ml tmfea1

Xkrk lk falafkfjö` cm lk j`stklkfjö` mlêftrjfk m` ml tmfea, la jcmkl ms mbmfutkrlk k`tms cm pa`mr ml dktmrjkl kjslk`tm, prmvmr qum ml dkfejdgrm

qumckrë cmspratmnjca curk`tm lk falafkfjö` cm lk j`stklkfjö` mlêftrjfk y fugrjr lks fkbks pravjsarjkdm`tm.

(_mr fkpätula2 cmtkllms fa`struftjvas).

±Lk dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S sjrvm fada kjslk`tm m` duras y tkgjqums1

Vä. Xumcm uskrsm pmromftkdm`tm cm`tra cm duras caglms fa` fëdkrk cm kjrm, tkgjqums cm fa`struffjö` m` smfa m` nm`mrkl, tkgjqums cm dkcmrk,

mtf. (_mr kpê`cjfm).



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M` lk za`k cm flkvkca, ±pumcm` pracufjrsm ojltrkfja`ms1@a, parqum lk `kturklmzk mlëstjfk cm lk dmdgrk`k ekfm qum lk djsdk sm fjmrrm m` tarà kl flkva, tar`jlla a lk ojbkfjö` qum sm trktm, jdpjcjm`ca

qum ml knuk ojltrm par msm pu`ta.

±Xumcm utjljzkrsm JVALK@S pkrk kjslkr fugjmrtks plk`ks cm lask1

Vä, söla smrë pkrk kjslkfjö` têrdjfk. M` mstm fksa sm utjljzk` mspudks sj` ojld kludj`jzkca y tkdpafa lk SGK D]LSJFKXK. M` mstas fksas lk kjslk-

fjö` sm rmkljzk söla par dksk y par mlla sm cmgm falafkr u` mspmsar dkyar kl ekgjtukl, la dks fadò` ms uskr cm 78 k 68dd.

Lk dmtacalanäk ms lk sjnujm`tm2

Vagrm lk lask mstrufturkl ljgrm cm msfadgras y/ö dktmrjklms, falafkr prjdmra u`k gkrrmrk cm vkpar y lumna ml glafi cm mspudk cm mspmsar

cmsmkca9 sagrm mstm rmkljzkr u` fa`trkpjsa (prmomrm`tmdm`tm ljvjkà) cm uàs 5 k ;8 fd. cm mspmsar (fa`vm`jm`tmdm`tm fa` u`k dkllk cm cjstrj-

gufjö` cm õ 3dd). K fa`tjùkfjö` sm rmkljzk lk kjslkfjö` ejcröounk fa` dmdgrk`k ksoëltjfk fa` kludj`ja (a nmatmxtjl sj vk pjsa), qum pumcm smr

lk tmrdj`kfjö` m` fksa cm à fa`strujr u` pjsa. Ms rmfadm`ckglm fa`tjùkr ml kjslkdjm`ta têrdjfa m` vmrtjfkl, uàs fm`tädmtras pkrk mvjtkr u`

pasjglm pum`tm têrdjfa. (_mr kpê`cjfm).

±Fuël ms lk vjck òtjl cm lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S1

Lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S tjm`m` lk djsdk vjck òtjl qum ml tmfea. Ms jdpartk`tm rmdkrfkr qum ml dktmrjkl à ms kpta pkrk pmrdk`mfmr fa`tj-

ùkdm`tm mxpumsta k lk j`tmdpmrjm, yk qum sm vm komftkca par lk kffjö` cm las rkyas ultrkvjalmtk (]_). ]`k vmz j`stklkca gkba lk fugjmrtk, à

prmsm`tk j`nò` tjpa cm j`fa`vm`jm`tm.

Jdpartk`tm2 las pracuftas SGK tjm`m` cjomrm`tms pmräacas cm mxpasjfjö` k lk j`tmdpmrjm, fa`sultm m` fkck fksa.

±[uê cjomrm`fjk eky m`trm lks dmdgrk`ks SGK, SGK D]LSJFKXK y CAGLM KL]1

Lk cjomrm`fjk ou`ckdm`tkl ms qum lks dmdgrk`ks cm lk lä`mk SGK tjm`m` u`k salk fkrk pravjstk fa` u` ojld plëstjfa kludj`jzkca y CAGLM KL]

tjm`m kdgks fkrks rmfugjmrtks fa` u` oajl cm kludj`ja pura. Xar atrk pkrtm SGK D]LSJFKXK ms lk ò`jfk m` su lä`mk qum tjm`m u`k fkrk fa` kludj-

`ja pura naorkca fa` gksm cm rmoumrza cm paljmtjlmà qum grj`ck dkyar rmsjstm`fjk dmfë`jfk y k las knm`tms ktdasoêrjfas.

Lks dmdgrk`ks kludj`jzkcks rmolmbk` lk rkcjkfjö` cml fklar kl jnukl qum lks cm oajl cm kludj`ja, qum kcmdës, pasmm` u`k gkbk mdjsjvjckc.

±Fuël ms lk ou`fjö` cml caglm oajl cm kludj`ja m` CAGLM KL]1

Ml kludj`ja ms u` dmtkl cm duy gkbk mdjsjvjckc fklörjfk. Kl rmfjgjr lk rkcjkfjö` mdjtjck par lk fugjmrtk cm fekpk, ml prjdmr oajl sm m`fkrnk cm

rmolmbkr ekfjk krrjgk nrk` pkrtm cm msm fklar, lk mspudk cm paljmtjlmà sm m`fkrnk cm kjslkr ml rmsta (par dksk) y par òltjda ml smnu`ca oajl rmcu-

fjrë par su gkbk mdjsjvjckc lk m`trkck cml fklar rmdk`m`tm. Cm kquä sm cmsprm`cm qum lk kjslkfjö` lanrkck fa` CAGLM KL] ms dkyar.

Ml kludj`ja qum pasmm` lks dmdgrk`ks CAGLM KL] kftòk tkdgjê` fada gkrrmrk cm oumna tm`jm`ca u` dmàr rk`na cm prapknkfjö` cm llkdk

(Fktklankca par ml J@SJ fada WM7, ms cmfjr, Dktmrjkl cm Duy Gkbk prapknkfjö` cm Llkdk).

CAGLM KL] grj`ck kcmdës, u`k dmbar tmrdj`kfjö` m` nklpa`ms y kvms j`custrjklms pmrdjtjm`ca j`flusa ml ejcralkvkca cm lks djsdks. Ml kludj-

`ja pratmnm k lk mspudk cm lk rkcjkfjö` ]._. mvjtk`ca su cmsnkstm.

±Sacks lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S tjm`m` WKXJ-SKF1

@a, söla las pracuftas SGK=, SGK;8 y SGK D]LSJFKXK pasmm` ml salkpm kutakcemsjva WKXJ-SKF. Sacks lks cmdës pumcm` u`jrsm par salkpm a k

tapm fa` fj`tk kcemsjvk a par u`jö` fa` pjstalk cm kjrm fkljm`tm.

±Vm fa`sjnum mspudk JVALK@S m` mspmsarms dkyarms k ;8dd1

Vä. JVALK@S pravmm cmscm lëdj`ks cm 8,= dd ekstk glaqums cm ?= dd cm mspmsar. Las mspmsarms dkyarms k ;8dd ‖cmàdj`kcas “Glafis—-,

sm lanrk` dmcjk`tm pmnkca j`custrjkl par dmcja cm fklar, cm sufmsjvks fkpks cm = ö ;8 dd.

±Ms dës mfa`ödjfa j`stklkr u` kjslk`tm JVALK@S1

Lk fadpkrktjvk cm prmfjas qum sm cmgm ekfmr ms fa` pracuftas mqujvklm`tms, par mbmdpla2 ]`k dmdgrk`k JVALK@S SGK= mqujvklm sjdultë-

`mkdm`tm k u` kjslk`tm ejcröouna (tmfekca ksoëltjfa a dmdgrk`k ksoëltjfk) dës u`k gkrrmrk cm vkpar (u` ojld cm paljmtjlmà a pkpml Irkot m`

lk kjslkfjö` têrdjfk) y fada kjslk`tm têrdjfa k 38 dd cm lk`k cm vjcrja cm ;3 In./d6, a k 67 dd cm paljmstjrmà mxpk`cjca cm 78 In./d6 (m`

vmrkà). Kcmdës cml prmfja, sm cmgm tm`mr m` fum`tk qum ms u` dktmrjkl qum sm falafk cm dk`mrk fa`tjùk, m` u`k salk apmrkfjö`, lk okfjljckccm falafkfjö` y lk j`kltmrkgjljckc cml djsda.



C M X K W S K D M @ S A

S Ê F @ J F A

EAWKWJA CM DMCJFJÖ@

S M D X M W

K S ] W K M @ ¸ F

8,88

8288

;288

7288

6288

3288

=288

?288

>288

5288

:288

;8288

;;288

;7288

;6288

;3288

;=288

;?288

;>288

;5288

;:288

78288

7;288

77288

76288

;8,88

78,88

68,88

38,88

=8,88

?8,88

SMDXMWKS]WKGKBA JVALK@S

SMDXMWKS]WKGKBA FEKXK

SMDXMWKS]WKJ@SMWJAW

Cmpkrtkdm`ta Sêf`jfa

±Föda ou`fja`k lk vmrjojfkfjö` têrdjfk m` agrk1Lk vmrjojfkfjö` têrdjfk sm momftòk falafk`ca tmrdödmtras rmnjstrkcarms m` cjstj`tas pu`tas cm lk agrk, qum rmnjstrk` lks tmdpmrkturks m` ml

trksfursa cml cäk. Fa` las rmsultkcas agtm`jcas m` ou`fjö` cm lk eark y lks tmdpmrkturks rmnjstrkcks sm nrkojfk` lks furvks cm vkrjkfjö` têrdjfk

qum dumstrk` lk cjomrm`fjk têrdjfk qum sm lanrk falafk`ca lks dmdgrk`ks JVALK@S.

JVALK@S V.K. fum`tk fa` u` Cmpkrtkdm`ta Sêf`jfa faòardkca par praomsja`klms,qujm`ms trkgkbk` k la lkrna cm taca ml pkäs grj`ck`ca u`k ksjstm`fjk j`tmnrkl m` tacks

lks mtkpks cm lk agrk, cmscm ml k`ëljsjs cm lks `mfmsjckcms cml fljm`tm y ml smnujdjm`ta

cm agrk ekstk lk dmcjfjö` cml rm`cjdjm`ta têrdjfa cm lk agrk yk tmrdj`kck.

Xkrk dkyarms jòardms kfmrfk cm m`skyas, fmrtjojfkfja`ms y àrdks fadu`äqumsm

fa` ùmstra Cmpkrtkdm`ta Sêf`jfa2 85;8-33-JVALK@S (3>?=7?5)

?:

Cjkn`östjfa.

Födputa y prmsupumsta k dmcjck.

Fkpkfjtkfjö` cm dkà cm agrk.

Vmnujdjm`ta cm j`stklkfjö` cml dktmrjkl m` agrk.

Dmcjfjö` cml rm`cjdjm ta têrdjfa m` lk agrk tmrdj`kck.



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