Jerry PostCopyright © 2013

DATABASE

1

Database Management Systems

Chapter 1

Introduction

2

Objectives

What is a database? What do database applications look like? How are databases used to build applications? What are the major components of a database management system? What are the advantages of using a database management system? What are the main database management systems? How have database management systems changed over time? What potential problems exist with a DBMS approach? What is an application? What databases are used with this book? What are the first steps to start a project?

Sample Applications

Web site downloads Sally’s Pet Store Rolling Thunder Bicycles CornerMed All Powder Board and Ski Shop (Workbooks)

Database systems Microsoft Access includes tables, data, forms, reports Microsoft SQL Server includes tables, data Oracle includes tables, data

3

Sally’s Pet Store Employee Form

4

Users see a form with controls to help them enter and edit data.

The data items are stored in the database but the form could be located on a single computer, a Web site, or even a mobile application.

Sample Purchase Order

5

The order form is more complex and handles data entry for the order itself as well as the individual items being purchased in the detail/repeating section.

6

Application Development with a DBMS

Database Server

Application Server

Users

Application FormsDevelopers andAdministrators

Database TablesForms, Reports,Programs

SQL Queries

Data

7

Goal: Build a Business Application

Tools:Database DesignSQL (queries)Programming

Des

ign

SQ

L

Pro

gram

Des

ign

SQ

L

Pro

gram

Best:Spend your timeon design and SQL.

Worst:Compensate for poor designand limited SQL with programming.

8

DBMS: Database Management System

Database A collection of data stored in a standardized format, designed to be shared by

multiple users. Database Management System

Software that defines a database, stores the data, supports a query language, produces reports, and creates data entry screens.

9

Application Development

Feasibility Identify scope, costs, and schedule

Implementation Transfer data, install, train, review

Development Create forms, reports, and help; test

Design Define tables, relationships, forms, reports

Analysis Gather information from users

tasks

time

10

2. Define tables and relationships.

3. Create input forms and reports.

4. Combine as applications for users.

1. Identify business rules.

DBMS Application Design

11

DBMS Features/Components

Database engine Storage Retrieval Update

Query Processor Data dictionary Utilities Security

Report writer Forms generator (input screens) Application generator Communications 3GL Interface

12

DBMS Engine, Security, Utilities

DataTables

DatabaseEngine

ProductItemID Description887 Dog food946 Cat food

OrderOrderID ODate9874 3-3-979888 3-9-97

CustomerCustomerID Name1195 Jones2355 Rojas

ProductItemID Integer, UniqueDescription Text, 100 char

CustomerCustomerID Integer, UniqueName Text, 50 char

SecurityUser IdentificationAccess Rights

Utilities

Concurrency andLock Manager

Backup andRecovery

Administration

DataDictionary

13

Database Tables (Access)

14

Database Tables (Oracle)

15

DBMS Query Processor

Field Category AnimalID

Table Animal Animal

Totals Group By Count

Sort Descending

Criteria

Or

AnimalIDNameCategoryBreed

Animal

All Data

Database EngineData Dictionary

Query Processor

Category CountOfAnimalID

Dog 100

Cat 47

Bird 15

Fish 14

Reptile 6

Mammal 6

Spider 3

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DBMS Report Writer

All Data

Database EngineData Dictionary

Query Processor

Report Writer

ReportFormat

and Query

17

Report Writer (Oracle 10g)

Report Writer (SQL Server 2008, Visual Studio 2008)

18

19

DBMS Input Forms

All Data

Database EngineData DictionaryQuery Processor

Form Builder

InputForm

Design

20

DBMS Components

All Data

Database EngineData Dictionary

Security

Query Processor

FormBuilder

ReportWriter

CommunicationNetwork

3GLConnector

Program

ApplicationGenerator

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Advantages of Database Approach

Minimal data redundancy. Data consistency. Integration of data. Sharing of data. Enforcement of standards. Ease of application development. Uniform security, privacy and integrity. Data independence.

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Database Management Approach

Data is most importantData defined firstStandard format

Access through DBMSQueries, Reports, FormsApplication Programs3GL Interface

Data independenceChange data definition without

changing codeAlter code without changing dataMove/split data without changing

code

All Data

DBMS

Program1 Program2QueriesReports

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Modifying Data with DBMS

Add cell number to employee tableOpen table definitionAdd data element If desired, modify reports

Use report writerNo programming

Existing reports, queries, code will all run as before with no changes.

Field Name Data Type Description

EmployeeID Number Autonumber..TaxpayerID Text Federal IDLastName TextFirstName Text . . . Phone Text . . .

CellPhone Text Cellular . . .

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Web Databases

Developers

Database

Web Server

Web formsand reports

dataUsers

Reports

25

Drawbacks of old File methods

Uncontrolled Duplication Wastes space Hard to update all files

Inconsistent data Inflexibility

Hard to change data Hard to change programs

Limited data sharing Poor enforcement of standards Poor programmer productivity Excessive program maintenance

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File Method Problems

Files defined in programCannot read file without definitionHard to find definitionEvery time you alter file, you must rewrite codeChange in a program/file will crash other codeCannot tell which programs use each file

Multiuser problemsConcurrencySecurity

AccessBackup & Restore

Efficiency IndexesProgrammer talent

System Application

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Old File Method/3GL

Data Definition File 1 … File 2 …

Data Definition File A File 2 File C …

Pay History

Benefits

Employee

EmployeeChoices

FilesProgramsPayroll

Benefits

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Example of File Method v DBMS

File Division01 Employees 02 ID 02 Name 02 Address

01 Department 02 ID 02 . . .

COBOL

112 Davy Jones 999 ElmStreet . . . 113 Peter Smith101 Oak St . . .

Employee File

More programsFile Division01 Employees...

Add to file (e.g.Cell phone)Write code to copy employee file

and add empty cell phone slot.Find all programs that use

employee file.Modify file definitions.Modify reports (as needed)Recompile, fix new bugs.

Easier: Keep two employee files?

02 Cell Phone

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Examples of Commercial Systems

Vendor Product

Oracle OracleMySQL

Microsoft SQL ServerAccess

IBM DB2Informix

Open source PostgreSQL

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Hierarchical Database

Customers

Orders

Item Description Quantity998 Dog Food 12764 Cat Food 11

Items

Customer

Order

Items Ordered

To retrieve data, you must start at the top (customer). When you retrieve a customer, you retrieve all nested data.

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Network Database

Customer

OrderItems

Ordered

Items

Entry point

Entry point

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Relational Database

Customer(CustomerID, Name, …

Order(OrderID, CustomerID, OrderDate, …

ItemsOrdered(OrderID, ItemID, Quantity, …

Items(ItemID, Description, Price, …

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Object-Oriented DBMS

CustomerCustomerIDName… Add CustomerDrop CustomerChange Address

OrderOrderIDCustomerID… NewOrderDeleteOrder…

OrderItemOrderIDItemID… OrderItemDropOrderItem…

ItemItemIDDescription… New ItemSell ItemBuy Item …

GovernmentCustomer

ContactNameContactPhoneDiscount, …

NewContact

CommercialCustomer

ContactNameContactPhone…

NewContact

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Base Data Types

Numbers Integers Reals

Text Length International

Date/Time Images

Bitmap Vector

Sound Samples MIDI

Video

Numbers,Text, andDates

Images

Sound

Video

Input Process Output

12 + 8 = 20000001100000001000----------------000010100 20

001000000000000000001000000000000010010110000011000011011011111111111100111111111111111110111111111111111100011111

8 9 20 7 8 19 5 6 15000001000 000001001 000010100 .....

pitch,volume

time

0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011

0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011

0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011

0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011

0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011

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Objects

Object Definition--encapsulation.Object NamePropertiesMethods

Often need to ignore inheritance.Combine into one table.Use multiple tables and link

by primary key.More efficient.Need to add rows to many

tables.

Customer

CustomerIDAddressPhone

AddCustomerDropCustomer

Class name

Properties

Methods

Commercial

ContactVolumeDiscount

ComputeDiscount

Government

ContactBalanceDue

BillLateFeesAddCustomer

Inheritance

Polymorphism

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Objects in a Relational Database

CustomerIDAddressPhone

Customer

CustomerIDContactVolumeDiscount

CommercialCustomer

CustomerIDContactBalanceDue

GovernmentCustomer

Separate inherited classes. Link by primary key. Adding a new customer

requires new rows in each table.

Definitely need cascade delete.

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OO Difficulties: Methods

Database Object

CustomerMethod:

Add New CustomerApplication

CustomerNameAddressPhone

Personal Computer

Unix Server

IBM Server

Program code

Database Object

How can a method run on different computers?

Different processors use different code.

Possibility: Java

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SQL 99: OO Features

Abstract data type User defined data types. Equality and ordering functions. Encapsulation: Public, Private, Protected. Inheritance.

Sub-tables that inherit all columns from another table.

Persistent Stored Modules (Programming Language). Create methods. SQL and extensions. External language.

User defined operators. Triggers for events. External language support

Call-Level Interface (CLI)Direct access to DBMS

Embedded SQLSQL commands in an external language.

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Abstract Data Types

GeoPointLatitudeLongitudeAltitude

GeoLineNumberOfPointsListOfGeoPoints

RegionID Name Size Superset MapLine …12 Europe … World394 Spain … Europe222 France … Europe

Procedure: DrawRegion{

Find region components.SQL: Select …

For each component {Fetch MapLineSet line attributesMapLine.Draw

}}

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SQL 99 Sub-Tables

CREATE SET TABLE CommercialCustomer(

Contact VARCHAR,VolumeDiscount NUMERIC(5,2)

)UNDER Customer;

CREATE SET TABLE Customer(

CustomerID INTEGER,Address VARCHAR,Phone CHAR(15)

)

CustomerIDAddressPhone

Customer

ContactVolumeDiscount

CommercialCustomer

Inherits columnsfrom Customer.

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SQL 99: Programming

Database

Data Types Tables, …

Persistent Stored ModulesSQLExtended SQL codeExternal language code

External Programs

Embedded SQLCall-Level Interface

CURSOR … SELECT … FETCH …

Key-Value Pairs: Cassandra

Example: Web-based, Social networks Hundreds of millions of users Complex and large data: photos, files, blogs/large text

Focus on keys and complex data, and timestamp/versions UserID + e-mail, name, Web URL Photo Name+ timestamp, image file Definitely not relational, and does not attempt to enforce relationships Terminology is confusing compared to relational; so details not in this chapter

Focus on ability to split data across thousands of servers Massively parallel All machines can operate independently

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Why don’t all developers use a DBMS?

Most new projects (in last 5 years) do use a DBMS Need specialized personnel

Programmers Designers/Analysts Database administrators

Need to define data for organization Cost

PC: $400 - $2000 Large: $100,000 +

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How do you sell a DBMS approach?

Applications change a lot, but same data. Need for ad hoc questions and queries. Need to reduce development times. Need shared data. Improve quality of data. Enable users to do more development.

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Building the Right System: Feasibility

Costs Up-front/one-time

Software ($ millions !) Hardware Communications Data conversion Studies and Design Training

On-going costs Personnel Software upgrades Supplies Support Software & Hardware

maintenance

Benefits Cost Savings

Software maintenance Fewer errors Less data maintenance Less user training

Increased Value Better access to data Better decisions Better communication More timely reports Faster reaction to change New products & services

Strategic Advantages Lock out competitors

Easy to estimate Hard to value

47

Economic Feasibility: NPV

Year Benefits Costs Net0 0 50000 -500001 18000 5000 130002 18000 5000 130003 18000 5000 130004 18000 5000 130005 18000 5000 13000

Discount Rate0.05 0.07 0.10

NPV $6,283.20 $3,302.57 ($719.77)

=NPV(B14,$D$7:$D$11)+$D$6

=NPV(rate, range) + starting

48

Exercise: Build a First Database

Employee(EmployeeID, LastName, FirstName, Address, DateHired)

332 Ant Adam 354 Elm 5/5/1964442 Bono Sonny 765 Pine 8/8/1972553 Cass Mama 886 Oak 2/2/1985673 Donovan Michael 421 Willow 3/3/1971773 Moon Keith 554 Cherry 4/4/1972847 Morrison Jim 676 Sandalwood 5/5/1968

Client(ClientID, LastName, FirstName, Balance, EmployeeID)1101 Jones Joe 113.42 4422203 Smith Mary 993.55 6732256 Brown Laura 225.44 3324456 Dieter Jackie 664.90 4425543 Wodkoski John 984.00 8476673 SanchezPaula 194.87 7737353 Chen Charles 487.34 3327775 Hagen Fritz 595.55 6738890 Hauer Marianne 627.39 7739662 Nguyen Suzie 433.88 5539983 Martin Mark 983.31 847

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Exercise: Report

Ant, Adam 5/5/1964Brown, Laura 225.24Chen, Charles 487.34

712.58

Bono, Sonny 8/8/1972Dieter, Jackie 664.90Jones, Joe 114.32

779.22