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GST Rates Slashed

On 22nd December 2018, the 31st meetingof GST Council at New Delhi took followingdecisions relating to changes in GST rates.

GST rates reduced from 28% to 18%include Pulleys, transmission shafts andcranks, gear boxes, Monitors and TVs of up toscreen size of 32 inches, Re-traded or usedpneumatic tyres of rubber, Power banks oflithium ion batteries, Digital cameras andvideo camera recorders and Video game con-soles etc.

With this, only 28 goods are left in the high-est 28% GST rate slab. Now, the 28% slab isrestricted to only luxury and sin goods, apartfrom auto parts and cement - tax rates onwhich could not be cut due to high revenueimplication.

GST rate on cinema tickets above Rs. 100shall be reduced from 28% to 18% and on cin-ema tickets up to Rs. 100 reduced from 18%to 12%.

Vegetables, (uncooked or cooked bysteaming or boiling in water), frozen, brandedand put in a unit container and Vegetable pro-visionally preserved (for example by sulphurdioxide gas, in brine, in sulphur water or inother preservative solutions) are totallyexempted from GST. These items earliertaxed at 5%.

First Railway University

National Rail and Transportation Institute(NRTI), is India’s first Railway universityfocused on transport-related education, multi-disciplinary research and training dedicated tothe nation by Union Minister of Railways andCoal Piyush Goyal and Gujarat Chief MinisterVijay Rupani on 15 December 2018.

Located in Vadodara, Gujarat offering twocourses, Bachelor of Science inTransportation Technology and a Bachelor ofBusiness Administration in TransportManagement.

The chairman of Railways Board AshokLohani has been named the Vice Chancellorof the University.

Hockey World Cup 2018

On 16th December 2018, Belgium Hockeyteam won their first ever World cup title.Belgium defeated the Netherlands 3–2 in thefinal on a penalty shoot-out after a 0–0 draw.Australia stood third and India got sixth place.

Arthur Van Doren, the Belgian Hockey play-er, was awarded as the Best Player and Spainwon the Fair Play award. Young player of thetournament won by Thijs van Dam ofNetherland. Blake Govers of Australia andAlexander Hendrickx of Belgium are the topgoal scorers, who scored 7 goals each.

KALIA scheme for Farmers

Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik announcedRs.10,800 crore scheme for farmers on 21December 2018. It is the Krushak Assistancefor Livelihoods & Income Augmentation(KALIA), which benefits both farmers andshare croppers. Lord Jagannath in Odisha isalso called Kalia.

The scheme has 5 components- financial

support for cultivation, livelihood support forlandless households, financial assistance tovulnerable agriculture households and land-less labourers, life insurance cover andexemption of interest for crop loans of up to Rs 50,000.

Under the KALIA scheme, all small andmarginal farmers numbering around 3 millionwill be covered. An assistance of Rs 10,000will be provided per family for Kharif and Rabiseasons. The scheme also promises Rs.2Lakh life insurance cover.

New Chairman of CBIC

Senior IRS officer Pranab Kumar Dasappointed as Chairman of the Central Boardof Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), theapex policy-making body for indirect taxes.

The Appointments Committee of theCabinet on 17 December 2018 appointedP.K.Das replacing S.Ramesh as the head ofCBIC.

CBIC deals with the tasks of formulation ofpolicy concerning levy and collection ofCustoms & Central Excise duties and ServiceTax, prevention of smuggling and administra-tion of matters relating to Customs, CentralExcise, Service tax etc.Amara Veeraswamy

Subject Expert

Writer

1. The recent decision of GST council madethat Music Books attract how much GSTrate?1) 28% 2) 18% 3) 12% 4) 5% 5) Nil

2. GST council reduced the GST rate onParts and accessories for the carriages fordisabled persons from 28% to………1) 18% 2) 5% 3) 0% 4) 12% 5) 8%

3. The Services supplied by banks to BasicSaving Bank Deposit (BSBD) and accountholders under Pradhan Mantri Jan DhanYojana (PMJDY) attract how much GSTrate as per the decision of GST councilrecently?1) 28% 2) 18% 3) 12% 4) 5% 5) totally exempted from GST

4. On 18th December 2018, Naveen Patnaik,CM of Odisha announced financial aid of

Rs.10 Crore for the establishment of OdiyaCultural Centre in………1) Hyderabad 2) Bangalore 3) Chennai 4) Guwahati 5) Surat

5. What is the official mascot for the OdishaMen’s Hockey World Cup is.....1) Winkey 2) Rohoey 3) Olly 4) Phoneyh 5) Wi Wi

6. Which software launched by IndianRailways to keep track of punctuality oftrains and freight and passenger earningsfrom anywhere in India?1) Rwire 2) Rpole 3) eDrishti 4) epromote 5) eskill

7. Which state launched Saura Jalnidhischeme to encourage use of solar energyin irrigation by farmers?1) UP 2) Maharashtra 3) Odisha 4) Tamilnadu 5) MP

8. NITI Aayog document “Strategy for New

India@75” said that the Investment rateshould be boosted from 29% of GDP inFY18 to ………….by FY23.1) 42% 2) 34% 3) 46% 4) 36% 5) 50%

9. 15 women entrepreneurs were givenawards at the recently concluded WomenTransforming India Awards 2018 in NewDelhi. Theme of the WTI Awards 2018is……1) Women and Entrepreneurship 2) Women and Empowerment 3) Women and Rise of them4) Women for Entrepreneurship for all 5) Women and Care

10. NITI Aayog inked agreement with ……….to deploy artificial intelligence (AI) tech-nologies to address challenges in agricul-ture and healthcare

1) Infosys 2) TCS 3) Tech Mahindra 4) Microsoft India 5) Amazon India

11. Service-specific exercise AVIAINDRAbetween Indian Air Force (IAF) andRussian Federation Aerospace Force(RFAF), held ……… 1) Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 2) Pune, Maharastra 3) Kochi, Kerala4) Jodhpur in Rajasthan 5) Agra, Uttar Pradesh

12. Union Ministry of Tourism inauguratedIndia’s first tribal circuit project connecting13 tourism sites in………….. underSwadesh Darshan Scheme.

1) Chhattisgarh 2) Jharkhand 3) Arunachal Pradesh 4) Manipur 5) Mizoram

Key1-5 2-2 3-5 4-5 5-3 6-3 7-3 8-4 9-1 10-4 11-4 12-1

Model Questions

New CM for RajasthanAshok Gehlot took oath as the Rajasthan

chief minister on 17 December 2018 , whilestate party chief Sachin Pilot became deputychief minister in a ceremony held at AlbertHall in Jaipur.

Governor Kalyan Singh administered oathof office. Congress president Rahul Gandhi,former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,outgoing chief minister Vasundhara Rajealso attended the event.

Bhupesh Baghel

Bhupesh Baghel took oath of office asthird Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh at BalbirSingh Juneja Indoor Stadium in Raipur.

The two senior leaders in the fray for theCM post, T S Singhdeo and TamradwajSahu also inducted as cabinet ministers.

Congress President Rahul Gandhi andformer Prime Minister Manmohan Singhwere present among the guests attendedthe ceremony. New Chief Minister BhupeshBaghel announced to waive off farm loans tothe tune of Rs 6,100 crore for the benefit ofmore than 16 lakh farmers.

“Strategy for New India@75”

NITI Aayog unveiled a strategy documentcalled the “Strategy for New India@75” sug-gesting reforms to make India a 4-trillion dol-lar economy by 2022-23.

The document’s main idea is to go forsuch reforms in the economy that will keepIndia growing at 8% annually that could bequicken to 9-10% by 2022-23.

The document suggests increasing theshare of taxes in the national income fromcurrent 17% to 22%. The report calls for the

inclusion of fuel and electricity within theambit of GST.

All of the 250,000 gram panchayatsshould be digitally connected by 2019through the Bharat Net programme. Thegovernment services should be delivereddigitally to all the gram panchayats by 2022-23. The document also says that BharatmalaPariyojana and roads-construction in thenorth-eastern region should be completedand Power for All and a pucca house forevery family have to be ensured. FDI limitsshould be liberalised also

KALIA.. for farmers!KALIA.. for farmers!KALIA.. for farmers!KALIA.. for farmers!KALIA.. for farmers!KALIA.. for farmers!KALIA.. for farmers!

PRESENT TENSE

The Simple Present Tense

Mode of the verb: I / We / You / They õª sub-jects Þ¥ ÑÙç˶ î¦æ¨ êŸô¦yêŸ verb óμ³ÚÛ\ plain formìª ô¦óŸ«L. He /She / It õª subjects Þ¥ ÑÙç˶ î¦æ¨êŸô¦yêŸ verb óμ³ÚÛ\ plain form Ú¨ ‘s’ öË¶ë¯ ‘es’ ìªà¶Ja ô¦óŸ«L.Uses of the Simple Present Tense:

(a) To describe your habits sÍõî¦åxìªêμLóŸªâ˶óŸªè¯EÚ¨z

H I always brush my teeth before 7 am daily.

H I meet my best friend every Sunday.

(b) To describe factual information - things thatare true. sú£ê¦uEo êμLóŸªâ˶óŸªè¯EÚ¨z

H Red meat is a good source of iron.

H Walking in the mornings gives you goodhealth.

(c) To describe things that are true for a longtime. sDô¢+Ú¥õÙÞ¥ î¦ú£h÷ÙÞ¥ Ñìo Nù£óŸ«Eoêμõí£è¯EÚ¨z

H He works in this office.

H He lives in this street.

(d) We can make present simple questions withdo (do before I/ we/ you/ they and doesbefore he/ she/ it). (Simple present tense ö˺interrogative sentence ìª ô¦óŸªè¯EÚ¨ I / we /you / they õÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª do, he / she / it õÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª does ìª Ñí£óμ«TÙà¦L.)

H Do you like your job? H Do they come here regularly?H Does he go to temple on Sundays? H Does your teacher give you excessive

homework?

(e) We make negative sentences with don’t (I/we/ you/ they don’t) or doesn’t (he/ she/ itdoesn’t). (Simple present tense ö˺ negativesentence ìª ô¦óŸªè¯EÚ¨ I / we / you / they õêŸô¦yêŸ do, he / she / it õ êŸô¦yêŸ does ìªÑí£óμ«TÙà¦L.)

H I don’t like sweets.

H She doesn’t work hard.

H He doesn't come to office by bus.

The Present Continuous Tense

Mode of the Verb: I êŸô¦yêŸ am + verb (ing) ìª,We / You / They êŸô¦yêŸ are + verb (ing) ìª, He /She / It êŸô¦yêŸ is + verb (ing) ìª ô¦óŸ«L.Uses of the Present Continuous Tense:

(a) To describe something happening at thetime of speaking. s÷ªìÙ ÷«æ°xè[ªêŸ« Ñìoú£÷ªóŸ«EÚ¨ áô¢ªÞœªêŸªìo í£ìªõìª êμõí£è¯EÚ¨Present Continuous Tense Ñí£óμ«TÙà¦L.z

Examples:H I am reading this email.

H Look! She is sleeping at her desk!

H They are working in the fields now.

H Rithwik is making a kite at present.

H We do not have to be doing the action as weare speaking.

H I need to go back to work. I'm writing a reporton absenteeism.

H I'm doing two courses at night school thisyear.

(b) We use the present continuous tense whendescribing actions that are temporary.

sê¦ê¦\LÚÛîμªiì í£ìªõìª present continuoustense ö˺ àμí£p÷àŸªa.z

Examples:H I am studying for my last exam.

H She is living in the quarters at the moment.

(c) The present continuous can also be used totalk about a current trend. (PresentContinuous Tenseìª ví£ú£ªhêŸ ð¼ÚÛè[õìªêμLóŸªâ˶óŸªè¯EÚ¨ Ñí£óμ«TÙàŸ÷àŸªa.z

Examples:H People are thinking more about how work will

affect their families now.

H Work absenteeism rates are increasing.

(d) The present continuous tense can be usedto talk about a future action using the verb‘going to’. (Present Continuous Tense ö˺‘going to’ E Ñí£óμ«TÙ# future actions ìªêμõí£÷àŸªaz

Examples:H He is going to buy a new car. (Indicates

future action)

H I am going to meet my childhood friend nextweek. (Indicates future action)

(e) Some verbs are not normally used in the pre-sent continuous tense or in any other contin-uous tense. These verbs are not actions.(Ú•Eo verb õìª present continuous tense ö˺öË¶ë¯ Ô ÏêŸô¢ continuous tense ö˺ì«î¦è[ÚÛ«è[ë]ª. Ð verb õª í£ìªõìª ú£«#ÙàŸ÷±.)

Examples:hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish, appear, feel,hear, see, seem, smell, sound, taste, agree,deny, disagree, mean, promise, satisfy, sur-prise, believe, imagine, know, mean, realise,recognise, remember, understand.

(f) We can make present continuous questionswith am/ is/ are (I/ we/ you/ they) + verb + ing (Subject ÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª am / is/ are ìªÑí£óμ«TÙ# interrogative sentences ìªô¦óŸª÷àŸªa.z

Examples:H Are you writing anything?

H Are they preparing for examinations?

H Is she working long hours at the moment?

H Is your boss making you work long hours dur-ing the New Year Sales?

(g) We make negative sentences with (I/ we/you/ they) am/ is/ are + not + verb + ing. (Is/ am/ are õ êŸô¦yêŸ not ìª Ñí£óμ«TÙ#

negative sentence ìª ô¦óŸª÷àŸªa.Examples:H I'm not sleeping! I’m taking rest.

H She isn't sitting at her desk. She's standingby the computer.

The Present Perfect Tense

Mode of Verb: The present perfect tense ismade with ‘has/ have + the past participle’. (I /We / You / They õª subjects Þ¥ ÑÙç˶ î¦æ¨ êŸô¦yêŸhave + the past participle ìª ô¦óŸ«L. He / She /It õª subjects Þ¥ ÑÙç˶ î¦æ¨ êŸô¦yêŸ has + thepast participle ìª ô¦óŸ«L.zJ Negative sentence ö˺ have / has êŸô¦yêŸ not

ìª Ñí£óμ«TÙà¦L. Interrogative sentenceö˺have / has ìª subject ÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª ÑÙà¦L.

Examples:H I have worked in this office since 2005.

H She has not passed the exam yet.

H He has watched the movie several times.

H We have just completed our work.

Uses of the Present Perfect Tense:

(a) To talk about an action that began in thepast and continued to the present.

H I have worked for this company for the lastsix years.

H I have sent a lot of emails in the last few minutes.

H How long have you worked here?

Note: It is used with words like ‘since, thisweek/ year/ month, over the last few weeks, forthe last six months’ etc. and today. Thesewords describe an unfinished time.

H I have worked here since 2000.

H I have interviewed four applicants thismorning.

H I have worked with her for two years.

Note: It is never used with time words like lastweek, last year, yesterday, five minutes ago, in1998 etc. These words describe a finished time.We use the past simple with these words.

Examples:H I have worked for this company last year.

(Wrong)

H I worked for this company last year.(Correct)

(b) To talk about an action that happened in thepast where the time is not mentioned. sí£EáJTì ú£÷ªóŸ«Eo ví£þ§hNÙàŸÚÛªÙè¯, ÖÚÛ í£EáJTÙë]E êμLóŸªâ˶óŸªæ°EÚ¨ Ñí£óμ«TÙàŸ÷àŸªa.z

Examples:H I have had three different offices at ABC.

H She has completed her homework.

Note: If the time is mentioned, the simple pasttense is used. sí£E áJTì ú£÷ªóŸ«Eoví£þ§hNÙ#ìåxô³ê¶ simple past tense ìªÑí£óμ«TÙà¦L.z(c) To talk about experiences without indicating

time. sú£÷ªóŸ«Eo ví£þ§hNÙàŸÚÛªÙè¯ ÍìªòÅ¡î¦õÞœªJÙ# êμLóŸªâ˶óŸªæ°EÚ¨ Ñí£óμ«TÙàŸ÷àŸªa.z

Examples:H I have worked for three other companies but

this company is the best!

The present perfect simple is used in ques-tions with ever. It is used with never and yet. H Have you ever slept at work?

H No, I've never slept at work.

(d) To talk about something that has happenedusing the adverbs ‘just, already, severaltimes, yet, just now, recently, before, thisweek, this morning, this month’ etc.

Examples:H My sister has just come home.

H She has resigned to her job just now.

H I have met him recently.

H She has not passed her examination yet.

H We have watched that movie several times.

H I have seen him before somewhere.

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Mode of the Verb: have been + verb (ing) afterthe subjects‚ ‘I / We / You / They and has been+ verb (ing) after the subjects, He / She / It.

Use of the Present Perfect Tense:

(a) To express an action that started in the pastand still it has not been finished. sÞœêŸÙö˺vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡îμªi ÷«æ°xè[ªÚÛªû¶ ú£÷ªóŸ«EÚ¨ í£²Jh Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ÏÙÚ¥ áô¢ªÞœªêŸªìo í£EE àμí£pæ°EÚ¨ î¦è•àŸªa.z

Examples:H She has been waiting for me for two hours.

H They have been living in this town for tenyears.

H She has been writing letters since morning.

H It has been raining since yesterday.

Note: hate, hear, know, forget, remember,understand, want îμ³ë]öËμjì verb õìª present per-fect continuous tense ö˺ Ñí£óμ«TÙàŸô¦ë]ª.Present perfect tense ö˺ Ñí£óμ«TÙà¦L.Examples:H I have been knowing his address for a long

time. (Wrong)

H I have known his address for a long time.(Correct)

Note: Present Perfect Continuous Tense ö˺ú£÷ªóŸ«Eo ú£«#ÙàŸæ°EÚ¨ since ÷ªJóŸ³ for ìªÑí£óμ«Tþ§hô¢ª. Exact time or point of time ìªêμõí£è¯EÚ¨ since ìª, period of time or amount oftime ìª ú£«#ÙàŸæ°EÚ¨ for ìª Ñí£óμ«TÙà¦L.

email: help@eenadupratibha.netÎCî¦ô¢Ù ÎÞœú£ªd 12, 2018 - email: help@eenadupratibha.net÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 1 áì÷J 2019 -

I have known his address!I have known his address!I have known his address!I have known his address!I have known his address!I have known his address!I have known his address!

Navuluri PeraiahSubject Expert

Writer

çËμæÀ ÚÛîª æ©ÎôÂæ©ví£ê¶uÚÛÙ

English

Statistics

I. Problem Solving

Q. The mean of 30 numbers is 150. It wasdetected on rechecking that one value of165 was wrongly copied as 135. Find thecorrect mean?

Sol: Wrong Mean = 150, n = 30x = 30 150 = 4500

It contains the wrongly copied item = 135So the total of 29 items excluding thewrongly copied item = 4500 135 = 4365Correct x = 4365 + 165 = 4530

4530Correct mean = = 151

30

Q. Median of 40, 2, 31, 15, 29, 16 & x is 21then x = ?

Sol: The values arranged in the ascendingorder are

2, 15, 16, x, 29, 31, 40x = 21

Q. x = 100, n = 10 then find the mean of thedata.

x 100Sol: Mean = = = 10

n 10

II. Reasoning & Proof

Q. Radhika said that Median & Mean are thesame of given data 2, 8, 3, 5, 7. Justify your

answer.Sol: Ascending order 2, 3, 5 , 7, 8

Median = 52 + 8 + 3 + 5 + 7 25

Mean = = = 55 5

Median & Mean are equal.Q. Find the mode of 2, 3, 6, 3, 5, 3, 4, 8, 3, 2,

5, 2, 3. If we add any number to given datais mode change or not?

Sol: 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 8Mode = 3Mode is not changed, if we add any number.

Q. Mean of the given data is 10. Anusha saidthat mean is not changed if we add 5 butmean is 15 said Pavithra. Whom you support.

Sol: Mean of given data = 10Add '5' to each number

Mean = 10 + 5 = 15I am supporting Pavithra

III. Communication

Q. Write the formula of median (GroupedData). Explain terms.

ncf2

Sol: Median = l + ( ) hf

l = lower limit of the median class.n = total frequencycf = cumulative frequency of the class

proceeding of median class.

f = frequency of the median class, andh = length of the class interval

Q. Express 'ui' in the Arithmetic mean formulainterms of xi, a & h.

fiuiSol: x = a + h ()fix a

ui = h

IV. Connection

Q. Find the median of first 10 odd numbers.Sol: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,11, 13, 15, 17, 19

9 + 11 20median = = = 10

2 2(... First 'n' odd numbers median = n)

Q. Find the mean of first 'n' natural numbers.Sol: 1, 2, 3, 4,.....n

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +....+ nmean =

nn(n + 1)

2=

n n + 1

= 2

V. Visualisation & RepresentationQ.

Draw the Curve of greaterthan Cumulative fre-quency.

Try this:Q. 50 students marks are given below. Findmean, median & mode.

email: help@eenadupratibha.net÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 1 áì÷J 2019 -

P. VenugopalSubject Expert

Writer

Short answer type questions (4 marks)

Q. What are the characteristic features of eug-lenoids?

A: Characteristic features of euglenoidsH Euglenoids are fresh water unicellular pro-

tists found in stagnant water.H They are covered by a protein rich pellicle

which makes the body flexible.H They have two unequal flagella, one short

and one long at the anterior side.

H They show a cell mouth (cytostome), gullet(cytopharynx) and a reservoir at the anteri-or side of the cell.

H A photosensitive stigma or eyespot is seenon the reservoir membrane.

H The cell shows pigments which carry outphotosynthesis in presence of light(autotropic).

H In absence of light they are heterotrophic.H They usually reproduce by longitudinal

binary fission.H Euglena also shows a palmella stage.Q. Give the salient features and importance of

Chrysophytes.A: Salient features of Chrysophytes:H Chrysophytes are single-celled eukaryotes

which belong to the kingdom Protista.H They include microscopic photosynthetic

plankton like diatoms and desmids (goldenalgae).

H They are aquatic which may be marine orfresh water.

H They are surrounded by a soap box like cellwall which is composed of two overlappinghalves the epitheca and the hypotheca.

H The cell wall is made up of hard and inde-structible silica.

H Based on the symmetry the diatoms may beclassified into Centrales (radial symmetry)and Pennales (bilateral symmetry).

H They reproduce by binary fission and for-

mation of auxospores.Importance of diatoms:

H Diatoms are photosynthetic and chief pro-ducers (phytoplankton) of seas and oceans.

H The diatom cell walls accumulated in thesea form diatomaceous earth or kieselguhr.

H It is used in polishing, filtration of oils andsyrups.

Q. What is heterospory? Briefly comment onits significance. Give two examples.

A: Production of two kinds of spores, megas-pores and microspores is called het-erospory.

H Microspores germinate to form male game-tophyte that bears antheridia.

H Megaspores germinate to form femalegametophyte that bears archegonia.

H Hence heterosporous species are dioe-cious.

H Some pteridophytes, all gymnosperms andangiosperms are heterosporous.

H Heterospory is the precursor for seed habitand considered as an important step in evo-lution.

Ex: Selaginella Marselia and Salvinia.

P. Uma AmareswariSubject Expert

Writer

Biological classification, Plant kingdom

çËμûÂh, ÏÙåôÂÚÛª ú£ÙñÙCÅÙ#ì ÷ªJEo ÷³Üuîμªiì ví£øŒoõªnáî¦ñªõ ÚÁú£Ù

www.eenadupratibha.net àŸ«è[÷àŸªa.

A: Red algae

H They belong to Rhodophyceae.

H They show Chlorophyll a and d.

H The other pigment present is r-phycoery-thrin.

H The stored food is floridian starch (similar

to amylopectin and glycogen).

H The cell wall contains cellulose, pectin and

poly sulphate esters.

H The spores and gametes are non-flagellat-

ed and non-motile.

H Sexual reproduction is oogamous.

Ex: Polysiphonia, Gracilaria

Brown algae

H They belong to Phaeophyceae.

H They show Chlorophyll a and c.

H The other pigments are carotenoids, xan-

thophyll and fucoxanthin.

H The stored food is laminarin or mannitol(a complex carbohydrate).

H The cell walls are coated with gelatinous

substance called algin.

H The zoospores and gametes are biflagel-late with two lateral flagella.

H Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous.

Ex: Ectocarpus, Laminaria

Q. Differentiate between red algae and brown algae.

Botany

Mathematics

CI 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35

f 1 2 5 3 1 2

CI 500-520 520-540 540-560 560-580 580-600

f 12 14 8 6 10

CI f lower limit Cumulative frequency

5-10 1 5 14

10-15 2 10 13

15-20 5 15 11

20-25 3 20 6

25-30 1 25 3

30-35 2 30 2

Sol:

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Scale:X-axis: 1 unit = 5, Y-axis: 1 unit = 2

Cum

ulat

ive

frequ

ency

C.I

Y-axis

X-axis

Whom you support?Whom you support?Whom you support?Whom you support?Whom you support?Whom you support?Whom you support?

What is heterospory?What is heterospory?What is heterospory?What is heterospory?What is heterospory?What is heterospory?What is heterospory?