kesesuaian lahan untuk hutan tanaman

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK

HUTAN TANAMAN

Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

LAHAN HUTAN

HUTAN : SEBIDANG LAHAN YANG TERTUTUP OLEH HUTAN ATAU LAHAN UNTUK BUDIDAYA HUTAN.

A forest, also referred to as a wood or the woods, is an area with a high density of trees. As with cities, depending on various cultural definitions, what is considered a forest may vary significantly in size and have different classifications according to

how and of what the forest is composed. A forest is usually an area filled with trees but any tall densely packed area of vegetation may be considered a forest,

even underwater vegetation such as kelp forests, or non-vegetation such as fungi and bacteria.

A typical tree forest is composed of the overstory (canopy or upper tree layer) and the understory. The understory is further subdivided into the shrub layer, herb

layer, and also the moss layer and soil microbes. In some complex forests, there is also a well-defined lower tree layer. Forests are central to all human life because they provide a diverse range of resources: they store carbon, aid in regulating the

planetary climate, purify water and mitigate natural hazards such as floods. Forests also contain roughly 90 percent of the world's terrestrial biodiversity.

Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp_forest

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(biology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory

EVALUASI LAHAN

Land evaluation is formally defined as 'the assessment of land performance when used for a

specified purpose, involving the execution and interpretation of surveys and studies of land forms,

soils, vegetation, climate and other aspects of land in order to identify and make a comparison of

promising kinds of land use in terms applicable to the objectives of the evaluation' (FAO, 1976).

Sumber: http://www.fao.org/nr/land/land-policy-and-planning/eval/en/

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN

Principles of the FAO revised framework for land evaluation:

1. Land suitability should be assessed and classified with respect to specified kinds of land use and services;

2. Land evaluation requires a comparison of benefits obtained and the inputs needed on different types of land to assess the productive potential, environmental services and sustainable livelihood;

3. Land evaluation requires a multi-disciplinary and cross-sectoral approach; 4. Land evaluation should take into account the biophysical, economic, social and

political context as well as the environmental concerns; 5. Suitability refers to use or services on a sustained basis; sustainability should

incorporate productivity, social equity and environmental concerns; 6. Land evaluation involves a comparison of more than one kind of use or service; 7. Land evaluation needs to consider all stakeholders; and 8. The scale and the level of decision-making should be clearly defined prior to the

land evaluation process.

Sumber: http://www.fao.org/nr/land/land-policy-and-planning/eval/en/

EVALUASI LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN


Land Suitability evaluation for forest plantation follows the principles of the Land Evaluation for forestry (FAO, 1984), with the exception of the Suitability index (Si)

which has been calculated using a different formula:

while: A - drainage rating B - soil depth rating C - slope rating D - soil texture rating E - altitude rating F - soil pH rating G - calcium carbonate content rating

Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/Danling/Web/Content/12Land_suitability.php

EVALUASI LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN.

Sumber:

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN.

Sumber:


Penilaian kesesuaian lahan berikut nini dilakukan untuk spesies-spesies yg telah ada di lokasi penelitian :

Quercus suber, Tetraclinis articulata, Pinus halepensis, and Eucaliptus camaldulensis.

Metode yg digunakan berdasarkan pada pedoman evaluasi lahan F.A.O "Land evaluation for forestry" (1984).

The land suitability, whose target is to find better and more suitable places for the implementation of forestry species,

analyses soil conditions and climatic factors.



Data-data yg diperlukan untuk evaluasi lahan bagi hutan tanaman adalah: Karakteristik lahan, data sosial-ekonomi, analisis B/C ratio.

Lokasi penelitian mempunyai peran sosial-ekonomi yang snagat penting.

Hutan “Ben Slimane” yang lokasinya dekat dnegan kota-kota

Moroccan, Rabat dan Casablanca, dianggap sangat sesuai untuk obyek wisata; juga ada lokasi yang dimanfatakan sebagai lokasi animal

grazing dan “cork harvesting” bagi penduduk sekitar.

For these reasons the species considered for land suitability are those, among the natural and artificial forest species, that allow a sustainable

economy for tourism, pasture, and the production of fuel and paper wood.



MethodologiTahapan metodologi F.A.O adalah sbb:1. Pemilihan spesies;2. Determination of ecological parameters that enable to understand

the species behaviour regarding edaphic and environmental conditions;

3. Penentuan kelas untuk setiap parameter ekologis;4. Pengumpulan data geomorfologi (slope) dan data tanah (drainage,

pH, depth, texture, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, and coarse fragment);

5. Pengolahan Data.



Data klimatik seperti elevasi , rataan suhu tahunan, dan rataan curah hujan tahunan tidak dipertimbangkan karena

daerah survei dianggap homogen dari sudut pandang klimatik ini.

Each class of every ecological parameter was classified with a determined value for each species.

The value ranges from zero (worst conditions) to one (optimum conditions).

This was done to show the behaviour of the species regarding the chosen parameters as shown in the Table 42 -

Table 48.


KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANTable 42 - Rating dan Pembobotan untuk Drainage Tanah


Drainage Quercussuber

Tetraclinisarticulata

Pinushalepensis

Eucalyptuscamaldulensis

Well drained 1 1 1 1Rarely saturated 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.8

Saturated for short periodson most years

0.3 0.3 0.1 0.5

Saturated for long periods every year 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3

Always saturated 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Weight 1 1 1 3

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANTable 43 - Rating untuk slope


Slope (%) Quercussuber


Pinushalepensis


0-1 1 0.3 0.1 11-3 1 0.3 0.3 13-10 1 0.5 0.8 110-32 0.8 0.8 1 132-56 0.5 1 1 0.556-100 0.1 1 0.8 0.1100-300 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1>300 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1Weight 1 2 2 1

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANTable 44 - Rating dan Pembobotan untuk Kedalaman Tanah


Soil depth (cm) Quercussuber


Pinushalepensis

Eucalyptuscamaldulensi

s

0-50 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.350-100 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.5100-150 0.8 1 1 1>150 1 0.8 1 1Weight 3 5 3 2

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANTable 45 - Rating and weights for soil pH


pH Quercussuber


Pinushalepensis

Eucalyptuscamaldulen

sis0-4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.14-5 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.55-6 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.86-7 1 1 1 17-8 0.8 1 1 0.88-10 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.5Weight 4 4 5 4

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANTable 46 - Rating and weights for soil CaCO3


CaCO3 (%) Quercussuber


Pinushalepensis


0 1 0.5 1 0.8

0-10 1 0.5 1 1

10-30 0.5 1 1 1

>30 0.3 1 1 0.8

Weight 2 4 5 3

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANTable 47 - Rating and weights for soil organic carbon


Organic carbon (cmol+/kg)

Quercussuber


Pinushalepensis


0-0.7 0.5 0.3 1 10.7-1.3 0.8 0.5 1 11.3-1.9 1 0.8 1 11.9-2.7 1 1 1 12.7-5 0.5 1 1 1Weight 5 5 5 3

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANTable 48 - Rating and weights for soil texture (USDA classification)


Texture Quercussuber


Pinushalepensis


Clay 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5Loam 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8Clay loam 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8Silt 1 0.8 1 0.8Silty clay 0.8 0.5 1 0.8Silty clay loam 0.8 0.8 1 0.8Silty loam 1 1 1 0.8Sandy clay 1 1 1 1Sandy clay loam 1 1 1 1Sandy loam 1 0.3 1 1Loamy sand 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8Sand 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.5Weight 2 2 5 3

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANTable 49 - Rating and weights for coarse fragments


Coarse fragments

(%)

Quercussuber


Pinushalepensis


0-2 1 0.3 1 12-5 1 0.3 1 15-15 1 0.5 1 0.815-40 0.8 1 1 0.340-80 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.1>80 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1Weight 5 5 5 3


Masing-masing nilai ini kemudian dikalikan dnegan suatu “bobot” (nilainya bulat 1-5), untuk mendapatkan suatu nilai yang mencerminkan

kepentingan setiap parameter ekologis untuk setiap spesies. Misalnya “bobot” untuk faktor-faktor pembatas , seperti drainage untuk jenis

tegakan Tetraclinis articulata, ditetapkan nilai 1 sedangkan parameter yang perannya sama bagi semua spesies diberi bobot t 5.

To enhance the limiting factors, the values of each relevé, whose weight was different from one, have been summarised (å 1

nx) and divided by the sum of the their weights (å 1

nw), and then multiplied by the product of the values whose the weight was equal to 1 (Y).



In this way we obtained a number from 0 to 1 for each relevé, that reflects the importance of the limiting factor, giving it more weight because it is multiplied to the final

value.

Angka ini dipakai untuk memberikan suatu INDEKS untuk setiap satuan lahan sesuai dengan “facet” yg paling

representatif dalam “the relevé”.

Indeks ini kemudian dikonversi menjadi Kelas Kesesuaian Lahan seperti pada Tabel 50.


KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANTable 50 – Kelas-kelas Kesesuaian.


Indeks Akhir Kelas Kesesuaian

>0.8 S1

0.6-0.8 S2

0.3-0.6 S3

<0.3 N


HASIL PENILAIAN

Figure 34 - Figure 37 Menunjukkan klasifikasi kesesuaian lahan untuk spesies yang dianalisis.

Suitabilities for afforestation, production and naturalistic conservation were overlapped as layers, to show the potential use of the considered species for economic

purposes (paper wood, fuel wood, cork, and grazing in forest) and for a naturalistic conservation of the forest,

related to its historic importance and to recreational purposes.



HASIL PENILAIAN

Eucalyptus camaldulensis dianggap lebih penting secara ekonomis karena nilainya sebagai bahan bakar dan bahan

baku industri kertas.

Pinus halepensis is the next in importance, used for timber wood, and then Quercus suber, for grazing under forest and cork harvesting, and Tetraclinis articulata, whose timber is

used for making tools.

Prosedur ini tidak mempertimbangkan faktor ekonomis guna-lahan (Figure 38).


KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANDari sudut pandang naturalistik, dipertimbangkan empat

spesies dalam urutan kepentingannya: Quercus suber and Tetraclinis articulata, because they are the original species of this area, and then Pinus halepensis

and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, which are species introduced with plantations (Figure 39).

Kesesuaian lahan untuk konservasi tanah ditetapkan untuk unit-unit yg menunjukkan risiko erosi yang besar (Kelas 3 - 5) dan dengan memperhatikan bahwa Tetraclinis articulata dan Pinus halepensis lebih sesuai untuk konservasi tanah,

karena mereka lebih “rustic” daripada Eucalyptus camaldulensis dan Quercus suber (Figure 40).

Hasilnya disajikan dalam Tabel 51.


KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANFigure 34 - Land suitability for Quercus suber


KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANFigure 35 - Land suitability for Tetraclinis articulata


KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANFigure 36 - Land suitability for Pinus halepensis


KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANFigure 37 - Land suitability for Eucalyptus camaldulensis


KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANFigure 38 - Land suitability for wood protection


KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANFigure 39 - Land suitability for naturalistic forestry


KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMANFigure 40 – Kesesuaian Lahan untuk Konservasi Tanah


Table 51 - Land evaluation for Quercus suber, Tetraclinis articulata, Pinus halepensis, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis


Land Unit

Quercus suber

Tetraclinis articulata

Pinus halepensis

Eucalyptus camaldulen

sisSuitability for wood

productionSuitability for

naturalistic forestrySuitability for soil conservation (*)

1 S3 S3 S3 S2 E. camaldulensis E. camaldulensis NR

2 N N N S2 E. camaldulensis E. camaldulensis NR


4 S3 S3 S2 S2 E. camaldulensis P. halepensis 4 P. halepensis

5 S2 S3 S2 S1 E. camaldulensis Q. suber 3 P. halepensis



8 S1 S3 S1 S1 E. camaldulensis Q. suber NR





Land Unit

Quercus suber


Pinus halepensis









15 S3 N S3 S2 E. camaldulensis E. camaldulensis NR


17 S3 S2 S1 S2 P. halepensis T. articulata 4 P. halepensis


19 N N N S2 E. camaldulensis E. camaldulensis 3 E. camaldulensis




Land Unit

Quercus suber


Pinus halepensis





21 S3 S1 S1 S3 P. halepensis T. articulata 5 T. articulata








29 S3 S3 S3 S2 E. camaldulensis E. camaldulensis 4 E. camaldulensis




Land Unit

Quercus suber


Pinus halepensis












U NR NR NR NR NR NR NRR NR NR NR NR NR NR NRQ NR NR NR NR NR NR NR

(*) Erosion risk class is shown before the chosen species in suitability for soil conservation column


Analysing the results for land suitability in the four land systems (plateau of Ben Slimane, western scarp of the

plateau, eastern scarp of the plateau, and southern reliefs):

Dapat disimpulkan bahwa spesies Pinus halepensis dan Eucaliptus camaldulensis (Figure 36 dan Figure 37), sangat

sesuai dengan kondisi permukaan (lahan) di daerah survei.

Hasil ini muncul dari perilaku ekologis spesies tegakan yang dianalisis, spesies-spesies ini mampu beradaptasi dnegan baik terhadap kondisi lingkungan dan tanah yang “tidak

baik”.



It is evident when analysing the results for each species in the four land systems, that in the plateau of Ben Slimane, Quercus suber is suitable from moderate to high undulating planation surface while it is marginally suitable in the flat areas where the soil drainage condition, one of the limiting factor in addition to slope

steepness, is poor and the soil texture is clayey. Moreover in the undulating surface the few areas marginally suitable for oak are on calcareous substratum.

Along the eastern scarp of the plateau, oak is found to be marginally or not suitable at all because of the high slope steepness. The same results for the

western scarp of plateau were found but this is mainly due to poor soil drainage. In the southern reliefs, cork oak is moderately suitable where the soil is well

drained and the slopes are not very steep (Figure 34). This potential distribution of Quercus suber is very similar to its actual

distribution, except for the undulating surface covered by agricultural crops.

Taking these results into account, it is possible to suppose that in the past, cork oak forests did not accupy a much greater area.



Jenis-jenis Quercus suber, Tetraclinis articulata kurang sesuai di sebagian besar daerah Ben Slimane plateau, kecuali di

beberapa lokasi yang kondisi lokal-tanahnya dapat diperbaiki nilai kesesuaiannya.

Spesies ini sesuai atau cukup-sesuai di sisi timur plateau dan di daerah selatan , dimana tanah-tanahnya mempunyai drainage yg baik, dan kemiringannya masih sesuai untuk

penyebarannya. Along the western scarp of the plateau bad soil drainage is probably the main cause of the Tetraclinis absence; in this

area only few hills with calcareous substratum result highly suitable (Figure 35).



It can be noticed that also in this case the potential distribution of Tetraclinis articulata, according only to soil

and climatic conditions, is very similar to the actual distribution even if some of these areas were afforested

with Pinus halepensis.

As previously stated, Pinus halepensis is from moderately to highly suitable in the western scarp of the plateau, in

the southern reliefs, and in the Ben Slimane plateau, but it is not suitable in the flat areas and in the western scarp of

the plateau mainly because of the poor soil drainage (Figure 36).



Eucaliptus camaldulensis kurang-sesuai di sepanjang sisi timur dan barat dari plateau dan di daerah selatan, karena

kecuraman lerengnya menjadi faktor pembatas bagi penyebarannya. (Figure 37).

On the other hand the high adaptability of this species to grow on poor drained soils, permits it to be used for wood

production in the dayas.

Jenis Eucalyptus gomphocephala, meskipun telah digunakan untuk penghutanan-kembali, namun tidak dianalisis karena

perilakunya sangat menyerupai jenis Eucalyptus camaldulensis.



Menurut peta kesesuaian jenis-jenis terpilih, peta-peta ppotensial untuk produksi kayu-hutan, hutan

alam, dan konservasi tanah dapat ditetapkan.

Misalnya, untuk produksi kayu hutan, jenis Eucaliptus camaldulensis sangat sesuai di daerah

selatan dan di plateau Ben Slimane, sedangkan jenis Pinus halepensis sangat sesuai di sepanjang daerah

timur dan daerah-daerah plateau dengan tanah-tanah berkapur.



Untuk tujuan konservasi alami, Quercus suber dan Tetraclinis articulata, bersifat autochtonous di likasi penelitian, dipilih

sebagai spesies utama.

Kedua spesies ini sangat sesuai atau cukup sesuai di daerah bagian selatan, di bagian sebelah timur plateau, dan di

daerah berombak plateau Ben Slimane.

Dalam skenario ini, jenis Eucaliptus, di lokasi dimana oak dan Tetraclinis tidak sesuai, dapat menempadi daerah datar

dan “dayas”, sedangkan tanah-tanah berkapur di daerah-plateau lebih sesuai untuk jenis Pinus halepensis.



Untuk tujuan konservasi tanah, di lokasi yang mempunyai kelas risiko erosi lebih dari 2, ternyata bahwa lokasi yang rawan erosi ini dapat diproteksi

melalui penghutanan kembali dengan spesies Tetraclinis artculata dan Pinus halepensis (keduanya

sangat sesuai dnegan lahan curam) ,

Eucaliptus camaldulensis dapat digunakan di lokasi yang kelas risiko erosinya lebih ringan dengan

kemiringan lahan yang lebih datar.


KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN.


kesesuaian lahan untuk hutan tanaman

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