kingdom animalia chapter 32 - 34. what you need to know! the characteristics of animals. the stages...
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Kingdom Animalia
Chapter 32 - 34
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What you need to know!• The characteristics of animals.• The stages of animal development• How to sort the animal phyla based on symmetry,
development of a body cavity, and the fate of the blastopore
• The traits used to divide animals into groups• Examples and unique traits for each phylum
discussed.• The evolution of systems for gas exchange,
respiration, excretion, circulation, and nervous control
• The 4 chordate characteristics• Traits which distinguish each of the following
groups: Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Birds, and Mammalia
• Adaptations that allowed animals to move onto land.• How the three classes of mammals differ in their
reproduction
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Phyla1. Porifera 2. Cnidaria 3. Platyhelmithes4. Nematoda5. Mollusca6. Annelida7. Arthropoda8. Echinodermata9. Chordata
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Classification in Animalia
Metazoa: most inclusive clad; all animal phyla; multicellular, heterotroph as opposed to protozoa (first life)
Eumetazoa: true tissue animals; all phyla except porifera (sponges)
Bilateria: symmetry; all phyla except cnidaria and poriferaDeuterostomia: blastopore = anus;
only echinodermata, chordata
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Porifera (“pore bearer”)
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Porifera
• Simplest animal – no true specialized tissues
• No gastrula during embryogenesis, no real germlayers
• No muscle, nerve cells, digestive tract• Association of different specialized cell
• Pores for water flow• choanocytes (collar cells) flagellated cells that
create vortex to suck in water/food• amoebocysts (food digestion, food distribution)
feeding through phagocytosis• skeleton cells make spicules made from calcium
carbonate
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Porifera• Sessile (attached to bottom)• Spongocoel (central cavity)• Osculum (large opening)• Sexual reproduction: sequential hermaphroditism
(produce both sperm and eggs at times in their lives)• Asexual reproduction: budding
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• hydra, jellies, sea anemones, corals
• Gastrulation makes cnidarians diploblastic• endo/ectoderm• no mesoderm
• Endoderm forms gastrovascular cavity (GVC): sac with a central digestive cavity – one opening
• Polyps and medusa• Also called “Radiata”:
Radial symmetry
Cnidaria
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Cnidaria
• Hydrostatic skeleton (fluid held under pressure)
• Cnidocytes-cells used for defense and prey capture on tentacles
• Special cnidocytes are Nematocysts: stinging capsule that when triggered release a harpoon-like stinger
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Nematocyst
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Platyhelminthes• flatworms, flukes,
tapeworms• Bilateral, Triploblastic• GVC with only one
opening• Acoelomates w/o body
cavity: solid interior• Some cephalization:
eyespot and nerve cluster anterior
• Predators, scavengers, parasites with multiple hosts
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Tapeworm host cycle
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Nematoda• round, hook, heartworms
• Bilateral, triploblastic
• pseudocoelomate
• Complete digestive track
• Unsegmented
• No circulatory system
• Cuticle (tough exoskeleton)
• Decomposition and nutrient cycling
• freeliving or parasitic
• Trichinella spiralis (tiny worm parasites)
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Mollusca• (mollus-soft) snails, slugs,
squid, octopus, clams, oysters, chiton
• Bilateral, true coelomates:
• Digestive tract
• Segmentation
• Circulatory system w/ simple heart (open)
• Internal or external shell -calcium carbonate
• Cephalopoda: developped eyes, cephalization
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Special molluscs
• All have: foot (movement), visceral mass (internal organs); mantle (secretes shell); radula (mouth scraping organ)
• Ciliated trochophore larvae
• Classes:• Gastropoda: snails (stomach footed)
• Bivalves: mussels (two-shelled)
• Cephalopoda: octopusses (head footed)
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Annelida
• segmented worms earthworms, leeches, marine worms
• Bilateral, coelomate
• Body segmentation
• Closed circulatory system!
• Metanephridia: excretory tubes
• “Brainlike” cerebral ganglia
• Hermaphrodites, but cross- fertilize
QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
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Arthropoda
• trilobites (extinct); crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimps); spiders, scorpions, ticks (arachnids); insects (entomology)
• Bilateral, coelomates
• segmentation
• most successful of all phyla
• Extensive nervous system, muscles
• open circulatory system with hemolymph
• digestive tract
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Special features - arthropoda
• hard exoskeleton (cuticle) made from chitin (fungi!, polysaccharide with some N)
• Growth through molting• Metamorphosis: juvenile looks
very different than adult• jointed appendages• Ventral ladder shaped nerve
chord
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Metamorphosis
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Insect characteristics:
• Outnumber all other forms of life combined
• Malpighian tubules: outpocketings of the digestive tract (excretion)
• Tracheal system: branched tubes that infiltrate the body (gas exchange)
• Complete metamorphosis: larva, pupa, adult
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Echinodermata
• sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, sea cucumbers, sea daisies
• Secondary radial symmetry (fake) due to bilateral larvae
• Only deuterostomes other than chordates
• Spiny skin; sessile or slow moving
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Echinoderm facts
• Water vascular system by hydraulic canals (tube feet)
• Simple Endoskeleton
• Some segmentation (disk, feet…)
• Short digestive tract
• Some nervous system
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Clip
Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
Phylum chordata
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Subphyla in ChordataSubphylum: invertebrate chordate• Urochordata and chephalochrodata: invertebrate
chordatesSubphylum: vertebrata Class:1. Agnatha –jawless fishes2. Chondrichtys-cartilage fishes3. Osteichtys4. Amphibia 5. Reptilia6. Aves7. Mammalia
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• Urochordata (tunicates; sea squirt); mostly sessile & marine and Cephalochordata (lancelets); marine, sand dwellers
• Importance: vertebrates closest relatives; in the fossil record, appear 50 million years before first vertebrate
• Intestinal tract, no circulatory system, not vertebral column, no gills
Invertebrate Chordates
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Subphylum: Vertebrata; Class Agnatha• jawless fish lampreys,
hagfish• Most primitive, living
vertebrates• Cephalization in cranium• closed circulatory system • Lack paired appendages;
cartilaginous skeleton; notochord throughout life; rasping mouth, no jaw
• Predators preying on fishes
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Class: Cartilaginous Fishes• sharks, skates, rays• Cartilaginous fishes; well developed jaws and paired
fins; continual water flow over gills (gas exchange); lateral line system (water pressure changes)
• Closed circulatory system, gills• Life cycles:
• Oviparous- eggs hatch outside mother’s body, frogs, fishes • Ovoviviparous- retain fertilized eggs; nourished by egg yolk;
young born live reptiles, birds• Viviparous- young develop within uterus; nourished by
placenta, mammals
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Class: Bony fishes• all other fishes• vertebral column• calcified bone
most numerous• vertebrate
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Class: Amphibia• salamanders, frogs, newts, toads• 1st tetrapods on land• Frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians• Metamorphosis; lack shelled egg; moist skin for gas
exchange• No amniotic egg
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Class: Reptilia• Lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodilians• Amniote (shelled) egg • Scales with protein keratin (waterproof); • Lungs • 3 chambered heart; exothermic (dinosaurs endothermic?)
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Superclass Gnathostomata, V
• Class: Aves: Birds• Endothermic• Amniotic eggs• 4 chambered heart• Flight adaptations: wings
(hollow-boned); feathers (keratin); toothless; one ovary
• Evolved from reptiles (amniote egg and leg scales)
• Archaeopteryx (stemmed from an ancestor that gave rise to birds)
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Class: Mammalia• Mammary glands; hair (keratin); endothermic; 4-
chambered heart; large brains; teeth differentiation to accommodate herbivore, carnivore
• Evolved from reptilian before birds• Monotremes (egg-laying): platypus; echidna• Marsupials (pouch): opossums, kangaroos, koalas• Eutherian (placenta): all other mammals-placental
mammals
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Order: Primates• Characteristics: hands & feet for
grasping; large brains, short jaws, flat face; parental care and complex social behaviors
• Suborder: Anthropoidea •monkeys, apes, humans opposable thumb
• 45-50 million years ago• Family: Hominid australopithecines• genus: Homo • Species: habilis, erectus, sapiens• Subspecies: neanderthaliensis,
sapiens
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Human evolution• Misconceptions:• 1- Chimp ancestor (2 divergent branches)• 2- Step-wise series (coexistence of human species)• 3- Trait unison vs. mosaic evolution (bipedalism,
upright, enlarged brain)
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The first humans
• Ape-human split (5-7 mya)• Australopithecus; “Lucy” (4.0
mya)• Homo habilis; “Handy Man” (2.5
mya)• Homo erectus; first to migrate
(1.8 mya)• Homo sapiens neanderthaliensis
(200,000 ya)• Homo sapiens sapiens (1.0
mya?)• Several species side by side• Origin Africa