James JoyceJames Joyce (1882(1882––1941)1941)

James JoyceJames Joyce (1882(1882––1941)1941)

He was an Irish novelist. He He was an Irish novelist. He revolutionized the methods of revolutionized the methods of depicting characters and developing a depicting characters and developing a plot in modern fictionplot in modern fiction..

James JoyceJames Joyce --Ireland--Ireland

In the 20th c., Joyce In the 20th c., Joyce was was deeply deeply influenced by influenced by IrelandIreland and wrote all and wrote all his works about his works about Dublins.Dublins.

Joyce, the childhoodJoyce, the childhood

The eldest of ten The eldest of ten children born in a Dublin children born in a Dublin suburb. His family was suburb. His family was quite well off at first. quite well off at first. But after the fatherBut after the father’’s s death, the Joyce family death, the Joyce family fell into worse and fell into worse and worse poverty.worse poverty.

Like most Irish people, his parents were Like most Irish people, his parents were religious Catholicreligious Catholic.. And Joyce And Joyce’’s s education came under the influence of education came under the influence of priests. priests.

Eventually he and his youngest brother Eventually he and his youngest brother were admitted without paying to another were admitted without paying to another school run by Jesuit Priests. He was a very school run by Jesuit Priests. He was a very good student and the leaders hoped he good student and the leaders hoped he would become a priest. But he left in would become a priest. But he left in disgrace because he lost all faith in the disgrace because he lost all faith in the religion during his last year at school. religion during his last year at school.

Religion and educationReligion and education

Dublin CollegeDublin College (1899(1899––1902),1902), where he studied languages. where he studied languages. literature. literature.

When Joyce graduated in When Joyce graduated in 1902, he knew he would 1902, he knew he would become a writer and an become a writer and an exileexile. Joyce believes, the . Joyce believes, the artist could only work artist could only work outside the established outside the established social order. He went to social order. He went to France, Italy and France, Italy and Switzerland.Switzerland.

Artist in exile Artist in exile

worksworks

In his early years abroad he began to In his early years abroad he began to write poems, short stories and an write poems, short stories and an autobiographical novel about Stephen autobiographical novel about Stephen Hero.Hero.

But his book of short stories entitled But his book of short stories entitled The The DublinersDubliners was not published until 1914. was not published until 1914.

His autobiographical novel was published His autobiographical novel was published in 1916 under the title of in 1916 under the title of A Portrait of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Manthe Artist as a Young Man..

Most of the stories and characters came Most of the stories and characters came from his from his own experiencesown experiences

He influenced many later writers like He influenced many later writers like Samuel BecketSamuel Becket Waiting for GodotWaiting for Godot《《等待戈等待戈多多》》

How he loved his country and how he is loved by his people

Ireland• Most of his works were Most of his works were

related related with Ireland and especially with Ireland and especially

DublinDublin

• Revealed the real world and Revealed the real world and especially especially the spiritual worldthe spiritual world

of the peopleof the people

DublinersDubliners

DublinersDubliners mirrors the poverty-mirrors the poverty-stricken years of early exile. It is a stricken years of early exile. It is a look back in anger. look back in anger.

Joyce portrays his countrymen as Joyce portrays his countrymen as drunks, cheats, boasters, gossips drunks, cheats, boasters, gossips and schemers: failures all, people and schemers: failures all, people who cannot take the chances life who cannot take the chances life offers them and who, as in offers them and who, as in ArabyAraby, , prevent the young from taking prevent the young from taking theirs. theirs.

DublinersDubliners

His summary judgment of Ireland His summary judgment of Ireland appears as a word on the very first page appears as a word on the very first page of the book: of the book: paralysis.paralysis.

One theme running throughOne theme running through DublinersDubliners is that the best men are gone, that is that the best men are gone, that IrelandIreland’’s golden age is pasts golden age is past. They . They also re-present the themes of frustrated also re-present the themes of frustrated ambition ambition ––social, political, artistic, and social, political, artistic, and romantic. romantic.

In Ireland only the dead are perfect; the In Ireland only the dead are perfect; the living are failure.living are failure.

MODERNISMMODERNISMCULTURAL CONNECTIONSCULTURAL CONNECTIONS

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

MODERNISM (1900-1940)MODERNISM (1900-1940)– A revolutionary movement A revolutionary movement

encompassing all of the creative arts encompassing all of the creative arts that had its roots in the 1890s, a that had its roots in the 1890s, a transitional period during which artists transitional period during which artists and writers sought to liberate and writers sought to liberate themselves from the constraints and themselves from the constraints and polite conventions we associate with polite conventions we associate with Victorianism.Victorianism.

Formal characteristicsFormal characteristics

Open form Open form Poets who write in open forms usually insist Poets who write in open forms usually insist on the form growing out of the writing on the form growing out of the writing process, i.e. the poems follow what the words process, i.e. the poems follow what the words and phrase suggest during the composition and phrase suggest during the composition process, rather than being fitted into any pre-process, rather than being fitted into any pre-existing plan. Some do employ vestiges of existing plan. Some do employ vestiges of traditional devices but most regard them as traditional devices but most regard them as a hindrance to sincerity or creativity. a hindrance to sincerity or creativity.

•Intertextualitythe shaping of texts' meanings by other texts. It can refer to an author’s borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a reader’s referencing of one text in reading another.

•Classical Allusions

a stylistic device or trope, in which one refers covertly or indirectly to an object or circumstance that has occurred or existed in an external context Allusion differs from the similar term intertextuality in that it is an intentional effort.

Thematic Thematic characteristicscharacteristics Breakdown of social norms and cultural suretiesBreakdown of social norms and cultural sureties Dislocation of meaning and sense from its normal Dislocation of meaning and sense from its normal

contextcontext Valorization of the despairing individual in the Valorization of the despairing individual in the

face of an unmanageable futureface of an unmanageable future DisillusionmentDisillusionment Rejection of history and substitution of a mythical Rejection of history and substitution of a mythical

past, borrowed without chronologypast, borrowed without chronology Product of the metropolis of cities and Product of the metropolis of cities and

urbanscapesurbanscapes Stream of consciousnessStream of consciousness

Canonical Modernist Canonical Modernist AuthorsAuthors T.S. EliotT.S. Eliot W.B. YeatsW.B. Yeats James JoyceJames Joyce Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway Franz KafkaFranz Kafka Gertrude SteinGertrude Stein F. Scott FitzgeraldF. Scott Fitzgerald Ezra PoundEzra Pound