jp 3-56.1 command and control for joint air operations · preface joint pub 3-56.1 i preface 1....

14 Nov 1994

Commandand Control for

Joint Air Operations

Joint Pub 3-56.1

Preface

iJoint Pub 3-56.1

PREFACE

1. Scope

This publication provides fundamentalprinciples and doctrine for the commandand control of joint air operationsthroughout the range of militaryoperations.

2. Purpose

This publication has been preparedunder the direction of the Chairman of theJoint Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrineand selected joint tactics, techniques, andprocedures (JTTP) to govern the jointactivities and performance of the ArmedForces of the United States in jointoperations as well as the doctrinal basisfor US military involvement inmultinational and interagency operations.It provides military guidance for theexercise of authority by combatantcommanders and other joint forcecommanders and prescribes doctrine andselected tactics, techniques, andprocedures for joint operations andtraining. It provides military guidance foruse by the Armed Forces in preparing theirappropriate plans. It is not the intent ofthis publication to restrict the authority ofthe joint force commander (JFC) fromorganizing the force and executing themission in a manner the JFC deems mostappropriate to ensure unity of effort in theaccomplishment of the overall mission.

3. Application

a. Doctrine and selected tactics,techniques, and procedures and guidanceestablished in this publication apply to thecommanders of combatant commands,subunified commands, joint task forces,and subordinate components of thesecommands. These principles and guidancealso may apply when significant forces ofone Service are attached to forces ofanother Service or when significant forcesof one Service support forces of anotherService.

b. The guidance in this publication isauthoritative; as such, this doctrine (orJTTP) will be followed except when, inthe judgment of the commander,exceptional circumstances dictateotherwise. If conflicts arise between thecontents of this publication and thecontents of Service publications, thispublication will take precedence for theactivities of joint forces unless theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,normally in coordination with the othermembers of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, hasprovided more current and specificguidance. Commanders of forcesoperating as part of a multinational(alliance or coalition) military commandshould follow multinational doctrine andguidance ratified by the United States. Fordoctrine and procedures not ratified by theUnited States, commanders shouldevaluate and follow the multinationalcommand’s doctrine and procedures,where applicable.

T. R. PATRICK Colonel, USA Secretary, Joint Staff

For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

Preface

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Table of Contents

PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................. v

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

• Scope .......................................................................................... I-1• Joint Air Operations ..................................................................... I-1• Organizing Joint Forces ............................................................... I-2• Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) ........................... I-3• Summary .................................................................................... I-3

CHAPTER IIGENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR COMMAND ANDCONTROL OF JOINT AIR OPERATIONS

• Air Effort Available for Joint Air Operations ................................. II-1• Designation of a JFACC .............................................................. II-2• JFACC Authority and Command Relationships ........................... II-2• JFACC Responsibilities ............................................................... II-2• Airspace Control Considerations and the

JFACC/ACA/AADC Relationship .............................................. II-4• JFACC Organization .................................................................. II-6• Component Liaison .................................................................... II-7• JFACC Staff ................................................................................ II-8• JFACC Assignments and Transition ............................................ II-8• JFC Staff Option in Joint Air Operations ................................... II-11• JFC Staff Authority and Responsibilities ................................... II-11• JFC Staff Organization and Manning ........................................ II-12• Transition Between JFC Staff and JFACC ................................ II-12

CHAPTER IIIPLANNING FOR JOINT AIR OPERATIONS

• Concept of Joint Air Operations Development ........................... III-1• Joint Air Operations Plan ........................................................... III-2• Joint Air Operations Planning Process ....................................... III-2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Joint Pub 3-56.1iv

CHAPTER IVTARGETING AND TASKING FOR JOINT AIR OPERATIONS

• Targeting ................................................................................................ IV-1• Targeting Process ................................................................................... IV-1• Targeting Responsibilities ....................................................................... IV-2• The Joint Air Tasking Cycle .................................................................... IV-4• Joint ATO Phases ................................................................................... IV-6• Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and

Intelligence (C4I) ................................................................................. IV-12

APPENDIX

A Joint Air Operations Plan Format ....................................................... A-1B Liaison Elements Within the JAOC ..................................................... B-1C Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC)

Divisions/Branches Descriptions .......................................................C-1D References ..........................................................................................D-1E Administrative Instructions .................................................................. E-1

GLOSSARY

Part 1 Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................... GL-1Part 2 Terms and Definitions ............................................................... GL-4

FIGURE

II-1 JFACC Responsibilities .................................................................... II-3II-2 Airspace Control Procedures Characteristics .................................. II-4II-3 Methods of Airspace Control ........................................................... II-5II-4 Notional JFACC Organization .......................................................... II-6II-5 JFACC Transition Considerations .................................................. II-10III-1 Concept of Joint Air Operations Development ............................... III-1III-2 Joint Air Operations Planning Process ........................................... III-3IV-1 Targeting Cycle Phases ................................................................ IV-1IV-2 JFACC/JFC Staff Targeting Responsibilities .................................. IV-3IV-3 Notional Air Tasking Cycle ............................................................ IV-4IV-4 Notional 48 Hour Joint ATO Timeline ............................................. IV-5

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Executive Summary

Operational level relationships, policies, and proceduresprovide the principles and options for command and control(C2) of joint air operations through the designation of ajoint force air component commander (JFACC) or useof the joint force commander’s (JFC) staff at the unifiedcommand level, subordinate unified command level, or jointtask force level.

The JFC integrates the actions of assigned, attached, andsupporting forces into unified area of responsibility (AOR)/joint operations area (JOA)-wide joint air operations. Inorder to create synergism and avoid duplication of effort,the JFC synchronizes the actions of assigned, attached, andsupporting capabilities/forces in time, space, and purpose.

The organization the JFC develops should be sufficientlyflexible to meet the planned phases of the contemplatedoperations and any development that may necessitate achange in the plan. Unity of effort is necessary foreffectiveness and efficiency. Centralized planning isessential for controlling and coordinating the efforts of allavailable forces. Decentralized execution is essential togenerate the tempo of operations required and to cope withthe uncertainty, disorder, and fluidity of combat.

Fundamental principlesand doctrine for thecommand and control(C2) of joint airoperations ensure unityof effort for the benefit ofthe joint force as a whole.

Joint air operations arethose air operationsperformed with aircapabilities/forces madeavailable by componentsin support of the jointforce commander’s(JFC’s) operation orcampaign objectives or insupport of othercomponents of the jointforce.

The JFC develops aconcept of operation andorganizes forces based onthat concept in order toaccomplish the assignedmission.

General Considerations for Joint Air Operations

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDER'S OVERVIEW

•

•

•

•

Discusses the Nature of Joint Air Operations

Provides General Considerations for Command and Controlof Joint Air Operations

Covers Planning for Joint Air Operations

Discusses Targeting and Tasking for Joint Air Operations

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The JFC may designate ajoint force air componentcommander (JFACC) ordirectly plan, direct, andcontrol joint airoperations.

The framework andprocesses for C2 of jointair operations areconsistent, althoughmissions vary widelyacross the range ofmilitary operations fromwar to military operationsother than war(MOOTW).

The air capabilities/forces made available forJFACC or JFC staffplanning and tasking aredetermined by the JFC,in consultation withcomponent commanders,and are based on theassigned objectives andthe concept of operations.

The JFC will normally designate a JFACC to exploit thecapabilities of joint air operations through a cohesive jointair operations plan and a responsive and integrated controlsystem. When a JFACC is not designated, the JFC mayplan, direct, and control joint air operations.

Unity of effort, centralized planning, and decentralizedexecution are as important in military operations otherthan war (MOOTW) as in war. Strategies, objectives,centers of gravity, targets, and adversaries apply in MOOTWas well as in war, but may require an expanded perspectiveto identify them. By taking this into consideration, the JFCcan effectively apply the joint doctrine for C2 of joint airoperations in myriad, divergent situations.

Component commanders make air capabilities/forcesavailable to the JFC for tasking to support the joint forceas a whole. These capabilities/forces are tasked directlyby the JFC or by the JFACC based on the JFC’s airapportionment decision. Only the JFC has the authority toreassign, redirect, or reallocate a component’s direct supportair capabilities/forces. Component capabilities/forces notavailable for joint air tasking must still comply with theairspace control order (ACO) and Special Instructions(SPINS).

Command and Control of Joint Air Operations

F-15 Firing Air-to-air Missile

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Executive Summary

The need for a JFACC is based on the JFC’s overallmission, concept of operations, the missions and tasksassigned to subordinate commanders, forces available,duration and nature of joint air operations desired, and thedegree of unity of command and control of joint airoperations required. The authority and commandrelationships of the JFACC are established by the JFC.These typically include exercising operational control overassigned and attached forces and tactical control over othermilitary capabilities/forces made available for tasking. Theresponsibilities of the JFACC include, but are not limitedto planning, coordinating, allocating, and tasking joint airoperations based on the JFC’s concept of operations andair apportionment decision.

The functions and responsibilities of the JFACC,airspace control authority (ACA), and area air defensecommander (AADC) must be integrated in order to unitejoint air operations with joint airspace control and joint airdefense operations in support of the JFC’s campaign. Thesefunctions include developing, coordinating, and publishingairspace control procedures, operating the airspace controlsystem, and integrating the joint force air defense effort.

Depending on the environment, mission, and locationthroughout the full range of potential military operations,the degree of control may need to be more rigorous and therules of engagement may need to be more restrictive. Thisis especially true in a MOOTW environment that cantransition quickly from combat to noncombat and back againand often has constraints on the forces, weapons, tacticsemployed, and the level of violence. Consequently, as aminimum, in MOOTW environments prone to suchfluctuations, all air missions, including both fixed- androtary -wing of all components, must appear on theappropriate air tasking order (ATO) and/or flight plan.In addition, all aircraft must monitor a commonfrequency and operate on designated identificationfriend or foe (IFF) modes and codes, which must beappropriately checked prior to mission start. In casesof high density aircraft operations, such as in a properlydesignated high density airspace control zone or amphibiousobjective area published on the ACO, aircraft may operatewithout an ATO mission number. This type of rigorouscontrol is necessary during such MOOTW because the mixof friendly, enemy, and neutral aircraft and missionconstraints requires the JFC to strictly control flights in the

The JFC will normallydesignate a JFACC .

The responsibilities of theJFACC, airspace controlauthority, and area airdefense commander areinterrelated and shouldnormally be assigned toone individual.

The degree of controlneeded in the transitionalenvironment of MOOTWmay vary.

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AOR/JOA (e.g., peace operations). No matter what methodsthe JFC chooses, they need to be continually evaluated foreffectiveness and efficiency as the environment and missionchange.

The JFACC’s joint air operations center (JAOC) isstructured to operate as a fully integrated facility and staffedto fulfill all of the JFACC’s responsibilities. The twoorganizations or functions which should be common to allJAOCs are Combat Plans (future joint air operations) andCombat Operations (execution of the daily joint ATO).The role of intelligence is also extremely important and isan integral part of the daily function of Combat Plans andCombat Operations.

Senior component liaisons serve as conduits for directcoordination between the JFACC and their respectivecomponent commanders. Coordination elements provideliaison elements that work within the JAOC, consisting ofspecialists who provide component planning and taskingexpertise and coordination capabilities. They help integrateand coordinate their component's participation in joint airoperations and coordinate and deconflict component directsupport air operations with joint air operations. Functionalarea and mission experts provide the critical and uniqueexpertise in support, plans, and execution functions, asappropriate for the employment scenario.

Assignment of a JFACC ashore, assignment of a sea-based JFACC, a JFACC transition (including planned

The JFACC’s operationscenter will often bedesignated a joint airoperations center.

The components haveready access to theJFACC and staff throughthe component liaisons.These liaisons work fortheir respectivecomponent commandersand work with theJFACC and staff.

Carrier Eisenhower under way.

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Executive Summary

and unplanned transitions), and attendant transitionevents must be considered. Other considerations requiredare for continuous, uninterrupted, and unambiguousguidance; appropriate command, control, communications,computers, and intelligence capabilities; specific proceduresfor coordinating and executing planned and unplanned shiftsof the JFACC; adequate communications; current jointATO; the JFC’s objectives; and the familiarity with the areaair defense and airspace control plans.

Designation of a JFACC may not be required when aconflict or situation is of limited duration, scope, and/or complexity. The JFC would coordinate span of control,unity of effort, staff authority and responsibilities, execution,joint airspace control, joint air defense, supportingoperations, the JFC staff organization and manning, andthe transition between JFC staff to JFACC.

The JFC’s strategic appreciation of the political, economic,military, and social forces affecting the AOR/JOA and thearticulation of strategic and operational objectives neededto accomplish the mission form the basis for determiningcomponents’ objectives.

The joint air operations plan documents the JFACC’s planfor integrating and coordinating joint air operations. Thejoint air operation plan encompasses operations of joint aircapabilities/forces. A selected team of planners and weaponsystems experts from each component enables considerationand understanding of all component capabilities/forces.

Operational Environment Research is primarily theintelligence preparation of the battlespace and gatheringin-depth knowledge of the operational environment to gainunderstanding of the theater of operations, the adversary,and friendly forces.

Objective Determination defines and quantifies objectivesthat will contribute to the accomplishment of the JFC’soperation or campaign objectives.

Extensive planning isnecessary when there istransition of JFACCresponsibilities.

In some situations,designation of a JFACCis not required.

Planning for joint airoperations begins withunderstanding the jointforce mission.

Joint air operationsconstitute an integralpart of the JFC’soperation or campaignplan.

There are five phases inthe air operationsplanning process:

1. OperationalEnvironment Research

2. ObjectiveDetermination

Planning for Joint Air Operations

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Strategy Identification in a clearly defined air strategystatement states how the JFACC plans to exploit aircapabilities/forces to support the JFC’s objectives.

Center(s) of Gravity (COG) Identification is theidentification of those adversary COGs which should beattacked to satisfy the JFC’s strategic, operational, andtactical objectives and friendly COGs that should bedefended.

Joint Air Operations Plan Development details how jointair operations will support the JFC’s operation or campaignplan. During this phase, planners integrate the efforts ofjoint capabilities/forces, prioritize objectives and targetswhile accounting for current and potential threats, andconduct target development/system analysis. They alsophase joint air operations with the JFC’s operation orcampaign plan, indicating what capabilities/forces will berequired to achieve joint air operations objectives. Finally,during this phase, planners will complete a sustainabilityassessment and delineate the specific procedures forallocating, tasking, and exercising C2 of available aircapabilities/forces.

Targeting occurs and is performed at all levels ofcommand. An effective and efficient target developmentprocess and air tasking cycle is essential for the JFACC/JFC staff to plan and execute joint air operations.

3. Strategy Identification

4. Center(s) of GravityIdentification

5. Joint Air OperationsPlan Development

Targeting is the processof selecting targets andmatching the appropriateresponse to them.

F-117 refueling.

Targeting and Tasking for Joint Air Operations

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Targeting is a cyclicalprocess.

The JFACC/JFC staffdevelops a joint airoperations plan thataccomplishes theobjectives directed by theJFC.

A joint air tasking cycleis used for the efficientand effective employmentof the joint aircapabilities/forces.

There are six phases tothe joint air tasking order(ATO) cycle:

1. JFC/ComponentCoordination

2. Target Development

3. Weaponeering/Allocation

The targeting cycle begins with objectives and guidanceissued by the JFC and includes target development,weaponeering assessment, force application, executionplanning/force execution, and combat assessment.

Synchronization, integration, deconfliction, allocation ofair capabilities/forces, and matching appropriate weaponsagainst target vulnerabilities are essential targeting functionsof the JFACC. Components should provide the JFACCwith a description of their direct support plan to allow forcoordination and deconfliction of targeting efforts betweeneach component and within the JFC staff and agencies.

The joint air tasking cycle provides a repetitive processfor the planning, coordination, allocation, and tasking ofjoint air missions/sorties and accommodates changingtactical situations or JFC guidance as well as requests forsupport from other component commanders. The full jointATO cycle from JFC guidance to the start of ATO executionis dependent on the JFC’s procedures, but each ATO periodusually covers a 24-hour period. The joint ATO matchesspecific targets compiled by the JFACC/JFC staff withthe capabilities/forces made available to the JFACC forthe given joint ATO day.

Phase 1, JFC/Component Coordination. The JFCconsults with his component commanders to assess theresults of the warfighting effort. This provides componentcommanders an opportunity to introduce recommendations,support requirements, and state their ability to support othercomponents. JFC’s will normally apportion the air effortby priority or percentage of effort into geographic areas,against mission-type orders, and/or by categories significantfor the campaign.

Phase 2, Target Development. The specific objectivesreceived during phase 1 are used to focus targetdevelopment. In accordance with JFC’s objectives andcomponent targeting requirements, the JFACC/JFC staff willdevelop the joint air operations plan to employ availablejoint air capabilities/forces. The end product is a prioritizedlist of targets--the Joint Integrated Prioritized Target List.

Phase 3, Weaponeering/Allocation. Targeting personnelquantify the expected results of lethal and nonlethal weaponsemployment against prioritized targets including

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4. Joint ATODevelopment

5. Force Execution

6. Combat Assessment

recommended aimpoints, target identification anddescription, and other pertinent information. The finalprioritized target nominations are then included into theMaster Air Attack Plan (MAAP). The resulting MAAP isthe employment plan that forms the foundation of the jointATO. Following the JFC air apportionment decision, theJFACC/JFC staff translates that decision into total numberof sorties by aircraft or weapon type available for eachoperation/task they support.

Phase 4, Joint ATO Development. After the MAAP isapproved by the JFACC (JFC under the JFC staff option),detailed preparations continue by Combat Plans section onthe joint ATO, SPINS, and the ACO. The JAOC reviewseach air capable component’s allocation decision/AirAllocation Request message and may prepare a sortieallotment message back to the components as required.

Phase 5, Force Execution. The JFACC/JFC staff directsthe execution and/or deconflicts all capabilities/forces madeavailable for a given ATO. The JFC may give the JFACCthe authority to redirect joint air operations.

Phase 6, Combat Assessment . Combat assessment is doneat all levels of the joint force and evaluates combatoperations effectiveness in achieving command objectives.

A Tomahawk cruise missile destroys a target during tests.

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Executive Summary

The JFACC/JFC staff isresponsible for planningand activating allvalidated joint aircommunications linksthat support the JFC’smission and allowaccomplishment of theJFC directives.

The successful integration of the joint air effort depends onthe ability to exchange information via reliable securecommunications with the JFC, joint force staff, andcomponent commanders. Planning for all informationexchange requirements and procedures must consideremission control requirements and operations security.

CONCLUSION

Successful use of joint air forces to support the JFC'soperation or campaign plan requires unity of effort,centralized planning, and decentralized execution. The JFCnormally designates a JFACC to provide C2 of these jointair capabilities/forces. The processes and framework usedare consistent across the range of military operations.

Blackhawk Helicopter

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Introduction

"The lesson from the last war that stands out clearly above all the others isthat if you want to go anywhere in modern war, in the air, on the sea, onthe land, you must have command of the air."

Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey to Congress after World War II

1. Scope

This publication provides fundamentalprinciples and doctrine for the commandand control (C2) of joint air operationsthroughout the range of mi l i taryoperations in order to ensure unity of effortfor the benefit of the joint force as a whole.This publication addresses operationalrelationships, policies, procedures, andoptions for C2 of joint air operationsthrough the designation of a joint forceair component commander (JFACC) oruse of the joint force commander’s(JFC) staff. Commanders of unifiedcommands , subo rd ina te un i f i edcommands, and joint task forces (JTFs)should establish implementation policiesand procedures within their commands.Variations to the relationships andprocedures contained herein may benecessary to accommodate theater specific

needs, but such variations must be theexception rather than the rule.

2. Joint Air Operations

Joint air operations are those airoperations performed with aircapabilities/forces made available bycomponents in support of the JFC’soperation or campaign objectives, or insupport of other components of thejoint force. Joint air operations do notinclude those air operations that acomponent conducts in direct support ofitself.

a. Assigned, attached, and supportingforces may provide direct support tocertain components while also providingthe JFC an operational level forcecapability that can be employed separatelyas part of a broader operation. The JFC

Flight of F-16 Aircraft

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

Chapter I

I-2 Joint Pub 3-56.1

integrates the actions of assigned,attached, and supporting forces intounified area of responsibility (AOR)/jointoperations area (JOA)-wide joint airoperations.

b. In order to create synergism andavoid duplication of effort, the JFCsynchronizes the actions of assigned,attached, and supporting capabilities/forces in time, space, and purpose. TheJ F C m u s t e x p l o i t t h e u n i q u echaracteristics of all capabilities/forcesto achieve assigned objectives as rapidlyand as effectively as possible.

3. Organizing Joint Forces

In order to accomplish the assignedmission, the JFC develops a concept ofoperation and organizes forces based onthat concept. The organization should besufficiently flexible to meet the plannedphases of the contemplated operations andany development that may necessitate achange in the plan, while preserving theresponsiveness of individual componentcapabilities. Sound organization shouldprovide for unity of effort, centralizedplanning, and decentralized execution.Unity of effort is necessary for

effectiveness and efficiency. Centralizedplanning is essential for controlling andcoordinating the efforts of all availableforces. Decentralized execution isessential to generate the tempo ofoperations required and to cope with theuncertainty, disorder, and fluidity ofcombat. The JFC may elect to centralizeselected functions within the joint force,but should strive to avoid reducing theversatility, responsiveness, and initiativeof subordinate forces, as in the policy forC2 of USMC TACAIR during sustainedoperations ashore. Most often, joint forcesare organized with a combination ofService and functional componentcommands, with their authority andresponsibilities defined by the JFC. TheJFACC is an example of a functionalcomponent commander. (See Joint Pubs0-2, “Unified Action Armed Forces(UNAAF),” and 3-0, “Doctrine for JointOperations.”)

a. The JFC will normally designatea JFACC to exploit the capabilities ofjoint air operations. The JFACC directsthis exploitation through a cohesive jointair operations plan (centralized planning)and a responsive and integrated controlsystem (decentralized execution).

F-18 Aircraft

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Introduction

"There has been a tendency to over-emphasize long-range bombardment,and to ignore the versatile applicationof air power. Our Air Forces were usedfor any mission considered important,a t a n y g i v e n m o m e n t .E s p e c i a l l y m i s l e a d i n g i s t hedistinction made between strategicand tac t i ca l a i r fo rces . Tha tdistinction is not valid in describing theuse of air power as a whole, day afterday.

For instance, the primary mission ofthe strategic forces was to destroy theenemy's war industries, to deprive himof means to fight. But these samebombers, and their fighter escorts ofthe strategic air forces, constituted theheaviest striking power at GeneralEisenhower's command to sweep theLuftwaffe from the air, to isolateG e r m a n g r o u n d f o r c e s f r o mreinforcements and supplies, and tospark the advance of our groundt r o o p s b y v i s u a l a n d r a d a rcooperation".

Carl "Tooey" Spaatz

b. In cases where a JFACC is notdesignated, the JFC may plan, direct,and control joint air operations. If thisoption is exercised by the JFC, the JFC’sstaff will assist to provide direction andcoordination of the capabilities/forcesassigned to the joint force. Throughoutthis pub the convention “JFACC/JFCstaff ” is used to imply that the proceduresare the same under either option.

4. Military Operations OtherThan War (MOOTW)

Though missions vary widely across therange of military operations from war toMOOTW, the framework and processesfor C2 of joint air operations areconsistent. Unity of effort, centralizedplanning, and decentralized execution areas important in MOOTW as in war. The

doctrine and procedures in thispublication talk about such things asstrategies, objectives, centers of gravity,targets, and adversaries. In war these areoften relatively easy to develop anddetermine. The JFC must realize that theyalso apply in MOOTW, but may requirean expanded perspective to identify. Forexample, in war, an objective may be tostop an enemy’s armored advance, whichcould involve dropping bombs. Bycontrast, in MOOTW, an objective maybe to stop a refugee exodus which couldinvolve dropping food and supplies. Inwar, a center of gravity may be theadversary’s industrial capacity, while inMOOTW it may be the need to feed thepopulace. While a target in war may be apower plant, in MOOTW it may be a dropzone for food and supplies. Finally, inwar the adversary may be clear todetermine, while in MOOTW it may beless recognizable and include such thingsas drought. Though the converse of allthese examples could also be true (e.g.,there may be a need to combat starvationin war), by using a broadened perspectivethe JFC can effectively apply the jointdoctrine for C2 of joint air operations ineach situation.

5. Summary

Successful unified action across therange of military operations depends onunity of effort among all assigned,attached, and supporting forces. The JFCshould exploit the unique characteristicsof forces that maximize the military effectto achieve strategic aims as rapidly aspossible, while saving lives, minimizingcost, and achieving victory. The JFCnormally designates a JFACC to integrateand exploit the joint airpower capabilitiesof different nations, Services, andcomponents. However, under thecircumstances that are addressed inChapter II, the JFC may elect to use the

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JFC staff option. In either case, joint airoperations are planned and conducted tomaximize the total combat power and

synergy of the aggregate air effort insupport of the JFC’s operation orcampaign plan.

CACTUS AIR FORCE

One of the more historic examples of an effective joint air force evolved,ironically, from the struggle for Midway in 1942, where uncoordinatedair strikes from three separate sources proved largely impotent. Thejoint air component, known as the “Cactus Air Force,” formed in Augustof 1942 and provided air support to the American campaign in thestrategic Pacific Solomon Islands. The onslaught of this campaignoccurred on Guadalcanal and Tulagi, where amphibious landings weresupported by carrier air and augmented by long range bombers basedon New Hebrides. However, by D+2, the carriers were withdrawn andthe long distance from New Hebrides rendered ineffective the land basedbombers. Thus, out of necessity was born the Cactus Air Force. Basedon Guadalcanal, the unit brought together a Marine fighter and a divebomber squadron (both squadrons were carrier launched), five ArmyAir Force P- 400 aircraft (a low altitude export version of the P39 fighter),and a Navy dive bomber squadron from the USS Enterprise .

Indeed, transforming this “pick-up” air force into AIRCACTUS, and, inFebruary of 1943, AIRSOLS, a hallmark joint air command, was neitheran easy task nor was it achieved all at once. Air operations werechallenging and diverse. Missions not only defended the surroundingairspace, but also supported amphibious assaults and attacked enemynaval forces. Bomber strikes were launched against Japanese basesand installations throughout the Solomon Chain. Command and Controlof the new joint air force was equally challenging. Brig. Gen. Roy S.Geiger, (the first COMAIRSOLS) frequently changed his C2 to adjust andrender support to the “island hopping” campaign. One of these“adjustments” resulted in the forming of two subordinate commands:the Strike command, made up of Marine and Navy attack aircraft to attackenemy shipping; and, the Bomber command, of long range Army AirForce and Navy patrol aircraft to conduct long range bombing and searchoperations. Likewise, the COMAIRSOLS and his staff were required tomaintain flexibility in the Planning discipline. The multi-facetedSolomons air campaign required that they develop plans quickly andthat these plans reflected a wide range of air support capabilities. Again,the uniquely diverse Cactus Air Force proved appropriate for thesituation. Indeed, their accomplishments represent one of the morenotable achievements with regard to inter-service cooperation in militaryhistory.

SOURCE: James A. Winnefeld and Dana J. Johnson, "Joint AirOperations", Annapolis, Naval Institute Press, 1993

(Summarized by Winston R. Schmidt)

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General Considerations for Command and Control of Joint Air Operations

"Air power is indivisible. If you split it up into compartments, you merelypull it to pieces and destroy its greatest asset - its flexibility."

Field Marshal Montgomery

AV-8 Aircraft

CHAPTER IIGENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR COMMAND AND

CONTROL OF JOINT AIR OPERATIONS

1. Air Effort Available forJoint Air Operations

The air capabilities/forces madeavailable for JFACC or JFC (underthe JFC staff option) planning andtasking are determined by the JFC, inconsultation with component com-manders, and based on the assignedobjectives and the concept of operations.

a. Component commanders makecapabilities/forces available to the JFC fortasking to support the joint force as awhole based on assigned componentmissions and JFC guidance. Thesecapabilities/forces are tasked directly bythe JFC or by the JFACC based on theJFC’s air apportionment decision.

b. Only the JFC has the authority toreassign, redirect, or reallocate acomponent’s direct support aircapabilities/forces. When a componentdoes not have the organic air capabilities/forces to support their assigned mission,the JFACC or JFC will task available jointair capabilities/forces (through the jointATO) based on the JFC’s aira p p o r t i o n m e n t d e c i s i o n . A nunderstanding of what defines componentdirect support air capabilities/forces andjoint air capabilities/forces is necessary.Component direct support aircapabilities/forces are those aircapabilities/forces organic to acomponent that are used by thecomponent to accomplish its assignedmission. When appropriate, they appearon the joint ATO for coordination anddeconfliction purposes.

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c. Component capabilities/forces notavailable for joint air tasking must stillcomply with the airspace control order(ACO) and special instructions (SPINS).

2. Designation of a JFACC

The JFC will normally designate aJFACC. The JFC will base the decisionto designate a JFACC on several factorssuch as: JFC’s overall mission, conceptof operations, the missions and tasksassigned to subordinate commanders,forces available, duration and nature ofjoint air operations desired, and the degreeof unity of command and control of jointair operations required. The JFC willnormally assign JFACC responsibilitiesto the component commander havingthe preponderance of air assets and thecapability to plan, task, and controljoint air operations.

3. JFACC Authority andCommand Relationships

T h e a u t h o r i t y a n d c o m m a n drelationships of the JFACC are establishedby the JFC. These typically includeexerc i s ing opera t iona l con t ro l(OPCON) over assigned and attachedforces and tactical control (TACON)over other military capabilities/forcesmade available for tasking. The JFCmay also establish supporting andsuppor ted re la t ionships betweencomponents to facilitate operations. TheJFC normally assigns missions and issuesmission-type orders to all components.With receipt of the mission goes theauthority to conduct operations inaccordance with the JFC’s intent andconcept of the operation.

4. JFACC Responsibilities

The responsibilities of the JFACC areassigned by the JFC. These include, but

a r e n o t l i m i t e d t o : p l a n n i n g ,coordination, allocation, and tasking ofjoint air operations based on the JFC’sconcep t o f opera t ions and a i rapportionment decision. SpecificJFACC responsibilities normally include(also shown in Figure II-1):

a. Developing a joint air operationsplan to best support joint force objectivesas assigned by the JFC or higher authority.

b. Recommending to the JFCapportionment of the joint air effort ,after consulting with other componentcommanders, by percentage and/or bypriority that should be devoted to thevarious air operations and/or geographicareas for a given period of time.

c. Providing centralized direction forthe allocation and tasking of capabilities/forces made available based on the JFCair apportionment.

d. Controlling execution of joint airoperations as specified by the JFC, toinclude making timely adjustments totargeting and tasking of available jointcapabilities/forces. If circumstancesrequire the JFACC to change theplanned joint air operations duringexecution, the JFACC will notify theaffected component commanders orJFC, as appropriate.

e. Coordinating joint air operationswith operations of other componentcommanders and forces assigned to orsupporting the JFC [e.g., combat searchand rescue (CSAR) operations, the jointforce special operations componentcommander (JFSOCC), and if designated,the joint special operations air componentc o m m a n d e r ( J S O A C C ) f o rintegrat ion, synchronizat ion, anddeconfliction with special operations].

II-3


f. Evaluating the results of joint airoperations and forwarding combatassessments to the JFC to support theoverall combat assessment effort.

g. Performing the duties of theairspace control authority (ACA), whenassigned that responsibility by the JFC.

h. Performing the duties of the areaair defense commander (AADC), whenassigned that responsibility by the JFC.

i. Functioning as the supportedcommander for:

• Counterair operations.

• Strategic attack operations, when jointair operations constitute the bulk ofthe capability needed to directly attackenemy strategic centers of gravity.

• Theater airborne reconnaissance andsurveillance.

• The JFC’s overall air interdictioneffort.

•• Interdiction target prioritieswithin the land or naval force areasof operations (AOs) are designated bythe land and naval componentcommanders.

•• These priorities are consideredalong with the JFC’s AOR/JOA-wideinterdiction priorities and reflected inthe air apportionment decision. TheJFACC will use these priorities to planand execute the AOR/JOA-wideinterdiction effort.

j. Functioning as a supportingcommander, as directed by the JFC, foroperations such as close air support, airinterdiction within the land and navalcomponent AOs, and maritime support.

Figure II-1. JFACC Responsibilities

JFACC RESPONSIBILITIES

Developing a joint air operations plan to best support joint forceobjectives

Recommending to the JFC apportionment of the joint air effort, afterconsulting with other component commanders

Providing centralized direction for the allocation and tasking ofcapabilities/forces made available

Controlling execution of joint operations as specified by the JFC

Coordinating joint air operations with operations of other componentcommanders and forces assigned to or supportingthe JFC

Evaluating the results of joint air operations

When assigned by the JFC, performing the duties of the airspacecontrol authority (ACA) and/or performing the duties of the area airdefense commander (AADC)

Functioning as a supported and supporting commander, as directedby the JFC

Chapter II


5. Airspace ControlConsiderations and theJFACC/ACA/AADCRelationship

The responsibilities of the JFACC,ACA, and AADC are interrelated andshould normally be assigned to oneind iv idua l . The func t ions andresponsibilities of the JFACC, ACA, andAADC must be integrated in order to unitejoint air operations with joint airspacecontrol and joint air defense operations insupport of the JFC’s campaign.Designating one component commanderas JFACC, AADC, and ACA may simplifycoordination required to develop andexecute fully integrated joint airoperations. If conditions do not permitthis assignment, then close coordinationbetween all three positions is essential.Joint Pub 3-52, "Doctrine for JointAirspace Control in the Combat Zone,"provides further guidance on the AADCand ACA.

a. If appointed the AADC, theJFACC is responsible for integratingthe joint force air defense effort. Airdefense operations must be coordinatedwith other tactical operations on and overboth land and sea.

b. If appointed the ACA, the JFACCis r espons ib le fo r deve lop ing ,coordinating, and publishing airspacecontrol procedures and for operatingthe airspace control system in the AOR/JOA. Characteristics of procedures usedto deconflict in time and space, coordinateand integrate the activities of all users ofairspace (including fixed- and rotary-winged aircraft) are shown in Figure II-2.

All missions are subject to the ACO ofthe ACA; however, centralized direction

by the ACA does not imply OPCON orTACON over any air assets.

c. Methods to accomplish thisdeconf l ic t ion, coord inat ion, andintegration vary throughout the range ofmilitary operations from war to MOOTWthat include both combat and noncombatactivities. The methods range frompositive control of all air assets in anairspace control area to proceduralcontrol of all such assets, with anyeffective combination of positive andprocedural control between the twoextremes. Figure II-3 shows thecharacteristics of the two methods. It isup to the JFC, through the airspace controlplan (ACP), to decide the appropriatemethod based on the concept ofoperations.

Figure II-2. Airspace Control ProceduresCharacteristics

PREVENT MUTUALINTERFERENCE

FACILITATE AIR DEFENSEIDENTIFICATION

SAFELY ACCOMMODATEAND EXPEDITE THEFLOW OF ALL AIRTRAFFIC IN THE AOR/JOA

ENHANCEEFFECTIVENESS INACCOMPLISHING THEJFC'S OBJECTIVES

PREVENT FRATRICIDE

AIRSPACE CONTROLPROCEDURES

CHARACTERISTICS

II-5


d. MOOTW in a Transi t ionalEnvironment. Depending on theenvironment, mission, and locationthroughout the range of militaryoperations, the degree of control may needto be rigorous and the rules of engagement(ROE) may be more restrictive. This isespecially true in a MOOTW environmentthat can transition quickly from combatto noncombat and back again and oftenhas constraints on the forces, weapons,tactics employed, and level of violence.Consequently, as a minimum, inMOOTW environments prone to suchfluctuations, all air missions, includingboth fixed- and rotary-wing of allcomponents, must appear on theappropriate ATO and/or flight plan. Inaddition, all aircraft must monitor acommon frequency and operate ondesignated identification, friend or foe(IFF) modes and codes, which must beappropriately checked prior to missionstart. In cases of high density aircraftoperations, such as in a properlydesignated high density airspace controlzone (HIDACZ) or amphibious objectivearea (AOA), published on the ACO,aircraft may operate without an ATOmission number. This type of rigorouscontrol is necessary during such MOOTWbecause the mix of friendly, enemy, andneutral aircraft and mission constraintsrequire the JFC to strictly control flightsin the AOR/JOA (e.g., peace operations).No matter what methods the JFC chooses,they need to be continually evaluated foreffectiveness and efficiency as theenvironment and mission change. For afull discussion of the methods of andresponsibilities for joint airspace controlthroughout the range of militaryoperations, see Joint Pub 3-52 “Doctrinefor Joint Airspace Control in the CombatZone.”

METHODSOF

AIRSPACE CONTROL

FULL POSITIVECONTROL

POSITIVELY IDENTIFIES,TRACKS & DIRECTS AIRASSETS USING:

RADARS

OTHER SENSORS

IFF/SIF

DIGITAL DATA LINKS

OTHER ELEMENTS OFTHE C4 SYSTEM

FULL PROCEDURALCONTROL

RELIES ON PREVIOUSLYAGREED TO & PROM-ULGATED AIRSPACECONTROL MEASURESSUCH AS:

COMPREHENSIVE AIRDEFENSE ID PROCEDURES& ROE

LOW LEVEL TRANSITROUTES

AIRCRAFT ID MANEUVERS

FIRE SUPPORTCOORDINATION MEASURES

COORDINATING ALTITUDES

MINIMUM RISK ROUTES

Figure II-3. Methods of AirspaceControl

Chapter II


Figure II-4. Notional JFACC Organization

JFACC/DEPUTY JFACC

SERVICE/FUNCTIONALCOMPONENT COMMANDERS

COMMANDSECTION

AIR STRATEGY

CURRENTOPERATIONS

WEATHERSUPPORT

OPERATIONSSUPPORT

JOINT SEARCH ANDRESCUE CENTER

INTEL PLANS INTEL OPS

ATOPRODUCTION AND

DEVELOPMENT

*

LEGEND:COORDINATION

C2* - if assigned by JFC

SENIOR COMPONENTLIAISONS

PERSONNEL INTEL OPS LOGISTICS COMM SJA

NOTIONAL JFACC ORGANIZATION (JAOC)

COMBAT OPERATIONSCOMBAT PLANS

AIRSPACE/COMMAND AND CONTROL

COMPONENT LIAISONS

6. JFACC Organization

Figure II-4 represents a notional JFACC

organization. The JFACC’s operations center will often be designated a joint airoperations center (JAOC).

II-7


a. The JFACC’s JAOC is structured tooperate as a fully integrated facility andstaffed to fulfill all of the JFACC’sresponsibilities. JFACC organizationsmay differ based on the specific AOR/JOA requirements and operations.However, the two organizations orfunctions that should be common to allJAOCs are Combat Plans and CombatOperations. Planning “future joint airoperations” is the responsibility ofCombat Plans, which includes theresponsibility of drafting the joint airoperations plan to support the JFC’scampaign or objectives and building thedaily joint ATO. Execution of the dailyjoint ATO is carried out by CombatOperations. This organization closelyfollows the action of current joint airoperations, shifting missions from theirscheduled times or targets and makingother adjustments as the situation requires.

b. Each of these JAOC organizationsrely on expertise from other componentliaisons (e.g., battlefield coordinationelement (BCE), naval and amphibiousliaison element (NALE), Air Force liaisonelement (AFLE), special operationsliaison element (SOLE), air mobilityelement (AME), strategic liaison team(STRATLAT), space liaison officer(SLO), Marine liaison officer (MARLO))to coordinate requests or requirements andmaintain an “up-to-date” picture of theother component operations.

c. Finally, the role of “intelligence” isextremely important and is an integralpart of the daily function of Combat Plansand Combat Operations. Intelligencepersonnel monitor and assess adversarycapabilities and intentions and provideassistance in target, weapon, and platformselection, conduct battle damageassessment, as well as, provide an up-to-date picture of the adversary, expectedadversary operations, and the status and

priority of assigned targets to assist inexecution day changes.

7. Component Liaison

The components have ready access tothe JFACC and staff through thecomponent liaisons. These liaisons workfor their respect ive componentcommanders and work with the JFACCand staff.

a. Senior Component Liaisons.Senior component liaisons serve as conduitsfor direct coordination between the JFACCand their respective componentcommanders. Senior liaisons possess thecredibility and authority to representtheir component commander on timesensitive and critical issues. They must beequipped and authorized to communicatedirectly with their respective componentcommander. The senior liaisons have theresponsibility of presenting componentperspectives and considerations regardingplanning and executing joint air operations.

b. Coordination Elements. Eachcomponent normally provides liaisonelements (BCE, NALE, SOLE, and othersas appropriate) that work within theJAOC. These liaison elements consist ofexperienced warfare specialists whoprovide component planning and taskingexpertise and coordination capabilities.These experts help integrate andcoordinate their component’s participationin joint air operations (e.g., specialoperations force (SOF)) and coordinate

"Once the command of the air isobtained by one of the contendingarmies, the war must become aconflict between a seeing host andone that is blind."

H.G. Wells

Chapter II


and deconflict component direct supportair operations with joint air operations.(See Appendix B, “Liaison ElementsWithin the JAOC”.)

8. JFACC Staff

The JFACC’s staff should be organizedand manned so thatcomponentrepresentation reflects the compositionof the joint force. This representationwill provide the JFACC with the expertiseneeded to effectively employ thecapabilities/forces made available.Functional component staffs requireadvanced planning for efficientoperations. JFACC staff billets forneeded expertise and individuals to fillthose billets should be identified. Suchindividuals should be identified andtrained during peacetime and used whenJFACC staffs are formed for exercises andactual operations to ensure an effectivetransition to combat operations. JFACCstaffs should include appropriatecomponent representation at all levels.

a. Functional Area and MissionExperts. Functional area experts (suchas intelligence, logistics, airspace, plans,and communications) provide the criticaland unique expertise in support, plans, andexecution functions, as appropriate for theemployment scenario. Mission experts(air-to-air, air-to-ground, reconnaissance,air refueling, and others as appropriate)provide the technical warfightingexpertise required to plan and employcapabilities/forces made available by thecomponents. Functional and missionexpe r t s f rom o the r componen tsrepresenting weapon systems madeavailable by the JFC for joint air taskingwill provide manning throughout theJAOC (i.e., combat operations, combatplans) and at all levels of command.

b. Preparation. For each specificoperation, the nucleus of the JFACCstaff should be trained in JFACCoperations and be representative of thejoint force . Staff augmentation withmanning as identified above ensures jointrepresentation throughout the JFACC’sstaff and JAOC. The JFACC, incoordination with other componentcommanders, will determine specificmanning requirements based on scenariorequirements, force list, and personnelavailability.

9. JFACC Assignments andTransition

Procedures for joint air operations aredesigned to exploit the flexibility of airpower to achieve joint force objectiveswhile providing support to componentoperations. Joint air operations scenariosmay vary, and each scenario requiresextensive planning when transition ofJFACC responsibilities is necessary.

a. Assignment of JFACC Ashore. Inlarge-scale joint air operations, theassignment of JFACC ashore is normallydesirable because of enhanced logistic,communication, and facility capacities onland.

b. Assignment of Sea-based JFACC.The JFACC should be sea-based when anyone of the following conditions arepresent:

• mar i t ime fo rces prov ide t h epreponderance of air capability,

• land-based facilities or sufficientinfrastructure does not exist,

• a secure land-based area is notavailable, or

II-9


• ground support forces are forced towithdraw.

c. JFACC Transition . Effective jointair operations planning must containp rov i s ions to t rans i t i on J FACCresponsibilities between platforms orbetween components afloat or ashore.

• Planned Transition. The JFACCshould develop a plan for transitionof J FACC du t i es to ano the rcomponent, if required or consideredlikely to occur. Planned JFACCtransitions are possible as a functionof buildup or scale down of jointforce operations. When transition ofJFACC responsibilities is complete,t h e c o m p o n e n t p a s s i n gresponsibilities should continuemonitoring joint air planning, tasking,and control circuits, and remain readyto reassume JFACC responsibilitiesuntil the gaining component hasdemonstrated operational capability.

• Unplanned Transition. Duringu n p l a n n e d s h i f t s o f J FA C Cresponsibility, as a possible result ofbattle damage or major command andcontrol equipment failure, a smoothtransition is unlikely. Therefore, theJFC should predesignate alternates(both inter- and intra-component) andestablish preplanned responses/

options to the temporary orp e r m a n e n t l o s s o f J FA C Ccapability. Frequent backup andexchange of data bases is essential tofacilitate a rapid resumption ofoperations should an unplannedtransition be required.

• Transition Events. The following areevents that may cause the JFACCresponsibilities to shift:

•• Coordination requirementsrelated to joint ATO planning andexecution exceed the componentcapability.

•• Buildup or relocation of forcesshifts preponderance of air assets toanother component commander andthe JFC decides that the othercomponent is in a better position(location, C2 capability, or otherconsiderations) to accomplish theJFACC responsibilities.

•• Command, control, communications,computers, and intelligence (C4I)capability to support the currentJFACC becomes unresponsive orunreliable.

• Considerations. Figure II-5 showsconsiderations to aid in transitionplanning and decisions.

Chapter II


Figure II-5. JFACC Transition Considerations

Continuous, uninterrupted, and unambiguous guidance anddirection

appropriate C4Icapabilities

Specific procedures

adequate communications,connectivity, manning, intelligence support, and command andcontrol capability

current joint ATO, specialinstructions (SPINS), ACO, joint integrated prioritized targetlist (JIPTL), force disposition, adversary situation, and order ofbattle.

JFC's objectives

communications links

area air defense and airspace control plans.

for joint air operations must be the primary objectiveof any JFACC transition.

All JFACC operations facilities should possessto ensure shift of JFACC duties is as transparent to

the components as possible (joint ATO dissemination andreceipt should be unchanged).

for coordinating and executing plannedand unplanned shifts of JFACC should be published in the jointair operations plan.

The oncoming JFACC must have

prior to assuming JFACC responsibilities.

The oncoming JFACC must have a

The oncoming JFACC must have the toconduct supporting joint air operations.

The oncoming JFACC must establish timely, reliable, andsecure with all appropriate coordinationcells associated with the JFC mission to facilitate continuousand dynamic exchange of information and joint air support.

The oncoming JFACC must be completely familiar with theIf also

designated the AADC, the JFACC must be ready to assumethe responsibility for air defense operations. When designatedthe ACA, the JFACC must also be ready to assume thatresponsibility.

JFACC TRANSITION CONSIDERATIONS

II-11


10. JFC Staff Option in JointAir Operations

There may be situations wheredesignation of a JFACC is not required.Typically, this would occur when aconflict or situation is of limitedduration, scope, and/or complexity.Unity of effort, centralized planning, anddecentralized execution of air capabilities/forces would still be of primaryimportance to the JFC. In cases where aJFC does not designate a JFACC, the JFCmay elect to directly task joint force aircapabilities/forces. If this option isexercised by the JFC, the JFC’s staff willassist in planning and coordinating airoperations for JFC approval. The JFCmay elect to centralize selected functions(planning, coordinating, and tasking)within the staff to provide direction,contro l , and coordinat ion of thecapabilities and/or forces assigned to thejoint force.

a. The JFC’s decision not to designatea JFACC is influenced by span of control,duration and scope of operations, andthe necessary degree of centralizedplanning and control.

• Span of control is the JFC’s ability tocommand and control actions. Spanof control is based on the number ofsubordinates, number of activities,and the AOR/JOA. Span of controlis related to the duration and scope ofjoint air operations.

• When joint air operations are the onlyoperations or the duration and scopeof air operations are of a very limitednature, the JFC may elect to plan,direct, and control joint air operations.The JFC’s staff wil l assist incoordinating joint air operations.

b. If a JFACC is not designated, unityof effort in joint air operations requiresthe JFC t o cen t ra l l y p l an a n dcoordinate joint air operations with otherjoint force operations.

• The JFC may delegate authority andassign responsibility for variousaspects of joint air operations tosubordinate commanders.

• Once the JFC issues a mission-typeorder and provides his intent,subordinate commanders makedecisions based on the JFC’s conceptof operations and the desired end state.

c. The complexity of joint airoperations is the JFC’s primarydeterminant in designating a JFACC.Many of the functions, considerations, andrequirements for integrating joint airoperations under the JFACC remain thesame; the difference is in the scale ofoperations. Therefore, much of theinformation (JFC staff option) is repetitiveto the previous discussions in this chapter.

11. JFC Staff Authority andResponsibilities

The JFC staff derives its authorityfrom the JFC, who delegates authorityand assigns responsibilities based on theestimate of the situation. JFC staffa u t h o r i t y , r e l a t i o n s h i p s , a n dresponsibilities must be specified early inthe planning process. The JFC mayd e l e g a t e a u t h o r i t y a n d a s s i g nresponsibility for coordinating joint airoperations to a staff division (e.g., J-3Operations), a specific staff officer in astaff division (e.g., J-3 air officer), or toa spec ia l s t a f f . Au tho r i t y andresponsibility for joint air operations doesnot automatically include joint airspacecontrol and air defense. Though normallyassigned to one individual, the JFC may

Chapter II


based air defense) from resources otherthan aircraft . The JFC may directcomponents to support joint air operationswith assets, capabilities, or forces, inaddition to the air capabilities/forcesprovided.

12. JFC Staff Organizationand Manning

The JFC staff should be organized andm a n n e d s o t h a tc o m p o n e n trepresentation reflects the compositionof the joint force. The JFC staff operatesout of the joint operations center (JOC).Under the JFC staff option, the JOC alsofunctions as the JAOC. From the JAOC,the JFC staff plans, monitors, and directsthe execution of joint air operations forthe JFC. JFC staff manning should includeexpertise necessary to plan and executejoint air operations. These staff billets andpersonnel should be identified and trainedto be effective in combat operations. SeeJoint Pub 0-2, “Unified Action ArmedForces,” Joint Pub 3-0, “Doctrine for JointOperations,” and Joint Pub 5-00.2, “JointTask Force Planning and GuidanceProcedures,” for more information on jointstaffs.

13. Transition Between JFCStaff and JFACC

The JFC may assign C2 of joint airoperations to a JFACC when the durationand scope of joint air operations exceedthe JFC’s span of control. Additionally,the JFC may transfer designated missionexperts and functional area augmenteesfrom the JFC staff to the JFACC’s JAOCto assist in the transition and coordinationof joint air operations. Conversely, atransition from JFACC to JFC staff mayalso be directed when the JFC determinesthat joint air operations are no longer ofthe size and scope to warrant a JFACC.

a s s i g n s e p a r a t e a u t h o r i t y a n dresponsibilities for joint airspace controland air defense operations.

a. Planning. The JFC staff preparesthe joint air operations plan to supportthe JFC’s objectives. They may alsoprepare the joint airspace control and jointair defense plans.

b. Coordination. The JFC staffcoordinates joint air activities withother operations in the AOR/JOA. Asappropriate, component commanders,s u p p o r t i n g c o m m a n d e r s , a n dcoordinating agencies furnish liaisonelements and augmentees to the JFC staffto coordinate their actions with the jointforce as a whole.

c. Execution. The JFC staff monitorsand directs the execution of joint airoperations tasked through the joint ATO.This may include redirecting sorties, asdirected by the JFC, to accomplish jointforce objectives.

d. Joint Airspace Control. The JFCstaff may be tasked to coordinate andintegrate the use of airspace in the AOR/JOA. If tasked with joint airspace control,the JFC staff develops the ACP. The ACPis implemented through the ACO. Formore information, see paragraph 5 andJoint Pub 3-52, “Doctrine for JointAirspace Control in the Combat Zone.”

e. Joint Air Defense. The JFC maytask the staff to coordinate and integratejoint air defense operations within theAOR/JOA. If tasked with coordinatingjoint air defense, the JFC staffrecommends joint air defense prioritiesand develops the joint air defense plan.

f. Supporting Operations. Joint airoperations may require support (e.g.,suppression of enemy air defenses, ground

III-1


"It is improbable that any terrorization of the civil population which couldbe achieved by air attack would compel the Government of a great nationto surrender. In our own case, we have seen the combative spirit of thepeople roused, and not quelled, by the German air raids. Therefore, ourair offensive should consistently be directed at striking the bases andcommunications upon whose structure the fighting power of his armiesand fleets of the sea and air depends."

Winston Churchill (1917)

1. Concept of Joint AirOperations Development

Planning for joint air operations beginswith understanding the joint forcem i s s i o n. T h e J F C ’s s t r a t e g i cappreciation of the political, economic,military, and social forces affecting theAOR/JOA and articulation of the strategicand operational objectives needed toaccomplish the mission form the basis fordetermining components’ objectives. TheJFACC/JFC staff uses the mission, the JFCstrategic appreciation and objectives, andthe components’ objectives to devise anair estimate of the situation. This

estimate follows a systematic series ofsteps to formulate a course of action(COA). When the JFACC’s course ofaction is approved by the JFC, it becomesthe basic concept of the joint airoperations--stating “what” will be done.The “how” part is stated in the joint airoperations plan and supporting plans. TheJFACC’s daily guidance ensures that jointair operations effectively support the jointforce objectives while retaining enoughflexibility to adjust to the dynamics of therange of military operations. Figure III-1describes the concept of how joint airoperations are developed.

Figure III-1. Concept of Joint Air Operations Development

CONCEPT OF JOINT AIR OPERATIONSDEVELOPMENT

OBJECTIVES & COMPREHENSIVE AOR/JOA PERSPECTIVE

JFACC/JFC STAFF RECOMMENDED COAJFC APPROVES COA

JFC STRATEGIC APPRECIATION

JFACC/JFC STAFFESTIMATE OF THE SITUATION

JOINT AIR OPERATIONS PLAN

JFACC'S DAILYGUIDANCE

JOINT FORCE MISSION

Master Air Attack Plan Air Defense Plan Airspace Control PlanSUPPORTING PLANS

Joint Air Operations Order Joint Air Tasking OrderAirspace Control Order

REFINE MASTER AIR ATTACK PLAN & SUPPORTING ORDERS:

CHAPTER IIIPLANNING FOR JOINT AIR OPERATIONS

Chapter III

III-2 Joint Pub 3-56.1

2. Joint Air Operations Plan

Joint air operations constitute anintegral part of the JFC’s operation orcampaign plan. The JFACC is normallyassigned responsibility for joint airoperations planning and develops a jointair operations plan for employing thatportion of the air effort made availableto the JFACC to accomplish theobjectives assigned by the JFC. The jointair operation plan documents theJFACC’s plan for integrating andcoordinating joint air operations. Thejoint air operation plan encompassesoperations of capabilities/ forces fromjoint force components. The staffassigned to develop the plan shouldinc lude representa t ion f rom al lcomponents providing capabilities/forces. A carefully selected staff ofplanners and weapon systems expertsfrom each component enablesconsideration and understandingof all component capabilities/forces.Potential expertise requirements mayinclude but are not limited to:

• Reconnaissance/surveillanceexperts

• Combat search and rescuespecialists

• Special operations experts• Electronic warfare specialists• Weapons system specialists• Targeteers/mission planners• Doctrine/strategy experts• Politico-military affairs specialists

• Intelligence analysts• Deception planners• Logistics/munitions experts• Air mobility (airlift and air

refueling) planners• Theater meteorological and

oceanographic (METOC)specialists

• Modeling/operations researchers• Public affairs experts• Judge advocate general personnel• Administrative support experts• Space support teams• Communications-computer systems

specialists• Aeromedical evacuation/medical

personnel• Liaison officers from supporting

and supported commands, otherjoint force components, and alliedforces.

3. Joint Air OperationsPlanning Process

Normally, there are five phases in thejoint air operations planning process,and each phase produces a desiredproduct. While presented in a sequentialorder, the phases are not all required to becompleted in order. Work on the variousphases may be concurrent or sequential.However, at some point, phases must beintegrated and the products of each phasemust be checked and verified forcoherence. Figure III-2 illustrates the fivephases.

III-3


Figure III-2. Joint Air Operations Planning Process

This phase is focused on gaining information about friendly andadversary capabilities and intentions, doctrine, and theenvironment in which the operations will take place.

The products of this phase are clearly defined and quantifiableobjectives that will contribute to the accomplishment of theJFC's operation or campaign objectives.

The product of this phase is the identification of those adversaryCOGs which could be attacked to satisfy the JFC's strategic,operational, and tactical objectives and friendly COGs that

The product of this phase is The Joint Air Operations Planwhich details how joint air operations will support the JFC'soperation or campaign plan. The JFACC develops the Joint AirOperations Plan based on the JFC's guidance.

The product of this phase is a clearly defined joint air strategystatement which states how the JFACC plans to exploit joint aircapabilities/forces to support the JFC's objectives.

JOINT AIR OPERATIONS PLANNINGPROCESS

PHASE 1, OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH

PHASE 2, OBJECTIVE DETERMINATION

PHASE 3, STRATEGY IDENTIFICATION

PHASE 4, CENTER(S) OF GRAVITY (COG)IDENTIFICATION

PHASE 5, THE JOINT AIR OPERATIONS PLANDEVELOPMENT

Chapter III


a. Phase 1: Operational EnvironmentResearch. The product of this phase isprimarily the intelligence preparation ofthe battlespace and gathering an in-depth knowledge of the operationalenvironment. This phase is focused ongaining information about friendly andadversary capabilities and intentions,doctrine, and the environment in whichthe operations will take place. The goalof this phase is to gain an understandingof the theater of operations, the adversary,and f r iendly forces avai lab le toaccomplish the JFC’s objectives.

• Ava i lab le fo rces , commandr e l a t i o n s h i p s ( U S a n dmultinational), ROE, applicabletreaties and agreements, base-userights, and overflight rights areexamples of information in this phase.Treaties and agreements should be onfile. Individual country rights andobligations can be identified throughthe chain of command from theDepartment of State and theappropriate US Embassy.

• Appropriate logistic informationconcerning what is available intheater, and what can be providedthrough existing ports, depots, warreserve materiel (WRM), or otherlogistic pipelines.

• Intelligence data is gathered andanalyzed. Data may include (as anexample) indications and warning,current intelligence, general militaryintelligence, target intelligence, andscientific and technical intelligence.(See Joint Pub 2-0, “Joint Doctrinef o r I n t e l l i g e n c e S u p p o r t t oOperations.”)

• For both friendly and adversaryforces, the full range of operational

intelligence concerning forces,capabilities, sustainment, disposition,as well as relative combat strengths,analyses of alternatives, targetsystems analysis, and probablecourses of action are examined.

b. Phase 2: Objective Determination.The products of this phase are clearlydefined and quantifiable objectives thatwill contribute to the accomplishment ofthe JFC’s operation or campaignobjectives.

• Source of planning objectives isusually documented in the JFC’sinitial planning guidance, and theoperation or campaign plan.

• Joint air objectives are derived fromt h e J F C ’s a n d c o m p o n e n t s ’objectives.

• Airpower, in conjunction with theexploitation of space-based systemscan impact all three levels of war(strategic, operational, and tactical)and can perform independent,integrated, and supporting operationssequentially or simultaneously.

• Joint air objectives and supportingobjectives must be identified bylisting those objectives at each level(strategic, operational, and tactical).The objectives of each level mustsupport the objectives of the higherlevel to ensure unity of effort.

c. Phase 3: Strategy Identification.The product of this phase is a clearlydefined joint air strategy statement.The operation or campaign plancommunicates the JFC’s strategy. Thejoint air strategy states how the JFACCplans to exploit joint air capabilities/forces to support the JFC’s objectives.

III-5


The joint air operations plan is how theJFACC communicates, promulgates, andarticulates this strategy.

d. Phase 4: Center(s) of Gravity(COG) Identification. The product ofthis phase is the identification of thoseCOGs that could be defeated to satisfythe JFC’s strategic, operational, andtactical objectives and those friendly(including multinational partners) COGsto defend. Clausewitz describes a COGas “the hub of all power and movement,on which everything depends.” Jointdoctrine defines COGs as “thosecharacteristics, capabilities, or localitiesfrom which a military force, nation, oralliance derives its freedom of action,physical strength, or will to fight.” COGdescribes the central feature(s) of powerthat if defeated may have the most decisiveresult. Airpower may have the ability toattack centers of gravity throughout theAOR/JOA to engage sets of targetsassociated with each and engage thesetargets simultaneously rather thansequentially. It is important to rememberthat the type of COG and method ofattack may vary widely throughout therange of military operations. Forexample, in a MOOTW environment, theCOG could be starvation. In this case,the “target” may be a drop zone that is“engaged” by air dropping pallets of foodand supplies to help “attack” the starvationCOG. The objectives and strategy mustbe clearly understood, and the operationalenvironment carefully analyzed, to helpthe JFC identify COGs. The greatest

barrier in selection of a COG lies in notconsidering all possibilities of theadversary’s power and friendly forces.A thorough understanding of the AOR/JOA and the adversary facilitatesidentification of the correct COG.

• COGs may be attacked both directlyor indirectly . The method of attack(direct or indirect) chosen by thecommander is based on soundmilitary judgment, the nature of theadversary, and objectives. Attacksmay be restricted by politicalconsiderations, military risk, laws ofarmed conflict (LOAC), and ROE.Direct attack is defined asphysically attacking a COG itself.Indirect attack is defined as causingthe downfall of the COG byattacking its supporting elements.The indirect approach is characterizedby attacking targets that expose a newCOG vulnerability. This involves, forexample, forcing reliance on a singleline of communication (LOC) orsource of supply and then, afterreliance is at its maximum, destroyingthis element of the COG. Examplesof pertinent questions to considerwhen deciding how to attack anidentified COG include: Willdisruption of activity at this targetsatisfy a military objective? Is air themost appropriate and efficient way tostrike this target? Are the expectedresults commensurate with themilitary risk? What will be the impacton US public opinion? Worldopinion? Consistent with LOAC andROE, can we minimize collateraldamage? Do the risks and levels ofanticipated collateral damage exceedthe military advantage to be gained?

• A COG may be represented by asingle target, a target system, ormult iple, interrelated target

" A i r p o w e r h a s b e c o m epredominant, both as a deterrentto war, and -in the eventuality ofwar- as the devastating force todestroy an enemy's potential andfatally undermine his will to wagewar."

General Omar Bradley

Chapter III


systems. In order to expose COGs toattack, it may be required to firstidentify and attack decisive pointsand/or progressively defeat enemymeasures used to protect their COGs.Actions to extend offensive effortsthroughout the theater, includingdeep penetrations of enemy territory,can increase the vulnerability ofenemy centers of gravity.

• The centers of gravity should becarefully selected for attack. Whenattacking COGs, they should beattacked as a target system. Air andspacepower are unique in that they canfocus on a COG ranging fromleadership all the way to enemycombat forces. If petroleum, oils, andlubricants (POL) is the element of theCOG being considered, it can beattacked from its point of origin to thedistribution system. For economy offorce, there may be a critical node ina target set which should be attackedfirst. Additional targets within thatset could be attacked to stress thewhole system. Target systems shouldbe attacked with sufficient forceneeded to meet the JFC’s militaryobjectives, consistent with the LOAC

and associated restraints andlimitations.

• The same process for identifyingCOGs should be applied to friendlyf o r c e s f r o m t h e e n e m y ’ sperspective. After the JFC definesfriendly COGs and deployment andemployment plans, the air defensesection of the joint air operations plancan be developed. Friendly centersof gravity should normally bedefended in-depth.

e. Phase 5: The Joint Air OperationsPlan Development. The product of thisphase is the joint air operations plan thatdetails how joint air operations willsupport the JFC’s operation orcampaign plan. Based on the JFC’sguidance, the JFACC develops the jointair operations plan. The joint airoperations plan developed during thisprocess should:

• Integrate the efforts of joint aircapabilities/forces in achieving JFCobjectives.

• Identify objectives and targets bypriority order , describing in what

F-16 Attacking a Ground Target

III-7


order they should be attacked or dealtwith, the desired results, and theweight of effort required to achievethe desired results in support of theJFC’s objectives. (Targets prioritizedby significance do not necessarilyindicate order to be attacked.)

• Account for current and potentialadversary offensive and defensivethreats.

• Conduct target development/system analysis to identify thosespecific targets that should bereattacked to achieve the objectives.

• Indicate the phasing of joint airoperations in relation to the JFC’soperation or campaign plan phasingand in relation to each other.

•• The first phase objective willnormally be to attain and maintainair superiority in the time and placenecessary for the joint force toconduct operations. This isaccompl ished by dest roy ing,neutralizing, or reducing the enemyair and missile threat to an acceptablelevel. If the enemy presents any airoffensive threat, a self-defensecapability is needed upon entering thetheater of operations. The air defensesystem, to include all defensivemeasures designed to destroyattacking enemy aircraft or missilesor to reduce the effectiveness of suchattacks should be defined in the airdefense section of the joint airoperations plan.

•• The joint air operations plansupports, as well as is supported by,the operations conducted by othercomponents in support of the JFC’smission objectives. Competingrequirements for joint air operationsincluding strategic attack, airinterdiction, and close air support willbe resolved by the JFC, normally bythe air apportionment decision.

• Indicate what capabilities/forceswill be required to achieve joint airoperations objectives.

•• Once the total force posture isk n o w n , f o r c e a v a i l a b i l i t y ,deployment timing, beddownavailability, and sustainmentrequirements can be matched withlogistic and planning requirements.

•• With this information, the JFCand components can analyze thejoint forces’ ability to support themission assigned to the JFACC,w h i l e e n s u r i n g a i r c a p a b l ecomponents retain sufficient organiccapabilities/forces to accomplish theirmissions. Shortfalls require the JFCto reprioritize or restructure themissions/plans or seek additionalresources.

"Battle experience proved that controlof the air, the prerequisite to theconduct of ground operations in anygiven area, was gained mosteconomically by the employment of airforces operating under a singlecommander."

General Eisenhower

Chapter III


• Include a comprehensive sustain-ability assessment for the joint airoperations plan.

•• Normally, sustainment require-ments for joint air operations arefulfilled by Service components.However, common, joint, or cross-servicing agreements, or directives bythe combatant commander maysignificantly alter responsibilities forkey aspects of logistic support.

•• The joint air operations plan mustclearly delineate any changes tologistic support practices effected bysuch agreements or directives. (SeeJoint Pub 4-0, “Doctrine for LogisticSupport of Joint Operations,” for anin-depth explanation of pertinentlogistic considerations.)

• Include procedures for allocating,tasking, and exercising command andcontrol of joint air capabilities/forcesmade available.

IV-1


"The outstanding military lesson of this campaign was the continuouscalculated application of air power, inherent in the potentialities of the AirForce, employed in the most intimate tactical and logistical union withground troops."

General Douglas MacArthur describing the Buna Campaign

Figure IV-1. Targeting Cycle Phases

1. Targeting

Targeting is the process of selectingtargets and matching the appropriateresponse to them. It takes into accountstrategic and operational requirements andcapabilities and the threat to friendlyforces imposed by the adversary.Targeting occurs at all levels of commandwithin a joint force and is performed atall levels by forces capable of attackingtargets with both lethal and nonlethaldisruptive and destructive means.Targeting is complicated by therequirement to deconflict duplicativetargeting by different forces or differentechelons within the same force and tosynchronize the attack of those targets

TARGETING CYCLE PHASES

12

345

6TARGET

DEVELOPMENT

FORCEAPPLICATION

WEAPONEERINGASSESSMENT

EXECUTIONPLANNING/

FORCEEXECUTION

COMBATASSESSMENT

COMMANDER'SOBJECTIVES AND

GUIDANCE

with other components of the jointforce. An effective and efficient targetdevelopment process and air tasking cycleare essential for the JFACC/JFC staff toplan and execute joint air operations. Thisjoint targeting process should integratecapabilities and efforts of national,unified, joint force, and componentcommands, all of which possess varyingcapabilities and different requirements.The process is the same in war andMOOTW.

2. Targeting Process

Targeting is a cyclical process (FigureIV-1), which begins with guidance andpriorities issued by the JFC and continues

with identification ofr e q u i r e m e n t s b yc o m p o n e n t s ; t h eprioritization of theser e q u i r e m e n t s ; t h eacquisition of targets ortarget sets; the attack oftargets by components;component and JFCassessment of the attacks;and continuing guidancefrom the JFC on futureattacks.

a. The targeting cyclebegins with objectivesand guidance, proceedsthrough execution, andends with combatassessment. Targeting

CHAPTER IVTARGETING AND TASKING FOR JOINT AIR OPERATIONS

Chapter IV

IV-2 Joint Pub 3-56.1

matches objectives and guidance withinputs from intelligence and operationspersonnel to select specific targets andidentify the forces necessary to achievethe desired objectives against thosetargets. More information on targeting canbe found in Joint Pub 2-01.1,“JointTactics, Techniques, and Procedures forIntelligence Support to Targeting.”

b. Targeting mechanisms shouldexist at multiple levels. The NationalCommand Author i t ies (NCA) orheadquarters senior to JFCs may provideguidance, priorities, and targeting supportto JFCs. Joint force components identifyrequirements, nominate targets that areoutside their AOs or exceed thecapabilities of organic and supportingassets (based on the JFC’s airapportionment decision), and conductexecution planning. After the JFC makesthe targeting and air apportionmentdecisions, components plan and executeassigned missions.

c. The JFC may establish and task anorganization within the JFC staff toaccomplish these broad targetingoversight functions or may delegate theresponsibility to a subordinate commander(e.g., JFACC). Typically, the JFCo r g a n i z e s a J o i n t Ta r g e t i n gCoordination Board (JTCB). If the JFCso designates, a JTCB may be anintegrating center to accomplish the broadtargeting oversight functions, or a JFC-level review mechanism. In either case,it needs to be a joint activity comprisedof representatives from the staff, allcomponents, and if required, theirsubordinate units.

• The JFC defines the role of theJTCB. Typically, the JTCB reviewstargeting information, developstargeting guidance and priorities, and

may prepare and refine joint targetlists. The JTCB must also maintain acomplete list of restricted targets andareas where special operations forcesare operating to avoid endangeringcurrent or future operations.

• The JTCB may assist the JFC indeveloping or revising the targetingguidance and/or priorities. TheJTCB maintains a macro-level viewof the AOR/JOA and ensurestargeting nominations are consistentwith the JFC’s campaign plan.

d. The JFC will normally delegate theauthor i ty to conduct execut ionp l a n n i n g , c o o r d i n a t i o n , a n ddeconfliction associated with joint airtargeting to the JFACC/JFC staff andwill ensure that this process is a jointeffort . The JFACC/JFC staff must possessa sufficient C2 infrastructure, adequatefacilities, and ready availability of jointplanning expertise. A targetingmechanism, tasked with detailed planning,weaponeering, and execution, is alsorequired at the component level tofacilitate the process.

3. Targeting Responsibilities

The JFACC/JFC staff develops a jointair operations plan that accomplishes theobjectives directed by the JFC.S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n , i n t e g r a t i o n ,deconfliction, allocation of aircapabilities/forces, and matchingappropriate weapons against targetvulnerabilities are essential targetingfunctions for the JFACC. Othercomponents targeting requirements tosupport their assigned missions areprovided to the JFC and JFACC via thet a r g e t i n f o r m a t i o n r e p o r t(TGTINFOREP). Therefore, targetsscheduled for deliberate attack bycomponen t d i re c t suppo r t a i r

IV-3


capabilities/forces should be included inthe joint ATO, when appropriate, fordeconf l ict ion and coordinat ion.All component commanders within thejo in t fo rce shou ld have a bas icunderstanding of each component’smission and general concept of operations/scheme of maneuver to support the JFC’scampaign. Therefore, components should

provide the JFACC a description of theirdirect support plan through the liaisonelements within the JAOC. This basicunderstanding will allow for coordinationand deconfliction of targeting effortsbetween each component and within theJFC staff and agencies. Figure IV-2details the JFACC/JFC staff targetingresponsibilities.

Figure IV-2. JFACC/JFC Staff Targeting Responsibilities

Plan, coordinate, allocate, task, and direct the joint air effort inaccordance with JFC guidance and joint force objectives.

Develop a joint air operations plan derived from the JFC's broaderoperation or campaign objectives and guidance regarding the roles,missions, tasks, and responsibilities of joint air capabilities/forces.

After consulting with other component commanders, recommendapportionment of the joint air effort by percentage and/or by priority thatshould be devoted to various mission categories and/or to geographicareas.

Translate air apportionment into allocation and develop targetingguidance into the joint ATO (which may include specific aim points).

Direct and ensure deconfliction of joint air operations.

Synchronize joint air operations.

Coordinate with the appropriate component's agencies/elements forsynchronization and deconfliction with land and naval operations.

Coordinate with the appropriate component's agencies/elements fortasking of the air capabilities/forces made available.

Coordinate with the JFSOCC's SOLE for integration, synchronization,and deconfliction with special operations.

Monitor execution and redirect joint air operations as required.

Direct alert joint air capabilities/forces for prosecution of real-timetargets in support of joint forces.

Compile component target requirements prioritize targets, based onJFC guidance.

Accomplish combat assessment.

JFACC/JFC STAFF TARGETING RESPONSIBILITIES

Chapter IV


4. The Joint Air Tasking Cycle

A joint air tasking cycle is used toprovide for the efficient and effectiveemployment of the joint air capabilities/forces made available. The cycle (FigureIV-3) provides a repetitive process for theplanning, coordination, allocation, andtasking of joint air missions/sorties,within the guidance of the JFC. The cycleaccommodates changing tacticalsituations or JFC guidance, as well asrequests for support from othercomponent commanders. The joint air

tasking cycle is an analytical, systematicapproach that focuses targeting effortson supporting operational require-ments. Much of the day-to-day joint airtasking cycle is conducted through aninterrelated series of informationexchanges (through designatedcomponent liaison officers and/ormessages), which provide a means ofrequesting and scheduling joint airmissions. Note: A timely joint ATO iscritical-- other joint force componentsconduct their planning and operationsbased on a prompt, executable joint ATO,and are dependent on its information.

Figure IV-3. Notional Air Tasking Cycle

NOTIONAL AIR TASKING CYCLE

JFC GUIDANCE

JIPTL

JIPTL - Joint Integrated Prioritized Target List

MAAP

MAAP - Master Air Attack Plan

JOINT ATO/SPINS

RESULTS

RECOMMENDATIONS 12

34

6

5

JFC/COMPONENTCOORDINATION

TARGETDEVELOPMENT

JOINT ATODEVELOPMENT

WEAPONEERING/ALLOCATION

FORCEEXECUTION

COMBATASSESSMENT

IV-5


a. There are usually three joint ATOsat any time: (1) the joint ATO inexecution (today’s plan), (2) the joint ATOin production (tomorrow’s plan), and (3)the joint ATO in planning (the followingday’s plan). The joint air tasking cycleb e g i n s w i t h t h e J F C ’ s a i r

apportionment process and culminateswith the combat assessment of previousmissions/sorties. Figure IV-4 is anotional joint air tasking timeline, whichmay be modified to fit the particularsituation.

0600

1800

0600

1800

0600

TGT REQS (0600)

TGT CELL (0900)

JTCB* (1300)

REVIEW/APPROVE JIPTL

AIRSUPREQ

ALLOREQ

APPROVE MAAP SORTIEALOT

ATOCONF

EXECUTE JOINT ATO

PLA

NM

AA

PATA

PROD

*IF TASKED BY JFC

JFCOBJECTIVES

TARGETDEVELOPMENT

WEAPONEERING

JOINT ATODEVELOPMENT

EXECUTION

COMBATASSESSMENT

NOTIONAL 48 HOUR JOINT ATO TIMELINE

BRIEF FINAL ATOAPPROVE JOINT ATO

(1600)

Figure IV-4. Notional 48 Hour Joint ATO Timeline

Chapter IV


b. The full joint ATO cycle from JFCguidance to the start of joint ATOexecution is dependent on the JFC’sprocedures. Notionally, this spans a 30-72 hour period. Each actual joint ATOperiod usually covers a 24-hour period(0600-0600 for illustrative purposes in thisdocument). The precise timeframes forthe joint air tasking cycle must bespecified in the JFC’s operation plans orthe JFACC’s joint air operations plan.

c. The execution phase of the joint airtasking cycle will notionally consist of24-hour periods with start and endtimes as specified by joint air operationsplans. The joint ATO embodies JFCobjectives and intent in a joint air taskingdirective. The joint ATO matches specifictargets compiled by the JFACC/JFC staffwith the capabilities/forces made availableto the JFACC for the given joint ATO day.

5. Joint ATO Phases

The joint ATO phases depicted(Figure IV-3) are related to the targetingcycle. The approach is the same, asystematic process that matches availablecapabilities/forces with targets to achieveoperational objectives. The number ofATO phases may vary based on theater andcontingency requirements. Prior to theJFC and component commander'smeeting, the JFACC meets with seniorcomponent liaisons and the JFACCstaff to develop recommendations onjoint air strategy and apportionmentfor future operations. (The use of theterm “meeting” is notional; other methodsof information exchange could also beused.) This meeting may review JFCobjectives and guidance; analyze resultsof joint force operations and considerchanges to planned or ongoing joint airoperations; review adversary capabilitiesand courses of action, centers of gravity,decisive points, critical areas, and key

targets; develop and recommend updatesto the joint target list (JTL); and assessjoint air capabilities for future operationsto meet JFC objectives. The JFACCprovides objectives and guidance to thestaff for joint air operations to support theJFC’s intent, recommends broad targetcategories that support the JFC’sobjectives, reviews joint force aircapabilities/forces to achieve assignedtasks , re f i nes requ i r emen ts fo rc a p a b i l i t i e s / f o r c e s f r o m o t h e rcomponents, and after consulting with theother component commanders or theirrepresentatives, formulates an airapportionment recommendation forpresentation to the JFC. Examples of airapportionment categories include, but arenot l im i ted to, s t ra teg ic a t tack ,interdiction, counterair, maritime support,and close air support.

a . P h a s e 1 : J F C / C o m p o n e n tCoordination

• The JFC consults often with hiscomponent commanders to assess theresults of the warfighting effort andto discuss the strategic direction andfuture operation plans. This providesc o m p o n e n t c o m m a n d e r s a no p p o r t u n i t y t o i n t r o d u c er e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , s u p p o r trequirements, and state their abilityto support other components. TheJFC provides broad guidance andobjectives and his vision of whatconstitutes military success. The JFCalso defines the intent of the operationor campaign and sets priorities. TheJFC’s guidance and objectives willidentify targeting priorities, JTL/J I P T L p l a n n i n g g u i d a n c e ,procedures, appropriate maneuverand movement control, joint firesupport coordinating measures,ROE, and what defines componentdirect support sorties. This

IV-7


support. After consulting withother component commanders, theJFACC/JFC staff makes the airapportionment recommendation tothe JFC (Phase 1, ATO cycle).

b. Phase 2: Target Development. Thespecific objectives received during Phase1 are used to focus target development.Targets are nominated to support thetargeting objectives and prioritiesprovided by the JFC. All potential targetsare processed through the JAOC (CombatPlans), which will identify, prioritize, andselect specific targets that meet the JFC’sobjectives and guidance. Targets areselected from joint target lists, componentrequests, intelligence recommendations,electronic warfare inputs, and currentintelligence assessments, as the situationdictates. In accordance with the JFC’sobjectives and component targetingrequirements, the JFACC/JFC staff willdevelop the joint air operation plans toemploy available capabilities/forces.The end product of the targetdevelopment phase is a prioritized listof targets--the JIPTL that supports theobjectives and conforms to guidance.

Flight of F-14 Aircraft

guidance will also include the JFC’sair apportionment decision.

• Appo r t i onmen t (A i r ) . A i rapportionment is the determinationand assignment of the total expectedeffort by percentage and/or prioritythat should be devoted to the variousair operations and/or geographic areasfor a given period of time. Airapportionment allows the JFC toensure the weight of the joint aireffort is consistent with campaignphases and objectives. Given themany functions that the joint air effortcan perform, its AOR/JOA-wideapplication, and its ability to rapidlyshift from one function to another,JFCs pay particular attention to itsapportionment. JFCs normallyapportion the air effort by priority orpercentage of effort into geographicareas, against mission-type orders,and/or by categories significant forthe campaign. These categories caninclude, but are not limited to,strategic attack, interdiction, counterair, maritime support, and close air

Chapter IV


• JTL Development Process. Thejoint targeting process normallybegins before deployment or theonset of hostilities, during thedeliberate planning at the geographiccombatant commander levelassociated with development of anoperation plan (OPLAN) or operationplan in concept format (CONPLAN).If a plan is to be executed, thetargeting process continues during thedevelopment and implementation ofthe operation or campaign plan andthe components’ supporting plans.Primary responsibility for themaintenance of the integratedintelligence data base that forms thefoundation for most targeting restswith the Defense Intelligence Agency(DIA) and the theater jointintelligence centers (JICs) andsubordinate JICs. As the situationevolves across the range of militaryoperations, the responsibility formaintenance of the theater data basemay shift to the theater JIC and/orsubordinate JIC as appropriate. TheJTL is normally constructed by theunified command with supportfrom components and with inputsfrom the Joint Staff and othernational agencies. The JTL containspr io r i t i zed ta r get ca tegor ies(command and control, airfields, linesof communications, and others asappropriate), listing specific targets.It also contains a sufficient level ofdetail to assist complete targetidentification, location, andassessment. Upon direction of theJFC, the JTL is updated daily or asr e q u i r e d v i a T G T I N F O R E Pmessages f rom componen ts .Maintenance of the JTL may beconducted by the JFC’s staff or asdirected by the JFC (e.g., JTCB).During execution, the JTL continues

to serve as an updated reference.Consideration of any requirementsimposed by LOAC and ROE is alsoessential in targeting development.

• The culmination of the joint air targetdevelopment process occurs whenspecific targets are approved andincluded in the joint ATO andassigned to C/F made available forjoint air operations.

c . P h a s e 3 : We a p o n e e r i n g /Allocation

• During the weaponeering/allocationphase, targeting personnel quantifythe expected results of lethal andnonlethal weapons employmentagainst prioritized targets. TheJIPTL, the prioritized listing ofpotential targets, constructed duringthe target development phase,provides the basis for weaponeeringassessment activities. All approvedtargets are weaponeered on targetw o r k s h e e t s , w h i c h d e t a i lr e c o m m e n d e d a i m p o i n t s ,recommended number/type aircraftand weapons , fuz ing , ta rg e tidentification and description, targetattack objectives, target area threats,and probability of destruction. Thefinal prioritized targets are thenincluded into the MAAP. Theresulting MAAP is the plan ofemployment that forms thefoundation of the joint ATO . TheMAAP is a key element of the concepto f jo int a i r operat ions. Thedevelopment of the MAAP includesthe review of JFC and JFACCguidance; component direct airsupport plans and support requestsfrom components; updates to targetrequests; availability of capabilities/forces; target selection from theJIPTL; and aircraft allocation.

IV-9


• Allocation (Air). Following the JFCair apportionment decision, theJFACC/JFC staff translates thatdecision into total number of sortiesby aircraft or weapon type availablefor each operation/task theysupport. On the basis of the JFC’sair apportionment decision, internalrequirements, and air support request(AIRSUPREQ) messages, each aircapable component prepares anallocation request (ALLOREQ)message for transmission to theJFACC/JFC staff (normally not lessthan 24 hours prior to the air taskingday). ALLOREQ messages report:

•• the number of joint air sorties tobe flown during the air tasking dayby assigned mission and type aircraft,

•• excess sorties not required by theair capable component and availablefor taskings by the JFACC/JFC staff,and:

•• request for additional air supportbeyond the capability of the aircapable component.

d. Phase 4: Joint ATO Development

• After the MAAP is approved by theJFACC (JFC under the JFC staffoption), detailed preparationscontinue by Combat Plans sectionon the joint ATO, SPINS, and theACO (provided by the ACA). JFCand JFACC gu idance , ta r getworkshee ts , t h e MAAP, andcomponent requirements are used tofinalize the ATO/SPINS/ACO.Components may submit criticalchanges to target requests and assetavailability during this final phase ofjoint ATO development. The ACAand AADC instructions must beprovided in sufficient detail to

allow components to plan andexecute all missions tasked in thejoint ATO . These directions mustenable combat operations withoutundue restrictions, balancing combateffectiveness with the safe, orderly,and expeditious use of airspace. ACAinstructions must provide for quickcoordination of task assignment orreassignment. The AADC mustdirect aircraft identification andengagement procedures and ROE thatare appropriate to the nature of thethreat. ACA and AADC instructionsshould also consider the volume offriendly air traffic, friendly aird e f e n s e r e q u i r e m e n t s , I F Ftechnology, weather, and enemycapabilities. ACA and AADCinstructions are contained in monthly,weekly, and daily SPINS, and also inthe ACO that is updated as frequentlyas required. The joint ATO, ACO,and SPINS provide operational andtactical direction at appropriate levelsof detail. The level of detail shouldbe very explicit when forces operatefrom different bases and multi-component and/or composi temissions are tasked. By contrast, lessdetail is required when missions aretasked to a single component or base.See Joint Pub 3-52, “Doctrine forJoint Airspace Control in the CombatZone,” for further discussion.

• Allotment. The JAOC reviewseach air capable component’sallocation decision/ALLOREQmessage and may prepare asortie allotment (SORTIEALOT)message back to the components asrequi red, in accordance wi thes tab l i shed opera t ions p lansgu ide l ine . I f SORTIEALOTmessages are not used, the JAOC canpass the information normallycontained in the SORTIEALOT by

Chapter IV


other means (e.g., contingencytheater automated planning system(CTAPS), through componentl iaisons). The SORTIEALOTmessage confirms (and wherenecessary modifies) the ALLOREQand provides general guidance forplanning joint air operations. TheSORTIEALOT addresses three basicrequirements:

•• Revisions, if any, to thecomponent’s planned allocation ofjoint air sorties necessitated byunforeseen joint force requirementsa n d w i t h i n t h e J F C ’ s a i rapportionment guidance. Normally,a revision to the componentsallocation decision requires JFCauthority. With the JFC’s approval,revisions or redirection of componentallocation decisions may beaccomplished by SORTIEALOTmessage.

•• Approva l /d i sapprova l o fcomponent requests and allotment ofother component’s excess sorties tofill the approved air support requests,or other requirements for the jointforce.

•• Revisions to mission data forcomponent air support requests, suchas a changed mission priority or timeon target. This is usually the result ofcoordination between the componentand the JAOC staff.

e. Phase 5: Force Execution. TheJFACC/JFC staff directs the executionand/or deconflicts all capabilities/forcesmade available for a given joint ATO.

The JFC may give the JFACC theauthority to redirect joint air operations.The affected component commander mustapprove all requests for redirection ofdirect support air assets. Affectedcomponent commanders will be notifiedby the JFACC upon redirection of jointsorties previously allocated in the jointATO for support of component operations.Aircraft or other capabilities/forces notapportioned for tasking, but includedin the ATO for coordination purposes,will be redirected only with theapproval of the respective componentcommander or designated senior JAOCliaison officer. Components execute thejoint ATO as tasked and recommendchanges to the JAOC as appropriate, givene m e r g i n g J F C a n d c o m p o n e n trequirements.

E-3A AWACS Aircraft

IV-11


• The JAOC must be responsive torequired changes during theexecution of the joint ATO. In-flightreports and initial battle damageassessment (BDA) may cause aredirecting of joint air capabilities/forces before launch or a redirectiononce airborne.

• During execution, the JAOC is thecentral agency for revising thetasking of joint air capabilities/forces. It is also charged withcoordinating and deconflicting thosechanges with the appropriate controlagencies or components.

• Due to battlefield dynamics, theJFACC/JFC may be required tomake changes to the planned jointair operations during execution.The JFACC/JFC will notify theaffected component commanders, asappropriate.

• During execution, the JFACC/JFCstaff will normally be responsiblef o r r e t a r g e t i n g m i s s i o n sapportioned and allocated tosupport the joint force as a whole,to respond to moving targets orchanging priorities. Ground orairborne command and controlplatform mission commanders may bedelegated the authority from theJFACC (under the same conditionsoutlined above) to redirect sorties/missions made available to higherpriority targets as necessary. It isessential, however, that the JAOC(Combat Operations Section) benotified of all redirected missions.

f. Phase 6: Combat Assessment (CA).Combat assessment is done at all levelsof the joint force. The JFC shouldestablish a dynamic system to support CAfor all components. Normally, the jointforce J-3 will be responsible forcoordinating CA, assisted by the jointforce J-2. CA evaluates combat operationseffectiveness to achieve commandobjectives. Effective campaign planningand execution require a continuingevaluation of the impact of joint forcecombat operations on the overallcampaign. The JFACC/JFC staffcontinuously evaluates the results ofjoint air operations and provides theseto the JFC for consolidation and overallevaluation of the current campaign.The CA concept of operations shouldinc lude BDA, muni t ions e ffec tsassessment (MEA), and reat tackrecommendations. It must take intoconsideration the capabilities/forcesemployed, munitions, and attack timingin assessing the specific mission and jointair operations success and effects againstthe specific targets attacked, targets y s t e m s , a n d r e m a i n i n g e n e m ywarfighting capabilities, relative to theobjectives and strategy. Future enemycourses of action and remaining enemycombat capabilities should be weighedagainst established JFC and JFACCtargeting priorities to determine futuretargeting objectives and reattackrecommendations. The JFACC/JFC staffassessment should be forwarded to theJFC to determine overall campaignsuccess and recommend changes incourses of action. Although CA marksthe end of the targeting process, it alsoprovides the inputs for process re-in i t ia t ion and subsequent ta rgetdevelopment, weaponeering/allocation,joint ATO development, force execution,and combat assessment.

Chapter IV


6. Command, Control,Communications,Computers, and Intelligence(C4I)

The JFACC/JFC staff is responsiblefor planning and activating allvalidated joint air communicationslinks that support the JFC’s missionand allow accomplishment of the JFCdirectives. The ability to exchangein fo rmat ion v i a re l i ab le securecommunications with the JFC, joint forcestaff, and component commanders is keyto the successful integration of the jointair effort. Planning must address thefollowing areas:

a. C4I data exchange requirementswill be promulgated as early as possibleto ensure that each component can meetunique interface requirements. Everyeffort will be made to confirm C4I datainformation exchange connectivityrequirements during deliberate planning.

b. Planning for al l informationexchange requirements and proceduresmust consider emission contro lrequirements and operations security.

c. The best mix of computer aidedsystems must be available for data

transmission. The JAOC and liaisonofficers depend on secure, reliablecommunications and data exchangeequipment in order to respond to jointforce requirements.

• Normally, the CTAPS is used.T h e AT O g e n e r a t i o n a n ddissemination software portion ofCTAPS has been designated the jointstandard by the Joint Staff J-6. Thisstandardized ATO feature allows theJAOC to be interoperable with otherforce-level Service C4I systems.

• Information such as ALLOREQs andS O RT I E A L O T a r e n o r m a l l yexchanged through US message textformats (USMTF). More specificguidance for USMTF is contained inJo in t Pub 3-56.24, “Tact ica lCommand and Control PlanningGuidance and Procedures for JointO p e r a t i o n s - - J o i n t I n t e r f a c eOperational Procedure--MessageText Formats,” which specifiesinformation exchange procedures foruse within a joint force. Specificinstructions and formats for preparingthe MTFs are contained in the JointUser Handbook for Message TextFormats (JUH-MTF).

A-1

Joint Air Operations Plan FormatAPPENDIX A

JOINT AIR OPERATIONS PLAN FORMAT

The joint air operations plan format uses the same format as the JFC campaign planbut from an airpower point of view. Each air operations plan will differ with the AOR/JOA, situation, and capabilities of the joint force. A sample format follows:

Copy NoIssuing Headquarters

Place of IssueDate/Time Group of Signature

JOINT AIR OPERATIONS PLAN: (Number or Code Name)

References: Maps, charts, and other relevant documents.

COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS. Briefly describe the command organization(composition and relationships) for the JFC’s campaign and the air operationsenvisioned. Detailed information may be included in the command relationships annex.Cover component commanders, AADC, and ACA identities, and others as required.

1. Situation. Briefly describe the situation that the plan addresses (see JFC’s estimate).The related CONPLAN or OPLAN should be identified as appropriate.

a. Guidance. Provide a summary of directives, letters of instructions,memorandums, treaties, and strategic plans, including any campaign/operationplans received from higher authority, that apply to the plan.

(1) Relate the strategic direction to the JFC’s requirements.

(2) List the strategic objectives and tasks assigned to the command.

(3) Constraints--list actions that are prohibited or required by higherauthority (ROE, and others as appropriate).

b. Adversary Forces. Provide a summary of pertinent intelligence data includinginformation on the following:

(1) Composition, location, disposition, movements, and strengths of majoradversary forces that can influence action in the AOR/JOA.

(2) Strategic concept (if known), should include adversary’s perception offriendly vulnerabilities and adversary’s intentions regarding thosevulnerabilities.

(3) Major objectives (strategic and operational).

Appendix A

A-2 Joint Pub 3-56.1

(4) Adversary commander’s idiosyncrasies and doctrinal patterns.

(5) Operational and sustainment capabilities.

(6) Vulnerabilities.

(7) Centers of gravity and decisive points.

NOTE: Assumed information should be identified as such. Reference may be madeto the intelligence annex for more detailed information.

c. Friendly Forces. State here information on friendly forces not assigned thatmay directly affect the command.

(1) Intent of higher, adjacent, and supporting US commands (e.g.,USTRANSCOM, USSTRATCOM, USSOCOM, USSPACECOM).

(2) Intent of higher, adjacent, and supporting allied or other coalition forces(e.g., NATO, Spain, Italy, Egypt).

d. Assumptions. State here assumptions applicable to the plan as a whole. Includeboth specified and implied assumptions.

2. Mission. State the joint air task(s) and the purpose(s) and relationship(s) toachieving the JFC’s objective(s).

3. Air Operations

a. Strategic or Operational Concept. (Based on the relevant major elements ofJFC strategy.) State the broad concept for the deployment, employment, andsustainment of major air capable joint forces including the concepts of deceptionand psychological operations during the operation or campaign as a whole. (Thissection is a summary of details found in annexes.)

(1) Joint force air organization.

(2) Joint force air objectives.

(3) Beddown overview.

(4) Operational missions.

(5) Phases of joint air operations in relation to JFC operation or campaignplan.

(6) Timing and duration of phases.

b. Phase I. Provide a phase directive for each phase.

A-3

Joint Air Operations Plan Format

(1) Operational Concept. Include operational objectives, plan of attack,and timing.

(2) General missions and guidance to subordinates and components’supporting and supported requirements. Ensure that missions arecomplementary.

(3) Capabilities/forces required by role or capability. Should consider land,sea, air, space, special operations, and multinational.

(4) Tasks of subordinate commands and components.

(5) Reserve Forces. Location and composition. State “be prepared”missions. Include guidance on surge sorties if used as reserve capability.

(6) Mobility. Consider transportation, ports, lines of communication, transitand overflight rights, reinforcement, reception and onward movement, andhost-nation support arrangements.

(7) Deception.

(8) Psychological Operations. Ensure joint air operations support establishedpsychological operations.

c. Phases II-XX (last). Cite information as stated in subparagraph 3b above foreach subsequent phase. Provide a separate phase for each step in the operation atthe end of which a major reorganization of forces may be required and anothersignificant action initiated.

d. Coordinating Instructions. If desired, instructions applicable to two or morephases or multiple elements of the command may be placed here.

4. Logistics. Brief, broad statement of the sustainment concept for the joint airoperations with information and instructions applicable to the joint air operations byphase. Logistic phases must be consistent with operational phases. This informationmay be listed separately and referenced here. This paragraph should address:

a. Assumptions (including coalition requirements).

b. Supply aspects.

c. Maintenance and modifications.

d. Medical service.

e. Transportation.

f. Base development.

Appendix A


g. Personnel.

h. Foreign military assistance.

i. Administrative management.

j. Line(s) of communication.

k. Reconstitution of forces.

l. Joint and multinational responsibilities.

m. Sustainment priorities and resources.

n. Inter-Service responsibilities.

o. Host-nation considerations.

5. Command, Control, and Communications

a. Command

(1) Command Relationships. State generally the command relationshipsfor the entire joint air operations or portions thereof. Indicate any transfer offorces contemplated during the joint air operations, indicating the time of theexpected transfer. These changes should be consistent with the operationalphasing in paragraph 3. Give location of commander, JAOC, and commandposts.

(2) Delegation of Authority.

b. Communications

(1) Communications. Plans of communications. (May refer to a standardplan or be contained in an annex.) Include time zone to be used; rendezvous,recognition, and identification instructions; code; liaison instructions; andaxis of signal communications as appropriate.

(2) Electronics. Plans of electronic systems. (May refer to standard plan ormay be contained in an annex.) Include electronic policy and such otherinformation as may be appropriate.

(3) Combat Camera. Plans for combat camera. (May refer to a standardplan or may be contained in a combat camera annex.) Include digital stillphoto and motion video imagery transmission to the Pentagon’s Joint CombatCamera Center.

A-5

Joint Air Operations Plan Format

(4) Armament Delivery Recording (ADR) (bomb and gun camera imagery).Plan for ADR. (May refer to a standard plan or may be contained in a combatcamera annex.) Include imagery transmission to the Pentagon’s CombatCamera Center.

(Signed)(Commander)

ANNEXES: As required

DISTRIBUTION:

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

Appendix A


Intentionally Blank

B-1

Liaison Elements Within the JAOC

1. Introduction

Effective liaison between forces isessential for coordinated joint airoperations. The JFC and componentcommanders will exchange liaisonelements to assist and coordinate planningand execution of joint air operations.Liaison elements provide senior levelinterface for air, land, sea, space, andspecial operation forces. These elementsconsist of experienced warfare specialistswho provide component planning andtask ing expe r t i se , coo rd ina t i oncapabilities, and the ability to deconflictcomponent operations and joint airoperations. A brief summary follows oftypical liaison elements. Detailedinformation can be found in respectivesupporting command and Servicedocuments.

2. Battlefield CoordinationElement (BCE)

The Army Component Commanderestablishes a BCE to act as the interfacebetween the component commander andthe JFACC or the Air Force componentcommander. The BCE is collocated withthe JAOC or the Air Force componentAOC. The BCE processes land forcerequests for air support, monitors andinterprets the land battle situation for theJAOC, and provides the necessaryinterface for the exchange of currentoperational and intelligence data. TheBCE expedites the exchange ofinformation through face-to-facecoordination with elements of the JAOCand coordinates air defense and airspacecontrol matters. The BCE is organizedinto sections which are incorporated

throughout the JAOC (e.g., plans,intelligence, operations, fusion, airdefense artillery and Army airspacecommand and control, and airlift).

3. Special Operations LiaisonElement (SOLE)

The JFSOCC provides a SOLE to theJFACC/JFC staff or appropriate Servicecomponent air command and controlfacility to coordinate and synchronizeSOF air and surface operations with jointa i r opera t ions . A ma jo r SOLEresponsibility is shared asset coordination/deconfliction. The SOLE must considerairborne fire support and reconnaissance,command and control platforms, aerialrefueling, as well as deconfliction of deepoperations. The SOLE chief worksdirectly for the JFSOCC and places liaisonofficers throughout the JAOC staff. Underthe direction of the SOLE chief, theseliaison officers provide SOF air andground operations expertise throughoutthe JAOC. Because the JFSOCC and theJFACC share a common environment, thedeep battlefield, SOF aviation and surfaceassets must be integrated into joint airoperations planning and execution toprovide for synergy, integration,coordination, and deconfliction.

a . T h e J F S O C C ’s A i r F o r c ecomponent is known as the Air ForceSpecial Operations Component (AFSOC).When there are joint special operationsaviation assets in theater (which mayinclude Army and Navy special operationsaviation assets), the JFSOCC normallydesignates a JSOACC. The JSOACCnormally will be the commander with thepreponderance of assets and/or greatest

APPENDIX BLIAISON ELEMENTS WITHIN THE JAOC

Appendix B

B-2 Joint Pub 3-56.1

ability to plan, coordinate, allocate, task,control, and support the assigned jointspecial operations aviation assets. Specialoperations air assets are organic to theJFSOCC. Their tasking is derived fromthe JFSOCC and will be coordinated withthe JFACC/JFC staff and entered into theATO.

b. In addition to specific JFSOCCobjectives supporting the JFC’s intent,SOF can act as a significant joint forcemultiplier by contributing to joint airoperations. The senior SOF liaison mayseek JFSOCC guidance and approval tocontribute to joint air operations in fourbroad areas. First, SOF can act as aneconomy of force measure, striking targetswhich allow joint air to strike higherpriority targets. Second, SOF may be ableto conduct surgical operations beyond thecapabilities of joint air capabilities/forces(e.g., against weapons of mass destructionproduc t ion or s to rage fac i l i t i esinaccessible to joint air capabilities/forcesdue to environmental or dispersalconcerns). Third, because of uniquetraining and multiple air/ground combatpower delivery capabilities, SOF maycombine with joint air operations in asynergistic attack (e.g., terminal guidanceoperations). Finally, SOF may enhancejoint air operations with still other uniquepersonnel and platform capabilities, suchas providing a tailored joint specialoperations task force (JSOTF), under theTACON of the JFACC, to assist in locatingdeep targets.

4. Space Liaison Officer (SLO)

US Space Command (USSPACECOM)component personnel deploy to assist theJFACC/JFC staff in requesting and usingsupport from space assets. The seniorSLO also serves as the Senior SpaceLiaison to the JAOC, providing direct

coordination between the JAOC andUSSPACECOM Theater Support Team(TST). Personnel deployed may be fromAir Force Forward Space Support toTheater (FSST) Teams and/or the NavalSpace Support Team (NSST).

5. Naval and AmphibiousLiaison Element (NALE)

The NALE is responsive to the JAOCon matters pertaining to Navy and Marineamphibious operations. The NALEprocesses Navy force and Marine landingforce requests for air support and monitorsand interprets the maritime battle situationfor the JAOC. The NALE provides thenecessary interface for the exchange ofcurrent operational and intelligence databetween components and the JAOC. TheNALE also coordinates maritimerequirements for air defense, long-rangeinterdiction, and long-range requirementsand monitors Navy and Marine airspaceand air traffic control requirements andchanges. The NALE provides feedbackto the JAOC and components on currentand future joint air operations concerningintegration of force requirements.

6. Air Mobility Element(AME)

The AME is responsible for the detailedplanning and coordinating for all strategicairlift operations in theater. The AME ispart of the theater airlift system and shouldbe collocated within the JAOC. Should itbecome necessary to temporarily assignstrategic airlift assets to fulfill the theaterairlift mission requirements, then theAME will be the focal point and taskingauthority for these missions. JFCs shouldrely on their JFACC to plan and controltheater airlift operations. If a JFACC isnot designated, the Air Force ComponentCommander should plan and control

B-3

Liaison Elements Within the JAOC

theater airlift. Normally, the planning andcontrol for theater airlift operations willbe conducted by specialized airlift sectionsembedded within functional staff sectionsof the JAOC.

7. Strategic Liaison Team(STRATLAT)

The STRATLAT provides a smallnumber of advisors for the JFC and theJFACC skilled in nuclear planning andcoordination. The STRATLAT will beprovided by United States StrategicCommand (USSTRATCOM) upon JFCrequest and will report to and be collocatedwith the JFC and/or the appropriatecomponent commander(s). Whenprovided, this team will be subordinate tothe JFC. The JFC should rely on this teamto assist in the preparation of nuclearrequest and execution messages and forthe unique target ing and effectsinformation for nuclear weapons. TheSTRATLAT will coordinate with them i s s i o n p l a n n i n g f a c i l i t i e s o fUSSTRATCOM to op t im ize t h e

util ization of nuclear weapons, i fauthorized by the National CommandAuthorities for use.

8. Air Force Liaison Element(AFLE)

The AFLE provides an interfacebetween the Commander, Air ForceForces (COMAFFOR) and the JFACC forcoordinating and synchronizing Air Forceunits in support of joint air operations.Normally, the AFLE is composed ofpersonnel and equipment for a GeneralPurpose Numbered Air Force’s staff andcomponent organizations. AFLE manningis based on a cadre concept with personnelselected for their battle managementexpertise and a knowledge of C2 conceptsand procedures. Additional personnelaugment the cadre who are specialistsknowledgeable in the capabilities andtactics of the aircraft, intelligence, orweapons systems being employed. TheAFLE can be tailored to perform a varietyof missions and management functions tomatch the contingency or operation.

Appendix B

B-4 Joint Pub 3-56.1

Intentionally Blank

C-1

Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC) Divisions/Branches Descriptions

1. Introduction

The JAOC (Figure II-4) is the joint airoperations command and control centerthat plans, directs, and executes joint airoperations in support of the JFC’soperation or campaign plan. Dependenton theater and contingency and whetherthe mission involves war or MOOTW, thecomposition, organization, and functionsof the JAOC may need to be tailored.However, the basic framework stillapplies. Though the use of the word“combat” is used in the title of some ofthe divisions and branches, the activitiesin supporting joint air operations may spanthe range of military operations. Theseactivities may just as well involveplanning to accomplish noncombatobjectives in a MOOTW scenario. A briefdescription of divisions and brancheswithin the JAOC follows.

2. Combat Plans Division(CPD)

The CPD is responsible for planning“future joint air operations.” CPDnormally develops the joint air operationss t r a t e g y , a i r a p p o r t i o n m e n trecommendation, and produces the jointATO. In support of the joint ATOdevelopment process, CPD coordinateswith the combat intelligence division onthe adversary’s current and future forcestructure, capabilities, and intentions.CPD may be divided into severalbranches/cells dependent on the AOR/JOA requirements.

a. Air Strategy. Air Strategy plannersdevelop and plan the strategic directionfor joint air operations. Strategy planners

work with the JFACC/JFC staff to developthe overarching strategy and guidance forjoint air operations which is developed inconcert with the JFC’s operation orcampaign plan. Air strategy involves acontinuous planning process that mayrevise air strategy based on intelligenceinputs, combat assessment, and analysisof centers of gravity.

b. Airspace/Command and Control.Develops, coordinates, and publishesplans, concepts of operations, and detailedp r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e c o m b i n e dinteroperability and integration ofcommand and control systems. Thisincludes airspace management, area airdefense, air support, and communicationssupport. If the JFACC is not appointed asACA and/or AADC, this branch providesthe J FACC/JFC s ta f f i npu t andcoordination to whoever has responsibilityfor those functions.

• Airspace Management and AirDefense. Develops, coordinates, andpub l i shes p lans , concep t o foperations, and procedures tosynchronize planning requirements ofairspace management and area aird e f e n s e . T h i s i n c l u d e ssynchronization of friendly airo p e r a t i o n s f r o m c o m p o n e n toperations and air defense proceduresfor C2 of an integrated air defensesystem. Development of airspacecontrol measures include such itemsas air refueling routes, missileengagement zones, minimum riskroutes, and others as appropriate,which are developed, coordinated, andpublished in the ACP. Area airdefense planners develop specific

APPENDIX CJOINT AIR OPERATIONS CENTER (JAOC) DIVISIONS/

BRANCHES DESCRIPTIONS

Appendix C

C-2 Joint Pub 3-56.1

p r o c e d u r e s f o r d e t e c t i o n ,interrogation, and engagement ofairborne threats. Air defense plannerswork closely with airspace managersto develop safe passage and minimumrisk procedures for friendly forces.

• Air Support. Air support plannersare responsible for C2 procedures toground combat forces. Theseprocedures are published in the jointATO SPINS. Responsibil it iesnormally include:

•• developing concept of operationsfor joint air support.

•• developing procedures forrequesting, targeting, and controllingof joint air support.

• • a i d i n g i n d e v e l o p i n gcommunication plans for air supportunits.

•• working with combat airspacemanagers to ensure land forcesairspace control needs are met.

• Commun ica t ions P lann ing .Communication planners will, incoordination with the joint force J-6:

•• deve lop, coord ina te , andp r o m u l g a t e t h e d a i l y a i rcommunication plan.

•• compile, coordinate, and monitorair frequency allocations, call signs,frequency code assignments, nets.

•• develop procedures for airsurveillance and reporting and foraircraft control and flight following.

•• coordinate wi th other C2b r a n c h e s t o e n s u r e a l lcommunications requirements are

identified and met, with speciala t ten t ion on in tegra t ion andi n t e r o p e r a b i l i t y w i t h o t h e rcomponents.

c. Joint ATO Development/Production. This branch is staffed bysystem and weapons experts who may betasked or employed in joint air operationsand is responsible to produce a timely andexecutable joint ATO. The branch:

• develops the MAAP and daily jointair tasking for specific weaponsystems.

• coordinates weapon package elementswith duty officers to deconflictsimultaneous missions of otherweapon systems types.

• confirms tasking of combat supportsystems.

• plans, coordinates, and tasksspecialized combat support missions(e.g., air refueling, electronic warfare,combat search and rescue).

• is responsible for the technicalproduction and distribution of thejoint ATO.

• ensures joint ATO distribution is bothcomplete and timely, using the besttransmission medium possible..

3. Combat OperationsDivision (COD)

The COD is responsible for monitoringand executing “current joint airoperations.” Actions and decisions thatapply to the current ATO period areexecuted through the COD. CODnormally assumes responsibility for thejoint ATO as soon as it is released.

C-3

Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC) Divisions/Branches Descriptions

a. Current Operations. This branchconsists of a cadre of joint personnel suchas fighter, reconnaissance, surveillance,combat support, tanker, bomber, andairlift experienced in battle management,ROE, and force application/employment.Within current operations, this branch maybe further divided into offensive anddefensive cells. Offensive and defensiveduty officers bring a broad baseknowledge of operations of weaponscapabilities and limitations that arerequired to monitor, and if required, adjustjoint air operations. Defensive operationsnormally include specific air defense/airspace control duties to coordinate allair defense and/or airspace activities. Thisbranch may also be responsible forairspace management activities to ensureflying activities are compatible withmission requirements and coordinationw i th hos t na t i ons agenc ies andcomponents. If the JFACC is not the ACAand/or AADC, this branch providesJFACC/JFC staff coordination withwhoever has that responsibility.

b. Weather Support. The weathersupport branch provides forecasts tailoredfor the various requirements; reportssignificant weather with emphasis ontarget weather, refueling tracks andrecovery bases; and inputs weather datain CTAPS (if required).

c. Operations Support. Supportoperations may include airlift, airrefueling, reconnaissance, and medicalevacuation missions. Mission expertstrack the flow of assets and status ofmissions dedicated to each operation.Rapid coordination may be required tomeet time sensitive demands to supportongoing joint air operations.

d. Joint Search and Rescue Center(JSRC). The JFC normally designatesone of the components’ rescue

coordination centers to assume theadditional responsibility of the JSRC.When the JFACC is designated, the JSRCis normally located within the JAOC toensure timely integration of rescueoperations with the overall joint air effort.The JSRC is staffed by members of allparticipating components to coordinatejoint CSAR. The JSRC is responsible fordisseminating the JFC’s CSAR concept ofoperation to all components. The JSRCestablishes C4I and reporting proceduresfor component search and rescue centers,operating centers, coordinates componentCSAR plans to resolve actual or projectedshortfall in assets and capabilities, andmonitors al l CSAR incidents andmissions. Additional information iscontained in Joint Pubs 3-50.2, “Doctrinefor Joint Combat Search and Rescue,” and3-50.21, “JTTP for Combat Search andRescue.”

4. Combat IntelligenceDivision (CID)

The CID is responsible for allintelligence activities in the JAOC.Normally, the CID provides the followingcells to work within the Combat Plans andCombat Operations divisions:

a. Plans Intelligence. In conjunctionwith the CPD, Plans Intelligence supportsthe planning and development of the ATO.Normally collection management,intelligence production, and targetintelligence are three functions providedto the CPD by plans intelligence cell. Thecollection manager is responsible forprocessing and validating all requests forintelligence information. The collectionmanager is responsible for levying validrequirements on appropriate collectionresources or forwarding them to the higherechelon commander for satisfaction bytheater or national level sources. TheJAOC will rely on the joint force J-2 and

Appendix C

C-4 Joint Pub 3-56.1

JIC for operational and theater-levelintelligence support. The personnelperforming intelligence productionevaluate the threat and determineadversary abilities/vulnerabilities throughthe evaluation and correlation of all sourceintelligence. They also prepare anddisseminate intelligence to joint forcea g e n c i e s a n d o t h e r c o m p o n e n theadquarters, as applicable. Targetintelligence is responsible for targetdevelopment and analysis, weaponeering,BDA, and the attack/reattack nominationprocess.

b . O p e r a t i o n s I n t e l l i g e n c e .Operations intelligence supports theexecution of the joint ATO, monitorsongoing missions, and responds to thefluid battlefield situation by providingnear-real-time intelligence from allsources. The operations intelligence cellis normally collocated within the COD inthe JAOC. The operations intelligencecell provides indications, warning, andsituation intelligence to designated usersthroughout the range of militaryoperations. The operations intelligencecell reviews each preplanned joint ATOtarget prior to the time-on-target to ensureit is still a valid target.

D-1

References

The development of Joint Pub 3-56.1 is based upon the following sources:

1. Joint Pub 0-2, “Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF)”

2. Joint Pub 1-01, “Joint Publication System”

3. Joint Pub 1-02, “DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms”

4. Joint Pub 2-0, “Doctrine for Intelligence Support to Joint Operations”

5. Joint Pub 2-01.1, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for IntelligenceSupport to Targeting (S)” (in development)

6. Joint Pub 3-0, “Doctrine for Joint Operations”

7. Joint Pub 3-01.2, “Joint Doctrine for Theater Counterair Operations”

8. Joint Pub 3-01.5, “Doctrine for Joint Theater Missile Defense”

9. Joint Pub 3-02, “Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations”

10. Joint Pub 3-03, “Doctrine for Joint Interdiction Operations” (in development)

11. Joint Pub 3-04, “Doctrine for Joint Maritime Operations (Air)”

12. Joint Pub 3-04.1, “JTTP for Shipboard Helicopter Operations”

13. Joint Pub 3-05, “Doctrine for Joint Special Operations”

14. Joint Pub 3-05.3, “Joint Special Operations Operational Procedures (U)”

15. Joint Pub 3-05.5, “Joint Special Operations Targeting and Mission PlanningProcedures (U)”

16. Joint Pub 3-09, “Doctrine for Joint Fire Support” (in development)

17. Joint Pub 3-09.3, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close AirSupport” (in development)

18. Joint Pub 3-12, “Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations”

19. Joint Pub 3-12.1, “Doctrine for Joint Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons Employment”(in development)

APPENDIX DREFERENCES

Appendix D

D-2 Joint Pub 3-56.1

20. Joint Pub 3-13, “Joint Command and Control Warfare (C2W) Operations” (indevelopment)

21. Joint Pub 3-14, “Joint Doctrine, TTP for Space Operations” (in development)

22. Joint Pub 3-50.2, “Doctrine for Joint Combat Search and Rescue”

23. Joint Pub 3-50.21, “JTTP for Combat Search and Rescue” (in development)

24. Joint Pub 3-50.3, “Joint Doctrine for Evasion and Recovery” (in development)

25. Joint Pub 3-51, “Electronic Warfare in Joint Military Operations (U)”

26. Joint Pub 3-52, “Doctrine for Joint Airspace Control in the Combat Zone”

27. Joint Pub 3-54, “Joint Doctrine for Operations Security”

28. Joint Pub 3-55, “Doctrine for Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and TargetAcquisition (RSTA) Support for Joint Operations”

29. Joint Pub 3-55.1, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Unmanned AerialVehicles (UAV)”

30. Joint Pub 3-56, “Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Operations” (indevelopment)

31. Joint Pub 3-56.24, “Tactical Command and Control Planning Guidance andProcedures for Joint Operations-Joint Interface Operational Procedures-Msg TextFormats”

32. Joint Pub 4-0, “Doctrine for Logistic Support of Joint Operations”

33. Joint Pub 5-0, “Doctrine for Planning Joint Operations”

34. Joint Pub 5-00.2, “Joint Task Force (JTF) Planning Guidance and Procedures”

E-1

Administrative InstructionsAPPENDIX E

ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication tothe Joint Warfighting Center/Doctrine Division, Ingalls Road, BLDG 100, 3rd Floor,Attn: Doc Div, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-5000. These comments should address content(accuracy, usefulness, consistency, and organization) and writing and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent for this publication is the US Air Force. The Joint Staff doctrinesponsor for this publication is the Director for Operational Plans and Interoperability(J-7).

3. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: CSAF WASHINGTON DC//XOXD//INFO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J7-JDD//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans andInteroperability (J-7), JDD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20318-7000.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff that would change source document information reflected in thispublication, that directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as anenclosure to its proposal. The Military Services and other organizations are requestedto notify the Director, J-7, Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected inthis publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes:

CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTEDNUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS_________________________________________________________________

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Appendix E

E-2 Joint Pub 3-56.1

4. Distribution

a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publicationcenters.

b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands,Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any joint publication to foreign governments orforeign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (Defense AttacheOffice) to DIA Foreign Liaison Branch, C-AS1, Room 1A674, Pentagon, Washington,D.C. 20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assignedadministrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988,“Support of the Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate JointCommands.”

By Military Services:

Army: US Army AG Publication Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2898

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Navy Aviation Supply OfficeDistribution Division (Code 03443)5801 Tabor AvePhiladelphia, PA 19120-5000

Marine Corps: Marine Corps Logistics BaseAlbany, GA 31704-5000

Coast Guard: Coast Guard Headquarters, COMDT (G-REP)2100 2nd Street, SWWashington, D.C. 20593-0001

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications isunrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified jointpublications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R.

GL-1

Glossary

AADC area air defense commanderACA airspace control authorityACO airspace control orderACP airspace control planADR armament delivery recordingAFLE Air Force liaison elementAFSOC Air Force Special Operations ComponentAIRSUPREQ air support requestALLOREQ air allocation requestAME air mobility elementAO area of operationsAOA amphibious objective areaAOC air operations centerAOR area of responsibilityATO air tasking orderATOCONF air tasking order confirmation

BCE battlefield coordination elementBDA battle damage assessment

C2 command and controlC2W command and control warfareC4 command, control, communications, and computersC4I command, control, communications, computers, and intelligenceCA combat assessmentCID combat intelligence divisionCINC commander of a combatant commandCJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffCOA course of actionCOD combat operations divisionCOG center of gravityCOMAFFOR Commander, Air Force ForcesCONPLAN operation plan in concept formatCPD combat plans divisionCSAR combat search and rescueCTAPS contingency theater automated planning system

DIA Defense Intelligence AgencyDOD Department of Defense

FSST Forward Space Support to Theater

HIDACZ high density airspace control zone

GLOSSARYPART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Glossary

GL-2 Joint Pub 3-56.1

IFF identification, friend or foe

JAOC joint air operations centerJFACC joint force air component commanderJFC joint force commanderJFSOCC joint force special operations component commanderJIC joint intelligence centerJIPTL joint integrated prioritized target listJOA joint operations areaJOC joint operations centerJOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution SystemJSCP Joint Strategic Capabilities PlanJSRC joint search and rescue centerJSOACC joint special operations air component commanderJSOTF joint special operations task forceJTCB Joint Targeting Coordination BoardJTF joint task forceJTL joint target listJTTP joint tactics, techniques, and procedures

LOAC law of armed conflictLOC lines of communications

MARLO Marine liaison officerMAAP Master Air Attack PlanMEA munitions effects assessmentMETOC meteorological and oceanographicMOOTW military operations other than war

NALE naval and amphibious liaison elementNCA National Command AuthoritiesNSST Naval Space Support Team

OPCON operational controlOPLAN operation planOPORD operation order

POL petroleum, oils, and lubricants

ROE rules of engagementRSTA reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition

SIF selective identification featureSJA staff judge advocateSLO space liaison officerSORTIEALOT sortie allotmentSPINS special instructionsSOF special operations forces

GL-3

Glossary

SOLE special operations liaison elementSTRATLAT strategic liaison team

TACON tactical controlTGTINFOREP target information reportTST Theater Support TeamTTP tactics, techniques, and procedures

UNAAF Unified Action Armed ForcesUSMC TACAIR US Marine Corps tactical airUSMTF United States message text formatUSSPACECOM United States Space CommandUSSTRATCOM United States Strategic Command

WRM war reserve materiel

Glossary


that provides specific planning guidanceand procedures for the airspace controlsystem for the joint force area ofresponsibility. Also called ACP. (JointPub 1-02)

air superiority . That degree ofdominance in the air battle of one forceover another which permits the conductof operations by the former and itsrelated land, sea and air forces at a giventime and place without prohibitiveinterference by the opposing force.(Joint Pub 1-02)

air support request. A means to requestpreplanned and immediate close airsupport, air interdiction, airreconnaissance, surveillance, escort,helicopter airlift, and other aircraftmissions. Also called AIRSUPREQ.(Approved for inclusion in the nextedition of Joint Pub 1-02)

air tasking order. A method used to taskand disseminate to components,subordinate units, and command andcontrol agencies those projected sorties/capabilities/forces to targets andspecific missions. Normally providesspecific instructions to include callsigns, targets, controlling agencies, etc.,as well as general instructions. Alsocalled ATO. (Approved for inclusionin the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02)

air tasking order/confirmation . Amessage used to task joint forcecomponents; to inform the requestingcommand, and the tasking authority ofthe action being taken; and/or to provideadditional information about themission. The message is used only forpreplanned missions and is transmittedon a daily basis, normally 12 hours priorto the start of the air tasking day or in

air defense. All defensive measuresdesigned to destroy attacking enemyaircraft or missiles in the Earth’senvelope of atmosphere, or to nullifyor reduce the effectiveness of suchattack. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air interdiction . Air operationsconducted to destroy, neutralize, ordelay the enemy’s military potentialbefore it can be brought to beareffectively against friendly forces atsuch distance from friendly forces thatdetailed integration of each air missionwith the fire and movement of friendlyforces is not required. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air operations center. The principal airoperations installation from whichaircraft and air warning functions ofcombat air operations are directed,controlled, and executed. It is the senioragency of the Air Force ComponentCommander from which command andcontrol of air operations are coordinatedwith other components and Services.Also called AOC. (Approved forinclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub1-02)

airspace control authority. Thecommander designated to assumeoverall responsibility for the operationof the airspace control system in theairspace control area. (Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace control order. An orderimplementing the airspace control planthat provides the details of the approvedrequests for airspace control measures.It is published either as part of the airtasking order or as a separate document.Also called ACO. (Joint Pub 1-02.)

airspace control plan. The documentapproved by the joint force commander

PART II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

GL-5

Glossary

accordance with established operationplans for the theater of operations. Alsocalled ATOCONF. (Approved forinclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub1-02)

allocation. In a general sense, distributionof limited resources among competingrequirements for employment. Specificallocations (e.g., air sorties, nuclearweapons, forces, and transportation) aredescribed as allocation of air sorties,nuclear weapons, etc. (Joint Pub 1-02)

allocation (air). The translation of theapportionment into total numbers ofsorties by aircraft type available for eachoperation/task. (Joint Pub 1-02)

allocation request. A message used toprovide an estimate of the total aireffort, to identify any excess and jointforce general support aircraft sorties,and to identify unfilled air requirements.This message is used only forpreplanned missions and is transmittedon a daily basis, normally 24 hours priorto the start of the next air tasking day.Also called ALLOREQ. (Approved forinclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub1-02)

allotment. The temporary change ofassignment of tactical air forcesbetween subordinate commands. Theauthority to allot is vested in thecommander having combatantcommand (command authority). (JointPub 1-02)

apportionment (air). The determinationand assignment of the total expectedeffort by percentage and/or by prioritythat should be devoted to the variousair operations and/or geographic areasfor a given period of time. Also calledair apportionment. (Approved for

inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub1-02)

area air defense commander. Within aunified command, subordinate unifiedcommand, or joint task force, thecommander will assign overallresponsibility for air defense to a singlecommander. Normally, this will be thecomponent commander with thepreponderance of air defense capabilityand the command, control, andcommunications capability to plan andexecute integrated air defenseoperations. Representation from theother components involved will beprovided, as appropriate, to the area airdefense commander’s headquarters.Also called AADC. (Joint Pub 1-02)

campaign plan. A plan for a series ofrelated military operations aimed toachieve strategic and operationalobjectives within a given time andspace. (Joint Pub 1-02)

close air support. Air action by fixed-and rotary-wing aircraft against hostiletargets which are in close proximity tofriendly forces and which requiredetailed integration of each air missionwith the fire and movement of thoseforces. Also called CAS. (Joint Pub 1-02)

close support. That action of thesupporting force against targets orobjectives which are sufficiently nearthe supported force as to require detailedintegration or coordination of thesupporting action with fire, movement,or other actions of the supported force.(Joint Pub 1-02)

interdiction . An action to divert, disrupt,delay, or destroy the enemy’s surfacemilitary potential before it can be used

Glossary


effectively against friendly forces.(Joint Pub 1-02)

joint air operations. Air operationsperformed with air capabilities/forcesmade available by components insupport of the joint force commander’soperation or campaign objectives, or insupport of other components of the jointforce. (Approved for inclusion in thenext edition of Joint Pub 1-02)

joint air operations center. A jointlystaffed facility established for planning,directing, and executing joint airoperations in support of the joint forcecommander’s operation or campaignobjectives. Also called JAOC.(Approved for inclusion in the nextedition of Joint Pub 1-02)

joint air operations plan. A plan for aconnected series of joint air operationsto achieve the joint force commander’sobjectives within a given time andtheater of operations. (Approved forinclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub1-02)

joint force air component commander.The joint force air componentcommander derives authority from thejoint force commander who has theauthority to exercise operationalcontrol, assign missions, directcoordination among subordinatecommanders, redirect and organizeforces to ensure unity of effort in theaccomplishment of the overall mission.The joint force commander willnormally designate a joint force aircomponent commander. The joint forcea i r c o m p o n e n t c o m m a n d e r ’sresponsibilities will be assigned by thejoint force commander (normally thesewould include, but not be limited to,planning, coordination, allocation, andtasking based on the joint force

commander’s apportionment decision).Using the joint force commander’sguidance and authority, and incoordination with other Servicecomponent commanders and otherassigned or supporting commanders, thejoint force air component commanderwill recommend to the joint forcecommander apportionment of air sortiesto various missions or geographic areas.Also called JFACC. (Joint Pub 1-02)

joint integrated prioritized target list .A prioritized list of targets andassociated data approved by a joint forcecommander, and maintained by a jointtask force. Targets and priorities arederived from the recommendations ofcomponents in conjunction with theirproposed operations supporting thejoint force commander’s objectives andguidance. Also cal led JIPTL.(Approved for inclusion in the nextedition of Joint Pub 1-02)

joint special operations air componentcommander. The commander withinthe joint force special operationscommand responsible for planning andexecuting joint special air operationsand for coordinating and deconflictingsuch operations with conventionalnonspecial operations air activities. Thejoint special operations air componentcommander normally will be thecommander with the preponderance ofassets and/or greatest ability to plan,coordinate, allocate, task, control, andsupport the assigned joint specialoperations aviation assets. The jointspecial operations air componentcommander may be directly subordinateto the joint force special operationscomponent commander or to anynonspecial operations component orjoint force commander as directed. Alsocalled JSOACC. (Joint Pub 1-02)

GL-7

Glossary

joint targeting coordination board. Agroup formed by the joint forcecommander to accomplish broadtargeting oversight functions that mayinclude but are not limited tocoordinating targeting information,providing targeting guidance andpriorities, and preparing and/or refiningjoint target lists. The board is normallycomprised of representatives from thejoint force staff, all components, and ifrequired, component subordinate units.Also called JTCB. (Joint Pub 1-02)

joint target list . A consolidated list ofselected targets considered to havemilitary significance in the jointoperations area. (Joint Pub 1-02)

list of targets. A tabulation of confirmedor suspect targets maintained by anyechelon for informational and firesupport planning purposes. (Joint Pub1-02)

master air attack plan. A plan thatcontains key information that forms thefoundation of the joint air tasking order.Also called the air employment plan orjoint air tasking order shell. Informationwhich may be included: joint forcecommander guidance, joint force aircomponent commander guidance,support plans, component requests,target update requests, availability ofcapabilities/forces, target informationfrom target lists, aircraft allocation, etc.Also called MAAP. (Approved forinclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub1-02)

mission. 1. The task, together with thepurpose, that clearly indicates the actionto be taken and the reason therefore. 2.In common usage, especially whenapplied to lower military units, a dutyassigned to an individual or unit; a task.3. The dispatching of one or more

aircraft to accomplish one particulartask. (Joint Pub 1-02)

request confirmation. A message thatinforms requesting command andtasking authority of action being takenon air mission requested by air supportrequest. Also known as REQCONF.(This term and its definition areapplicable only in the context of this puband cannot be referenced outside thispublication.)

sortie. In air operations, an operationalflight by one aircraft. (Joint Pub 1-02)

sortie allotment message. The means bywhich the joint force commander allotsexcess sorties to meet requirements ofhis subordinate commanders which areexpressed in their air employment/a l l o c a t i o n p l a n . A l s o c a l l e dSORTIEALOT. (Approved forinclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub1-02)

strategic mission. A mission directedagainst one or more of a selected seriesof enemy targets with the purpose ofp r o g r e s s i v e d e s t r u c t i o n a n dd is in teg ra t i on of t h e enemy ’swarmaking capacity and his will tomake war. Targets include keymanufacturing systems, sources of rawmaterial, critical material, stockpiles,power systems, transportation systems,communication facilities, and othersuch target systems. As opposed totactical operations, strategic operationsare designed to have a long-range, ratherthan immediate, effect on the enemy andits military forces. (Joint Pub 1-02)

tactical control. Command authorityover assigned or attached forces orcommands, or military capability orforces made available for tasking, thatis limited to the detailed and, usually,

Glossary


local direction and control ofmovements or maneuvers necessary toaccomplish missions or tasks assigned.Tactical control may be delegated to,and exercised at any level below thelevel of combatant command. Alsocalled TACON. (Joint Pub 1-02)

target analysis. An examination ofpotential targets to determine militaryimportance, priority of attack, andweapons required to obtain a desiredlevel of damage or casualties. (Joint Pub1-02)

targeting. 1. The process of selectingtargets and matching the appropriateresponse to them, taking account ofo p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s andcapabilities. 2. The analysis of enemysituations relative to the commander’smission, objectives, and capabilities atthe commander’s disposal, to identifyand nominate specific vulnerabilities

that, if exploited, will accomplish thecommander ’s purpose throughdelaying, disrupting, disabling, ordestroying enemy forces or resourcescritical to the enemy. (Joint Pub 1-02)

target list. The listing of targetsmaintained and promulgated by thesenior echelon of command; it containsthose targets that are to be engaged bysupporting arms, as distinguished froma “list of targets” that may be maintainedby any echelon as confirmed, suspected,or possible targets for informational andplanning purposes. (Joint Pub 1-02)

target system. 1. All the targets situatedin a particular geographic area andfunctionally related. 2. A group oftargets which are so related that theirdestruction will produce some particulareffect desired by the attacker. (Joint Pub1-02)

Assess-ments/

Revision

CJCSApproval

TwoDrafts

ProgramDirective

ProjectProposal

J-7 formally staffs withServices and CINCS

Includes scope of project,references, milestones,and who will developdrafts

J-7 releases ProgramDirective to Lead Agent.Lead Agent can beService, CINC, or JointStaff (JS) Directorate

STEP #2Program Directive

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The CINCS receive the pub andbegin to assess it during use

18 to 24 months followingpublication, the Director J-7, willsolicit a written report from thecombatant commands andServices on the utility and qualityof each pub and the need for anyurgent changes or earlier-than-scheduled revisions

No later than 5 years afterdevelopment, each pub is revised

STEP #5Assessments/Revision

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Submitted by Services, CINCS, or Joint Staffto fill extant operational void

J-7 validates requirement with Services andCINCs

J-7 initiates Program Directive

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STEP #1Project Proposal

All joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchyas shown in the chart above. is located in the series of joint publications.The diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:

Joint Pub 3-56.1 Operations

JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

JOINT PUB 1-0

PERSONNELand

ADMINISTRATION

JOINT PUB 4-0 JOINT PUB 5-0 JOINT PUB 6-0

LOGISTICS C4 SYSTEMSPLANS

JOINT PUB 0-2

JOINT PUB 1

UNAAF

JOINTWARFARE

JOINTDOCTRINE

PUBLICATION

Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to Joint Staff

Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub, makesrequired changes and prepares pub forcoordination with Services and CINCS

Joint Staff conducts formalstaffing for approval as a Joint Publication

STEP #4CJCS Approval

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Lead Agent selects Primary Review Authority(PRA) to develop the pub

PRA develops two draft pubs

PRA staffs each draft with CINCS, Services,and Joint Staff

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STEP #3Two Drafts

ENHANCEDJOINT

WARFIGHTINGCAPABILITY

INTELLIGENCE

JOINT PUB 2-0

OPERATIONS

JOINT PUB 3-0

jp 3-56.1 command and control for joint air operations · preface joint pub 3-56.1 i preface 1....

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