iss-detectors bene06 frascati alain blondel iss-detectors “evaluate the options for the neutrino...

ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel

ISS-detectors

“Evaluate the options for the neutrino detection systems with a view to defining a baseline set of detection systems to be taken forward in a subsequent conceptual-design phase” “Provide a research-and-development program

required to deliver the baseline design Funding request for four years of detector R&D

“2007-2010” (but more likely “2008-2011”)

The nice thing with neutrino beams is that one can have more than one detector on the same beam line!

Missions:


Organization

Detector ‘council’ (i.e. steering group) role: ensure basic organization, and monitors progress wrt objectives

Alain Blondel (Geneva)Alan Bross (Fermilab)Kenji Kaneyuki (ICRR)Paolo Strolin (INFN)Paul Soler (Glasgow)Mauro Mezzetto (Interface with physics)

http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm


Water Cerenkov DetectorsKenji Kaneyuki, Jean-Eric Campagne

Magnetic Sampling DetectorsJeff Nelson --> Anselmo Cerverahttp://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/magneticdetector/SMD-web.htm

TASD Malcolm EllisLarge Magnet Alan Bross

Liquid Argon TPC http://www.hep.yorku.ca/menary/ISS/

Scott Menary, Andreas Badertscher, Claudio Montanari, Guiseppe Battistoni (FLARE/GLACIER/ICARUS’)

Emulsion Detectors http://people.na.infn.it/~pmiglioz/ISS-ECC-G/ISSMainPage.html

Pasquale Migliozzi

Near Detectors http://ppewww.ph.gla.ac.uk/~psoler/ISS/ISS_Near_Detector.html

Paul Soler

Working groups

Detector Technology will be associated with detector type for now dedicated detector technology session at ISS2 in KEK Jan06.


NON MAGNETIC

MAGNETIC


ISS detector mailing list (78)


Executive summary: I. baseline detectors

beam Far detector R&D needed

sub-GeVBB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K)

Megaton WC photosensors!cavern and infrastructure

1-2 GeVBB and SB(off axis NUMI, high BB, WBB)

no established baselineTASD (NOvA-like)or Liquid Argon TPCor Megaton WC

photosensors and detectorslong drifts, long wires, LEMs

Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km)

~100kton magnetized iron calorimeter (golden)

+ ~10 kton non-magnetic ECC (silver)

straightforward from MINOSsimulation+physics studiesibid vs OPERA


Executive summaryII. beyond the baseline, (but should be studied)

beam Far detector R&D needed

sub-GeVBB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K)

Liquid Argon TPC(100kton)

clarify what is the advantage wrt WC?

1-2 GeVBB and SB(off axis NUMI, high BB)

no established baseline


platinum detectors! large coil around TASDLarg ECC

engineering studyfor magnet!simulations and physics evaluation;photosensors, long drift, etc…


Executive summary: III: near detector, beam instrumentation

beam BI, ND R&D needed

sub-GeV BB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K) T2K example…. CONCEPT

for precision measurements?

concept simulationstheory

1-2 GeV BB and SB(off axis NUMI, high BB)

NOvA example.. CONCEPT for precision measurements?

ibid


beam intensity (BCT)beam energy +polarizationbeam divergence meastshieldingleptonic detectorhadronic detector

need study--need studyneed conceptsimul+studysimul+study+Vtx det R&D


Without calling specifically for candidate far detector sites we received two contributions of far sites that would welcome a neutrino factory beam

1. Pihäsalmi Finland (Juha Peltoniemi)

2. INO Indian Neutrino Observatory (PUSHEP at Tamilnadu) Naba Mondal

we also know of Canary Islands

This is a subject that will need to be pursued

FAR SITES


Highlights

1. WATER CHERENKOV -- First cost estimate of Frejus Megaton detector-- T2KK idea

2. MAGNETIZED IRON CALORIMETER -- realistic design and cost estimate -- revision of golden analysis ==> much better efficiency at low Energy

3. LARGE MAGNETIC VOLUME -- a new concept -- MECC detector could demonstrably do platimum channel

4. Liquid Argon -- impressive R&D efforts (long drift, long wires)

5. systematic related discussions-- matter effect for NUFACT-- nuclear effects for Low Energy beam

6. Began first simulations of NuFACT near detectors


review of far detector options

-- Water Cherenkov

-- Liquid argon (non magnetic)

-- magnetized iron calorimeter

-- ECC

-- large magnetic volumes -- for TASD -- for ECC -- for liquid argon

-- detector technology


Water Cerenkov

-- can be made in very large volumes (already SK =50kton)-- very well known technology-- other applications: proton decay, low energy natural neutrinos, atmospheric, solar and SN neutrinos, Gadzook, etc…

-- cannot be magnetized easily-- pattern recognition limited to 1 ring events (--> sub GeV neutrinos)-- baseline detector for sub-GeV neutrinos.

-- three projects around the world: HK, UNO, MEMPHYS-- community organized and coordinated in its own


The MEMPHYS Project

65m

65m

Fréjus

CERN

130km130km

4800mweExcavation engineering pre-study has been done for 5

shafts

Water Cerenkov modules at FréjusCERN to FréjusNeutrino Super-beam and Beta-beam


Possible experimental set-upPossible experimental set-up

JPARC

Off-axis angle

2.5deg.off-axis beam @Kamioka

Distance from the target (km)

2.5 deg. off axis2.5 deg. off axis2.5 deg. off axis2.5 deg. off axis

Total cost must be similar to the baseline design.


MEMPHYS: Main results of the preliminary study

Best site (rock quality) in the middle of the mountain, at a depth of 4800 mwe

Cylindrical shafts feasible: = 65 m and a height h = 80 m (≈ 250 000 m3)

215 000 tons of water (4 times SK) - 4 m from outside for veto and fiducial cut 146 000 tons fiducial target

3 modules would give 440 kilotons Fid. (like UNO) BASELINE

estimated excavation cost ≈ 80 M€ X Nb of shafts

this number should be >~ doubled for photo-detectors, electronics and other infrastructure

(--> >~500 M€ for three shafts = 440 kton fiducial) -- >~G€ for a megaton --


NB about 300 Oku-Yen should be included for the beam upgrade


-- Liquid Argon TPC:

This is the particle physics equivalent of superstrings: DOE (detector of everything)it can do everything, can it do anything BETTER? (than a dedicated standard technique)

to be quantitatively demonstrated case by case.

impressive progress from ICARUS T600

recent highlights -- effort at FERMILAB (FLARE) -- 2 efforts in EU ICARUS and GLACIER -- observation of operation in magnetic field-- programme on-going to demonstrate long drift, or long wires

talks by Badertscher, Menary, Rubbia

INFN ICARUS were contacted and added to mailing list with no further result.


considerable noise reduction can be obtained by gas amplification


height is limited by high voltage 1kV/cm 2 MV for 20m…

field degrader in liquid argon tested (Cockroft-Greinacher circuit)


An ideal detector exploiting a Neutrino Factory should:

Identify and measure the charge of the muon (“golden channel”) with high accuracy

Identify and measure the charge of the electron with high accuracy (“Platinum channel”)

Identify the decays (“silver channel”)

Measure the complete kinematics of an event in order to increase the signal/back ratio

Migliozzi

NEUTRINO FACTORY DETECTORS


-- Magnetic segmented detector:

this is a typical NUFACT detector for EGeV

GOLDEN CHANNEL

experience from MINOS &NOvAdesigns prepared for Monolith and INOiron-scintillator sandwich with sci-fi + APD read-out

proposed straightforward design 90kton for ~175M$.

e


Magnetized Iron calorimeter(baseline detector, Cervera, Nelson)

B = 1 T = 15 m, L = 25 m

t(iron) =4cm, t(sc)=1cm

Fiducial mass = 100 kT

Charge discrimination down to 1 GeV

Baseline

3500 Km

732 Km 108

4 x 106

2 x 108

7.5 x 106

3.4 x 105

3 x 105

CC e CC signal (sin2 13=0.01)

Event rates for 1020 muon decays (<~1 year)

(J-PARC I SK = 40)


Multi-Pixel-Photon-CounterOperation


at 3000 km, 1st max is at 6 GeV2d max is at 2 GeV


New analysis (Cervera) OLD: P> 5 GeV

NEW: L > Lhad + 75cm

(shown for three different purity levels down to << 10-4 )

old analysis

new analysis


supermodule

8 m

Target Trackers

Pb/Em. target

ECC emulsion analysis:

Vertex, decay kink e/ ID, multiple scattering, kinematics

Extract selected brick

Pb/Em. brick

8 cm Pb 1 mm

Basic “cell”

Emulsion

trigger and locate the neutrino interactions muon identification and momentum/charge measurement

Electronic detectors:

Brick finding, muon ID, charge and p

Link to muon ID,Candidate event

Spectrometer

p/p < 20%


LARGE MAGNETIC VOLUME

Observing the platinum channel

or the silver channel for more decay channels

requires a dedicated Low Z and very fine grained detector

immersed in a large magnetic volume


3rd International Scoping Study Meeting Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

14

1.2 Totally Active Scintillation Detector 1.2 Totally Active Scintillation Detector

turns

10 solenoids next to each other. Horizontal field perpendicular to beamEach: 750 turns, 4500 amps, 0.2 Tesla. 42 MJoules . 5Meuros.Total: 420 MJoules (CMS: 2700 MJoules)Coil: Aluminium (Alain: LN2 cooled).

Problem: Periodic coil material every 15m:Increase length of solenoid along beam?

How thick?

Possible magnet schemes for TASD Camilleri, Bross


8

Cost Extrapolations for Baseline NF Detector ONE Magnet

Cost via stored energy Stored energy 340 MJ From Green and Lorant

C(M$) 0.5(340)0.66224M$

Cost via Magnetic Volume From Green and Lorant

C(M$) 0.4(.5 X 3400)0.63545M$

Reference Point –CMS Solenoid C(M$) 0.5(2700)0.66293M$ (Stored energy) C(M$) 0.4(4 X 370)0.63541M$ (Magnetic volume)

Most Optimistic Extrapolation Use stored energy and conclude formula overestimatesby factor

of 1.7 (93/54) based on CMS caseThen NF magnet extrapolated cost –14M$

Most Pessimistic Extrapolation Use magnetic volume and conclude formula underestimatesby a

factor of 1.3 (54/41) based on CMS caseThen NF magnet extrapolated cost –60M$

X 10 Magnets=140-600M$conventional SC magnet:


x ~ a few X0=14cm….

B > 0.5 T


Magnetized ECC structure

We have focused on the “target + spectrometer” optimization

Electronic det:e//µ separator

&“Time stamp”

Rohacell® plateemulsion films35 stainless steel plates

spectrometer

target

shower absorber4.5 cm, 2 X0


µ end electron momentum resolution: 3 gaps (3cm thick) and 0.5 T

For the electron only hits associated to the primary electrons u sed in the parabolic fit (Kalman not used)Given the non negligible energy loss in the target, the electron energy is taken downstream for the comparison of true against reconstructed

µ electron

FIRST CONVINCING DEMONSTRATION THAT THE PLATINUM CHANNEL COULD BE USED!


SYSTEMATICS - related topics


A revealing comparison:

A detailed comparison of the capability of observing CP violation was performed by P. Huber (+M. Mezzetto and AB) on the following grounds

-- GLOBES was used.

-- T2HK from LOI: 1000kt , 4MW beam power, 6 years anti-neutrinos, 2 years neutrinos. systematic errors on background and signal: 5%.

-- The beta-beam 5.8 1018 He dk/year 2.2 1018 Ne dk/year (5 +5yrs) The Superbeam from 3.5 GeV SPL and 4 MW.Same 500kton detectorSystematic errors on signal efficiency (or cross-sections) and bkgs are 2% or 5%.

--NUFACT 3.1 1020 + and 3.1 1020 + per year for 10 years 100 kton iron-scintillator at 3000km and 30 kton at 7000km (e.g. INO). (old type!)The matter density errors of the two baselines (uncorrelated): 2 to 5% The systematics are 0.1% on the signal and 20% on the background, uncorrelated.

all correlations, ambiguities, etc… taken into account


What do we learn?

1. Both (BB+SB+MD) and NUFACT outperform e.g. T2HK on most cases.

2. combination of BB+SB is really powerful.

3. for sin22below 0.01 NUFACT as such outperforms anyone

4. for large values of systematic errors dominate. Matter effects for NUFACT, cross-sections for low energy beams.This is because we are at first maximum or above, CP asymmetry is small!

matter effect for NUFACT


Errors in density

1.5%1.8%Oceanic 9000 km

1.7%2.0%Continental 9000 km

1.7%2.6%Oceanic 2500 km

2.9%4.7%Continental 2500 km

“best”“a priori”location length

Errors are ~2 sigma(errors not really Gaussian)

Recommendations

Avoid:

• Alps

• central Europe

• thick crust (e.g. Fenoscandia)

• Europe to Japan

Recommendations

Best profiles:

• Western Europe to Eastern US

• Atlantic Islands (Canaries, Maderia, Azores) to Portugal, western Spain, NW France, southern Ireland, western England

Such a study, in collaboration with geophysicistswill be needed for candidate LBL sites

ISS-3 at RAL Warner


-- Near detectors and flux instrumentation

-- flux and cross-section determinations -- other neutrino physics

a completely new, yet essential aspect of superbeam, beta-beam and neutrino factory

NO PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SHOULD BE TAKEN SERIOUSLY UNTIL THE NEAR DETECTOR CONCEPTS HAVE BEEN LAYED DOWN!

Soler, Sanchez tomorrow


near detector constraints for CP violation

= ACP sin2 solar term…

sinsin (m212 L/4E) sin sin P(e) - P(e)

P(e) + P(e)

Near detector gives e diff. cross-section*detection-eff *flux and ibid for bkg

BUT: need to know and diff. cross-section* detection-eff

with small (relative) systematic errors.

knowledge of cross-sections (relative to each-other) required knowledge of flux!

interchange role of e and for superbeam

ex. beta-beam or nufact:


Bsig

need to know this:

sig

e

sig

sig

e

sig

/

/

experimental signal= signal cross-section X efficiency of selection + Background

and of course the fluxes… but the product flux*sig is measured in the near detector

this is not a totally trivial quantity as there is somethig particular in each of these cross-sections:

for instance the effects of muon mass as well as nuclear effects are different for neutrinos and anti-neutrinos

while e.g. pion threshold is different for muon and electron neutrinos


3.5 GeV SPL

beam

-- low proton energy: no Kaons e background is low--region below pion threshold (low bkg from pions)

but:low event rate and uncertainties on cross-sections


)(

)()(

)(

e

eDR

at 250 MeV (first maximum in Frejus expt) prediction varies from 0.88 to 0.94according to nuclear model used. (= +- 0.03?)

Hope to improve results with e.g. monochromatic k-capture beam


FLUX in NUFACT will be known to 10-3

see NUFACT YELLOW REPORT

this was studied including

-- principle design of polarimeter, and absolute energy calibration-- principle design of angular divergence measurement-- radiative corrections to muon decay-- absolute x-section calibration using neutrino – electron interactions (event number etc… considered)

this is true for

ee

e

e

ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain BlondelInternational Scoping Study UC Irvine, 21 August 2006

18

5. Near Detector Beam Spectra5. Near Detector Beam Spectra

Near detector(s) are some distance (d~30-1000 m)

from the end of straight section of the muon storage ring.

Muons decay at different points of straight section: near detector issampling a different distribution of neutrinos to what is being seen by the far detector

storage ring

shielding

the leptonic detector

the charm and DIS detector

Polarimeter

Cherenkov d

Different far detector baselines:? 730 km, 20 m detector: ~30 rad

? 2500 km, 20 m detector: ~8 rad

? 7500 km: 20 m detector: ~3 rad

If decay straight is L=100m and

d =30 m, at 8 rad, lateral

displacement of neutrinos is

0.25-1.0mm to subtend same angle.

Near detector and beam instrumentation at NUFACT

BCT


CONCLUSIONS -I

The ISS detector task assembled in a new fashion a range of activities that are happening in the world.

A number of new results were obtained and baseline detectors were defined.

For low energy beams, the Water Cherenkov can be considered as baseline detector technology at least below pion threshold. An active international activity exists in this domain. 1Mton~(0.5-1) G€

For medium energy (1-2 GeV) there is comptetiton and it is not obvious which detector (WC, Larg or TASD) gives the best performance at a given cost.


CONCLUSIONS II

For the neutrino factory a 100 kton magnetized iron detector can be built at a cost of <~200 M$ for the golden channel.

New analysis of low E muons should improve sensitivities.

An non magnetic Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC) detector for tau detection can straightforwardly be added with a mass of >~5 kton

There is interest/hope that low Z detectors can be embedded in a Large Magnetic Volume. At first sight difficulties and cost are very large. However this should be actively pursued. Electron sign determination up to 10 GeV has been demonstrated for MECC, and studies are ongoing for Liquid Argon and pure scintillator detector.


CONCLUSIONS III

Near detector, beam instrumentation and cross-section measurements areabsolutely required. The precision measurements such as CP constitute a new game wih respect to the present generation.

For the super-beam and beta beam the near detector and beam diagnostic systems need to be invented.

There is a serious potential problem at low energy due to the interplay of muon mass effect and nuclear effects. A first evaluation was made at the occasion of the study.

NUFACT flux and cross sections should be calibrated with a precision of 10-3. An important design and simulation effort is required for the near detector and diagnostic area. (shielding strategy is unknown at this point)

Finally matter effects were discussed with the conclusion that a systematic error at 2% seems achievable with good collaboration with geologists.


CONCLUSIONS IV

The next generation of efforts should see a first go at the design effort and R&D towards the design of precision neutrino experiments

There is a motivated core of people eager to do so and this activity should grow.

THANKS!

iss-detectors bene06 frascati alain blondel iss-detectors “evaluate the options for the neutrino...

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