jukti-4th issue 2
DESCRIPTION
মুক্তিচিন্তার ম্যাগাজিন, Science JournalTRANSCRIPT
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BgBj : [email protected] facebook.com/jukti.src
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h GB AagK KjKvZvq AvRvwZK eBgjvq AvgwZ
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2012) AvjvPbv mfvq Ask MnY I ce cvV| wbRi
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invB cvBwbXwK wMjZB nqQ| 4Vv deqvwi, 2012,
ZvwiL weKj 3-30 wgwbU AvRvwZK eB gjvq mjb
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Ges Gi BsiwR A_ Kiv nqQ pertaining to mind| wZwb
AviI Rvbvjb h meZ gbm Gi mv_ Kb cZq hvM
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nj h gvbylwU wevbx ev wevb mvabv bv KiI, wevbi
Z I Z_ A_vvr wPvfvebvi mv_ mgK cwiwPZ
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mfvcwZ wewk wbDKxq c`v_we` W. kgmi Avjx2, iqQb
BmjvwgK wqkwbRgi cej cev nvib Bqvwnqv cgyL
Q-evwbK (pseudo scientists), mw` ivRcvwievii PvKzi
RbK wLvb Wvvi gwim eyKvBwj cgyL3|
Abw`K c_g kYxZ iqQb, hviv ay bvgKiv
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gyeywi aviK I hywev`x nIqv hvq Gi D`vniYi Afve
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Pvq cwge hywev`x mwgwZ Mo ZzjQb hviv
wbijmfve `k _K Kzmsvi, agvZv Ges Awekvm `~i
KiZ eZx nqQb| Avgiv G cm XvKvi wkLv Mvxi bvg
2 Scientific Indications in the holy Quran bvgi GKwU Qwevb-
M wjLQbcQ` Kvivbi GKwU AvqvZmn Ryo
w`qQb wWGbG-AYyi GKwU Qwe| evSvZ PvBQb h
Kvivb kwid Gme Qwe iqQ ev Qwei eYbv iqQ|
3 Bible, Quran and Science wkivbvg GKwU cy K wjL
GKw`K bvg KiQb, Abw`K gymwjg mgvRi h_
wZ mvab KiQb|
KiZ cvwi| MZ kZKi weki `kKi kli w`K g~jZ
XvKv wekwe`jqi KwZcq gymwjg ZiYAveyj mb,
KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, gvZvnvi nmb Payix, Aveyj dRj
cgyLiv XvKvq cwZv Kib gymwjg mvwnZ mgvR (1926)
hvi Av`k nj eywi gyw Av`vjb Mo Zvjv| gy eywi
PPv-GB msMVbwUi gyLc wQj evwlK wkLv hv wUK wQj 5
eQi (1927-1931) Avi g~j msMVbwUi Avqyvj wQj GK
`kK (1926-1936)| gymwjg mvwnZ mgvR Gi AbZg
cvYcyil KvRx Ave`yj I y`` G cm Avgv`i RvbvQb :
(1332 mvj) 1926 Lvi m~Pbvq XvKv
wekwe`vjqi cwigj gymwjg mvwnZ mgvR
bvg GKwU mvwnwZK I mvswZK cwZvbi Rb
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gymjgvb AavcKi Dci b nqwQj Gi
cwiPvjbvi fvi| kvkZ ei jLK Zv`i AbZg|
eywi gyw A_vr wePvi eywK Amsvi I
kvvbyMZ _K gyw `vb| evsjvi gymjgvb mgvR
(nqZv ev fviZi gymjgvb mgvR) G wQj GK
Af~Zc~e evcvi| wK mw`b weqKi nqwQj
evsjvi wkwZ gymwjg ZiYi Dci Gi
cfveGKwU wRvmy I m`q-Mvxi mw meci
nqwQj Gi viv|
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KvRx Ave`yj I`y` eywi gywK BsiwRZ AvLvwqZ
KiQb, Emancipation of the intellect bvg|
gymwjg mvwnZ mgvRi GB mfiv AwPiB wkLv
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vb hLvb mxgve, eyw hLvb Avo, gyw mLvb
Ame|
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pertaining to mind, Zvnj wK eySe BsiR-mswZZ wevb-
gbZv ej wKQz bB? Avgiv eo Rvo Gi BsiwR ZRgv
KiZ cvwi consciousness having scientific thought or mind| wK
ZvI ewj wK Ki hLvb Avgiv Kvj mvMvb, cj KzR, wfi
R vi, mvg nwim, wiPvW WwK, wfb IqbevM
cgyL wevbgb I hywev`x wevbx`i mvvr cvB|
AvBbvBb, wdb nwKs, evUv ivmji K_v bvB ev
DPviY Kijvg| mvwnwZKB nb Avi wevbxB nb
wevbgbZvi g~j _vKZ ne gy gb, Avi hywev`i
wfw| Avi G K_vwUB Rvo w`q ejQb cvwK vbi Kvq`
AvRg wekwe`vjqi c`v_wevbi myLvZ AavcK
cvifR `fq (Pervez Hoodbhoy: Islam and science: Religious
Orthodoxy and the battle for Rationality, 1992, Zed Books) :
.. .. Bmjvgi ^YhyM wevb AMMwZ jvf
KiwQj KviY Bmjvgi Afi ZLb mwq
wQjb gyZvwRjv bvgavix kwkvjx hywev`x
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gvbyli Rb Ab Kvb Dcvq
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cvavb w`qwQjb| gyZvwRjviv hLb ivRbwZK
gZvq wQjb, vb ZLb mgw jvf KiwQj|
wK v`k kZvxZ Mvov Bmjvwg wPvwe` Bgvg
Avj-Mvvwj hywi j `eevYx Ges ^vaxb
BQvkwi j wbqwZK Zzj aib| Kvh I
wqvi mKK wZwb A^xKvi Kib GB ej
h, gvbyli fwelr Rvbvi kw bB, Kej
mwKZv G welq AeMZ| h D`vi mswZ Mo
DVwQj Zv wPiZi e nq hvq| gymwjg wek
mwnyZv, gav Ges wevbi gZz NU|
Gevi wevb wbq `yGKwU K_v ejv hvK| AvBbvBb
ejQb : It would not be difficult to come to an agreement as to what we understand by science. Science is the century old endeavour to bring together by means of a systematic thought the perceptible phenomena of this world into as thoroughgoing an association as possible. To put it boldly, it is the attempt at the posterior reconstruction of existence by
the process of conceptualization.
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AvaywbK wevbi h msv Avgiv AvBbvBbi Dwi
ga w`q `evi Pv Kijvg ZviI AvM BsiR `vkwbK
nvevU bmvi (1820-1903) ejwQjb, wevb nj
mymsMwVZ vb, Avi DBwjqvg nvwwUi fvlvq (1778-
1830) wevb nQ KviYK Rvbvi Zxe GlYv| mij K_vq
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gbylZ cKvk mvwnZi Dk.. .. jLK
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Rb kni _K WK AvjvKwP wkx`i w`q gvqi
gZ`ni Qwe ZywjqwQjb| GB njv agcvY wKkvi AviR
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e`j Mjgvqi bvg kc_ Kijb h ag gvbweKZvi
k bB Zvi ^ic wZwb DbvPb Ki Qvoeb| gvqi bvg
kc_ wbjb : Zzwg KLbv bvgvRi KvRv Ki wb, KLbv
ZQwen ZjvqZ I Zvny` bvgvR MvwdjwZ Ki wb| Avi
AvR mB agi `vnvB w`q GK`j gymwjg ZvgvK PvBj
wkqvj-KzKzii fvM evbvZ, Zv`i KvQ nj Zzwg ZzQ,
AenwjZv I weewRZv, nj wb`v I NYvi cvx| mgvR AvR
me weivR KiQ agi bvg Kzmsvi| Zzwg Avgvq
Avkxev` KiAvgvi Rxebi eZ nq hb Kzmsvi `~ixKiY
Awfhvb| Avi m Awfhvb mv_K Ki Avwg hb Zvgvi
KvQ AvmZ cvwi :
Zwzg Avkxev` Ki, gvi gv,
Avwg hb evRvZ cvwi
mB Awfhvbi `vgvgv|
mw`b _K wbgM njb mvabvq, wbweofve vbPPvq
eZx njb^wkwZ GB gvbylwU cwiYZ njb BnRvMwZK
mKzjvi GK `vkwbK| Zvi `kbi g~j K_v nj RvbZ
nj ck KiZ newebv ck Kvb wKQz MnY Kiv Pje bv
Ggb Kx wZwb AvnZvqvjv, MW ev Cki njI| Zuvi GB
vb mvabvi kZg dmj nj mZi mvb MLvwb hv
wZwb cvwKvwb Avgj cKvk KiZ cvib wb, Dci Rj-
Ryjyg I AZvPvi wbcxoYi wkKvi nqwQjb| Aekl cy
KwU cKvwkZ nq ^vaxb evsjv`k 1973 mvj| Zuvi AviI
`ywU iZc~Y M njv : mw inm (1978) I Abygvb
(1983)|
mZi mvb-G wZwb Abymvb KiZ PqQb AvZv I
AvZvi ^ic, Cki ev AvnZvqvjvK wbq, cvijwKK
welq, agi bvbv welqK K` Ki, cKwZ-gvbyl-Rxe-
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BZvw` welq wbq AvjvPbv KiQb, GK`g kl iqQ
wewea welq wbq bvbv wRvmv| Gme welq 6wU c ve wef
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Ki gvU 68 ck DvwcZ I AvjvwPZ nqQ| `yGKwU
D`vniY w`B : c_g c ve AvZv wbq h aibi ck
DvwcZ nqQ Zv njv : Avwg K, cvY wK Aic bv ^ic,
gb I cvY wK GK, cvYi mwnZ `n I gbi mK wK,
cvY Pbv hvq wK, Avwg wK ^vaxb, Akixix AvZvi wK vb
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ve vb-Kvj-kw wbq ck Zvjv nqQ Ges Zvi mv_
Ckii mK wbq| wZwb RvbZ PqQb wevb hv`iK
vb, Kvj Ges kw bvg AwfwnwZ KiQG mKj mvi
Aw Z wK memgq wQj, bvwK Giv Ckii mw? hw` Giv
Cki KZK m nq _vK, Zvnj Gi AvM Ckii Ae vb
Kv_vq? vb mwi AvM ev wZwb Kv_vq wQjb mgqi
mwi c~e? Avgv`i `vkwbK wZbwU mij cki AeZviYv
KiQb : (1) Cki Kvb vb Aevb Ki vb mw
Kijb? (2) wZwb Kvb gyn~Z Kvj mw Kijb, Ges (3)
wZwb Kvb kw ej kw mw Kijb? DwLZ 68wU ck
QvovI Aviv wKQy m~iK ck wZwb Dvcb KiwQjb ci
hv Zuvi g~j cvywjwcZ cvIqv MQ|
m`n bB Avgv`i agvPvix cwZ`i KvQ Gme welq
Dvcb I ck Kiv egvv I weeZKi| AviR Avvjx Zuvi cy
Ki Muvovq ejQb: ARvbvK Rvbvi nv gvbyli
wPib| evKziY Avi nBjB wk ck KwiZ _vK,
GwU wK IwU wK? eqvewi m m zj KjR I KvR-
Kg Abyic ck PwjZ _vK, GwU wK? IwU wK? Gic Kb
nBj, Iic Kb nBj bv BZvw`| GB iKg wK I Kbi
Abymvb KwiZ KwiZB gvbyl AvR Mwoqv ZzwjqvP
wevbi AUj ma| wZwb AviI ejQb :
RMZ Ggb welq AvQ, hme welq `kb,
wevb I ag GK K_v ej bv| Avevi ag RMZI
gZvbKi A bvB| .. ..A_vr mZK wePvii
gvcKvwV (Criterion of truth) wK? mZZv cgvYi
Dcvq (Test of truth) wK Ges mZi ic wK (Nature
of truth)?
Ab wZwb ejQb h evwbK cv AbymiY KiB
gvbyl mZ DcbxZ nZ cvi, Ab Kvb c_ bq| evwbK
c_ wbq wZwb Zuvi Abygvb M wek` AvjvPbv KiQb|
wZwb gb Kib h, cZ I Abygvbi Ici wfw KiB
vbi c_ AMmi nIqv me| G cm Zvi ee :
wevb cZ I Abygvbi Dci cwZwZ| ZvB
Kvb evwbK Z Avgv`i m`n bvB| wevb
hvnv ej, Zvnv Avgiv AKzwZ wP wekvm Kwi|
wK AwaKvsk ag Ges agi Z_ Awekvmi
Dci cwZwZ|
-
12
ZiY`i Ici Zuvi AMva Avv| wZwb ejQb :
gvbe mgvR Kzmsvii exR D nBqvwQj nvRvi
nvRvi eQi c~e| GLb Dnv cKv gnxini
AvKvi aviYc~eK AmsL kvLv ckvLv wevi
Kwiqv Ges dzj-dj mykvwfZ nBqv we xY
Rbc` AvQvw`Z Kwiqv ivwLqvQ| .. .. AZxZ
e gbxlx Kzmsviicx gnxini g~j hywev`i
KzVvivNvZ Kwiqv wMqvQb, hvnvi dj e gvbyl
Dnvi QvqvZj nBZ evwni nBqv `uvovBqQ
gygbi Lvjv gvV, Avi ZiY-ZiYxiv wfo
RgvBZQ `kb-wevbi cyv`vb| .. ..
cwikl AviR Avjx myax cvVKi KvQ Ave`b
iLQb webg wP :
GB cy KLvwb Av` Awfwbek mnKvi cvV
Kwij myax cvVKe` wekmw mK gvbegbi
avivevwnK wPv MelYv I mekl hywmZ
gZev`i welq RvwbZ cvwieb| GB cy
KLvwb cYqb cYZv wnme Zg~jK Ae`vb
Avgvi wKQz bvB| Z hvnv cwiewkZ nBqvQ Zvnv
mgB msKjb, Avwg msMvnK gv|
Avwg wevb I wevbgbZv wbq wKwr AvjvPbv
Kijvg Ges GB AvjvPbv _K wbq nq DVQ h
wevbgb mgvR MoZ nj G`i KvwiMo`i
wevbgb, hywev`x Ges eywi gyw PPvq wbew`Z cvY
nZ ne| Avi GRb vb jvf Qvov weK bB| Avgv`i
wevb wPvavivi mv_ cwiwPZ nZ ne, hywev`x `kbi
PPv KiZ ne| Avi mvwnZi mv_ mgK cwiwPwZ Mo
ZzjZ ne| Gi ewZiK wevbgb, hywev`x I
AbymwrmycivqY mgvR Mo Zvjv hve bv| Avgv`i
Awekvm, Acwevb, KzmsmKvi I agZvi wei jovB
Pvwjq hZ ne Aweivg| Avi GB jovBq vbB ne
Avgv`i eo A Zv Avgiv ARb KiZ cvwi McvVi ga
w`q PvL-Kvb Lvjv iL| Gi Kvb weK bB|
cy K cvVi gvag vb ARb welq Avwg GLvb `yRb
we` gbxlxi K_v cmZ ejZ PvB| c_gRb njb
wevbvPvh AavcK mZb evm| 1924 mvji Ryb gvm
XvKv wekwe`jqi c`v_we`vi ZiY wkK AvjvK KYv I
vi wewKiY Z wkivbvg GKwU MelYvc wjLb| GB
cei gvag AvjvK KYvi msLvqb m~ wbRi ARvB
Avwevi Kib Ges GB m~i cqvM bZzbfve vi
wewKiY m~ cwZv Kib| evm MelYv cewU RvgvwbZ
AvjevU AvBbvBbi KvQ gZvgZi Rb Ges
AvBbvBb GwU cKvkhvM gb Kij Rvgvwbi Kvb
weLvZ c`v_we`vi Rvbvj cKvki Rb Abyiva Kib|
-
13
AvBbvBb evmi wbe PgrKZ njb Ges wbR cewU
Abyev` Ki c`v_wevbi weLvZ Rvbvj Zeits. fur. Physik-G
cKvki ee v Kijb Ges wbewUi kl GKwU UxKv Ryo
w`jb, evm h cwZ cqvM KiQb Zv AvaywbK wevbi
AMMwZZ GKwU DLhvM c`c| GB cwZ cqvM Ki
Avwg Ab Mvmi KvqvUvg AvPiY wbq AvjvPbv Kie|
wbewUi mv_ AvBbvBbK nvZ jLv h wPwV mshy
KiwQjb ZvZ wjLwQjb h, Avcbvi KvQ Avwg AvZ
I ARvbv, wK Avcbvi jLvi gvag Avgiv mevB Avgiv
Avcbvi Qvhv co Avgiv DcKZ nB Ges vb ARb
Kwi, KvRB Avcbvi KvQ wjLZ Avgvi Kvb mvP bB|
evm AvBbvBbK i`e (My dear master) ej m^vab
KiwQjb| evm AvweZ dvUbi msLvqbi gvag
cwZwZ nqwQj hv KvqvUvg msLvqbi cw_Kr Ges evm
msLvqb bvg cwiwPZ nq, Ze cieZxKvj AvBbvBb
Ro-KwYKvi cqvM Ki GB msLvqbi mvaviYxKiY
Kib| G KviY GB msLvqb GLb evm-AvBbvBb
msLvqb bvg AwfwnZ| hme KwYKv GB msLvqb gb
Pj Zv`i ejv nq evm-KwYKv|
wZxq ewwU njb fviZi c_g cavbgx Ges Av
RvwZKfve cwiwPZ ivRbxwZwe`, jLK I mgvRZev`x
RInijvj bni| meZ 1956 mvj cwZ bni wejZ
miKvii AvgY jb hvb| Zv RvbZ ci RR evbvW k
bniK Zuvi evmvq AvgY RvwbqwQjb mvvZi Rb|
wK bni AwZ eZvi KviY k-Gi AvgY iv KiZ
cvib wb| ci fviZ wdi wMq bni kGi KvQ gv
cv_bv Ki GKwU PgrKvi wPwV cvwVqwQjb hvZ gvgywj
gv cv_bv QvovI AvaywbK wek Movi KvR k-Gi wecyj
Ae`vbi K_v DL Ki ejwQjb h Zuvi mgvRZvwK
Av`k bni Dx Ges fwelr fviZ wbgvY mgvRZi
GKwU eo f~wgKv _vKe| wZwb DL KiwQjb ewMZ
mvvZ wZwb AviI DcKZ nZb| wK Avdmvmi KviY
bB, Kbbv Avgiv, AZ Avwg, ay mvwnZ I bvUK bq,
mgvR `kb MYZ mgvRZ mK Avcbvi jLvi gvag
h vb jvf KiwQ Ges GLbI KiwQ Zv Acwigq| jLvi
gvag vb ARbK Avwg me mgq AMvwaKvi w`q _vwK|
fwelZ nqZv Kvb w`b Avcbvi mv_ `Lv Kivi myhvM
Avme|
GB `yRb ewi K_vq Avgiv `Ljvg h Mi gvag
vb jvf GKwU iZc~Y cwZ| Avgiv hb Zv fzj bv hvB|
Acbv`i mevBK Akl abev` Avgvi GB AMvQvjv
K_vwj ah ai kvbvi Rb|
ARq ivq : BDwRwm AavcK, mUvi di GWfv wimvP Bb
mvqm, XvKv wekwe`vjq, evsjv`k|
-
14
evsjv`k gjev` I agwbic gvbweKZvi
HwZn
kvnwiqvi Kwei
1971 mvj weki gvbwP ^vaxb mvefg evsjv`ki
Afy`q NUwQj GKwU agwbic MYZvwK iv wnme|
1972 mvj MnxZ evsjv`ki c_g msweavb
agwbicZvK bZzb cRvZi AbZg bxwZ wnme MnY
Kivi cvkvcvwk agwfwK ivRbwZK `j MVbi Dci
wblavv Avivc Kiv nqwQj| A_P ^vaxbZvjvfi Pvi
eQi AwZv nIqvi AvMB evsjv`ki cavb cwZ
RvwZi wcZv eez kL gywReyi ingvbK nZv Kiv nq|
Rbvij wRqvDi ingvb gZvq Gm msweavb _K
evsjv`ki g~jbxwZ wnme MnxZ agwbicZv I evOvwj
RvZxqZvev` gyQ djb Ges agwfwK ivRbwZK `j
MVbi Dci wblavv cZvnvi Kib| 1975-G eezi
bksm nZvKvi ci ivRbxwZ I mgvRi h BmjvgxKiY
cwqv Avi nqQ Zvi P~ovic wQj 2001 mvj
weGbwci m RvU eua RvgvZ Bmjvgxi ivgZvi
kwiK nIqv-h `jwU 71-G Bmjvgi `vnvB w`q
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi weivwaZv KiwQj Ges cvwKvb I
Bmjvg ivi Rb cvwK vwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi m nvZ
wgwjq MYnZv I bvix wbhvZbmn hveZxq asmh mvab
KiwQj|
2001 mvj _K 2006 ch wewfb `wbK cKvwkZ
msev` evsjv`k niKvZzj Rnv` I RvgvZzj gyRvwn`xbmn
KqK WRb Rw gjev`x msMVbi Aw Zi K_v
`kevmxi cvkvcvwk AvRvwZK mc`vqI RbQ| wewfb
`wbK cKvwkZ GZ`msv Abymvbx cwZe`b ejv
nqQ Gme Rw gjev`x msMVbi AwaKvskB RvgvZ
Bmjvgxi m cZ I civfve m| Rw
msMVbjv evsjv`ki Mvgi `wi ` hyeK`i agi `vnvB
w`q Ges A_i cjvfb `wLq Rnv` Dy KiQ|
RvgvZ Bmjvgx I Zv`i mgPwii gjev`x msMVbjv
KqK nvRvi evsjv`kx hyeKK cwkY c`vb Ki
AvdMvwb vb, Kvkxi, emwbqv, PPwbqv, cvjvBb I
evgvq Rnv` AskMnYi Rb cvwVqQ| G`i AbKB
mB me `k Rnv` KiZ wMq wbnZ nqQ| AbK `k
wdi wewfb Rw gjev`x msMVbi kwew KiQ|
MZ kZvxZ mvwfqZ BDwbqb I c~e BDivc
mgvRZvwK wkweii cZbi ci AvgwiKv GKgv
-
15
civkw wnme Avwef~Z nq| AvdMvwb vb mvwfqZcx
bwReyni miKvii wei Rnv`i Rb cvwK vb, mw`
Avie I AvgwiKvi mwwjZ D`vMi dmj nQ Zvjevb,
hviv cieZxKvj AvgwiKvi Rb dvbvBbi `vbe
wnme Avwef~Z nqQ| mw` Avie I cvwK vbi
mnhvwMZvq Zvjevb I AvjKvq`v wekevcx h Rnvw`
bUIqvK wevi KiQ evsjv`ki KqKwU Rw msMVb
Zvi m cZfve hy|
evsjv`k weGbwc-RvgvZi bZZvaxb Pvi`jxq RvU
miKvii Avgj Rw gjev`i AvkvRbK Dvb
mKz jvi MYZvwK kwi Rb hgb gvivZK gwK nq
`uvwoqQ GKBfve AvRvwZK mc`vqi RbI h_
DMi KviY nqQ| 2005 mvji 15 AvM RvgvZzj
gyRvwn`xbi Rwiv gv Ava Nvi eeavb 500 evgvi
weviY NwUq Rvwbq w`qQ Zv`i bUIqvK KZUv
kwkvjx| GKB m wjdjUi gvag Zviv evsjv`ki
msweavb, mKzjvi AvBb I wePvi wefvM, gywPvi gvbyl
Ges hyiv I hyivRi wei Rnv` NvlYv KiQ|
71-G gywhyi mgq RvgvZ Bmjvgx hfve ZvwjKv
cZ Ki `ki kxl vbxq eywRxex I ckvRxex`i nZv
KiQ, GKBfve Pvi`jxq RvU miKvii Avgj Rw
gjev`xiv wekwe`vjqi AavcK, jLK, mvsevw`K,
wePviK, AvBbRxex I mswZKgxmn e wbixn gvbylK
nZv KiQ| mycwiKwZfve wbhvZb Pvjvbv nqQ
msLvjNy agxq mc`vqmn mgZj I cvnvoi Avw`evmx`i
Dci| GBme nZv I wbhvZbi Dk nQ evsjv`k _K
mKzjvi gvbweKZvi eva wbw Ki G `kwUK
gbvwjw_K gymwjg iv cwiYZ Kiv, hgbwU Zvjevbiv
KiwQj AvdMvwb vb|
2005 mvji evgv nvgjv Ges egvwK mvm I
nZvKvi ci cavbZ cwgi Pvc Lvj`v wRqvi miKvi
RGgwei KqKRb kxl vbxq Rw bZvK MdZvi
KiwQj, hw`I miKvi c_g G`i Aw Z A^xKvi KiwQj|
MdZviKZ kxl Rwiv Mvq`v wefvMi wRvmvev`i
mgq ejQ, RvU miKvii wewfb gx, Ggwc Ges RvgvZ
Bmjvgxi m Zv`i mZvi K_v| Zviv ejQ
gacvPwfwK wewfb Bmjvwg GbwRI _K Kxfve Zviv
A_mvnvh cvq Ges cwZekx `kmg~n Zv`i bUIqvK
KZ`~i weZ| 2009 mvj kL nvwmbvi bZZvaxb gnvRvU
miKvii `vwqZ MnYi ci _K Rw gjev`xiv
AvZMvcb KiQ| KD KD Zv`i ez `k wnRiZ
KiQ| RvgvZ Bmjvgxi mvsMVwbK bUIqvK `wY
Gwkqv, `wYc~e Gwkqv, ga Gwkqv I gacvPmn
Awjqv, BDivc I Di AvgwiKv ch we Z| GB
-
16
bUIqvK mw` Avie I cvwKvbi h_ D`vM
cvbBmjvwgK wekeev MVbi cwiKbvi Ask|
2005 mvji 21 AvM AvIqvgxjxMi mvmweivax
Rbmfvq Rw gjev`xiv MbW-evgvi nvgjv Pvwjq 22
Rb bZvKgxK nZv KiwQj hv`i fZi wQjb K`xq
bx AvBwf ingvb| AvIqvgx jxMi mfvcwZ kL
nvwmbvmn GB nvgjvq `ji kZvwaK bZvKgx iZi
AvnZ nqwQjb| 2006 mvj MdZviKZ Rwiv GB nvgjv
I nZvi `vq ^xKvi KiQ| 2006-Gi RvbyqvwiZ w`Z
evsjv`ki niKZzj Rnv`i `yB RwK weviKmn
MdZvi Kiv nqQ| ZvivI Keyj KiQ 21 AvMi
MbW nvgjvi m Zviv RwoZ wQj| 2007-Gi RvbyqvwiZ
fviZi Avmvg wewQbZvev`x Rw msMVb Djdvi GK kxl
bZvK MdZvi Kiv nqQ, h ^xKvi KiQ 21 AvMi
MbW nvgjvi m ZvivI RwoZ wQj| Gi AvM PMvg 10
UvK A aiv covi ci Avgiv RvbZ ciwQ evsjv`ki
Rwiv wecyj cwigvY GB A Aeafve Avg`vwb KiwQj
c~e fviZi wewQbZvev`x Rw`i Rb| evsjv`ki `wYi
Rjv KevRvi I ev`ievb evgvi ivwnv kiYv_xiv Ggb
KqKwU Rw msMVbi hy hv`i m evsjv`ki RvgvZ
Bmjvgxi mw Mvcb Kvb welq bq| evsjv`ki
niKvZzj Rnv`i Rwiv AvivKvbI Rnv` KiZ wMqQ|
evgvi niKvZzj Rnv` I Rw ivwnv`i evsK wnmve
cwiPvjbv Ki RvgvZi gvwjKvbvaxb Bmjvgx evsK|
GfveB evsjv`ki Rw`i m cwZekx ivi Rw`i
mnv `i mK I bUIqvK Mo DVQ|
miKvi I ckvmbi mnhvwMZv Qvov Rw gjev`x`i
bUIqvK we vi me bq| evsjv`k, cvwK vb I AvdMvwb
vb Rw`i we vi NUQ miKvwi ccvlKZvq| wewfb `k
miKvii Ackvmb, `ybxwZ, `vwi ` Ges msLvjNy agxq
mc`vq I cvwK RvwZmvi cwZ elgg~jK AvPiY I
wbhvZbI Rwev`i Zwi Ki| h me `k miKvii
ccvlKZvq Rwev`i we vi NUQ GKmgq Zv miKvii
RbI weo^bvi KviY nqQ| ZviciI Rw gjev`i
wei gymwjgcavb `kjvi miKvi KvhKi ee v MnY
KiZ cviQ bv| evsjv`k Avgiv weMZ RvU miKvii
mgq `LwQ Rw gjev`i Dvb mK wmwfj mgvRi
DMi cwZ miKvi we`ygv KYcvZ Kiwb hZY bv Pvc
GmQ cwgi `vZv `kmg~n _K| Kv_vI miKvi
Rw`gb AvwiK njI Rw`i Avtivxq bUIqvKi
KviY Zv`i cwZnZ Kiv KwVb nq coQ| `wY Gwkqvi
wewfb `ki miKvi PvBj mvK-Gi KvVvgvi fZi wKsev
c_Kfve Rw gvKvejvi Rb GKwU KbmvwUqvg MVb
Kiv hZ cvi|
-
17
me agi fZiB gjev`i Dcv`vb iqQ| Ze
eZgvb Bmjvgi bvg Rw gjev`i h evj Dvb
NUQ ZgbwU Ab agi NUwb| gymwjgcavb
`kmg~n Rw gjev`x msMVbjvi fZi kwkvjx Av
tivxq bUIqvK Mo DVQ MZ 20 eQi| Ze `yfvMi
welq nQ GB me `k gjev`i wei hviv joQ mB
me mKzjvi MYZvwK msMVb I ewi fZi Kvb
KvhKi hvMm~ GLbI Mo IVwb| Rw gjev`i KviY
agwbic MYZvwK g~jeva, Av_-mvgvwRK AMMwZ,
bvixi mgAwaKvi, gy wPv, wevb I wkmswZ PPvi
gk msKzwPZ nQ| Rw gjev`xiv mvm I nZvi
gvag mgvR AvZi Aven mw KiQ, gvbylK
wbqwZev`x I mwnsm Ki ZzjQ| agvZv I agvbv`bv _K
mw nQ gvbyli cwZ gvbyli Awekvm I NYv| agi bvg
nZv I mvmK eaZv c`vb Kiv nQ| GB cwiwwZ
wekkvw I wekmfZvi Rb gvivZK gwK nq `uvwoqQ|
ZvB mgqi `vwe nQ gjev`i wei wewfb `k
Av`vjbiZ mKzjvi MYZvwK kwi KvhKi bUIqvK
MVb, hvZ cwZivai AviI we Z I kwkvjx nq|
`yB
`wY Gwkqvq evsjv`k nQ c_g `k hLvb agwbic
msweavb MnY Kiv nqwQj| 1971 mvj bq gvmevcx h
iqx hyi gvag evsjv`ki Afy`q NUwQj Zvi wfw
wQj agwbic evOvwjZi PZbv| 1972 mvj
agwbicZv, MYZ, evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I mgvRZ
bZzb cRvZi g~jbxwZ wnme MnxZ nq| weki eng
mKzjvi MYZvwK `k fviZi msweavb mKzjvwiRgi
Afyw NU 1976 mvj|
evsjv`k mKzjvwiRgi aviYv cwgi Pq ejvsk
^Z| evsjv`k Ges fviZI mKzjvwiRg ejZ evSvq
iv I agi wewQbZv (Separation of state from religion), agi
m ewi wewQbZv bq| 1972 mvj ^vaxb evOvwj RvwZi
wcZv eez kL gywReyi ingvb agwbicZvK ivi
g~jbxwZ wnme MnYi hwKZv evLv KiZ wMq
ejQb : agwbicZv gvb agnxbZv bq| ZvZ evsjvi
mvo mvZ KvwU gvbyli ag-Kg Kivi AwaKvi wbwZ Kiv
nqQ| Avgiv AvBb Ki agK wbwl KiZ PvB bv Ges
Kie bv| gymjgvbiv Zv`i ag cvjb Kie| Zv`i evav
w`evi gZv GB ivi Kviv bB| wn y`iv Zv`i ag cvjb
Kie, Kviv evav w`evi gZ gZv bB| eiv Zv`i ag
cvjb Kie, Lvbiv Zv`i ag cvjb Kie| Zv`i KD
-
18
evav w`Z cvie bv| Avgv`i ay Avcw njv, agK KD
ivRbwZK A wnme eenvi KiZ cvie bv| 25 eQi
Avgiv `LwQ agi bvg RyqvPzix, agi bvg eCgvbx,
agi bvg AZvPvi, Lyb, evwfPvi evsjv`ki gvwUZ
PjQ| ag AwZ cwe wRwbl| cwe agK ivRbwZK
nvwZqvi wnme eenvi Kiv Pje bv| hw` KD ej h agxq
AwaKvi Le Kiv nqQ Avwg eje, agxq AwaKvi Le Kiv
nqwb| mvo mvZ KvwU gvbyli agxq AwaKvi ivi eev
KiwQ| (MYcwil`i fvlY, 12 Avei 1972)
agi ivRbwZK eenvi e Kivi Rb 72-Gi
msweavb agwfwK ivRbwZK `j MVbi Dci wblavv
Rvwi Kiv nqwQj hv mgvRZvwK wkweii evBi Kvb
mKzjvi MYZvwK `k me nqwb| GB msweavb KvhKi
_vKj evsjv`k eZgvb agi bvg ivRbwZK vPvi I
Rw gjev`i Rnvw` Dbv`bv `LZ nZv bv|
72-Gi msweavb mKzjvwiRgK ivi AbZg
g~jbxwZ wnme MnYi ci GwU `yB aibi mgvjvPbv
wkKvi nq| GK c nQ mvc`vwqK I gjev`x Mvx,
hviv BmjvgK gb Ki cwic~Y Rxebweavb hv iv-
ivRbxwZ-A_bxwZ-mgvR-mswZ me wKQz wbqY Kie|
Acic nQ mgvRZx I KwgDwbiv hviv cwgi
cfve agK ew I mgvRRxeb _K wbevmbi c|
gjev`xiv gywRei agwbicZvi aviYvK AvgY
KiQ GB ej h, agwbicZv A_ nQ bvw KZv, iv
agwbic nj gvbyli agcvjb I cPvii ^vaxbZv _vKe
bv| gjev`x bq, Ggb `wYcx eywRxex`i mgvjvPbv
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20
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ag Ges AvPvi AveiY I AvfiYi gZv KvR w`qQ, wK
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21
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my own individual being.
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22
mB mgq mZ cxi ev mZbvivqYK e`bv Ki e cyuw_
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23
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24
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25
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ivM wbYq I Ilya cqvM fyj Kg nq ej Ilyai
AceenviI Kg Avm|
ZviciI `Lv MQ, wekRyo wPwKrmKMY Zv`i
cmwckb hme Ilya wjL _vKb Zvi mejv
hywmZfve wjLb bv| Ilyai GB AhwK cqvMi
cQb ewea KviY KvR Ki| e wPwKrmK ckvMZ vb
I AwfZvi Afve ivMxK mwVK Ilya c`vb mg nb
bv| vb-wevbi AMMwZ I cwieZbi mv_ mv_ Gme
wPwKrmK wbR`i hyMvchvMx Ki Mo ZzjZ mP nb
bv| Gme wPwKrmK mvaviYZ mbvZbx cwZZ hyM hyM ai
mKj gvbwmKZv wbq wPwKrmv Pvwjq hvb ej ivM wbYq
ev Ilya c`vb cvqkB fzj nq| Avgv`i gZ `k AwZgvvq
eemvwqK gbvewi KviY ivMxi cP Pvc mn KiZ bv
ci wPwKrmKMY AmZKZv I Aenjvi KviY ivMxK
-
26
mwVK wPwKrmv c`vb e_ nb| Abw`K cw_ex RyoB e
wPwKrmK Ilya Kvcvwb KZK cfvevw^Z I cjy nq
AcqvRbxq wZKi Ges m v Ilyai cwieZ `vwg Ilya
cmwckb wjL _vKb| Ilya Kvcvwbjv Ilya
evRviRvZ Kivi ci Ilya cgvkb mekw wbqvM Ki
_vK Zv`i Ilyai KvUwZ evovbvi Rb| DbZ I AbybZ
`ki Ilya Kvcvwbjv Zv`i Drcvw`Z Ilyai cgvkb
ivRbwZK jwes-G wewjqb wewjqb Wjvi eq Ki _vK|
cZ ev civfve GB eqfvi enb KiZ nq wbixn
Zv ev ivMxKB| Ilyai KvUwZ evovbvi Rb Ilya
Kvcvwbjvi g~j j wPwKrmK| KviY wPwKrmKMY
cmwckb h Ilya wjLb, ivMx g~jZ mB IlyaB wKb
_vK|
AwaK nvi gybvdv ARbi Dk Ilya Kvcvwbjv
mvaviYZ UwbK, wfUvwgb, nRgxKviK, ejewKviK,
GbRvBg, KdwgKPvi, GjKvjvBRvi RvZxq AcqvRbxq I
wZKi Ilya Drcv`b ewk Zrci _vK| KviY
AZvekKxq Ilyai Pq Gme Z_vKw_Z Ilyai Ici
gybvdvi nvi eY ewk| G gybvdvi nvi Aviv AwaK Y
eo hvq hLb wPwKrmKMY Zv`i cmwckb Gme
Ilyabvgavix cY wbwePvi MnYi wb `kbv (cmvBe)
w`q _vKb| Ilya Kvvwbi mv_ Gme Ilya
cmvBevi`i mK hZUv bv ckvMZ Zvi Pq ewk
eemvwqK| G aibi AbwZK KgKv weki eRvwZK
Kvcvwbjv AMMvgx njI QvU-eo, cwZwZ-AcwZwZ
cwZwU Ilya Kvcvwb wPwKrmK`i cQb Kgewk A_ eq
Ki _vK| weUb wPwKrmK wcQy Ilya Kvcvwbjv cwZ
eQi `yB j UvKv eq Ki| evsjv`k GB eqi cwigvY
KZ Zv K Rvb? Ze Av`vR Kiv hvq Avgv`i evRvi`ii
Zzjbvq gvUB Zv Kg bq!
G Mjv A_i K_v| A_ QvovI Ilya-Kvcvwbjv
wPwKrmK`i cPzi cwigvY Ilya webvg~j mvj wnmve
Dcnvi w`q _vK| Awfgnj gb Kib G aibi
webvg~ji mvj Avi Nyli ga cv_K AwZ bMY|
^fveZB ck AvmwPwKrmKMY GB webvg~ji mvj
Kb MnY Kib ev GB Ilya wbqB ev Zviv wK Kib?
Gfve webvg~ji mvj bqv ev `qv bxwZMZfve ea
nZ cvi bv| Gfve webvg~ji mvj `qv ev bqvK
wbwl NvlYv Kivi mgq GmQ|
gvwKb hyivi gZ DbZ `kI cmwckb c`
Ilyai cwigvY bnvqZ Kg bq| GK cwimsLvb `Lv hvq,
wPwKrmKMY eevc hme Ilya wjL _vKb Zvi ga
AKRv ev AcqvRbxq Ilyai cwigvY cvq Zwk kZvsk|
dv wewfb cwimsLvb `Lv hvq, WUvj mvRb KZK
-
27
c` AvwUevqvwUKi kZKiv 45 fvMB AcqvRbxq ej
Awfgnj gZ cvlY Kib| eq jvK`i ejvq Ilya
cqvMi 50 fvM Kvb wPwKrmvi bxwZgvjv AbymiY
Kiv nq bv ej Ab GK cwimsLvb `Lv MQ| Gme
AcqvRbxq Ilya mebi wb`k `qvi Rb wPwKrmK`i
AgbvhvM Ges AZvK `vqx Kiv nq| weUb GK
mgxvq `Lv hvq h-me gwnjv mvb cmei Rb
nvmcvZvj fwZ nq Zv`i AbKK cmei AvMi ivwZ
Nygi Ilya c`vb Kiv nq| MfeZx gvq`i Gfve Nygi
Ilya cqvMi hwKZv mK ck DVjI Gi mwZKvi
Reve cvIqv hvq wb| ck DVQ mwZKvi A_ G Ilya Kvi
Rb? gv bvwK evPvi Rb? bvwK wPwKrmK I gwWKvj
vd`i Rb, hviv ivwZ kvwZ NygvZ Pvb?
ZZxq weki gZ Avgv`i `kI mePq ewk
AceeZ Ilyajvi ga iqQ AvwUevqvwUK,
wmWwUf, AvwUWvqvwiqvj, wfUvwgb, UwbK, KdwgKPvi,
iqW, AvwUwnvwgb, AvUvwmW RvZxq Ilya| UwbK
wfUvwgbi cwZ gvbyli AKwg `yejZv iqQ| G `yejZvi
KviY Ilya Kvcvwbjvi AbwZK WvM cgvkb Ges
wPwKrmK KZK Gme Ilyai XvjvI cqvM| UwbK I
wfUvwgb mK AbK wPwKrmKmn Ilya Kvcvwbjv
hme v aviYv Rbmg Zzj ai Zvi ga iqQ UwbK
I wfUvwgb meb bvwK fM^v Dvi nq, eq`i heb
cvw, wk`i gav I eqvtew, ZKi kxew, Pzj cov e
nq BZvw`| Gme eei Kvb evwbK wfw bv _vKv
mI e wPwKrmK cvqkB Gme e cmwckb wjL
_vKb| ivMx cqvRbxq gb Ki cPzi A_ eqi gvag
Gme Ilya wKb _vK| G AcevLv I Aceenvi ZB
cebvi kvwgj|
Ilyai AccqvM I Aceenvii dj ivMx wewfbfve
wZM nq| cmwckb c` Ilyai KvbwU cqvRbxq
Avi KvbwU AcqvRbxq ev c` Ilyai mv_ m ivMi
Av` mK iqQ wK bv Gme ck Dcvcb Kivi hvMZv
I gZv ivMxiv mPivPi ivL bv| dj ivMx cmwckb
gvZveK Ilya wKbZ I MnY KiZ eva nq| cmwckb
gvZveK AcqvRbxq Ilya wKbj ivMx Avw_Kfve
wZM nq| AcvmwK ev wZKi Ilya wKbZ Mj ivMx
gvivZK cvkcwZwqvq, welwqv ev weic cwZwqvi
wkKvi nq| G wZi `vq-`vwqZ _K wPwKrmKMY AenwZ
cZ cvi bv| DbZ wek ivMx wPwKrmKi fzj wmvi
KviY wZM nj AvBbi Avkq wbZ cvi| AbybZ
`kwjZ ivMx GB myweav ev AwaKvi fvM Ki bv| KviY
Avgv`i gZ `k gb Kiv nq ivMx Kgbgvb Avi
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28
wPwKrmKiv mycvigvb! ZvB mycvigvb`i Revew`wnZvi
`vqeZv Lye ewk cwijwZ nq bv|
evsjv`k WvM ceab Kvcvwbjv gwWKvj
wicRUwUf ev WvM cgvkb Awdmvi wbqvM Ki _vK|
evsjv`k cwZ wZbRb wPwKrmKi cQb GKRb
wicRbUwUf iqQ Ges G LvZ cwZ eQi KvwU KvwU
UvKv LiP nq| GB wicRbUwUfMY AwaKvsk Ilya
wekl bq Ges Kvb Kvb mgq Ilyai Ici G`i chv
vbI _vK bv| hw`I Zv`i Kvb Kvb mgq WvM ceabi
Ici cwkY `qv nq _vK| wK WvM ceabi Rb Ilya-
Kvvwb KZK cwiPvwjZ GB cwkY KZUzKz wbic
Ges cKZ Z_ mvc Zv g~jvqbi cqvRb iqQ| Giv
mvaviYZ Kvcvwbi eemvwqK ^v_UvK eo Ki `L Ges
m gvZveK wPwKrmKK Ilya cqvM I WvM vijvK
Ilya wKbZ cjy Ki| cKZ c ve Kvb ivMi
Ilya wbevPb cKZ Z_ bv cj wPwKrmK wev nq Ges
dj fyj ev wZKi Ilya cqvMi dj ivMx wZM nq|
ZvB Ilya Kvcvwbjv hb wPwKrmK I ivMxi Rb cKZ
I chv Z_ cevni wbqZv weavb Ki m evcvi
miKvii `p c`c bqv DwPZ|
eZgvb Ilyai Rvqvi Avgv`i wPwKrmKMY fvmQb
Avi GZvme Ilyai Ici cKZ Z_ A^lY wngwkg
LvQb| Kvb `k Ilyai msLvq mxgveZv bv _vKj Ges
evRvi cqvRbxq ev AcqvRbxq Ilya cvweZ nq Mj me
Ilyai Ici mgK aviYv ARb Kvb wPwKrmKi GKvi
c me bq| mywPwKrmvi Rb mxgve Ilyai Ici chv
vb, AmsL Ilyai Ici Ac~Y I fvmvfvmv vbi Pq
AbK DcKvix| Ilyai djcm~ I hywmZ cqvMi Rb
Kvvwb c` bvgi cwieZ Ilyai RbwiK bvg eenvi
AvekK| cZK `k ^vee vi DbwZK GKwU
AZvekKxq Ilyai ZvwjKv _vKv cqvRb| mywPwKrmvi
^v_ wPwKrmK`i Rb _vKv cqvRb GKwU Av`k wPwKrmv
MvBWjvBb| evsjv`ki gZ GKwU AbybZ `ki wbixn
RbmvaviYi my^v wbwZKiY Gme cwZ MnYi Kvb
weK bvB|
AavcK W. gybxiDwb Avng` : dvgwm Abyl`, XvKv wekwe`vjq Ges
cv-wfwm, B Iq BDwbfvwmwU, XvKv|
-
29
fzqvwevb gjv PvB
gwbij Bmjvg
BsiwRZ ej myWv-mvq (pseudoscience), evsjvq KD ej
Acwevb, KD Q-wevb, KDev ej fzqv-wevb| A_vr
evBii nuvKWvK Avi Avo^i `L AvcvZ`wZ wevb
ej gb njI Avmj GUv fvIZvevwR| Avgv`i GK
`xvi KZyK Ki ejwQjb, wevb-Av`vjb
Kgx`i ewkifvM mgq KvUvZ ne fzqv-wevb wbq| AvR
AbK eQi ci Zuvi K_vi iZ bZzb Ki Abyfe KiwQ|
KviY Avgv`i AvkcvkB `LZ cvwQ bvbv AcKkj
KvwU KvwU gvbyli wPv-PZbvK wev KiQ bvbv
wKwmgi fzqv-wevb| gybvdv, Kvqgx ^v_ Ges
AcivRbxwZi c eeZ nevi dj AbK B Gi
MwZ nqQ AcwZiva Ges `vcU nqQ Amvgvb|
dzUcv_i Kvbfvmvi_K i Ki agZ, eRvwZK
Kvvwb, AvRvwZK msv, ivxq cwZvb mKjB fzqv-
wevbi Dci fi KiQ bvbv iKg ^v_-wmwi dw` _K|
Zv`i GB AcZrciZv AZ mvdji m evcK msLK
gvbylK wev Ki Zv`iK IB dw`i duv` djQ|
wevbi Af~Zce DbwZi hyM fzqv-wevbi GB mvdj
Agv`i fvevq| Gi cwiYwZ wbq Avgiv wPwZ nq cwo|
gvbyli wevb-PZbv Ges hwKZveva wK Zvnj GwMq
hvQ bvwK wcwQq hvQ? G hyMI fzqv-wevb-Gi `vcU I
`ivZi KviY Ze wK?
GK_v wVK GKyk kZKi GB Y AvaywbK wevb gvbe
RvwZi GKvski RvMwZK-evaK cwiYwZi GK DbZ
chvq wbq MQ Ges wevb-wbfi chyw Avgv`i
AbKK w`qQ cKwZK wbqYi GK Af~Zc~e gZv|
wK Zvi gvb GB bq h cw_exi AwaKvsk gvbyl
wevbPZbv-mb nq MQ| eis Avgv`i Kvvb _K
G K_v eySZ Amyweav nq bv h ewkifvM gvbylB
wevbPZbv _K AbK `~i iq MQ| ay ZvB bq Avgiv
hw` ewki fvM gvbyli K_vB awi Zvnj weLvZ jLK I
BwZnvmwe` GBP wR Iqjmi m AvgivI GKgZ ne|
Iqjm GK`v ejwQjbG kZKi ewki fvM gvbyli
wPvfvebv wZb nvRvi eQi AvMi Avgv`i cvK-mf ev
Avw`g c~ecyil`i gZB|
GRb AbZg cavb GKwU KviY nj cw_exi evcK
AwaKvsk gvbyl Aivb I AvaywbK wkv _K ewZ|
hviv Aivb I wkv cvQ ZvivI coQ bvbv aibi
Acwkv I Kzwkvi Kej| Awkv I Kzwkvi c_ ai
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30
wUK AvQ KzmsvivQb jvKvPvi, gjev`x agxq weavb
Ges wPvi `b| chywi PvLauvavbv Sjgj bvbv
Avwevii wecixZ PZbvi GK AKvi w`KK `LZ cvB
fzqv-wevbi `vcUi gvS| cPwjZ jvKvPvi I mvgvwRK
weavbi gaKvi AhwK I cv`c` Dcv`vbK Pbv hZ
mnR wevbi Qek _vKv fzqv-wevbK Pbv ZZ mnR
bq| wevbi Qek _vK ejB fzqv-wevb mvaviY
gvbylK Lye mnRB wev KiZ cvi| mvaviY gvbyl
GjvK wevb ejB gb Ki Ges bvbvfve cZvwiZ
nq| AbK fzqv-wevbx em AvQ Avgv`i AvkcvkB
gnvwevbx mR, Avgiv wPbZ cviwQ bv|
h me welqi Dci gvbyli fw, fq, Avv ev cQ`
_vK mjvi bKj wRwbm ei nZ ewk mgq jvM bv|
bvbv iKg ^v_ wmwi Rb cZviK I avvevR ew ev Mvx
Gi gwK cwZic Zwi Ki| fzqv Wvvi, fzqv cywjk, fzqv
KgKZv, fzqv evsK, f cxi, f `iek, bKj mvbv,
bKj nxiv BZvw` Avgv`i mgvR gvUI weij bq| GiKg
AbK fzqv I fi cvkvcvwk AvRKvj fzqvwevbI gv_v
Zzj `uvovQ evcKfve| ay Avgv`i gZ wcwQq cov
mgvR bq, DbZ wek ej cwiwPZ `k I mgvRI Gi
cKvc Kg bq, eis w`b w`b evoQ| wevbi cwZ cZviK
I avvevR`i GB AvMni KviY wevbi cwZ mvaviY
gvbyli Mfxi Avv I wekvm| gvbyli Mfxi Avv I
wekvmK cyuwR Ki gybvdv ev Ab Kvb ^v_ ARbi Rb
Zwi nq bKj ev fzqv-wevb|
Pbv Riwi wK mnR bq
AvMB ejwQ fzqv-wevb ewki fvM mgqB Kvb bv Kvb
wevbi QveiY _vK| hgb fvM MYbvi Z_vKw_Z
RvwZl kv _vK RvwZwevbi AveiY| GZ AbK
GK RvwZwevbi kvLv ev Gi m mwKZ wevb ej
gb Kib| RvwZwevbi wewfb cwifvlv eenvi KijI
GB kv i Kvbv evwbK wfw bB| GwU GKwU wbfRvj
fzqvwevb| GiKg fve wevbi bvbv kvLvckvLv hgb
f~Z, f~Mvj, wPwKrmvwevb,gbwevb, c`v_wevb
BZvw`i QveiY De NUQ e aibi fzqv-wevbi|
-
31
ewki fvM gvbyli cB fzqvwevbi IB me KgKv
_K cKZ wevbK Avjv`v Ki wPbZ cviv KwVb nq
hvq| Zviv gb Ki Gjv wevbiB kvLv ev ewaZ Kvb
Ask| AbK mgq cKZ evwbK KgKvi Kvb Ask
wekl wbq Ggb wKQz evLv-welY nvwRi Kiv nq hvi
Kvb evwbK wfw bB| wevbi AbK kvLviB G aibi
AevwbK Ask iqQ hjv cvqB Avgv`i wev I
cZvwiZ Ki| hgb DcMni gvag Zvjv gj Mni wKQz
Qwei gbMov evLv `b wiPvW wm nMjv bvgi GK
KKvwnwb jLK| gj Mn mK Zvi KvwbK aviYvjv
cKvki mgq wZwb eenvi Kib MwYZ I RvwZwe`vi
wewfb cwifvlv| hvi dj mvaviY gvbyli KvQ Zvi evLvi
fzqv-evwbK icwU AbKUv Avovj nq hvq| GiKg
cwiw wZZ KvbwU wevb Ges KvbwU fzqv-wevb Zv evSv
KwVb nq ci|
wevbi m c_K Ki Pbv ek KwVb ejB
fzqvwevbK mnR AMvn Kiv hvq bv| fzqvwevbK
c_Kfve wPbZ cviv evwbK wPvi cmvii Rb AZ
iZc~Y| AvaywbK hyM hme gbxlx evwbK wPv I
wevbi `kbi mgmv wbq Mfxifve wPv KiQb Zv`i
AbKB feQb wK Ki mnR GB c_KxKiY Kiv hvq|
wesk kZK wevbi `vkwbK Kvj ccvi GB mgmv wbq
ek bvovPvov KiwQjb| wZwb Gi bvg w`qwQjb the
Demarcation Problem ev c_KxKiYi mgmv| ccvi gb
KiZb wevb I fzqvwevbi ga cv_K Kivi gZv
Kej wevbx I `vkwbK`i ga _vKjB Pje bv mvaviY
gvbyli gaI _vKZ ne : KviY wevb GZ kwkvjx I
iZc~Y Ges fzqvwevb GZUvB ej cPwjZ I wZKi h
GK wPbZ bv-cviv h Kvb gy mgvRi c eo aibi
wZi KviY nZ cvi|ccvii GB aviYv wQj AZ
mwVK|
wevbi `vkwbK`i ga ccviB c_g Lye iZi m
wevbi m Awevb-fzqvwevb BZvw`i cv_K Kivi
GKwU KvhKi cwZ wbYqi Pv KiwQjb| ccvii
cwZ Abyhvqx Kvb c vebv (nvBcvw_wmm) ev cKi
h_v_Zv wbfi Ki cheYi gvag cvebvwUi fzj
cgvwYZ Kivi (Falsify) mvebvi Dci| Zvi GB cwZi ga
gwjK h welqwU MnY Kiv hvq mwU nQ AbKjv fzj
c vebvK fzj cgvYi gvag mwVK-c vebv ev cKZ
mZK cvIqv hvq| wK ccvii GB cwZ AbK
KvhKi njI AbK wevwi Rb w`qQ| ZvB
ccvii cwZ cieZxKvj wevbi `vkwbK`i
mgvjvPbvi wkKvi nqQ Ges cwic~Yfve MnxZ nq wb|
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32
wevbK fzqv-wevb _K Avjv`v Ki Pbvi Rb
wevbi cwZMZ GKwU Kwcv_i AekB _vKZ ne|
wK fzqvwevbi bvbv aibi wewP iKg mvgvwRK Abyl
I ^v_i m Rwoq _vK ej ay cwZMZ AmwZ bq
Av_- mvgvwRK-ivRbwZK cwiw wZi Abyl fzqv-wevbK
evSvi cqvRb iqQ| AvMI DL KiwQ, wevbi
wewfb cwifvlv, hyw I DcKiYi m wgk _vK ej
fzqvwevbK Pbv KwVb nq| ZvB fzqvwevbK Pbvi
Avgv`i fzqvwevbK Avovj Ki ivLv wevbi kvLvwUi
cKwZ Ges Gi mxgveZv mK aviYv _vKv Riwi| ay
ZvB bq Avgiv hw` Kvb GK cKvi fzqvwevbi Mo IVv
Ges gvbylK wev Kivi Gi mvdji KviY eySZ
PvB Zvnj AviI wKQz welq mK Avgv`i aviYv
_vKZ ne| GB welqjvi ga iZc~Y nQ hyw
KvVvgvi ga wevwKi Dcv`vb (Fallacy) Ges gvbyl
wKfve Kvb welqi Dci wekvm vcb Ki Zvi gb |
wevbi wewfb kvLvq Kvb NUbv ev ccK evLvi
eYbv I hyw Dcvcbi aib Ggb _vK h Zv _K
gb nZ cvi h Gi ga AwZcvKZ wKQz AvQ| hgb hw`
ejv nqGB IlyawUi KvR nj iPvc Ges eyK aidi Kiv
Kgvbv| KvR kwU Avgv`i Abyfe mPZb GKwU wqvi
K_v Rvbvb `q hv Ro ei c Kiv me bq| ZvB Dcii
eYbv co gb nZ cvi IlyawUi Kvbv AjwKK YvY
iqQ| G iKg gb nIqvi Dci wfw Ki Mo DVZ
cvi wewfbiKg fzqv-evwbK evLv| Abw`K ewki fvM
fzqv-wevbi mK _vK mvgvwRK, A_bwZK I
ivRbwZK ^v_wmwi bvbv iKg dw`-wdwKii m| ZvB
mgvR I ivRbxwZi cwiYZ eva Qvov AbK fzqv-
wevbK cwic~Yfve evSv hvq bv|
1970-Gi `kK _K fzqvwevbi ^ic DbvPbi
j KvR KiQb cj _vMvW| 1978 mb cKvwkZ Why
Astrology is a Pseudoscience (evsjvqKb RvwZlkv GKwU
fzqv wevb?) wbe fzqv-wevbK wPwZ KiZ wMq wZwb
fzqvwevbi GKwU msv `b hv wewfb mgq wewfb cvVcy
K Qvcv nq| GB msv AbyhvqxGKwU Z ZLbB fzqv-
evwbK ej wPwZ ne hw` GwU `xNmgq ai IB ccK
evLv Kivi weK Zjvi Zzjbvq Kg cMwZkxj ev
wbwq _vK| A_vr eiKg AgxgvswmZ mgmvi gyLvgywL
nIqv mI Gi PPvKvix RbMvx GB mgmvjv
mgvavbi Zgb Kvb D`vM bq bv, Zv`i ZK
G welqi Abvb Zi m Zzjbvg~jK wePvii Kvb
D`vM bq bv Ges (mZ-wg_v mK) wbwZ nIqvi
ccvZg~jK AvPiY Ki|
-
33
cieZx mgq _vMvW Dcjw Kib Gfve msv w`q
wevbi m fzqvwevbK c_K Kivi Pq fzqvwevbi
ewkjv mywbw`fve Rvwbq w`j mvaviY gvbyli c
fzqvwevbK wPwZ Kiv mnR ne| 1988 mvj jLv
Computational Philosophy of Science kxlK eBq wZwb wevb I
fzqvwevbi ga cv_Km~PK ewkmg~nK mywbw `fve
wPwZ Kib| hvi dj wevb I fzqvwevbi c_KxKiY
AbK mnR nq| AwZmcwZ Ab GKwU wbe
ewkjvK wZwb AviI mgqvchvMx Ki Zvjb|
_vMvWi wPwZ ewkjv nQ :
1. wevb Kvb welqK evLv Ki mywbw` cwZi
gvag, fzqvwevb Kvb cwZwbfi evLv _vK
bv|
2. wevb (welq I ei) mK wbaviYKvix wPvK
eenvi Ki, h wPv cKwZi wewfb w`KK
Avwevii Rb cwimsLvbi cwZjv eenvi
Ki| Abw`K fzqvwevb AvevK ev wi wekvm
ev MuvRvwgjc~Y wPvi Dci wbfi Ki| G aibi
wPv _K Zviv Ggb wmv DcbxZ nq
hRMZ emg~ni ga Am mK AvQ
KviY Zviv GKB aibi|
3. evwbK Zi eenviKvixMY me`vB wewfb
weK Zmg~ni wbwiL Zvi Zi h_v_Zv hvPvB
KiZ AvMnx _vKb| Abw`K fzqvwevbi
PPvKvixMY weK ZjvK AMvn Ki|
4. wevb Ggb Zi AeZviYv Ki hv RwUj bq
wK Gi _vK evLv Kivi wek` gZv| Avi
fzqvwevb Ggb Zi AeZviYv Ki hvi evLv
w`Z wMq AviI AbK wKQz ai wbZ nq ev bZzb
bZzb (gbMov) cK MnY KiZ _vK|
5. mgqi m m wevb GwMq hvq bZyb Z_K
evLvi Rb bZzb Z wbq Avm| fzqvwevb Zvi
bxwZ I cqvMi Abo Aevb _vK|
Dci DwLZ wevb I fzqvwevbi cv_Kjvi ga
mePq iZc~Y cv_K nj wevb GKwU mywbw` cwqv
Abyhvqx Pj, fzqvwevbi G aibi Kvb cwqv _vK bv|
cwqvi welqwU fzqvwevb AMvn Ki| cwqv ejZ
evSvq Ggb GK myywbw` cwZ hLvb KqKwU Dcv`vbi
wg_wqvq wbqwgZ GK aibi dj cvIqv hvq| hgb imvqb
ev Reccmg~ni I Avgiv evcb (diffusion) bvgK
GKwU cwqv Avgiv `wL, hLvb Aacwievnx c`v
(Semipermeable mebrane) hgb KvlwSi GK cvk _K
Abcvk eKYv Kx nvi AwZg Kie Zv wbfi Ki c`vi
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34
`yB cvk eKYvi NbZi cv_Ki Dci| GB cwqv mKj
ARe I Re cc GKBfve wqv Ki| eRMZi
Kvbv wbqg Abyhvqx ev c`v_i Kvb ag Abyhvqx G NUbv
NU wevb Zvi evLv mywbw`fve w`q _vK|
fzqvwvb Ggb Kvb cwqvi ga hvq bv ev hZ cvi
bv KviY Zv`i cvebvjv eRMZi cheYi Dci
wfw Ki Mo IV bv| hgb RvwZl kv hme NUbv
NUe ev NUQ ej `vwe Ki Zvi fvmvfvmv hvMm~i K_v
ejjI Kvb mywbw` Kvb cwqv AvQ Ggb wKQz cgvY
KiZ cvi bv| Rbi mgq AvKvki Zvivwji GKwU
wekl Aevb Kx Ki GKRb gvbyli ewZi
ewkjv wbaviY Ki m iKg Kvb cwqv `LvZ cvi
bv RvwZlkv| hme NUbv NUQ ev NUe ej Zviv `vwe
Ki Zvi Kvb ev e cheY, cixv-wbixv ev
wevbmZ cwimsLvb iqQ GgbI `LvZ cvi bv Zviv|
Zvnj Avgiv `LwQ Dci DwLZ welqjv iZi
m j Kij Avgiv mnRB wPwZ KiZ cvie KvbwU
wevb Ges KvbwU fzqvwevb| wK ev e-Rxeb Avgv`i
Avkcvk fzqvwevb Ggbfve Qwoq _vK h Avgiv
AbK mgq Zv j Kwi bv| cvqB `Lv hvq Gjv _vK
wevbi Abvb Abyli m wgk| wevbi m
mwKZ ew ev cwZvb hLb G aibi cPvi m hy
nb ZLb Gi viv mvaviY gvbyl Zv eUB vb-wevbi m
mwKZ ewivI cvqB wev nq _vKb| G KviYB
Avgv`i Avkcvk _vKv bvbv cKvii fzqvwevbi ^ic
m~fve cheY Kiv Ges Gi MwZcKwZ I Dk
mK aviYv _vKv Riwi|
Avkcvk bvbvb ek
wevb gvUvgywU ej cPwjZ Ges Rbwcq nevi ci _KB
bvbv cKvii fzqvwevbiI Drcw nZ _vK| Ebwesk
kZK _K Avgiv DLhvM KqKwU fzqvwevbi Drcw
nZ `wL, nvwgIcvw_ Ges dbvjwR Zvi ga AbZg|
hme fzqvwevb h_ Rbwcq I cPwjZ nqQ mjv
j Kij Avgiv `wL ewkifvM fzqvwevbi Drcw
nqQ wevbi AvweZ Z_ I PPvi m cPwjZ wekvmi
AwZcvKZ Dcv`vb wgwkq| AbK cPwjZ Kvb
ewi AwZcvKZ evLv ev` w`q GKB NUbvi evwbK
evLv `Iqv i nq wevbi Kvbv Avwevii m
wgwjq| hgb gvbyli fvMi Dci Mni cfvei evcviwU
GmwQj KviY cvPxbKvji gvbyli wekvm wQj Mnwj GK
GKwU `eZv, Giv G`i ^fve Abyhvqx gvbyli Rxebi
Dci cfve wevi Ki| wbDUb gnvKlZ Avwevii ci
`eZv`i cfvei e`j Gm MQ Mn-bi AvKlY|
-
35
GfveB wevbi wewfb kvLvi Dci wfw Ki bvbv Dk
wbq Mo DVQ wewfb aibi fzqvwevbi PPv| Avgiv hw`
mviv cw_exZ cPwjZ me aibi fzqvwevb mK
AjvPbv KiZ PvB Zvnj ek KqKwU XvDm AvKvii eB
wjLI Kzjvbv hve bv| GB AvjvPbvi ^ cwimi Gjvi
cwZwUi ^ic Zzj aiv me bq| Avgv`i Avkcvk hme
fzqv-wevbi PPv Lye `vcUi m Avgv`i wev KiQ
Zvi ga KqKwUi K_vB msc DL KiwQ| GKUz j
Kij `Lev gvbylK wev Ki ^v_ Dvii Rb m-me
welqKB eQ bqv nq h me welq mvaviY gvbyli
AvKlY ev `yejZv iqQ|
Avgv`i Avkcvk hme fzqvwevb `vcUi m
RbMYK wev KiQ Zvi ewkifvMi Dk eemvwqK|
Kvbv KvbvwUi Dk ivRbwZK A_vr ivRbwZK dvq`v
jvUvi Rb wg_v ev weKZ Z_ ev evLvi Dci wevbi
cjc w`q Gi h_v_Zv cgvYi Pv Kiv| agZxivI Kg
hvb bv| AvRKvj wevbi AMMwZi KviY cPwjZ
agwekvm Ges Gi AbK Dcv`vb mK AvaywbK gvbyli
gb Zwi nQ bvbv ck| Gjv AbK agwekvmi
wfZKB bvwoq w`Q| GiKg Aevq agwekvmi bvbv
Dcv`vbK wevbmZ ej cgvY Kiv wekvm ivi Lye
KvhKi Kkj| G-iKg me aibi cPvi wb`kb LuvRvi
Rb Avgv`i `~i Kv_vI hZ ne bv| Uwjwfkbi c`v ev
ccwKvi cvZvq weklZ wevcbjvi w`K ZvKvjB
Avgiv Gmei fzwifzwi wb`kb `LZ cvev|
eRvwZK Kvvwbi GK weLvZ nj_& wWsK| Dcv`vb
hv AvQ Zv Avgv`i Abvb `bw`b Lvevii Dcv`vbi
_K wfb wKQz bq| wK Zviv `vwe KiQb GUv Lj bvwK
evPviv mvaviY Lvevi-LvIqv evPv`i Pq ewk j^v, ewk
kwkvjx Ges ewk eywgvb ne| GKB Dcv`vb wfbdj
Kb ne Zvi Kvb Reve G`i KvQ bB| GK
gnvevwbK cgvY Kivi Rb Avkq bqv nq cZviYv I
wg_vPvii| ejv nq Gjv bvwK ^Z MelYvq cgvwYZ|
gvbyli kixii Dci Kvbv Ilya ev cyw Dcv`vbi cfve
`Lvi Rb h-me MelYv (wKwbKvj Uvqvj) Pvjvbv nq
m-me MelYv cK m `ki mswk evwbK KwgwU
KZK cvk KivZ nq| LuvR wbq `Lv MQ G`i Gme
Kw_Z MelYv-cve evwbK KwgwUi viv Abygvw`Z bq
Ges GB welqi Kvbv ^xKZ evwbK Rvbvj Zv cKvwkZ
nq wb| GiKg AviI AbK `wk I eRvwZK Kvvwb
cPwjZ Lvevii Pq Zv`i Lvevii kZ MelYvq
cgvwYZ ej `vwe Ki AvmQ| hnZz Zv`i Kw_Z
MelYv fzqv AZGe G`i kZi `vwe fyqvevwbK Ges
cZviYvg~jK|
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36
Gme evsjv`k h-me Kvvwb Zrci G`i
ewkifvMB fviZmn Dcgnv`ki meKwU `kB eemv
KiQ| 29 bf^i 2012, KbvUK _K cKvwkZ fviZi
BsiwR RvZxq `wbK w` wn y`-Z GKwU Lei Qvcv nq hvi
wkivbvg wQj fzqv `vwei Rb 19wU Kvvwb wePvii
gyLvgywL| 19wU Kvvwbi cwZwUB wewfb aibi Lvevii
AvBUg Zwi Ki| G`i ewkifvM Avgv`i `kI
evRviRvZ KiQ Zv`i cY| mvevbi wevcb WvviK
w`q ejvbv nQ mvevb w`q ayq me aibi RxevYy-
msgY cwZiva Kiv me| Ggb Kx mw`-Kvwki gZ evqy-
evwnZ ivMI bvwK cwZiva KiZ ne mvevb w`q ayq!
wPwKrmvi bvg PjQ bvbv iKg fzqvevwbK ZrciZv|
Gme ZrciZvi ewkifvM PjQ cPvi gvag| `vwe Kiv
nQ Pvgovq jvMvbv nq Ggb GKwU gvwjk RvZxq Ilya
bvwK RqUi fZi wMq bvbv iKg wqv Ki, ivM
mvivq| dvgvKvjwRi A Av K L hvi cov AvQ wZwb Rvbb
gvbyli Pvgov f` Ki Gfve Kvb Ilya kixii Afi
XzKZ cvi bv| b~bZg Kvb cixv-wbixv QvovB Giv ej
w`Q RqUi wfZi wMq GB Ilya Kx Kx (cuvP iKg)
cwZwqv mw Ki| Gi ga h-me Dcv`vb AvQ ej Zviv
`vwe Ki ZviI Kvb cgvY bB| GB Kw_Z Dcv`vbjv Kx
Dcvq kixi cwZwqv mw Ki Zvi wKQz cwqv Zviv
KwDUvi Zwi Avwbgkbi gvag wevcb `wLq
_vK| wK G cwqvjv h mwZB NU Zvi cI Zviv
Kvbv MelYv ev cheYMZ wfw `LvZ cvi bv| Gi
dj evSv hvq Zv`i GB Kw_Z cwqvjv m~Y
gbMov I evbvqvU| Zviv ivMx`i mvvrKvi wbq `Lvq
ivMxiv ejQ ivM miQ| Gjv hw` mZI nq ZvnjI
evwbK cwZ Abyhvqx GUv Kvb cgvY bq| Gme Kw_Z
Ilyai Kvb wevbmZ MelYvi wb`kb _vK bv| AZGe
Gjv LuvwU fzqvwevb|
Abvb AbK `ki gZ Avgv`i `kI `yqKUv
agNulv wUwf Pvbj RxeweeZb Zi weivwaZv KiZ
wMq gjev`xiv eywgvb cwiKK ZK (intelligent design
theory) Dcvcb Ki _vK| mwev`K wevb wnme `vwe
Kivi GB Kkj gjev`xiv c_g i KiwQj 1960 Gi
`kK| gvwKb gyjyKi nbwi gwim bvgi GK cKkjx
Zwi Kib mwZ MelYv msN (BbwwUDU Ae wqkb
wimvP)| Zviv `vwe KiZ _vKjb G Z MelYvj| ay
ZvB bq- Zviv AviI `vwe KijbG welq (G Zi
PPvKvix`i) bvbv evwbK wbe wewfb ^xKZ evwbK
Rvbvj cKvwkZ nqQ| mwev`x`i GB `vwe wbq weZK
hLb Zz ZLb 1984 mvj AvgwiKvi wekwe`vjqi `yRb
Rxewevbi wkK BDwRb U I nbwi Kvj D`vM
-
37
wbjb welqwUK fvjfve Zwjq `LZ| Zviv wZb eQi ai
GK nvRviwU evwbK Rvbvj NU mwev`x MelYvi Ggb
bgybv LyuRZ _vKb hv wekwe`vjqi cvVZvwjKvq Afy
Kiv hvq| nvRviwU Rvbvj Qvcv nIqv wbe I
Awfm`fmg~ni GKwUZI Zviv mwev`i c Kvb
cvqvwMK ev MelYvg~jK iPbv LyuR cvb wb| GB nj gvwKb
gyjyK mwev`x`i MelYvi bgybv! Avgv`i `k Zv ejvB
evj|
G-iKg Aviv AbK aibi fzqvwevb Avgv`i
Avkcvk iqQ| Avgv`i AZv Avi wbR`i
cZviYvg~jK cPviYvi Dci fi Ki Giv `vcUi m
gvbylK wev Ki hvQ| G`i viv Avw_K, gvbweK Ges
bwZKfve wZM nQb G`ki KvwU KvwU mvaviY
gvbyl| Gme PPv Avgv`i `ki AvBb, gwWKj I
ckvMZ bwZKZv BZvw`i eiLjvd njI AvBb cqvMi
`yejZvi KviY PPvKvixiv iq hvQ aivQuvqvi evBi| Ze
G`i cvi cq hvevi Avmj KviY nQ gvbyli AZv|
ZvB GLb mgq GmQ msMwVZfve mwe vi G`i ^ic
DbvPb Kivi|
I`i cPvi cPviYvi RuvKRgK I WvgvWvji wecixZ
Avgv`iI cPviYv PvjvZ ne Ggbfve hvZ ewkifvM
gvbyl G`i duvwKevwR eySZ cvi| Avgiv wevbgjv Kwi,
wewfb cRi gvag mvaviY gvbylK wevbi wewfb
Avwevi Avi mebvi m cwiPq Kivbvi Rb| GLb
wevbgjvi PqI Avgv`i ewk cqvRb fzqvwevb-gjv
AvqvRb Kivi| hvZ Avgv`i ZiYiv fzqvwevbi wewfb
cRi gvag mvaviY gvbylK fzqvwevbmg~ni bvbv
Kvq`vi duvwKevwR I KvimvwRjv mwe vi `wLq w`Z
cvi| Kvbv wKQzi wecixZK Rvbj IB welqwUK Aviv
fvjfve evSv hvq| hgb AKvii gvS AvjvK
mePq evSv hvq| ZvB G-aibi D`vMi gvag
cZviYv I wPvi wevw KvwUq Avgv`i mgvRK
gyPZbvi AvjvwKZ PZi wbq hvIqv Aviv mnR I
mvejxj ne |
mnvqK iPbvejx
1. Massimo Pigliucci, Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk, The University of Chicago Press, 2010.
2. Stanley A Rice, Encyclopedia of Evolution, Infobase Publishing, New York, 2007. 3. Paul R Thagard, Computational Philosophy of Science, MIT Press, USA, 1988. 4. Paul R Thagard, Why Astrology Is A Pseudoscience, University of Michigan-Dearborn,
1978, Volume 1, edited by P.D. Asquith and I. Hacking (East Lansing: Philosophy of Science Association, 1978)
5. gwbij Bmjvg, ReweeZbev` : `ok eQii weiva, msnwZ cKvkb, 2q gy`Y, 2010|
6. gwbij Bmjvg, wevbi gjev`x eenvi, (mskvwaZ I cwiewaZ) 2q msiY, msnwZ cKvkb, 2011|
gwbij Bmjvg : ckvq wPwKrmK| evsjv`k evqvjwR AwjwqvWi GKRb mvwbZ D`vv| wevb
PZbv cwil`i mv_ `xNw`b ai RwoZ| cKvwkZ M : ReweeZbev` : `ok eQii weiva
(2007, msnwZ cKvkb), wevbi gjev`x eenvi (2011, msnwZ cKvkb) Ges bvix cyil elg :
RxeZvwK cvcU (2010, msnwZ cKvkb), XvKv
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38
wevb I Acwevb
Zvbfxi nvwbd
RvwZlkv ev AvmUvjwR Kvbv wevb bq, GUvK
Acwevb ejv hvq| hw`I nvRvi nvRvi eQi c~e GB kvi
De NUQ Ges `yfvMg gvbemfZv hLb wevb I Gi
`kgvb dmj, hvK Avgiv chyw ewj, Gi DPwkLi cuQ
MQ Ges GB cMwZ AenZ AvQ ZLbI GB Acwevb
Z_v A-Kzmsvi KZK j j gvbyl cZvwiZ nq PjQ|
GB Acwevbi cfve GZUvB gvivZK h `ki
ewkifvM c-cwKvZ wekvj Ask Ryo ivwkdji Lei
cKvk Kiv nq| wKsev XvDm mvBRi wevcb w`q cPvi Kiv
nqAvcwb wK nZvk? Zvnj wbfyj fvM MYbvi gvag
nZvkv gywi Rb AgyKi fvM-MYbv P^vi Avmyb| GB
aibi wevcb cZviYv Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| aib Kviv
nZvkv GZUvB gvivZK chvq h wZwb AvZnZvI KiZ
cvib h Kvbv mgq| G Aevq Zvi cqvRb GKRb
wPwKrmv-gbvwevbxi kiYvcb nIqv| wZwb hw` mwU bv Ki
Kvb RvwZlxi KvQ hvb Ges wKQyw`b ci gvbwmK
fvimvg nvwiq mwZB AvZnZv Ki embZvnj Gi
`vqfvi Kvi bqv DwPr? Gi Rb `vqx K ne? Avw_K
wZi K_v ev`B w`jvg|
Avgiv AbK mgq RvwZlkv (AvmUvjwR) Ges
RvwZwevb (AvmUvbwg) GB `yBwU welqK GK wjq
dwj| bvgi ga h_ cwigvY wgj _vKjI G`i fZi
GKwU wekvj cv_K AvQ| RvwZlkvi wfw nj KZjv
mij wK wfwnxb Avi AcgvwYZ wekvm| hgb Kvbv
gvbyli ewZ, Zvi fvM, Zvi Rbgyn~Z Puv`, m~h Ges
Abvb Mn-bi Aevbi Dci wbfikxj| GB
AevbjvK evLv-welYi gvag MYKiv GK aibi
QK Zwi Kib, GK Zviv ejb Kzw ev nivc|
RvwZlx`i `vwe Abymvi GB Kzw eenvi Ki Zviv bvwK
gvbyli Rxebi iZc~Y NUbvmg~ni fwelvYx Ges evLv
w`q _vKb| ew, cwZvb Ggb wK RvwZi iZc~Y wmv
wbZ mvnvh Ki _vKb! RvwZwevb nj Mn-bi
MwZ-cKwZi evwbK Aaqb-chvjvPbv| RvwZwevb
RvwZc`v_wevbi mgZzj ev Gi Ask| A_vr
RvwZwevb nj Mn-bi De, weeZb, MwZ-cKwZi
we`v Avi RvwZlkv nj gvbyli Ici G`i cfve|
h Kvb evwbK Z ev AbyKi KZKjv ewk
_vKGgbwK hw` mwU fyjI cgvwYZ nq| wK hv fyj cgvY
Kivi myhvM bB Zv wevbi chvq ci bv| AvjvKZi
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39
PjvPji gvag wnme B_vi bvgK meevcx GK aibi
c`v_i Abygvb KiwQjb wevbxiv| cieZxKvj cixY
Gi Abw Z cgvwYZ nq Ges wevbxiv Zv gbI wbqQb|
KviY wevbi PvwjKvkw nj mskq Ges mskqK hvPvB
Kivi Rb iqQ cixYi eev| B_vii AbygvbwU wK
AhwK wQj bv| Dwbk kZKi wevbxiv RvbZb h Kvb
aibi Zii hgb RjZi, k BZvw`i mvjbi Rb
gvag cqvRbKvRB Avjv hw` Zwor-Py^Kxq Zi nq
Zvnj Gi mvjbi RbI gvag _vKvUvB mZ| wK
wevb ay Abygvbi Ici wfw KiB wmv Uvb bv| GK
hvPvB Kiv ev fyj cgvYi Pv nj GKwU evwbK cK ev
nvBcv_wmmi cieZx avc| GB welqwUK ejv nq
djwmwdKkb U| AcevwbK Zmg~n hgb
RvwZlkv GB aibi cixvq m~Yfve e_| GLvb
GKUy evLvi cqvRb AvQ| `yB aibi eei K_v wPv
Kib : GKK Aw ZvcK Ges wekRbxb| GKwU mv`v
ivRnuvmi Aw Z AvQGwU GKwU GKK Aw ZvcK
ee Ges mKj ivRnuvmB mv`vGwU nj GKwU wekRbxb
ee| wevbx`i KvQ GB `yB aibi eei wekl iZ
AvQ| GKRb G aibi e GKK Aw ZvcK ee _K
GKwU wekRbxb ee cuQZ mg| hgb K GKwU mv`v
ivRnuvm, L GKwU mv`v ivRnuvm| Gfve AbKjv
ivRnuvmi Mvqi iO _K Zviv wmv wbZ cvi mKj
ivRnuvmB mv`v| GwU hwK wePvi GKwU Avivnx cwZ
(wekl nZ mvaviY AvivnY) njI cwZwU
AeivnxMZfve (mvaviY nZ wekl AeivnY) chvR
bq| Gi KviY nj, Avgv`i `Lv mg ivRnuvmi evBiI
AviI wfb iOi ivRnuvm _vKZ cvi Ges Zv KvjvI nZ
cvi| cKZc Awjqvq Kvjv ivRnuvm AvQ|
wevbi wfw G-aibi AcvgvY wmv nZ cvi bv|
Avivng~jK GB cwZi mgvavb nj djwmwdKkb| GKwU
mv`v ivRnuvmi Aw Z AvQGiKg GKwU GKK Aw
ZvcK eei Ici wfw Ki mKj ivRnuvmB
mv`vGiKg GKwU wekRbxb eeK wbwZfve
cwZwZ Kiv Ame njI GKwU Kvjv ivRnvumi Aw Z
AvQGiKg GKwU GKK Aw ZvcK eei Ici wfw
Ki mwUK wbwZfve fyj cgvY Kiv me| cw_exi mg
ivRnuvmK `L GKUv mvaviYxKZ wmv cuQbv Ame
wK GKwUgv ewZg GKwU mveRbxb eeK v
cgvY KiZ mg| evwbK Zi ewkB nj miKg
AZ GKwU ewZgi mvebvK ^xKvi Ki bqv| GKwU
evwbK Zi mdjZvi e KviYi fZi GKwU nj, e
cixYi ciI mwUi wUK _vKv| GK fyj cgvY Kievi
Dcvq Rvbv _vKZ ne Ges mB Dcvq AbymiYi ciI Zv
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40
wUK _vKZ cvi| AvBbvBbi eewU Avgiv j KiZ
cvwi: No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a
single experiment can prove me wrong.
Avbdjwmwdqej Z G-aibi Kvbv Kvjv ivRnuvm
cvIqv hvq bv| evwbK-ZjvK G-aibi Kvjv
ivRnuvm LuvRvi Rb weklfve bv Kiv nq| hw` G-aibi
ivRnuvm cvIqv hvq Zvnj ZwU fyjhw` bv cvIqv hvq
Zvnj ZwUi mwVK nevi mvebv eo hvq| AwaKZi
kwkvjx Z wnme cwZv cvq| cKZ wevbi wP nj
Gi PPvKvixiv G aibi Kvjv ivRnuvmi mvb _vK Avi
Acwevbi PPvKvixMY G-welqwU h_vme Gwoq Pj|
cKZc RvwZlkv G aibi Kvjv ivRnuvmi
Kvbv Aw Z bB A_vr RvwZlkv djwmwdqej bv|
RvwZlxiv Zv`i `vwejvK cgvY Kievi Rb mePvBZ
`yej mv-cgvYK AvMj aiZ Pvb wK GB mv-cgvY
LyuR cZ Zv`i GKi ci GK e_ZvK KLbv Zv`i
`vwei wei mv wnme Dcvcb KiZ w`Z Zviv
we y`gv AvMnx bb|
GgbwU nZ cvi (AekB ewZg wnme) y`B-GKRb
wevbx wei Z_-DcvK mPZbfve Gwoq MQb|
Gi KviY Avi wKQyB bqgvbyli ^fveB GiKg h m Pvq
Zvi ZwU mwVK nvK Ges mRb mvsNwlK Z_-DcvK
Gwoq Pj| Ze GB ewk mvaviYfve wevbi c~Y
jv mK gvUI chvR bq| GgbwK ZKi
LvwZi hw` aivI nq h Kvbv GKRb wevbx wbRi
cQ`i Zi wei hvq G-aibi mvsNwlK Z_-DcvK
Gwoq MQbZvnjI wK AviKRb mwU LyuR cq
wekweLvZ nevi myhvM wbZ cvib| G-Rb ejv nq
wevbi wbRK wbRi mskvabi gZv AvQ| wK G-
aibi wKQyB Avgiv RvwZlkv `LZ cvB bv| KviY ev
eZvi mv_ mwZc~Y GgbwU RvwZlxiv KLbB `vwe KiZ
mg bb|
wevbi `vwejvK AekB cgvYhvM nZ ne Ges
cixY viv hvPvB Kievi ci G`iK ev eZv wnmeB
gb bqv nq| Acwevbi `vwejv c_gZ : AbbmvaviY
(extraordinary) nq Ges wZxqZ GB `vwejvi c
AbbmvaviYfve Achv Z_-cgvY Dcvcb Kiv nq|
mZ KviY GwUi iZ gvUI Kg bqKviY Kvb Z
hw` chv Z_-cgvYi Ici cwZwZ bv nq Ges Gi hw`
Kvb cixYj cgvY bv _K _vK Zvnj ev eZvi mv_
GwUi KvbviKg mshvM `vwe Kiv GKevi wfwnxb|
gvwKb RvwZc`v_we` Kvj mvMvb (1934-1996)
GKevi ejwQjbAbbmvaviY `vwei Rb AbbmvaviY
mv-cgvY AvekK (extraordinary claims require extraordinary
-
41
evidence)| A_ nj Kvb `vwe hw` Avgv`i wekRMZ mK
BZvga Avgiv hv Rvwb Zvi mv_ Zyjbvg~jK wePvi Lye
ewkgvvq weqKi ev AmvaviY bv nq Zvnj mB `vwei
c Lye ewk mv-cgvYi cqvRb ci bv| DvUvI wK
mgvbfve chvR| hw` Kvbv `vwe Avgv`i wekRMZ
mK Rvbv Z_i mv_ mvsNwlK nq Zvnj Gi ^c
AbK ewkgvvq mv-cgvY AvekK| Gi KviY wK?
KviY GB AbbmvaviY `vwewU mZ nj Avgv`i wekRMZ
mK Rvbv Ges mZ ej MnxZ AbK AbK Z_K
wg_v ej gb wbZ ne| GLb GB MnxZ Z_jv hw`
Avevi cixY I cheYi mv_ Lye fvjvfve mwZc~Y
nq Zvnj `vwewU AbbmvaviY-Gi gvvq DbxZ nq Ges
hZY ch Gi c BwwiKvj cgvY mwUi wec
eZgvb BwwiKvj-cgvYK AwZg bv Ki ZZY G
welqwU MnY Kievi Kvbv KviY bB|
AbbmvaviY `vwei GKwU D`vniY wnme Avgiv
nvwgIcvw_i K_v ejZ cvwi| Gi Kvb evwbK wfw ev
Drm bB| BZvga Avgiv Rvwb nvwbgvb Zuvi
nvwgIcvw_i m~jv Kvb cixv-wbixvi gvag cvb
wbwZwb aygv GWnK wfwZ mjv aviYv Ki
wbqwQjb| wZwb Zuvi mgZyjZvi m~wU aviYv KiwQjb
GKwU cheY _K : wmbKvbv MvQi Qvj uKj my
gvbyli ga gvjwiqvi jY `Lv hvq ZvB GB MvQ _K
msMnxZ KzBbvBb gvjwiqv cwZivaK| Ges GB m~wU
(A_vr h cheY _K cYqb Kiv nqQ GB aviYv)
cybircv`b ev iwcKU Kiv ev wbwZfve cgvY KivI
me nq wb| GB `vwe Abymvi Awb`v ev Bbmvgwbqvi Ilya
nj KvdBbi (hv Nyg b Ki) AwZgvvq WvBjyUW
mjykb| ZijxKZ wel AvBwf Pvgovi dymKywoi Ilya
wnme KvR Kie KviY Nbxf~Z Aevq GwU dymKzwoi Rb
`vqx, ZijxKZ SvSvjv jvj cqvRi im PvLi cvwb cov
e Ki Ges ZijxKZ mvci wel kvixwiK AboZv wbivgq
Ki| nvwgIcvw_K eBcyK cvqB Nyowdi GKwU K_v
Avm : wbDUbi Rb MvQ _K cov Avcj ev MvwjwjIi
Rb Kv_Wvj `vjvqgvb evwZi f~wgKv hZUyKy
nvwbgvbi Rb wmbKvbv MvQi Qvji Ae`vb ZZLvwb|
A_P AvR Avgiv evwbKfve RvbZ ciwQ nvwbgvbi
mgZyjZvi m~wU Avmj Wvnv wg_v| cieZxKvj AvweZ
nqQ wmbKvbv MvQi Qvji gvjwiqv cwZivaK wekl
YvY AvQ Ges GB cwZivawU wK aibi cwqvZ ev
gKvwbRgi gvag NU ZvI cwivifve evLv Kiv
nqQ| wK Gi mv_ nvwbgvbi wel welq ev
fvBUvwjRg ev WvBbvwgRg BZvw`i Kvbv hvMm~ ei
Kiv hvq wb| wUKvi gvbe`n wbw` gvvZ RxevYy
-
42
BbRi gvag cwZiva Mo Zvjvi gZb wKQyI GwU bq|
nvwgIcvw_i wfwwUK wbwZfve woq `qv nqQ|
AwZ mcwZ nvwbgvbi ewMZ AwfZvK KyBbvBbi
cwZ Zvi AwZmse`bkxjZv wnme evLv Kiv nqQ|
nvwbgvbi wmv jvK Zvi mgqi (Av`k kZK)
Rb Lye GKUv `vl `qv nqZ hve bv h-mgq Ilya-c_
mK ewkifvM aviYvB wQj c_v I jvKKvwnwbwfwK|
nvwbgvbi wmwgwjqv wmwgwjqvevm wKDivi ev wel
welqi mv_ wK fyWy gvwRKi ek wgj cvIqv hvq| fyWy
ev jvKR eyRiwK wPwKrmv ev hv`ywe`vi cQb KvR Ki
jvBK Gdm& jvBK ev mgZzj mgZyjK cfvweZ Ki
GB wekvm| GRb fyWy gvwRwkqvbiv wfwgi gZv `LZ
cyZyj Zwi Ki ZvZ m~uP dvUvq| wmbKvbvi Qvji
KvhKvwiZvK m-mgq Gi Zxe Klxq ^v` I nRg kw
ewZ Gi cfve w`qI evLv Kiv nq| nvwbgvbi ev GB
`vwejvi KvbvUvB mZi KvQvKvwQI wQj bvhw`I
Avgv`i gb ivLZ ne mwU wQj Ggb GKUv hyM hLb
gwWKj mvq AvYweK Z, wdwRIjwR, dvgvKvjwR ev
gvBvevqvjwR Gmei KvbvwUiB cqvM i nq wb| Avi
mRb Gme AvbZvcm~Z aviYvmg~nK gv Kiv hvq|
KvwbK A` wi A -k mymwZ nq nvwbgvb Zvi
mgqi wewfb ivmvqwbK, Re-ivmvqwbK Avi Re-c`v_i
(hv wewfb gvvq Ilya ev Gi DcKiY wnme eenvi Kiv
nZ) mwVK cqvM mK Abymvb cwqv i Kijb|
nvwbgvb cwqvwUi bvg w`jb cwfsm&| GwUK
HwZnvwmK wePvi cvKwZK Dcv`vbmg~ni GKevi
c_gw`KKvi wKwbKvj Uvqvj ejv hZ cvi| hw`I Zv
fyjc_ cwiPvwjZ wQj| wZwb GB DcKiYjv wbR MnY
Kib| gRvi welq nj GB cwfsm&jv bvwK ewi Dci
wbfikxj| nvwbgvb wbRi cwievii m`m`iKI GB
c_ MnY Kivb| DcKiYjvi Kvbv KvbvwU (hgb:
mxmv I cvi`) wQj gvivZK welv| Avi m-Rb nvwbgvb
kl ch wmv Avmb GjvK mvaviYfve hZ Kg
cwigvY eenvi Kiv ne nvwgIcvw_K Ilya ZZ ewk
kwkvjx I KvhKix ne| GB wmvwU Zvi cwievii Rb
Avkxev` eq AvbjI nvwgIcvw_i wZxq m~ ev
y `vwZy`i DU m~i m~Pbv Kij| mvRv fvlvq : GKwU
nvwgIcvw_K Ilya hZ ewk WvBjyU ev ZijxKZ ev cvZjv
Kiv ne mwU ZZ ewk kwkvjx ne| GRb nvwgIcvw_
Ilya evbvbv nq cvwb ev AvjKvnj GKwU DcKiY wgwkq
hv evievi ZijxKZ Kivi gvag wKsev SuvwKq
(mvKmvkb)| GB DU cwqvwUK ejv nq cvUbkvBwRs|
aib Avcwb Awb `vi nvwgIcvw_K Ilya evbveb| Avcwb
myuBqi WMv KvdBb Quyq Kvbv QvU wUDe ev evZji
-
43
cvwbZ wgwkq SuvKvZ _vKeb, Gici Gi wKQy AskK
(AaK AskK) Avevi AviKwU QvU wUDe ev evZji
cvwbZ wgwkq SuvKvZ _vKeb Ges GB cwqvwUi
cybivew KiZB _vKeb hZY bv ch Avcbvi Pvwn`v
Abyhvqx WvBjykb bv nq|
nvwgIcvw_K Ilyajv mvaviYZ 1012 _K 1060
gvvq WvBjyU Kiv nq Ges evZj 12C, 30C BZvw` jLv
_vK| Gi A_ wK? 30C gvb 1060 (1-Gi ci 60wU k~b
eme) fvM cvwbZ 1 fvM DcKiY wgkvbv nqQ! GUv
gvQi AvKywiqvgi cvwbZ GK duvUv DcKiY gkvbvi
mgvb bq| eis myBwgs cyji cvwbZ GK duvUv DcKiY
gkvbvi mgvbI bq| Kvbv jKi cvwbZ GK duvUv
DcKiY gkvbvi mgvbI bq| ZvI Lye QvU nq hvq|
AvUjvwUK gnvmvMi GK duvUv cvwb djj wK 30C
WvBjykb Zwi Kie? ZvI Lye QvU nq hvq! GK AYy
KvhKix nvwgIcvw_K DcKiY cZ nj mg
miRMZi AYyi cqvRb coe| MuvRvLyi mxgvbvI
AwZg Ki hvq| wevbx AvfvMvWvi MYbv Abymvi
Kvb `eYK hw` 1/1023 fvM gvvi ewk ZijxKZ Kiv nq
Zvnj g~j DcKiYi GK AYyI GZ _vKe bv| g~j
DcKiYi Kvbv AYyi msk Avmv cvwbi Kvbv AYyI
GZ _vKe bv| GgbwK ciii msk _vKv cvwbi
wbR^ AYyjv ch wehy nq coe!
cKZc nvwgIcv_iv ^xKviI Kib Zviv Avcbvi
KvQ h Ilyai evZjwU wew Kib ZvZ GK AYy KvhKix
DcKiYI bB| Zvnj GwU wKfve KvR Ki? Zv`i `vwe
Gici AviI Aev e ic aviY Ki| Zv`i gZ cvwbi
wZkw AvQ Ges g~j DcKiYi msk Avmevi ci
cvwb GB DcKiYi ewkK ai ivL| wK GB hywZ
cvwbZv AviI KvwU KvwU wewfb `ei msk wQj|
gvbyli gj-g~mn bvbv ARe Dcv`vb| mwji
nvwgIcvw_K cfve wK fyWy gvwRKi Rvo nvIqv nq
wMqQ? Gi Kvbv Di Zv`i KvQ bB|
nvwbgvbi wZxq m~ Abymvi g~j DcKiYK
ZijxKZ Kivi gvag Gi ga mwZ Z_K AviI
evovbv nq ev kwkvjx Kiv nq| GB ZijxKiYi gvv
GZB Zxe h g~j DcKiY Ges Gi `veK DfqB
Aw ZnxbZvi mxgvbvZ cuQ| G h mvebvi AvBbi
cwicx| hvi my cKvk nj Bbdigkb w_Iwi Ges
_vgvWvBbvwgi wZxq m~| nvwbgvbi wZxq m~ gb
wbj Bbdigkb wWKi cvwimsLvwbK Pwii mycwZwZ
I BjKUwbi GB hyM AmsLevi cwZ wgwj mK
cixwZ mg `vwjwjK-cgvYK Wvweb dj w`Z nq|
-
44
Gi Rb cqvRb coe GKwU wekRbxb AvBbK cyivcywi
A^xKvi Kievi| hv mK ^qs AvBbvBb ejwQjb :
c`v_we`vi GKgv m~Avgvi `p wekvm h GK KLbB
Qyo djevi cqvRb ne bv|
GB `yBwU gwjK `yejZvi (nvwbgvbi Z_vKw_Z `yBwU
wbqg) KviY nvwgIcvw_i KvQ _K Gi ^c Avgiv
Abvb wPwKrmvcwZi mv_ Zyjbvg~jK wePvi AbK ewk
kwkvjx cixwZ-cgvY `vwe KiZ cvwi| wK Avgv`i
`qv nq wewfb ivMxi ewMZ AvivMi AcgvwYZ M-
BwZnvm Ges ccvZg~jK bvb-evBW cixYi
weeiYxi gZb `yej cgvY| Gjvi ewkifvM Avevi
nvwgIcvw_`i jLv| myzyfve cwiPvwjZ mg Wvej-
evB GcwigU (hvZ cixK Ges cixYi gvbexq
DcKiY DfqiB ewMZ ccvwZZ _K `~i nIqvi
welqwU wbwr Kiv nq) wbwZfve cgvwYZ nqQ
nvwgIcvw_ wmev Qvov Avi wKQyB bv|
GKBfve RvwZlkv AbbmvaviY `vwei GKwU
cK D`vniY| hw` gnvk~bi `~ieZx Mn-bjv GiKg
`vweKZ gvvq gvbyli Rxeb I Pwii Ici cfve we vi
KiZ cvi Zvnj c`v_wevb, Rxewevb I imvqbi
BZvga cwZwZ g~jbxwZjvK fyj nZ ne| Gi A_
`vwewU AbbmvaviY| KvRB `vwewU cgvYi Rb GK
mZ ej MnYi c~e Gi ^c LyeB DPgvbi emsLK
BwwiKvj cgvYi cqvRb ne| eQii ci eQii
MelYvZI Ggb GKwUI cgvY cvIqv hvq wb| ZvB
RvwZlkv cyivUvB Acwevb nevi my BwZevnx|
IKvgm& iRi ev IKvgi zi ev wgZewqZvi bxwZ
evwbK Z MVb ej eeZ KvhKix GKwU
c_c`kbKvix bxwZ| GB bxwZi ee gvUvgywU GiKg :
Kvbv wKQyK evLv Kievi Rb hZUyKy welqe KviY
wnme h_ Ges wavnxbfve mZ ev ev eZvi mv_
mvRyhc~Y Zvi ewk Kvbv wKQyi Abygvb Kiv hve bv|
GKUv D`vniY `B| Avcbvi GKwU weovj AvQ| Avcwb
ivZi ejvq GK evwU `ya Uwej iL NygvZ Mjb|
ciw`b mKvj Nyg _K DV `LZ cjb evwU Lvwj co
AvQ| KD `L wb evwUi `ya K LqQ ev mwU wKfve
DavI nq Mj| G `ywU mvebv AvQ : (K) weovjwU `ya
LqQ A_ev (L) `ya-cix Gm `ya Lq MQ| IKvgi yi
Avgv`iK ej, wZxq mvebvwUK ev` `evi Rb|
wKfve? wZxq mvebvwUK weePbv Kievi Rb
Avgv`iK AwgZewqZv Aej^b KiZ nq| GKwU
m~Yfve AcqvRbxq ^v ev `ya-cixi AwZ Kbv
KiZ nq| Kbv ejv njv G KviY h Avgv`i eve
RMZ `ya-cixi Aw Zi Kvbv cgvY bB| AcqvRbxq
-
45
ejv njv G KviY h Gi hywmZ weK evLvI AvQ hvi
Rb `ya-cixi Kvbv cqvRb ci bv| GB weK evLvwU
wK? Di nj Avgv`i wcq weovj| hvi Aw Z Avgv`i bZyb
Ki Abygvb KiZ nq wb| Lqvj Ki `Lyb Lye m~fve
`LZ Mj Abygvb `ywUi DfqB wK mij| Ze weovji
evLvwU mijZi GB wnme h m Avgv`i Kvbv
bZyb AcqvRbxq ^vK Abygvb Kievi cqvRb co bv|
GiciI hw` Avcwb `ya-cixi evLvwU wbq Mv aib
Zvnj Gi Aw Zi ^c AvcbvKB LyeB LyeB kwkvjx
cgvY wbq AvmZ ne| evwbK Z wVK GfveB wK
IKvgi zii bxwZ cqvM Kiv nq _vK|
evwbK `kbi KvVvgvZ GB bxwZK AviKfve ejv
hvq : GKwU cvKwZK NUbvi `yB ev ZZvwaK evLv _vKj
Ges Zviv hw` GKB welq GKB fwelvYx Ki ZLb
mePvBZ mij evLvwUB ne mePvBZ MnYhvM| D`vniY
wnme Avgiv AvBbvBbi wekl AvcwKZvi Zi
K_v ejZ cvwi| Ebwesk kZKi klfvM Avgiv Avjvi
cKwZ mK Lye Kg RvbZvg| Ze Avgiv RvbZvg Avjv
GK aibi Zi| Zwor-Py^Kxq Zi| m-mgq Avgiv AviI
Abvb Zi mK AeMZ wQjvg Ges Zv`i cZKi
PjvPji Rb Kvbv aibi gvag cqvRb mwUI
RvbZvg| cvwbi XD ev Zi cvwbi ga w`q cevwnZ nq,
f~-Kb cevwnZ nq KwVb c`v_i ga w`q, ki Zi
evZvmi ga w`q| ^vfvweKfve ZLbKvi w`bi wevbxiv
fvejb AvjvI hnZy GK aibi Zi hv GKevi
evqyk~b vbi ga w`qI ^Q` cevwnZ nZ cviZvnj
Gi PjvPji RbI Zv Kvbv wi gvag (hv meevcx Ges
evqk~b vbI e) cqvRb| GB KwZ gvagwUi bvg `qv
nj B_vi| Avgiv Rvwb cheKi mvc MwZkxj Kvb
ijvii `N Gi MwZi w`K eivei msKywPZ nq ev MwZkxj
Kvbv Nwoi mgq axi nq hvq| wevbx jii Zvbymvi
GgbwU NU _vK B_vii ga w`q G`i MwZi KviY|
AvBbvBbi vb-Kvji cviwiK icvii
mgxKiYmg~n Ges ijvi I Nwoi icvii Rb jii
mgxKiYjv GKB| Avi m KviY wekl AvcwK Zi
vb-Kvji cviwiK icvii mgxKiYjvK ji
Uvdigkb (Lorentz Transformation) ejv nq| wK
AvBbvBb I nbwi cqKuvi (divwm ZvwK c`v_wevbx)
Dcjw Kib jii mgxKiY Ges gvIqji Zwor-
Py^KZi mgxKiYjvK weePbv Kij B_vii
cqvRbxqZv dywiq hvq|
`yBRb cheKi K_v wPv Kiv hvK Zviv GK Acii
mvc mgeM MwZkxj| GB `yB cheK GKwU MwZkxj
Uwbm ejK cheY KiQb| `yB ewB hw` Kvbv wbw`
-
46
mgq ejwUi vbvsK gvcb Zvnj Dfqi Rb msLvq
wfb-wfb ne| Ges msLv wZbwUi ga mKI `Lvbv
hve| wbDUbxq ejwe`vi chvR vbvsKi GB
icvi Mvwjjxq icvi bvg weLvZ| GB icvii
Aaxb mgq nj cig| Dfq cheKi Rb me`v GKB|
wekl AvcwKZvi Zi AvM e ymg~ni AvcwK MwZi
Rb Mvwjjxq icvi eenvi Kiv nZ| mgmv nj
wbDUbi ejwe`vi mgxKiYjv Mvwjjxq icvii
Aaxb AcwiewZZ _vKjI gvIqji Zwor-Py^KZi
mgxKiYjv _vK bv| wK c`v_wevbi AvBbjv
cheKi Dci ev cheKi cheYKZ vbvsKi
Dci (hv G wbaviY Ki Mvwjjxq icvi) wbfikxj
nZ cvi bv Zv nj `yBRb cheK Zwor-Py^KZi Rb
`yB aibi wfb AvBb ev mgxKiY cveb| G RbB
AvBbvBb Ggb GK aibi icvi LuyRwQjb hvi Aaxb
wbDUb I gvIqj Dfqi m~vewj (ev ZLbKvi Rvbv
c`v_wevbi mg AvBb) AcwiewZZ _vKe| mUv wZwb
cjbI| hvi bvg ji icvi| GUv Avevi ji GKwU
fyj evLvi Rb Dveb KiwQjb| gRvi evcvi nj ji
icvi wbq Avmj mgq Avi cig _vK bv| vbi mv_
wgwkZ nq hvq| AvBbvBbi AvcwKZvi g~jbxwZ `ywU
nj :
1. c`v_wevbi AvBbjv ciii mvc
mgeM MwZkxj mKj cheKi Rb
GKB ne (GwU Avgv`iK ej mgqmn
vbvsKmg~ni icvii Rb ji
Uvdigkb eenvi KiZ ne)|
2. k~b gvag Avjvi eM ciii mvc
mgeM MwZkxj mKj cheKi Rb
GKB ne|
ji icvii Aaxb gvIqj mgxKiYi
AcwieZbkxjZv _K Avgiv AvcwKZvi `ywU bxwZ cvB
Ges G bxwZ `ywUi mvnvh B_vi QvovB ijvii msKvPb I
mgqi axi nq hvIqvK evLv Kiv me| KvRB
gvBKjmb I gwji myweLvZ cixY h B_vii ga w`q
cw_exi AvcwK MwZ k~b mwU Gi Abw ZK
wavnxbfve cgvwYZ Ki|
GLb AviKwU D`vniY w`q RvwZlkvi K_vq Avmv
hvK| e`ywZK evwZi myBP wUcj QvU QvU cix myBP _K
BjKwUwmwU enb Ki evj Aewa wbq hvq Avi ZLbB
evjwU Rj IV| GB eewU AwgZeqx KviY G-Rb
Avgv`i wKQy cixi K_v Abygvb KiZ nQ hv welqwUK
evLv Kievi Rb GKeviB AcqvRbxq|
-
47
RvwZlkvi Abygvbjv GKBfve AwgZeqx KviY
G-jv Avmj KZK GKevi AcqvRbxq Kbv|
RvwZlkv K mwVK nZ nj Ggb wKQy kwi ev ^vi
Aw Z _vKZ ne hviv cw_exi gvbyl I wewfb Mn-bi
ga GK aibi mshvM vcb Ki| Kvbv m`n bvB G
aibi kw Avi hvB nvK BZvga cwZwZ gnvKl ev
AvjvKKwYKv bqKviY Zvnj G`i mivmwi cwigvchvM
cfve (RvwZlx`i `vwei mv_ mvRyh iL) BZvga aiv
co hZ| Zvnj G aibi kw Avmj Avgv`i ARvbv
Ab wKQy| mgmv nj RvwZlxiv aygv GB Z_vKw_Z
kwmg~n wK Zv ejZ Ag ZvB bqGiv wKfve KvR Ki
ZvI Zviv ejZ cvi bv| GiciI RvwZlxiv hv wKQy ej
_vKb ev hv fwelvYx Ki _vKb, Zv`i mg wKQyK
AjxK Kbv ej Abygvb Kiv Qvov mijZifve evLv
Kiv meLye fvjvfve mehgb evibvg Gd (barnum
effect ejZ evSvq mvaviY gvbyli ga cPwjZ GKUv
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