Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Basic CharacteristicsBasic Characteristics

Organisms within Kingdom Plantae are Organisms within Kingdom Plantae are multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic and multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic and they lack mobility.they lack mobility.

Plants produce food via photosynthesis Plants produce food via photosynthesis and have cell walls composed of cellulose.and have cell walls composed of cellulose.

The history of life on earth and the The history of life on earth and the success of many organisms depends on success of many organisms depends on the success of plants.the success of plants.

Evolution of PlantsEvolution of Plants

Three Main Parts of PlantsThree Main Parts of Plants

Roots penetrate the Roots penetrate the soil and anchor the soil and anchor the plant to the ground.plant to the ground.

The roots absorb The roots absorb minerals and water minerals and water from the soil to be from the soil to be used in used in photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

Three Main Parts of PlantsThree Main Parts of Plants

Leaves provide a Leaves provide a large surface area for large surface area for the absorption of the absorption of sunlight.sunlight.

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs inside the occurs inside the chloroplasts of the chloroplasts of the cells of the leavescells of the leaves

Three Main Parts of PlantsThree Main Parts of Plants

Stems are composed Stems are composed of rigid tissue that of rigid tissue that raise and support the raise and support the leaves.leaves.

Stems also transport Stems also transport substances from the substances from the roots to leaves and roots to leaves and from the leaves to from the leaves to roots.roots.

Classification of PlantsClassification of Plants

Plants are divided into the four main Plants are divided into the four main groups based on two major groups based on two major characteristics: presence or absence of characteristics: presence or absence of vascular tissue and seeds.vascular tissue and seeds.

Vascular tissue transport substances such Vascular tissue transport substances such as water, minerals and sugars throughout as water, minerals and sugars throughout the plant.the plant.

Seeds are structures that contain an Seeds are structures that contain an embryo, stored food and an outer coat.embryo, stored food and an outer coat.

Divisions of Kingdom PlantaeDivisions of Kingdom Plantae

Non-Vascular PlantsNon-Vascular Plants

Non-vascular land plants do not contain any Non-vascular land plants do not contain any conducting tissues and are often referred to as conducting tissues and are often referred to as bryophytes. These plants are small, grow close bryophytes. These plants are small, grow close to the ground and include mosses and to the ground and include mosses and liverworts.liverworts.

Seedless Vascular PlantsSeedless Vascular Plants

Seedless vascular Seedless vascular plants contain plants contain vascular tissues but vascular tissues but do not produce do not produce seeds. seeds.

This group includes This group includes horsetails, ferns and horsetails, ferns and club mosses. club mosses.

Seed Producing Vascular PlantsSeed Producing Vascular Plants

Seeded vascular plants also contain Seeded vascular plants also contain extensive vascular tissue and the majority extensive vascular tissue and the majority of species in the plant kingdom are in this of species in the plant kingdom are in this group. They have a seeds that contain an group. They have a seeds that contain an embryo, a nutrient supply and a protective embryo, a nutrient supply and a protective outer coat.outer coat.

Seeded vascular plants are divided into Seeded vascular plants are divided into angiosperms and gymnosperms.angiosperms and gymnosperms.

GymnospermsGymnosperms

Gymnosperms are Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants non-flowering plants with seeds that do not with seeds that do not develop within an develop within an enclosed structure enclosed structure

AngiospermsAngiosperms

Angiosperms are Angiosperms are flowering plants with flowering plants with seeds that develop seeds that develop inside a protective inside a protective structure.structure.

Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction Plants carry out sexual reproduction which Plants carry out sexual reproduction which

means the meeting of male and female means the meeting of male and female gametes.gametes.

Mosses and ferns rely on rain and dew to Mosses and ferns rely on rain and dew to transport the male gametes.transport the male gametes.

Seed producing plants rely on wind and insects Seed producing plants rely on wind and insects to carry the male gametes to the female parts of to carry the male gametes to the female parts of plants.plants.

After fertilization the zygote develops in the seed After fertilization the zygote develops in the seed where it can remain dormant for long periods of where it can remain dormant for long periods of time and survive drought, freezing and even fire.time and survive drought, freezing and even fire.

Plant StructuresPlant Structures

Plants contain structures other than the Plants contain structures other than the three main parts mentioned earlier and three main parts mentioned earlier and these structures have very specific these structures have very specific functions.functions.

Plant structures include rhizoids, xylem, Plant structures include rhizoids, xylem, phloem, cuticle and stomata.phloem, cuticle and stomata.

RhizoidsRhizoids

Rhizoids are small Rhizoids are small hair-like structures hair-like structures that transport that transport materials and materials and anchor the plant.anchor the plant.

Xylem and PhloemXylem and Phloem

Xylem are hollow tubes Xylem are hollow tubes made of dead cells that made of dead cells that transport water from roots transport water from roots to leaves.to leaves.

Phloem are hollow tubes Phloem are hollow tubes made of living cells that made of living cells that transport glucose made transport glucose made during photosynthesis during photosynthesis from the leaves to the from the leaves to the rest of the plant.rest of the plant.

CuticleCuticle

The cuticle is a The cuticle is a waxy covering on waxy covering on the stems and the stems and leaves of plants.leaves of plants.

The cuticle The cuticle prevents water loss prevents water loss in plantsin plants

StomataStomata

Stoma are microscopic Stoma are microscopic openings or pores in openings or pores in leaves.leaves.

The stoma are the pores The stoma are the pores through which the through which the exchange of gases exchange of gases occurs in plants.occurs in plants.

Some water is also lost Some water is also lost through the stoma in a through the stoma in a process known as process known as transpiration.transpiration.