isolde workshop and users meeting, 12 – 14 february 2007h.-jürgen kluge 1 h.-jürgen kluge gsi...
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ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 1
H.-Jürgen Kluge GSI Darmstadt and University of Heidelberg
Atomic Physics Goes Online:the Role of ISOLDE in the Pastand
in the Future
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 2
A View of our Friends Across the Atlantic
December 2006
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 3
NRC: “Major Events in the History of Rare-Isotope Science”
Achievements in PhysicsApplicationsDevelopment of Techniques and Facilities
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 4
NRC: “Major Events in the History of ISOLDE”
Achievements in PhysicsApplicationsDevelopment of Techniques and Facilities
I would add the following milestones for important achievements by atomic physics techniques:- on-line laser experiments (Hg isotopes, alkali elements)- on-line high-accuracy mass measurements (alkali elements)- on- line ABMR (atomic beam magnetic resonance) experiments (alkali elements) - atomic energy levels of francium- ground state properties of the halo nucleus 11Li (mass, spin, moments, charge radius)- beam accumulation, cooling and bunching in a segmented gas-filled Paul trap- absolute mass measurements with the carbon cluster comb
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 5
Atomic Physics Techniques for Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Ground state Properties - laser spectroscopy Maxim Seliverstov, D.T. Yordanov, Kieran Flanagan
- mass spectrometry Chabouh Yazidjian
Ion Beam Manipulation - ionization & charge breeding Mariano Menna, Melanie Marie-Anne
- accumulation, cooling and bunching Ernesto Mane
- polarization Bradley Cheal
- in and post-trap decay Jyväskylä
Fundamental Interactions & Symmetries - weak interaction experiments Valentin Kozlov, Bertram Blank
The Ultimate Goals: ultra-fast (millisecond)
ultra-resolving (hyperfine splitting, ground and isomeric state) ultra-accurate (statistical error only)
ultra-sensitive (one-ion experiment)
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 6
Nuclear Ground State Properties by Atomic Physics Techniques
* MASS nuclear binding energy
* NUCLEAR HALF-LIFE decay rates
* HYPERFINE STRUCTURE1. Hyperfine Interaction
J + = F nuclear spin 2. Magnetic Dipole HFS
A = <H(0)>/I J nuclear magnetic moment
3. Electric Quadrupole HFS B = e0 Qs <zz(0)> spectroscopic quadrupole moment
* ISOTOPE SHIFT Finite Size Effect <r2>A,A´ change of ms charge radius
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 7
40 45 50 55 60 65
10
15
20
25
N (Z = 37)
S2n
(MeV
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
<r2> (fm
2)
180 185 190 195 200 205
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4 ISOLTRAP data
n ground state
N (80
Hg)125115 120110105100
<r2> ground state
<r2> isomeric state
(J. Bonn et al., 1972)
<r2 >
(fm2 )
A (80
Hg)
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
n (M
eV)
Rb Hg
D. Lunney et al. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 (2003) 1021
Is the mass more sensitive to nuclear structure effects than the information obtained by optical techniques (spin, moments, charge radii)?
Examples : Charge radii of Rb and Hg isotopes versus mass information
Is the mass more sensitive to nuclear structure effects than the information obtained by optical techniques (spin, moments, charge radii)?
Examples : Charge radii of Rb and Hg isotopes versus mass information
Comparison: Charge Radii – Nuclear Binding Energies
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 8
11LiLifetime 8 ms30,000 Atoms/s Novel technique developed at GSI by Wilfried Nörtershäuser, Andreas Dax et al.
8,9Li at GSI11Li at TRIUMF
Relative Accuracy better than 10-5 in IS measurement and mass shift calculation required.
Mass shift calculation by G. Drake, Z.-C. Yan, K. Pachucki et al.
11LiLifetime 8 ms30,000 Atoms/s Novel technique developed at GSI by Wilfried Nörtershäuser, Andreas Dax et al.
8,9Li at GSI11Li at TRIUMF
Relative Accuracy better than 10-5 in IS measurement and mass shift calculation required.
Mass shift calculation by G. Drake, Z.-C. Yan, K. Pachucki et al.
Doppler-Free Resonance Ionization Mass Spectroscopy of Lithium
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 9
R. Sánchez et al., PRL 96, 033002 (2006)Nature Physics 2, 145 (2006)M. Puchalski et al., PRL 97, 133001 (2006)
R. Sánchez et al., PRL 96, 033002 (2006)Nature Physics 2, 145 (2006)M. Puchalski et al., PRL 97, 133001 (2006)
Nuclear Charge Radii of Lithium Isotopes
6 7 8 9 10 11
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7 Pachucki LBSM SVMC DCM AV18IL2 NCSM FMD SVMCFC
rc (
fm)
Li Isotope
6360 6370 6380 6710 6720 67300
50
100
150
200
250
300
Cts
/ 22
0 s
Beat Frequency (MHz)
11Li
15-10-04-012 to 15-10-04-033
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 10
Collinear Spectroscopy of 33Mg with β - Asymmetry Detection
33Mg: determination of a negative parity intruder ground state via nuclear
moments
D. T. Yordanov, M. Kowalska, K. Blaum, M. De Rydt,
K. Flanagan, P. Lievens, R. Neugart, W. Nörtershäuser, H. H. Stroke, and G. Neyens
The measured spin and magnetic moment are respectively I = 3/2 and µ = −0.7456(5)µn. The latter was found to have a negative sign, requiring a large 2p2h intruder component of the ground state wavefunction and correspondingly a negative parity.The result is consistent with a large prolate deformation, based on the 3/2 [321] Nilsson orbital.
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 11
A 20,000 fold Improvement in the Signal-to-Noise Ratio
40 kV
Ion beam cooler
Light collection region
(Laser resonance fluorescence)
Now: Application to isotopes of refractory elements: Zr, Y, Hf,.... at Jyväskylä
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 12
M. Seliverstov, A. Andreyev, N. Barré, H. De Witte, D. Fedorov, V. Fedoseyev, S. Franchoo, J. Genevey, G. Huber, M. Huyse, U. Köster, P. Kunz, S. Lesher, B. Marsh, B. Roussière, J. Sauvage, P. Van Duppen, Yu. Volkov
Laser Spectroscopy of 182-190Pb by Resonance Ionization in the Laser Ion Source
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 13
Fighting Isobaric Contamination with LIST(Laser Ion Source Trap)
Electron Repeller
Ion Repeller
Z
Release
10 mmEnd Plate
Laser Ions
Surface Ions
UDC
Atomizer
Electrons
Laser Beams Atoms Ions
SwitchableElectrodes
RFQ Segments
Accumulate
Buffer Gas
K. Blaum et al., NIM 2003
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 14
Ionization of Gallium Atoms in the LIST
K. Brück, C. Geppert, F. Schwellnus, K. Wies, K. Wendt
First off-line demonstration at Mainz
(Klaus Wendt et al., )
Development going on at Mainz, Jyväskylä and
TRIUMF
Efficient and highly selective ionization
Suppression of isobars
DC and bunched beams with low emittance
Polarized radioactive ion beams by optical
pumping
First off-line demonstration at Mainz
(Klaus Wendt et al., )
Development going on at Mainz, Jyväskylä and
TRIUMF
Efficient and highly selective ionization
Suppression of isobars
DC and bunched beams with low emittance
Polarized radioactive ion beams by optical
pumping
Integrated 65514 Ion-pulses
FWHM < 7 µs
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
20000
Ions
Accumulation –no cooling:
100 laser shots
Accumulation and cooling:
100 laser shotsefficiency ~ 10 %
No accumulation -no cooling:
ions from individuallaser shots every 100 s
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 15
Summary 1: Laser Spectroscopy at RIB Facilities
ISOL facilities are ideally suited for laser spectroscopy of radioactive beams.
ISOLDE has pioneered most on-line laser spectroscopic techniques.
TRENDS:
Investigation of isotopes of light elements or simple systems(H, Anti-H), He, Li, Be+, ...... Ne, Na, Mg, ...... U91+
Towards isobarically clean beamsHigh-Resolution mass Separator, laser ion source trap (LIST)
Towards higher sensitivitycooled, stored and bunched beams, spectroscopy in the laser ion source (trap), magneto-optical trap (6He, 8He, Lu & Mueller et al.)
Towards higher resolutioncooled and stored beams, magneto-optical trap
Towards isotopes of refractory elementsIGISOL, in-flight (fragmentation) facilities with a gas cell (LASPEC)
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 16
General General PhysicsPhysics
fundam. constantstest of CPT
m/m 1·10-10
General General PhysicsPhysics
fundam. constantstest of CPT
m/m 1·10-10
AtomicAtomicPhysicsPhysics
binding energy,QED in HCI
m/m 1·10-9
AtomicAtomicPhysicsPhysics
binding energy,QED in HCI
m/m 1·10-9
WeakWeakInteractionsInteractionssymmetry tests,CVC hypothesis
m/m < 3·10-8
WeakWeakInteractionsInteractionssymmetry tests,CVC hypothesis
m/m < 3·10-8
AstroAstro--physicsphysics
nuclear synthesis,r-, rp-process m/m < 1·10-7
AstroAstro--physicsphysics
nuclear synthesis,r-, rp-process m/m < 1·10-7
NuclearNuclearPhysicsPhysics
mass formula, models, halo
m/m 1·10-7
NuclearNuclearPhysicsPhysics
mass formula, models, halo
m/m 1·10-7
PhysicsPhysics &&ChemistryChemistry
basic informationrequired
m/m 1·10-5
PhysicsPhysics &&ChemistryChemistry
basic informationrequired
m/m 1·10-5
Weighingatomicmasses
The Importance of Atomic Masses
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 17
Penning Traps and Storage Rings at Accelerators for Nuclear Physics
TRIUMF
Argonne MSU
Jyväskylä
GSI
Stockholm
LBL
ESRSHIPTRAP
HITRAPFAIR
ISOLTRAPREXTRAPATHENAATRAPWITCH
JYFL TRAP
SMILETRAP
CPT
LEBIT
RETRAP
TITAN
MAFF TRAP
MunichMunich CERN RIKEN TRAP
operating facilities facilities under construction or test planned facilities
operating facilities facilities under construction or test planned facilities
Lanzhou SR
● RIKEN
Lanzhou
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 18
Penning Traps for Mass Spectrometry at Accelerators – World-Wide
Type ofreaction or facility
ISOL-TRAPCERN
CPT
Argo.
SHIP-TRAPGSI
JYFL-TRAPJyvä.
LEBIT
MSU
MAFF-TRAP
Munich
TITAN
TRIUMF
SMILE-TRAPMSL
HITRAP
GSI
ISOL x x
fusion x x
IGISOL x
fragmen-tation
x x
fission by neutrons
x
highly-charged
ions
x x x x
stable isotopes
x x
operating facilities facilities under planned facilities construction or test
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 19
compiled by Dave Lunney – published data until January 2007
Accuracy of Mass Measurements versus Exoticism
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 20
ISOLTRAP: Mg-22, Ar-34, Ca-38, Rb-74F. Herfurth et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 15, 17 (2002)A. Kellerbauer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 072502 (2004)M. Mukherjee et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 150801 (2004)S. George et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006 (submitted)
An accuracy of the Q-value by some few 100 eV is reached by mass measurements.
In addition required:
Half lifeBranching ratio
Mass Measurements for CVC Hypothesis
JVL-TRAP: Al-26m, Sc-42, Ga-62T. Eronen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 232501T. Eronen et al., Phys. Lett. B 636 (2006) 191; B. Hyland et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(2006) 102501
CPT: Mg-22, V-46G. Savard et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 102501 (2005)Phys. Rec. C 70, 042501(R) (2004)
22Mg
74Rb
[I.S. Towner & J .C. Hardy, Phys. Rev. C 71, 055501 (2005)]
34Ar
Limit from QEC(38Ca)
62GaJYFLTRAP
LEBIT38Ca
CPT46V
22Mg
74Rb
[I.S. Towner & J .C. Hardy, Phys. Rev. C 71, 055501 (2005)]
34Ar
Limit from QEC(38Ca)
62GaJYFLTRAP
LEBIT38Ca
CPT46V
Limit from QEC(38Ca)
62GaJYFLTRAP
LEBIT38Ca
CPT46V
●●
●
LEBIT: Ca-38G. Bollen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 152501
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 21
Summary 2: Mass Spectrometry at RIB Facilities
ISOLDE has pioneered non-nuclear mass measurements for ISOL facilities(Mattauch-Herzog, RF-Smith (MISTRAL), Penning trap (ISOLTRAP).
Presently, high-accuracy mass measurements (m/m ≤ 10-8) are only possible by use of Penning traps.
TRENDS:
Towards isobarically clean beamsHigh-Resolution mass Separator, laser ion source trap (LIST)
Towards single-ion sensitivitynon-destructive ion detection (FT-ICR), single-ion detection for RIB
Towards higher resolving power and isomer separationhigher charge states, higher magnetic field
Towards shorter-lived nuclideshigher intensities, higher charge states, higher efficiencies, higher mag. field
Towards extreme accuracyhigher charge states, higher and more stable magnetic field, carbon cluster
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 22
H.-J. Kluge, W. NörtershäuserSpectrochimica Acta 2003
K. Blaum, Phys. Rep. 425 (2006) 1
Optical s
pectroscopy
Mass spectrometry
Conclusion
Atomic physics techniques have
contributed in the past very vitally to
the present understanding of nuclear
systems. Their model independence,
accuracy and sensitivity as well as new
techniques for ionization and
manipulation of radioactive ion beams
will also be essential in the future at
ISOLDE and other radioactive-beam
facilities.
A Final Conclusion: It is easier, of course cheaper
(and much more fun)
to improve the performance
(efficiency, SNR, resolution, accuracy, ...)
of a method or technique hundred-fold
than to in increase the yield of radioactive
beams by two orders of magnitude.
Of course, if possible, you should do both.
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 23
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 24
NRC: “Timeline for Global Development of Dedicated Rare-Isotope Beam Facilities”
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 25
NRC: “Projected Major Facilities for Rare-Isotope Beams”
Where is the RIB facility of Lanzhou?What is the role of ISOLDE in the future?
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007 H.-Jürgen Kluge 26
H.-J. Kluge. W. NörtershäuserSpectrochimica Acta 2003
Laser Spectroscopy in Long Isotopic Chains
170-178Hf161-179Lu
200-210Po
101-110Ag
2 8
20
28
82
126
152
20
82
6-11Li
20-31Na
36-47K
39-50Ca
72-96Kr
76-98Rb
77-100Sr
102-120Cd
104-127In
108-132Sn
116-146Xe
118-146Cs
132-150Nd
138-154Sm
138-159Eu
146-165Dy
151-165Ho
150-167Er153-172Tm
153-176Yb
178-198Pt
183-197Au
181-206Hg
185-214Pb
202-213Bi
207-228Fr
208-232Ra
2
8
187-208Tl
202-225Rn
32-40,46Ar
11Be
17-28Ne
182-193Ir
240-244Am
227Ac232Th
235-238U
237Np
238-244Pu
249Cf249Bk
254Es
248Cm
68-70Cu 5044,45Ti
28
50
147-159Tb
120-148Ba
255Fm
146-160Gd
87-102Zr
6He
not accessible at usual ISOL facilities not accessible at usual ISOL facilities
mainly determined at ISOL facilitiesmainly determined at ISOL facilities
refractory elements: IGISOL refractory elements: IGISOL or in-flight separationor in-flight separation
Such measurements fix single-particleas well as collective nuclear properties
in a model-independent way
Such measurements fix single-particleas well as collective nuclear properties
in a model-independent way