kepemimpinan dan efektifitas kekuasaan
TRANSCRIPT
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PERILAKU ORGANISASIBy Hendie Cahya Maladewa
KEPEMIMPINAN: EFEKTIVITAS & KEKUASAAN
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DEFINISI PEMIMPIN & KEPEMIMPINAN A Leader is an individual who
influences others to act toward a particular goal or end-state (Judith R. Gordon)
Leadership is the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals (Stephen P.Robbins)
Managerial Leadership is a process of directing and influencing the task-related activities of group (Ralph M. Stogdill)
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BEBERAPA STUDI AWAL TENTANG KEPEMIMPINAN
IOWA LEADERSHIP STUDIES (1937)Tujuan : melihat pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan terhadap kepuasan, frustrasi dan agresi.
OHIO STATE LEADERSHIP STUDIES (1945) : Melihat dimensi kepemimpinan.
EARLY MICHIGAN STUDIES ON LEADERSHIP STYLES (1947) : melihat gaya kepemimpinan dan produktivitas.
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PERKEMBANGAN STUDI KEPEMIMPINAN
1. The Great Man Theory2. Trait Theory3. Group & Exchange Theory4. Situational Theory5. Path- Goal Theory
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THE GREAT MAN THEORY
Menurut teori ini orang bisa berhasil menjadi pemimpin yang baik, karena memang dilahirkan demikian.
Sebab kemunculan The Great man theory:1. Anggapan / keyakinan sebagian masyarakat.2. Sebagai konsekwensi dari anggapan studi awal tentang kepribadian yang diyakini sifatnya bawaan.
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TRAIT THEORY(KEITH DAVIS)
4 CIRI UTAMA PEMIMPIN YANG BERHASIL
1. INTELEGENSIA2. KEMATANGAN SOSIAL3. INNER MOTIVATION4. HUMAN RELATION ATTITUDE
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CIRI-CIRI PEMIMPIN SUKSES (STOGDILL; 1974)
Adaptable to situations Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement oriented Assertive / tegas Cooperative Decisive / tegas - meyakinkan Dependable / dpt dipercaya
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CIRI-CIRI PEMIMPIN SUKSES(Lanjutan)
Dominant (desire to influence others) Energetic (high activity level) Persistent / gigih/ tekun Self-Confident Tolerant of Stress Willing to assume responsibility
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SKILLS PEMIMPIN SUKSES(STOGDILL; 1974) Clever Conceptually skilled Creative Diplomatic and tactful Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Organized (administrative ability) Persuasive Socially Skilled
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GROUP & EXCHANGE THEORY
Hubungan antara pemimpin dan pengikut pada dasarnya bersifat “exchange” pertimbangan untung/rugi.
Komitmen akan muncul dari pengikut jika pemimpin memberikan exchange positif (rewards).
Pemimpin harus lebih banyak memberikan rewards daripada beban (cost).
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SITUATIONAL THEORY(FIEDLER) Efektivitas pemimpin tergantung pada
situasi. Situasi kepemimpinan :
1. Favorable2. Unfavorable
Dalam situasi yang sangat favorable dan sangat unfavorable yang efektif adalah gaya “task directed”.
Dalam situasi yang moderate Favorable dan moderate unfavorable yang efektif adalah gaya “human relations”.
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PATH-GOAL LEADERSHIP THEORY (ROBERT HOUSE)
Menjelaskan dampak gaya kepemimpinan terhadap motivasi, kinerja dan kepuasan.
Gaya kepemimpinan : Directive, Supportive, Participative, Achievement Oriented.
Seorang pemimpin dapat saja menunjukkan tipe kepemimpinan yang berbeda dalam situasi yang berbeda.
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EFEKTIVITAS KEPEMIMPINAN
1. KEPRIBADIAN2. PENGALAMAN3. HARAPAN PEMIMPIN4. HARAPAN DAN PERILAKU ATASAN5. KEBUTUHAN TUGAS6. HARAPAN DAN PERILAKU REKAN7. KARAKTERISTIK, HARAPAN & PERILAKU
BAWAHAN8. IKLIM DAN KEBIJAKAN ORGANISASI
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POWER & INFLUENCE DALAM KEPEMIMPINAN Influence is merely the effect of one
party (the “agent”) on another (the “target”).
Power refers to an agent’s capacity to influence a target person.
Hubungan :1. Pengaruh muncul karena ada power2. Kekuatan Pengaruh tergantung besarnya Power / Kekuasaan yang dimiliki.
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KETERLIBATAN POWER DALAM ORGANIASI
REORGANIZATIONS PERSONAL CHANGES BUDGET ALLOCATIONS PURCHACE OF MAJOR ITEMS ESTABLISHING PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS RULES AND PROCEDURES
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SUMBER POWER DALAMORGANISASI
POSITION POWER PERSONAL POWER POLITICAL POWER
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POSITION POWER
Formal Authority : Legitimate Power Control Over Resources and
Rewards : Reward Power Control Over Punishment : Coercive
Power Control Over Information Control Over The Physical Work
Environment.
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PERSONAL POWER
Expertise : Expert Power Friendship / Loyalty : Referent Power Charisma Reputation Performance
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OUTCOME PENGGUNAAN POWER COMMITMENT :- Internally agree
- Enthusiastic - Great Effort
COMPLIANCE : - Willing to do - Apathetic - Minimal Effort
RESISTANCE
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BENTUK-BENTUK RESISTANCE
Make excuses about why the request cannot be carried out.
Try to persuade the agent to withdraw the request.
Ask higher authorities to overrule the agent’s request.
Delay acting in the hope that the agent will forget about the request.
Make a pretense of complying but try to sabotage the task
Refuse to carry out the request.
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POWER & OUTCOMES
Power Komit Patuh Nolak
Referent Likely Possible Possible
Expert Likely Possible Possible
Legitimate Possible Likely Possible
Reward Possible Likely Possible
Coercive Very Possible Likely
Unlikely
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PROCES POLITIK UNTUK MEMBANGUN POWER
CONTROL OVER DECISION PROCESS COALITIONS CO-OPTATION (By. Gary A. Yukl)
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STRATEGI & TAKTIK MEMBANGUN POWER BEING IN THE RIGHT UNIT ENERGY AND PHYSICAL STAMINA FOCUS SENSITIVITY TO OTHERS BEING EARLY & MOVING FIRST “THE WAITING GAME” CHANGING THE STRUCTURE PHYSICAL SETTING
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TAKTIT MEMBANGUN PENGARUH
RATIONAL PERSUASION EXCHANGE TACTICS LEGITIMATE REQUEST PRESSURE TACTICS PERSONAL APPEALS
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SAAT POWER HILANG DARI SEORANG PEMIMPIN
TIME CHANGE- PEOPLE DON’T EASY COME, EASY GO BAD REPUTATION AND
PERFORMANCE.