kirk brant, 2012 · i

fcvenmU h mw bxponbH

fc<;olnmoH jn,

hpnbcgenmU hj cjfpH jv

fc<;ol> CA!H bk;cv

,gs;pjMG

.o<gy<hiMnbH h

j<junbggvH .Ud#.

h mw bxponbH

fc<;olnmoH

KirK Brant, 2012

www.kirkbrant.com

.g fcvenmoH j<doyhonbnpH

.g .o<gy<hiMnbH panbH]

m<nlnbH i<g bnbwqH .d .Ud#.

hj cjfofJvH i<g hj u;gvH

.yEhnbMnmonbnb rnhV , pjEhjH

h botMyhooj lnhp ,nho yh

n,v bf j<junbvhpnbcvhdoj

lnhp hj mw cjfpjHN

oxdMpmhp

oxdMpmhp

i

x<jgMpmhU akH nmgylnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 a. j<jugmlnmU i<g j<jJtn,nmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 b. nmgylnmU i<g ohonm ynbsMpmlnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. nmgylnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. h mg<dH UgcfMnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 3. lnhp he<jcoj enbAnmoH i<g pj<hvlnmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 4. c;?oenm yMpmhp h av g;coj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5. hkE mwvlnmp] .pQn,nmp] gx pgn,j<logenmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6. lnhp h uvgonbj t<henmoH l tuxvlyhj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7. j<logemn,nmp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

x<jgMpmhU oQ gn,og;Mnmp bs<lnmoH pgn, j<logenmoH h bcfMhgyU . . 26 a. h mg<dH pgn, j<logenmU h bcfMhgyU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 b. h mwpnhH h bs<l<gyU pgn, j<logenmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1. bowpa b<jk .jynmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2. .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnmU yy.msnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3. o<s p<;enmU mgMpJnmU .jynmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 4. .o<gy<hiMnmU .pQn,nmp bs<lnmp Us!Us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 5. h ak; xUcomfJvH .o<gy<hiMnbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

x<jgMpmhU o<s h yynm fc<;olvH i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH+ hkE i<g buV . . . 40 a. oho nmgylnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 b. h yynm fc<;olvH .fcve;Mnmonb> .Ud#. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1. ,g<doj .gcfMnmonbnb h yynm fc<;olvH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2. .goet;Mnmonbnb h yynm fc<;olvH i<g sgenmp

, nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH .Ud#. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3. hj bf Aocoj , bcvgonbH yynm fc<;olnmU bom

xAp 1900-2000 h mgMpdj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 c. yynm fc<;olnmU nbn,pcvlnmU buV h mwpnhH .Ud#. . . . . . . . . . . 56 D. ,wpnhj Ugn,Ug;MnmU yynm fc<;olnmoH bwvpnmnmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 1. hkE hj av mwpnhH fc<;olnmU i<g h bkvp;gonbH

h yynm fc<;olvH mwp;MvH bs<lnmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2. .Ud#. .pQn,nmU bs<lnmu mwpnhH hmw yynmnbxvH

h fc<;olvH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 (a) , nbn,p<gonbH h yynm fc<;olvH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 (b) , bn,pctvH h yynm fc<;olvH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 E. .o<gy<hiMnbH , nbn,pctvH .UdE. yynm fc<;olnmoH . . . . . . . . . .73 1. oho nmgylnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 2. yynm fc<;olvH bcfMnm ynhMpmhU Ugn,ognhH jv bwfovH

.o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH h .vvH .Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmoH . .74 3. bcvbhpH fc<;olnmoH sgenmp ncyw 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4. fc<;olnmoH bcvbhpH .sgenmonbnb .g .v 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . 78

.o<gy<hiMnbH h j<junbggvH .Ud#. h mw bxponbH fc<;olnmoH+

fcvenmU h mw bxponbH fc<;olnmoH jn, hpnbcgenmU hj cjfpH jv fc<;ol> CA!H bk;cv

ii

F. hsgjH nmp ;gjkH h mw bxvH h yynm fc<;olvH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 1. fc<;olnmp sgenmp ax<jv b<jk hpg<jH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 (a) yosc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 (b) A!fE hPxk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 (c) jv jn,fuH phabosH ax<jv b<jk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 (d) b_A%Gg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 (e) ;gjk ax<jv b<jk hpg<jH b;Mnm yynbMpJnmp bcvgnbH

, .v j<loyvH bn,ohp h Ugn,oyvH jv av bwvpnmov yynm fc<;olnmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

2. h m<coj fc<;olnmp ;gjk b<jH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 (a) b<s%@#k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 (b) o:MPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 (c) twe;yp<jH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 (i) b_P<h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 (ii) o: L%H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 (iii) , mwvqmhdj jEApvhp h yynm bx<gjH fc<;olnmoH

.v h mw gwlvH , tFfvH pph> mg<hiMnmp . . . . . . . .103

x<jgpmhU i. ,wpnhH fc<;olnmU .o<gy<hinbH bwvpnmnmU+ ohU .v . . . . .106 a. oho nmgylnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 b. lnhp hj t<hyH , ynbx<gyH mgnmp i<g pj<hvlnmoH . . . . . . . . . . . 107 1. , pj<hnbjvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .fgnmonbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 (a) h mw j<logjH gi<com;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH

fc<;olnmoH ,nho n,v pmMgrUgtm;vH jv bwvpnmvH .Ud#. fc<;olnmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

(i) mg<hiMnmoH mgnhnp h jxvmn,yhj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 (ii) cnhonm yFotsnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 (iii) j<jubylnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 (iv) ak; faotfJnmU xUcomfJnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 (v) .jncbn,MnmU bs<lnmp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 (b) buV h svhdH , ynbsohdj mwohJnmp l .v hvfoG

.o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH ep gna tupnhU .y ,svhdH . . . 118 (c) fc<;olnm jEApvhp hnlvlenmoH p<xV yocom;nbH

moonbH ,nho ,h n,v pEnlnbwngvH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 (d) tFfnp lnhp h jx<h;vH jv pEnlnbwngvH j<Apvhp

.o<gy<hiMnbH jv bwgxvH fc<;olnmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 (e) Us;uU h pphgn,ogH tknb lnhp h ocm;ov

pgn, j<logenmojH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 (f) h mw bcfMtsvH jv fc<;olnmjy> ,; yh .o<gy<hiMnbH

, hpnbcvhdH gUd l mw tucongonbH , bwvpnmvH moonbH h yynm fc<lolvH bxnmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

2. , pj<hvH jv .jy> bs<lphpH i<g fc<;olnmU .jynmp . . . . . . 126

oxdMpmhp

iii

c. c;?oenm yMpmhp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 1. bowpa b<jk .jynmU .c;?oenm yMpmhp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 2. .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU c;?oenbMpmhp . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 (a) c;?oenbMpmhp rnhV , nbn,p<gonbH pgn, j<logenmU . . . 142 (b) c;?oenbMpmhp hEnh pj<hvhonbH |h yynm fc<;olvH

jonhpxnmU fc<;olnmU .pQn,nmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 (c) h ak; uvgonbj fcvenmoH ynbsMpmhp hjcjfpjH

, pphgn,ogjH yynm bcfMnmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 3. .Ud#. .jyhpH yynbxnmU .c;?onbMpmhonbnb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4. .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmp s!Us c;?onbMpmhp . . . . . .160 (i) h jnpxlgonbj nbp<gJnmp bcfMnmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 (ii) pj<h> h xtnmgonbj nbp<gJnmp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 5. .c;?oenm yMpmhp .Ud#. h pgynbG bnbwq

i<g .EhfK .ngxMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 6. .c;?nm yMhphp .Ud#. pgylnm nmvmn,nmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 D. nbn,p<gJnmp bs<lnmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 1. ohonm nmgylnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 2. , nbn,ocjfohdj nbp<gJnmp - , .wgonbH pphgn,UvlnmU

yynbxnmU i<g jv .jy> hl<jtn,nmU x<nhxnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 (a) nbn,ogenmoH yynbxnmU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 (b) hl<jtn,nmU yynbxnmU jv .pQn,nmjy> .o<gy<hiMnb

, bcfMhgnbG i<g fc<;olnmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 3. nbn,p<gJnmp , cxM<lUvhdj h m<com;ponbH fc<;olnmoH . . 182 4. nbn,p<gJnmoH , cxM<lUvhdj ytuxvlnmp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 5. nbn,p<gJnmp , cxM<lUvhdj h yynm fc<;olnmoH fcmlnmp . . . 192 6. nbn,p<gJnmp , cxM<lUvhdj Us;uU h pphgn,UgH tknb pgn,

j<logenmoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

pph> h mw yMpdj .pQn,nm yMpmhp

1. yMpmhU A – .jynmU mgQn,nmU 1388/2011] .c<;nmxMT] 2011N . . . . . . . . .1962. yMpmhU B – yynm fc<;olvH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU –

Cor r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023. yMpmhU C – Us;uU h pphgn,UgG tknb bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU

– Cor r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2204. yMpmhU D – nmgylnm yMpmhU .o<gy<hiMnbH .v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2485. yMpmhU E – oxdMpJnmU moonb<jk hj ynbx<gyH i<g pj<hvlnmp

;gjk yynbxnmp i<g bn,ohpH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2506. yMpmhU F – ynbsMpmhp h mw oxdMpdj lnhp

hj mw t<jhdj ,<coj hj pj<hvH .o<gy<hiMnbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

x<jgMpmhU akH nmgylnmU


1

A. j<jugmlnmU i<g j<logefolnmU

1. .g fcvenmoH nmgylyhU bom ynbV fc<;olnmp hj av j<dovhdj hkE] fc<;olnmoH h bx<gjHN boy yh ynbV ,h hpl hj .v cxM<lotvH

moonbH .o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmoH mw moonb<jHhgwlvH mgnmoH ,h hj

.v bwfovH jv bwgxvH rnhV , fc<;ohonbH .d .Ud#.N

2 . h mw boetvH yh .o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmoH] boyU akH x; lnhU jv

boevhdH ,h nmp , bwvcongonbj ;gjk lnhp h botcom;vH moonbH

hnlvlenmoHN ,nho yh n,v Ugn,ognhH jv bwgxvH.o<gy<hiMnbH .Ud#.

fc<;olnmht;HN ,nho yh ,w nbcvhdH .EhV hf yvgonbjcU .y ,nmsvhdH

p<xV j optpnhH .o<gy<hiMnbHhnmw bwgxmvH fc<;olnmht;H bxnmoH]

h .v .pQnbvhdH fc<;olnmU .jynmnmoH] ,;go yh hf t<jhdH l bf

svhdH i<g .sv bf oxd uvgonbj jv n,vm;ponbH hnm mg<gonbj l

.v tucongonbj pph> lnhp h bwvcoj i<g hnm nbpvlyhj mg<gJnmojH

,nho h mg<dH .y bcfMnmU h uvgkU] h ak; uvgkU jn, hpnbcvlnmU

fc<;olnmoH mdlN ,nho yh n,v bf tqj lnhp hf e<jcoj h j<dognhj

lf bwfohdnhcU jv .v tucongonbH .y UfcvenmU ppgn,j<logenmoHN

3 . ,nho yh q;V] l mg<gonbjcU hf m<coH pgn, j<logenmoH].y pgn,

j<logenmU h uvgkU ep xsE .v .pQnbvhd> gx<;V .jynmnmoH h

.v pphvgonbH lnhU] p<xV h tsoMnm pphvgonbj lnhpi<g yh h .v

.pQnbvhdj h bcfMhvhdj fc<;olnmU bs<lnmojH] .Ud#. h mg<dj

fc<;olnmp i<g yh h .v ytuxvhdj h mw yocoj] .Ud#. h mg<dj

.pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH i<g h .v tuxvhdj nmvmn,nmoH mdl i<g

bcfMnmp .o<gy<hiMnbH .v h xUcongvH] ep nmp ,h jv cxM<lovhdj

q;V .v pphvgonbnp gi<cojN ,; yh i<g] ep Ugn,ognhU ,h jv

yoxvlyhj h mw bf xUcongonbj bs<lnmp fc<;olnmoH bxnmoH jv

bwgxvH .o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmoH h mw UsgjH fc<;olnmoHN

4 . .g UfcvenmoH h u;gyhU] ep x; ,h , bwfovH .o<gy<hiMnbH

fc<;olnmoH UsgenmoH hf e<jco> lnhp ;gjk lnhU n,v m<com;vH

moonbH h mw yocom;vH] q;V] tso jfylognhU .y h m<com;vH ,

hpnbcvhdH fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU h sgj] .o<gy<hiMnbH, hpnbctvH .d

ynbV jn,fuH h gwlvH] ,nho yh h mw t<hyU p<xV , yocom;vH .y

hsgvHN jq<xU ,h cxM<lovhdl .y h m<com;vH moonbH] ep bnbMd

hj yoxdpp> uvgknl h mw p<xV yopnhH hsgvH moonbH ,; yh i<g

Ug<aoeU jv tu bcfMtsvH moonbH i<g .Ud#. h bwlsgjH ;gjkH

2



bn,ohpH .ro> b<jo> ,nhox; cfy l bf tucoH i<g tu nmFnmsvH

i<g tu bcfMtsvH bn,ohpHN ,; yh i<g ep x; h .v boevhdcp

lnhp h yoxvlyhj p<xV Ugn,ognhU jv uvgonbnhcU jv bcfMhvhdj jv .v

tuxvhdjN

5 . ,h nmp , cxM<lovhdH lnhU h mw yopnhH sgenmoH tso nmp boy h

owpnhucU] boy .v q;V , mgnhH i<g , oMgn,ovhdH tMn,<htH hpg<jH

hj mw av nhgjmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .xyfMnmonbH ,; yh i<g] ,h , .v

xM<lovhdH i<g boevhdH hj av m<xv nhgloemvH tMn, x; mw] ,h ,

.v cxM<lotvH i<g ,h , .v hpnbcvhdj moonm .jynmnmU mg<gJnmp

i<g ynbV h mw Ugn,ognhH jv svhdjcU jv tu nmFnmsvH moonbH i<g

n,t<f;wnbH tMn,x; mwN ,nho l mw tucojcU jv svhdH ,nho h

mndyjgkU .y UfcvenmU jv oMgn,ovhdH p<xV , j<dognhH .y moonm

fcvt;MnmU hkE hj .v mgnhH .Ud#. jv .jyH h .v hpnbcvhdH i<g

oph mw e<dLogyU jv m<com;ponbHN

6 . jq<xU yh .y UfcvenmU hj mw t<hyU lnhp l .v tucovlyhj i<g

l mw nbn,p<gonbj] ,nho yh mwp;MkH .y h xyfMkH ,hJj ,j

tucomfJkH h m<coj;kH lnhpN ,nho yh n,v p<xV bf borognhj lnhp

hnm hnl nl<jxvhdj jv tucom;ponbH tso yopnhU .y , m<coHN

7 . .y h ak; uvgkU UfcvenmU , jn, hpnbcgyU lnhp hj av m<coj

fc<;olnmoH ,nho x; n,v tucoH , ucgkU UgcfMnmU ,nmvmvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH] gx<;V .jyhpH] .jyhoqH] jWbknbH] moonb<jH h gwlvH

moonbH] .Ud#. cx<jg<j .jynmp i<g h oho<gy;vH .jynmnmoH i<g

yh .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKHN tMn, .; hj av nmpjH opp<;ynbH i<g

otnuodU hj av mw nmvmvH hj av cjfpjH .fcvenmonbnb i<g hj av

mw hl<jJtvH lsgyU UgcfMnmoH i<ghj mw tu .fovH .fgnmonbH tMn, h

nmv bcfMyjH bn,ohp ,;yh i<g opN ep tMn, hj nmpfpnb> q;V p<xV

opp<;eU ,j j<lotgnhH i<g tMn, hj mw nmvmLH .y UgcfMnmU pgn,

j<lovlnmU h bcfMhgyUN

8 . onm ag;gU opp<;tn,nmU boj .v h mw ca<nhxvH bs<lnmoH bn,ohpH

i<g boj ;gjkH bn,ohpH hj av nmvmvH , uvgkU UgcfMnmUN ,;;]

bowpa b<j .jynmU (hkE h .v Kt<hnbG jv .jyhp d# nbA< ,; yh

;gH hkE jv .jyhU aUO vS) h bkt<gy;vH SOkU Cc_;u%] SOkU @ ] rjU


3

gUokk] tMn, .; hj nmvmvH , uvgkU .y pgn, j<lovlnmU bs<lnmU i<g

,j nmvmvH , ccenbx<gyU moonb<jk jn,fuH] ,nhoy ynbV hj j<dogyU

, UsgyU moonbH , fcve<gnmvH jn,fuH i<g pph> hj av boegjH

.fdogenmonbnb] h mw botcom;vH .xyfMnmonbHN ,; yh i<g] onm

pp<;ynbH .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynm bcfMnmU ,; yh h bkt<gy;vH

b<fU bHfU] .Ud#. .jyhpH yynbxnmU] .o<gy<hiMnmU .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU

s!Us i<g h bkt<gy;vH ;#<g aH hu ,; yh nDUogU $fUN ,; tp onm

pp<;y> jv .jyhU gkU lO i<g .gcvbhp .g o<s p<;enmU .g<hiMnmU

.jyhpH .jynmUN tnlV i<g Ufg> .nmU ,_yU] .Ud#. hpgynbH bnbwq i<g

.EhfKN ,; yh tp ;gH y%OU x,%] W!U ,<eH] ;#< eokU ,; yh A$<

eok<] tMn, h bwvcovH .o<gy<hiMnbH hj nbobvH h KjbvH Us;uU hj

uvbG h pphgn,oyG hj oxov bn,ohp] hj av cjfpjH , boegjH hj

mw av botMvH .ro> .v i<g hj av cjfpjH .fcvenmonbnb Us;up h

uvgG tknb .v i<g ;gjk lnhp h .v bo<;cojN

9 . tso UjnmvmhnmpU h mw pgn, j<logyU lnhp i<g .; .Ud#.

jv fc<;olnmoH h bs<hgjH] .Ud#. fc<;olnmU bs<lnmoH] .Ud#.

fc<;olnmoH bxnmU UsgenmokH bcfMnmhtH i<g yh .fc<;olMnbH.

gcfMnmht;nbH jv fc<;olnmht;H i<g .Ud#. .pQn,nmU bs<lnmp i<g

.gcvbhonbnbN UgkpU tMn, .. hj av boegyU , yMpdj,nmgylyhj gUd

nev ,wpnhj i<g ,g<dj pph> h mw bcfMhvhdj] hj bn,p<gvH hkE

jv .fc<;ol> ym;_ F A!kG] buV h bcfMhgH .o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnm

bs<lnmpN

10 . hnm oMgn,oyjH] ,nhnb hkE jv fc<;olnmjyH ;#< aGO ,; yh buV hj

tEnhv<hnbG nSU Uh#<KU p<xV hj nmvmvH , uvgkU UgcfMnm fcvenmUN ,;

yh bwV onm pp<;y> e%# Mh_] hkE hj .v av KtEhnb<cU jv fc<;olMnb

.d .Ud#.] hj nmvmH , nbn,p<gG.ro> bcfMnmoo> buV h uvgnbH ,;

yh i<g h j yynmpH l mwpnhooH bs<lnmp , jn, hpnbcvhdj fc<;olnm

bs<lnmpN tnlV i<g Ufg> h .v KtEhnbG jv .fc<;olMnbH y%H OV tMn,

x; hj mwnbnmvmG UgcfMnmoH mdlN

11 . ,; yh yvV] onm pp<;ynbH hnmv bcfMtvH] nSU d#] h bkt<gylG .g h

mw bcfMhgyU bs<lnmU i<g yh hUf< tGgOH] h bkt<gylG h .v nbnmvngGN

tso tsoMnbH .. bcfMnmp , uvgvH hnmvbcfMyjHN p<xV t<gm j

bcfMhgnyH lnhp h uvgnbH ,; yh opp<;ynbHN ,; yh bwV onm pp<;y>

oH lof i<g !kU PH< nmpnb> ynbV hj nmvmvH , bf jwgkU UgcfMnm

fcvenmU fc<;olnm bs<lnmU hj mw boegyUN

4



12 . boy hj av uvgkU] tMn, hj av bcfMhgyU , ynbsMpmlkH .y

bcfMnm fcvenmU , boegyH fc<;olnmU tMn, hj av nmv bcfMyjvH

i<g nbnmvmktvH Uj av nmpnbHN ,nho ,w gnaLogyU i<g ,nm boegyU

mdogenmp hj av cjfpjH bn,ohpH gUd l svhdjcU jv tucongonbjcU

jv bwvpnmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw bxponbH fc<;olnmoH] jv

pmcom;nb<cU , yynm uvgonbH jv tucongonbHN

13 . ,nho i<g ,w j<logyH h mw e<dLogyH jv m<coH fc<;olnmoH h mw

bxvH h UsgjH jv bf bvcongonbH hj mwp;gonbu;ci ,; yh jv bf

yynm tu bcfMtsponbH .d .Ud#. i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH tMn, x; mwN

B. nmgylnmU i<g fcvenm ynbsMpmhU

1. ohonm nmgylnmU

14 . .y fcvenmU h uvgkU] ,nho ,w b<aoekU] jv ;E;t;vH giwpnhH i<g

gUd mw hpnbctvH moonbH m<x , uvgonbH fc<;olnmU.d .Ud#.N

boy hj av boegyU j<junbv nmgylnmoH m<xtH hjav yMpbyU] ,nho

,w cLdognhH .y h mw uvgkU fc<;olnmU pgn, j<logenmU mwpnhH]

.o<gy<hiMnbH , boetvH i<g x; , xvcovH fc<;olnmoH] .d p<xV

jn,fuH h gwlvH p<xV ,h nhk<H , msgvH tso botco> .d mdlN

n,K i<g , jv tFfvH moonbH hjc.vH jc.snmht;H ,h yh bn,ohpH

, pphgn,ot;vH fc<;olnmoHh mw pphgn,otG bn,p h jnc.G] boj

yh bg h bcfMhgjH fc<;olnmp .d .Ud#. gx<;V bcvbhpH h uvgvH

fc<;olnmp] h ownbpvtn,vH fc<;olnmoH] h pgylG fc<;olnmoH ,; yh

.fc<;olMnbHN .. lnhp hj av boegyU UfcvenmoH tso hf cLdg;gonbU

m<x .o<gy<hiMnbH fcvengn, i<g p<xV , bf jwcovH , ognmjvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH .d h mw gwlvH moonbH nmpnb> p<xV jwconbH ,f

tFfvH moonbH m<xV nmp h gwvH n,t<f;wnbH i<g x; ;gjkH ydnbHN

15 . h mw yocoH fc<;olnmU yh x; UgoedU .g UfcvenmoH - ,h Jj h

pphgn,otvH bn,ohpH fc<;olnmoH h xvcovH moonb<jH

h gwlvH i<g ,h , bwvpnmvH moonbH jv bxvH h mw UsvhdH

fc<;olnmht;H - ,;go ,w cLdpnhH ,h nhk<H ,svhdH i<g ,h ,

pphvgonbHN ,;po yh mw yocoH jfdodU ,; yh i<g n,K yyE,sgvH


5

moonbH h xvcovH fc<;olnmoH] ,;go yh hj mw cLd j<lovhdH i<g

oMgn,ohdH .y , m<com;vH moonbH .d .Ud#. ,nho yh n,vj mgnhH

.y pgn, j<lovlnmU jv bs<hvhdHN q;V] mgnhnp lnhp .g ,h hj wjgonbH

i<g x; l jxvm;ponbH lnhU ,nm tuxvhdH fc<;olnmoH] ,nho ,h n,v j

tucoH .y , m<coH] q;V,h nhk<H , sgvH moonbH .Ud#. fc<;olnmoHN

,nhom yh lnhph .pxvlyhj l bcfMhvhdj ,nho cfy l ytuxvhdH jv

pmcongonbH fc<;olnmU jv nhk<H sgvH moonbH fc<;olnmoH i<g x;

h mw bxvH h UsgjH fc<;olnmoHN ,nhom yh l .v nmvmn,yhj hj mw

oxdMpmhdj .p<gJnmp fc<;olnmoH l .v ytuxvlyhj ,nhom yh h

Mso;kU i<g hohogm;kU , uvgkU UgcfMnmU ,; yh i<g ynbsMpmhoH

pgn, j<logenmoH l bf boevhdj .g xFpH ScwEN

2. h mg<dH UgcfMnmU i<g mwpnhH

16 . Uj .fohnmgk jv bcfMhgyU .y bs<lnmU jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU .g

.jynmU mgQn,nmokjH 1388/2011 .c<;nm xMT 11] 2011N .y .jynmU

mgQn,nmU] bwg;l> .y UfcvenmoH .g x<jgMpmhoH UfcvenmoH hj mndkU

jv svhdH i<g hj mw cjfpyU lnhp l uJimhdj.y bs<lnmU pgn,

j<logenmU hj uvgkU+

(a) jv cLdg;gonbH i<g pmcongonbH m<x , bkt<gyvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmoH moonb<jH h gwlvH , uvgvH

h yynm fc<;olvH UsgenmoH bwgxnmoHN

(b) jv yEhnmgonbH jv cLdg;gonbH v oMsvhdH] v yynm

bcfMtsvH jv fc<;olM> i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmU,

boesgsvH nn

17 . Uj yv bcfMgk h gnhjH 2011 hEnh ynbspjH .pQn,nmp h bcfMhgjH jv

nbnmvmvHN ,nho yh hf yv bcfMkH , nbn,p<gkH lmwp;gkH .y pgn,

j<logenmU] , ynbsMpmlkH .fcvenmonbnb bn,ohpH hj av cjfpjH i<g

fc<;olnmoH lnhp hj mw yosg;vH] i<g h yynm fc<;olvH h bmsg;vH

fc<;olnmoH mw .d .Ud#.N jEnh yh cjfpyH , .wgkH h mw yynm

mgnhj j<logemn,nmp (hTx.%s% , bcvgkH) pgn, j<lovlnmU .v] ,nho

yh hf yvgkH lnhp lf j<junbvgylyhj jv nmvm;kH jv pj<hyH i<g

v av mwvqmhdj ynbsMpmhp .o<gy<hiMnbH hohiUg;MvH .fgnmonbH

i<g yh jv bcfMnmoH] jv fc<;olnmjyH bcvbhpH] b;Mnm bs<lnmoH

6



i<g h mw hpn,otvH jWbknbH ,h hj pphvmfJvH i<g x; ;gjkH

h jv b;MvH xtmn,nmoH .Ud#. h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK] ;gjk

bs<lnmp i<g h bcfMhgjH fc<;olnmp .pQn,nmoH hj bwvpnmvH rnhV ,

uvgonbj fc<;olnmoH h uJi,hdj buV hf uvgonbj h m<com;ponbH

fc<;olnmoHN

18 . , av cjfpjH yh .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp .fdogenmonbnb

i<g jv bcfMnmp h xUcongvH ,;go n,v yvgonbH lnhU hnm uvgonbH ,

jn, hpnbcvhdj] h mw t<hyU yh lnhp h pgn, j<logyU i<g oMsgyU]

lnhp l .v fc<;olnmoH hsg;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH h gwlvH i<g

yynm fc<;olnmoH h bx<gjH bs<lnmoHN boy yh h mw hpnbcvhdH .y

p<xV , pphnmpnhj h mwp;MvH .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g moonm p<;enmoH

h bwvcovH i<g jv bcfMnmp h xUcongvH .Ud#. b<jH] ,nho yh

h mdogyH , bf uvgkH .y h jn, hpnbcvhdH fc<;olnmU xgy jv

nbnmgynbjvH moonbH lnhU h uvgkH i<g jv UsyjvH jv av bwvpnmvH

h mw bktgonbj fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU l mw pmcom;vH mwN ,; yh h

mndyhjcU] hEhfoxMT 2011] Uj yMpbynbgkH .o<gy<hiMnbH h oho<gjH

.jynmp i<g moonbH ,; yh i<g h xvcovH moonm p<;enmoH jv

bcfMnmp .d .Ud#. , UsyjH jv av msdvH h mw pj<hvlkU] ,j

yMpbenbjjH , c;?oyjH jv av msdvH i<g x; gx<;VN ,; yh .y

oyMpmhU bwg;l> .g x<jgMpmhoH Uf h mgMpdH .g UfcvenbMpmhoHN

19 . hEhfoxMT 2011 ,; yh bojxMT 2012 nbLE boy] Uj pjEhnbgkH hohoMvH

.jyhpH i<g .fooenbnb o<stgp oQ ,gwj .o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmp] .KT

fxpn, .fgnmonbH i<g i> .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bcfMnmp h xUcongvHN

.. yh pj<hvlnmp , bktmskH .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g .fooenbnb .d

bowpa b<jk .jynmoH] .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU] o<s h

mgMpdH p<;enmU mg<hiMnmU x<jg<jk ,; yh i<g h inbj .o<gy<hiMnbH

h ak; xUcomfJvH ,h nbLE h mw xvcovH q;V .jynmU bknbH i<g

jv bcfMnmpN ,; yhh mw oxdMpdH h gwvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmp

hj ynbx<gyU hfwpnhH lnhU h bcfMhgyU rnhV boy pgn, j<logenmU

bs<lnmU oynbsMpmhU b;l> .g x<jgMpmhU m h mgMpdHN ,; yh i<g Uj

pj<hnbppH h oho<gjH .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmp bs<lnmp h xUcongvH

s!Us] hj cjfpnhcU pj<hvlnmp ak;dnmMnmU , boevhdj] ,;go yh

op i<g hnmv bcfMyhH hj pj<hnbjvH ak;dnmMnbH i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH

hj fcve<gnmktvH gi hj m<com;vH fc<;olnmoH m<x hj nbobvH


7

.Kjbhonbnb] hj uvg;ci Us;uU tknb h ppgn, j<logH lnhp hj

ocm;ovN ,; yh] hEnh fcve<gnmktvH .; .y hj m<com;vH fc<;olnmoH

tso Uj bf oMsgnyU .fcvenmonbnb ,;go yh hj .v nmvm;kU .y

bs<lnmU h uvgkU] gi<coH i<g mwpnhHfc<;olnmU m<x .o<gy<hiMnbH ,

xvcovH fc<;olnmoH] ,h Jj ,tucom;vH i<g .d h mw bxvH h UsgjH

fc<;olnmoH .Ud#.N

20 . hEnh agnyH yh .; moonbH gi<com;vH fc<;olnmoH Uj bfnbn,p<gU

Ufcvenm yMpmhU , cjfpyU h mw yynm mgnhj j<logemn,nmp] ,

cjfpyU ;gjkH bn,ohpH jv av cjfpjH .fcvenmonbnbh m<com;vH

fc<;olnmoH mdl ,; yh Uj bwg;hgU x<jgMpmhU yMpmhU ,C h mgMpdH

.g UfcvenmyMpmhoH] ,; yh tMn, x; h mw gwlvH .o<gy<hiMnbH Uj

bmwvq,U .Ud#.] .o<gy<hiMnbH moonm p<;enmU h .v pphgn,ovhdH

bs<lnmoH i<g ;gjkH moonbH h pphgn,ogjH jv bcfMnmp hnmv av

cjfpjH .fdogenmonbnbN .y boegenm yMpmhU UjcjfiU jv av cjfpjH

moonbH h m<com;vH fc<;olnmoH i<g hnlvlenmp jv av cjfpjH

hnm pgn, j<logjH ,; yh Uhj tpnbH pEnlnbwngnmp h mwpnhH i<g

,<congonbH fc<;olnmp] .o<gy<hiMnbH .v i<g h bxvH h UsgjH rnhV ,

fc<;ohonbHN

21 . m<x yh hf oMsgyU moonbH .fcvenmonbnb h m<com;vH fc<;olnmoH

i<g .fdogenmonbnb] ,; yh hf pj<hnbjvH jv fc<;olnmjy> .gcvbhp

,; yh hj bktmskH , pgn, j<logyH lnhp bom i<g fc<;olnmp

bs<lnmp i<g .Ud#. h mw bxvH h UsgjH h yynm fc<;olvH h mwphJvH

h mw bcfMvH Uj mw bktbppHN Uj pj<hnbppH i<g xv h bcfMvH .g h

mw bxvH h yynm fc<;olvH hj av .y mpcfMvH hkE .v fc<;olnmoH

moonbH hj av bcfMhgnbvH fc<;olnmoH h cx;olov hj av uvbvHN

, hpnbcvhdH yh p<xV , jv tFfvH .EhfKH .d .Ud#.] ,nho yh h

mdogyH jv pj<hnbjH .Ud#. h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfkN

22 . tFG j av mwvqbnyH moonbH c;?oen,nmU yMpmhp m<x hfj<logjH

lnhp h pgn, j<logyU ,; yh j av cjfpnyH .fcvenmonbnb i<g , av

yMpmlvH tFG bn,ohpH pph> , .vvH boy bfGbowpa b<jk .jynmnmU]

.Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmpyynbAnmU] .Ud#. jv .jyhpH]

.o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmp .pQn,nmU bs<lnmp h pphgn,ogjH s!Us ,;

yh .gxMT .Ud#. h pgynbGbnbwq i<g .EhfK ,; yh .Ud#. pgylnmU

nmvmn,nmU h .v t<hyG bn,p ,h ,j fncbG h bkt<gylovN

8



23 . hEnh bktgkU yh hj av cjfohdj c;?oen,nmU yMpmhp hf b;vH

.c<;nm xMT 2012] ,; yh hf .wgkU , nbn,pMpbyU UfcvenmU lnhp hj

mw t<hyU h m<com;vH moonbH fc<;olnmoH i<g tMn, pj<hvlnmp hj

mw bktkU i<g tMn, hj av cjfohdj c;?oen,nmU yMpmhp ,; yh

i<g ;gjk lnhp hj mw t<hyH m<conmoH hjuvgvH hnmv bcfMyjHN .y

yh fcvenmU Uj bf jwgpU ,fEnhcoG.Cc.nm xMT 2012 Uj bf tppH

yh h nl<hMpmlvH h mnd<gylvH n,n,nm xMT 2012 jv nl<hMpmhdj]

.x<fnlkenmoH] mooenmo (.yE;enmoH] .vna] .v;# ,; yh ebH

mwjnWn,nmoHN

3. lnhp hj t<jhdj pgn, j<logenmoH rnhV hj ynbx<gyH moonb<jk i<g pj<hvlnmoH hj e<jcoj

24 . hj pj<hnbnhcU .o<gy<hiMnbH h oho<gjH .jynmp] jWbknbH]moonbH]

tMn, hEj.nm bs<lnmp h xUcongvH .d o<stgp oQ hgjf mgnmp hj

ynbx<gyH ,;go yh hj mw t<hyH t<gm lnhp hj nmvm;kH , pgn,

j<logyH fc<;olnmU bs<lnmp ,<com;vH moonbH .Ud#. i<g h mw

bxvH h UsgjH rnhV , fc<;ohonbH h yynm fc<;olvH h mwphJvH .d

.Ud#.N

25 . bg hj mw t<hyH tFG lnhp boy yh ynbV hj ;vgvH jv pgn, j<logjH

tMn, mwphJov bn,ohpH moonb<jH h gwlov .; fc<;olnm bs<lnmp h

xUcongvH] boy yh n,vjsgjH ,nm bwgxbvH hmw yynbxvH fc<;olnmoH h

yynm fc<;olvH h mwphJvH] ep yh .v KaognyH .o<gy<hiMnbH .y jv

sgvH ep nm bwvpnmnbH .d mdlN tFfnp yh lnhp lnhU n,vj bnugjH ,h

nbLE n,v j mndvH ,;yh tFng Uj adU .y , boevhdH lnhU n,vj bnugjH

,h jv bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH h mw yynm fc<;ohonbHN

26 . .EhV yh ,f yvgkU] .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp i<g moonbH

hj av boegjH lnhp h botcom;vH .d fc<;olnmoH bom .f moonm

mwvlnmp i<g mg<hiMnmp , hpnbcvhdj] moonm .pQn,nmp hj av

uJibjH n,EhV .v] tMn, moonm j<jubylnmp hj av j<logjH , fx

phvgvH ,;. yh h nbpxvlyhj m<x bn,pfc<;olnmoH ,nm bwvcomG]

tso xsE nmp ,wpnhooj lnhp h mwxUcongG .pQn,nmoH fc<;olnmp

hpgN boy yh x; hj .v pmcongonbucU .y h m<com;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH

jv hnlvgvH x; jv pmcom;vH m<x fc<;olnmp ,nm uvgvH] tMn, lnhp


9

jv gxcongonbJ moonm mwvlnmoH hj av mw j<jubyvH , bnbwwnmvH

,h nmpjv jwn,ovhdH i<g cnhfsponbHN .o<gy<hiMnbH ,nho ,w

hpnbcvjH hpg fc<;olnmp ,h Jj ,nm cxM<lotvH h m<com;vH i<g

.gg<hiMnmonbH h mwpnhooj ,nho yh ,h Jj n,v cxM<logjH hpg.

pQn,nmp i<g fc<;olnmp n,K .go yyE ,sgvH fc<;olnmoH mdlN

27 . oQ] .o<gy<hiMnbH ug;MnbH , boegjH ,h nhk<H ,sgvH f<;olnmoH

i<g x; .nb;yhonbnb i<g .ak;dnmMnmonbH , j<logjHnhg> x; ,sgvH

fc<;olnmoH i<g bnbwwnm xtmn,nmoHN .. yh h mw j<logjH ,sgvH ,h

nhk<H ,sg;vH bn,onb fc<;olnmoH h bs<hgtov i<g , x;ohdj moonm

dclog;Mnmp .o<gy<hiMnbH hg;pjH] ,;do yh ,w yopnhH ,sgvH] ep

lnhp gnaLognyH h mgQnbfvH ep mK x; gnaLognyH lnhp h uvgonboojN

boy yh i<g h mw j<logjH ,h nhk<H ,sg;vH gwi h av Ugn,otvH

jv bwgxvHh mw bxvH h yynm fc<;olvHN .o<gy<hiMnbH ,nho ,w

hpnbcgjH fc<;olnmp ,h ,nmvm;vH .vg> nhg> ,sgvH ep nmcxM<lot;nbH

hsgnbov nmp ;gjk moonbH n,t<f;wnbN tso yh yFognyH jvbwvpnmvH

fc<;olnmoH n,K ,h nhk<H ,sg;vHN

28 . o<s] .o<gy<hiMnbH ep fx bknbH j<logenmp i<g cx<M<logenmp

fc<;olnmU bs<lnmoH mdl] ,; yh i<g h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmU rnhV

, fc<;ohonbH ep gna j<lognyH gUd mg<doH i<glsgnhcUN ,nho yh

,w oMsgnbjH moonbH , boegjH .ro> ,nho,h Jj n,v cx<M<logjH

giwpnmyhooHN tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH eo .v j<lognyH gisvhdoH ,nlvho

boj aknhU hj yynbxvH fc<;olnmoH ,nhoj aknh hj bcfMvH rnhV

Us;uU h pphgn,ogH tknmo> lnho hj mjooH m<x .o<gy<hiM> , pgn,

j<lovhdoH lnho> hj ocm;GN q;V yh ,nho h mndvH hoho<gjH .jynmp

jv pgn, j<lovhdH ,h tp .y jv m<com;vH i<g jv j<jubynbngcU

moonbH giwpnhH i<g mg<dH fc<;olnmU .fgnmonbH] giwpnhj bom

bxnmph mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvH h UsgjH fc<;olnmoH i<g jv j<logjH

giwpnhoj .dclog;Mnmonbnb m<x fc<;olnmU , uvgonbH bojh cx;pjH

.pQn,nmp .vN

29 . i.] .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp ,nho ,w e<dLogjH jv

xUcongvH fc<;olnm bs<lnmp .fgnmonbH i<g .faog;Mnmonbnb i<g

jv bwvcongvH m<x fc<;olnmht;H bwvcongn, i<g nmpnb> fxpn, jv

nbn,p<gvH l mwpnhooH m<x fc<;olnmU , uvgonbH.fgnmonbH i<g l

mwp;gonbH nm bwfongn, h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvH , fc<;ohonbHN

10



bqk j mgnhucU boy snm fc<;olnmU h mw yynbxvH jWbknbH

fc<;olnmoH moonbH .fgnmonbH hkE .gpHN .o<gy<hiMnbH yh j t<hnyH

p<xV ,j nmvmn,yhH .y hj mwp;gonbuci .y fc<;olnmU jWbknbH

hj mw yynbxvH moonm mwvlnmp mg<hiMnmp hj bwfohdj bn,p

, fc<;oGN q;V] j bfAoco> .y ,svhdjcU] QokU ,j bf udcoG

fcmlnmoH mdl] j jgnm .vxghonbU yh bcfMnm QokU ,nho n,vj

AocoHN Ugn,ognhU i<g jv j<jubynbngcU moonbH giwpnhH i<g mg<dj

fc<;olnm bs<lnmp i<g gi lsgnhcU nm bf bwvpnmngn, h mw bxvH h

yynm bxvH fc<;olnmoH m<x av Ugn,otngn, .y jv sgjHN

30 . okpU] tp , bf boevhdj .jncbn,M> bs<lnmp gwi av

e<;congonbnp .. rnhV h pgn, j<logyU lnhpN ,nho yh h mw cLd

oMsgyU ,h , tucoj .jncbn,MnbH bs<lnmp i<g xwwH QokU , udcoG

, xUcongonbj ,nho yh aEjE n,v yvcoH fc<;olnmU , uvgonbHN tFG

.o<gy<hiMnbH tso ytusiogtm;nbH h m<com;vH .jncbn,MnbH jn,fuH

,h , fx mgG bcfMnm QokU l bcfMG bs<lnmU , uvgonbH i<g , bf

DhnbwwvH h bcfmvH .jncbn,MnbH ,; yh i<g ,h , mgG QokU l bcfMG

jv pj j<jubybH .jncbn,MnbHN bfG .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp

av boegnyHp<xV , botm;vH .y , m<cooH .fgnmonbH ,h , mgnhooH

mgnmonm mgQn,nmp i<g mg<snmp h .v ytucongonbH mgnmU .vN

31 . hj mw av cjfpjH .fdogenmonbnb .o<gy<hiMnbH h oho<gjH .jynmp

j y;Ehdogtm;nbH , av boegjH moonm dc.og;Mnmp .footnbnb h

g;ptov boy yh .v h av Ugn,ovhdj ,wohJvH moonbH moonb<jH h

gwlvH tMn, x; lnhp h av Ugn,ovhdoj, av Ugn,otvH jv av bwgxvH

h mw yynbxvH fc<;olnmoH bxnmoH rnhV , fc<;ohonbH] bf ynbvgnbH

mwohJnmp moonb<jH h gwlov moonbH tMn, x; mw] ,h ewW lnhp

h Ugn,ognhj jv j<logjcU bn,p snbN ,; yh akH lnhp h nbiUgtm;vH

.; .o<gy<hiMnbH p<xV xsE ,w hpnbcgjH .; .o<gy<hiMnbH jv

bcfMnmp h xUcongvH i<g yh jn,fuH jv bcfMnmU xtmn,nmU ( hkE

Qokojy> bs<lnmU jn,fuH hpg) 2001N ,; yh n,v botcom;oponbH

,nm nbn,p<gonbH .y , av Ugn,ogjH .; fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU moonb

.fwphJnmoo> i<g tMn, lnhp .v ,h ewW lnhp h Ugn,ognhj nhg> x;

bn,p jv toG tso bmv hpn,ovhdnb .. moonb<jH mwohJnmp] h j

mw fx<htov i<g mgMpdoH h mw gwlov moonbH, av Ugn,ogjH] ep

yh .y jsvhd> nhg> x; jv mw tovH lnhp h av mw Ugn,ogjH] ep


11

i<g fx bknbH tMn, .footnbnb h mw gwlov ,gMpdoHN boy yh j

mndnbH .o<gy<hiMnbH .y , boegjH] lnhU x; boj hnm bwvpnmvH .g

fc<;olnmH h mw yynm bx<vhdH rnhV , fc<;oG bn,p] ,nhoj x; l

.fongcU h mw KaogjHN .o<gy<hiMnbH ,nho h av mndvH boy nmp

h av mw Ugn,ogjH h mw oxdMpdj mwphJnmp h av nmgecpH lnhU

n,v .g mw av Ugn,ogjH tMn, mwohJnmp] boy nmp h av mndvH

,nm bwfpvH moonbH h mw yynm bx<vhdH fc<;olnmU bxnmU] h av

cLd nmgecpH nrv lnhp h Ugn,ogjH lsvhdojcU] ,h jv bf oxdtpvH

bn,ohpH .. mwohJnmp .d h mw uvgonbH fc<;olnmp .o<gy<hiMnbH

h mw gwlvHN

32 . .o<gy<hiMnbH yh bqk bf e<dLognyH ,nm bf bwvpnmvH h mw

yynbxvH h fc<;olvH h UsgjH rnhV , fc<;ohobH i<g hjav nhg>

,fgnhnhcU hnlvlenmp hj av mwvqmhdnhcU hkE .y , boevhdH

tFngkH hj av mw Ugn,ogjH jv tovH mwohJnmp i<g h mw gwlov

moonbHN q;V tFfnp lnhp .g .o<gy<hiMnbH hf j<logjH lnhU n,v ,h

jwqn,ognhcU jv bwvpnmvHN .EhV] h boevhdoH bn,p ,o;H l fcml<cU

, cx;olG fc<;olnmoH i<g x; ,o;Hl jc.fcU , cx;pH .pQn,nmp]

okpU jwhnb hj tongcU jv av pEnlnbwngvH ,; yh ,h ,fxsvhdoH h mw

Ugn,ogjH bqk op<;<ghnmpU ,dognyH .; fc<;olnmoH h bs<hgjH] ,; yh

bs<hT av Ugn,ognyH jv av pEnlnbwmvH i<g x; av UgnbcrnbH bs<hT ..

hj cx;olov] n,K yh nmcV Ugn,ognyH okpU jwhnb jv av pEnlnbwmvH

mdognyH moonbHN oQ] ,; yh i<g h mwp;gvH h tovH yUdnbH hifkU

yMpmhp , yMpdoH .g , av gwlsgjH hpg<jH ep nhk<H svhdH .g

, bwvcongonbH moonbH , bcfMhvHN q;V] ,nhoh mndonbH jq<xU .y

,nmsvhdH moonbH , bcfMhvH ep hpl .y h bwfohdcU .y yMpmhU]

gwi nmpnb> .g j av gwlvH .o<gy<hiMnbH hpg<jH] htFfnbH yh moonbH

.y jv mw pEnlnbwngnb<cU] q;V j<lognyH gisvhdoH i<g go nmsgvH] ,;

yh ,;go n,v j<logjH .; fc<;olnmp h bcfMhgjH gigwov moonbH lj

av bwvpnmnb<cU fc<;olnmoH h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvH h UsgjH rnhV

, fc<;ohonbHN o<s] ,; tp mwjnWn,nmU tp Ugn,ognhU bn,p jv j<logH

, av bwgxG .g h mw yynm bxponbH fc<;olnmoH] jv og n,t<f;weG

i<g x; .x<fnlkeG] ,;go yh ,w yocom;vH moonbH , .v mooevH

x;N ,nho yh h mngonbjcU jv pjgonbjmwjnWnmp h gfj i<g jv mgnhnhcU

mnd<gylnmp] jv .v nmvm;nb<cU ,oonbH , pEnlnbwngvH hnlvlenmp h

Ugn,ognhj jv cjfpyU ,nm av bwvpnmkU fc<;olnmoH h mw UsvhdH

12



rnhV , fc<;ohonbHN,nho yh i<g h mngonbjcU jv nbn,pctngcU m<x

, .fovH .jyhpH , aynbMpmhonbH ,h h anQ nb;tsvH jv .fongcU]

hsvjH nmp jv .jyH m<x , aynbMpmhonbH gx<;V hpg] .Ud#. i<g jv

mgnmoH hsgjH , aynbMpmlvH] ep Ugn,og;MnbH h nb;yvH jv nmv.jyhgjH

mgnmpN ,; yh yvV] ,nho h mw oMsvhdjcU .o<gy<hiMnbH ,h Jj ,

oMgn,ogjH gisvhdH bn,p h bwgxG h mw yynm fc<;ohonbH] h UsgjH

rnhV , fc<;ohonbH i<g gisvhdH , nbn,pctvH .g l mpcfMnb<cU

,;go ,w nbo oMsvhdH , jEApgonbjhnlvlenmpN

33 . .y pgn, j<logenmU fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU h uvgkU tFG ot<lpU lnhp

h jxvmn,yhj i<g h jxvm;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH] h mw avUgn,otvH jv

bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH] ynbV .d jn,fuH .Ud#.N .. yh lnhp h

xv<h;ponbH i<g botcom;vH moonbH .g hf oxdMpdnb+ , boyjdH

xUxJnmU] l mw gwlmvH ,h nmp .; fc<;olnmht;H bs<lnmoH ep

.wgnbH gUd l mw gwl<cU h av jsdH+ ep i<g fx tphonbnpH Qokp

l bcvbvH] oanmhtnh .v] i<g l tvJnblvH+ ep bn,onb j hpn,otnb

.Dnbwtwnbnb i<g x; .jWbkenbnb] ep bn,p j fcml>+ ,; yh ep fx

bkn,nbH l .v xyfMvHQokp i<g x; xsE jv .vcoo<cU l xyfMnblvHN

,; yh tp] ,nho ,w hpnbcvhdoj lnhp h .v xyfMnblvH moonb<jH

, fxkvH lnhp l .v tuconblvH] fx bkn,nbH Qokp mdognyHN ,; yh

yvV] h mw yynb<dj .cx;olnbnb moonbH i<g x; ,h h fx j<logjH

.. snm lnhp i<g ,h Jj , j<logjH gi lsgjH jv psgyvH AoiotvH hj

mw cx;olvH] ,;go yh mw yocom;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH q;V , yMpdoj

lnhp hj mw cx;olvH jv bwgxnb<cU h mw yynbxvH h UsgjH rnhV ,

fc<;ohonbooH] h yynm fc<;olvH h mwphJvHN

34 . tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH] boj ynbV hj bwvcovH hj yocom;vH

fc<;olnmoH m<x Us;uU h uvgG tknb hEnh oxG bn,p pgn, j<logenmoH]

ep nhk<H .v sgnbhonbnpH] nhg> x; yyE svhd> m<x , uvgonbooH

moo> pgn, j<lovlnmU] jv j<lgnhoo> .gcfMnmU bnb Us;uU h pgn,

j<logH tknb vlyo , bcfMhgnbH moonbH , pgn, j<logH gi h mjooH

.ro> tknmo>] ,nho yh n,v j<lgnhH jv bwvpnmnb<cU moonbH .d mdl

m<x , av Ugn,og;MvH jv bwvpnmvHN ,; yh p<xV j Ugn,ognyH ,nm

pgn, j<logjH gUd lf m<coH .y pgn, j<lovlnmU , pgn, j<lovhdH

gi h mfG bn,p h joxGN


13

35 . .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp] tsoMnm oMsgnyH gUd lsgjH jv nmv

bcfMyvH jv fc<;olMnm jv .jynb] , boevhdH fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU

h m<com;vH moonbH i<g tMn, x; .v h .v bwvcoj] ,;go n,vcoj

.. bs<lnmp ,f bo<lcoj jv .jynmoH h mw yynm bcfMtsvH]N

.o<gy<hiMnbH Ugn,og;MnbH jv fx bkvH i<gnbH faovlnmp h bcfMhgjH

gx<;V fc<;olnmp m<x , bf bwvcooH .fooenbnb .v ,; yh i<g jv

hpnbcgjH gi h av mwp;gonbjcU fc<;olnmoH hj av bwgxnb<cU jWbknb]

nmpnb> hj avnbn,p<;pvH h cx;olov .fooenbnb] tp h jpnbcvhdcU .y]

h tucom;ponbucU .y jv svhdHN q;V] Ugn,ognhU jv yynm bcfMhvhdH

jv tucoH .d mdl] fc<;olnmoH h mw bxvH h yynm fc<;olvH h

UsgjH rnhV , fc<;ohonbH] ,nho cfy lf oMsgnhcU moonbH giwpnhH .y

bcfMnmU moonb<jH h gwlvH .v] hf j<dLogecpH yh bf oMgn,ognhn,N

,; yh tp] Ugn,ognhU jv nbnmvmsponbH .y , uvgonbH i<g j<jubylnmU

jv cjfohdjcU nhk<H jv oMsvhdH gx<;V .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g jv .jyH

bcvbhpH jv nmv bcfMtsvH ,nho cfy l tucoH .y svhdlN

36 . jv .jy> bcvbhpH hj av bktbjH ,nho h mw oMsgnbjH ,boegjH

fc<;olnmp , boeyvH moonbH p<xV , Ugn,ogjH moonbH jv

bwvpnmov fc<;olnmoH h mw yynbxvH h UsgjH fc<;olnmoH] ,; yh

i<g jv g;ohdnhcU bn,ohp h mw yMpdoj .fcvt;Mnmonbnb m<x ,nm

av Ugn,otG bn,p jv bwgxG h mw yynm bxvH h fc<;olvH] boy yh

n,v svhdH jv nbn,omG bnb .y hnm mgxGN fc<;olnmoH h bcfMhgjH

.d jUp%! i<g buvl hj m<cojcUgUs% Ua] tFngkH lnhp j bcvgnbH ,nm

hnl hvfpvH .o<gy<hiMnbHjv tovH .fwphJnmoo> i<g x; h mw gwlov]

,; yh h tnpwucUjv pgn, j<lovhdH gUd l mw tucojcU .y ,nmsvhdH]

jv j<jubyhonbH gig<dH fc<;olnmU bs<lnmpN q;V] Uj adpU nmp

gisgjH jv .jyH bs<lphpH gisgjH ,nm hnl pgn, j<logjH gUd l .v

hvfpnb<cU bn,onb h pgn,oyvH] l mw n,vm;vH yh ,w pgn, j<lognyHN

i<g hj bcvgonbucU h mw yynbMpdj mwohJnmp] b;Mnmbs<lnmoH h

mw yynbJpJvH moonbH bcvgnbH l .v hvfpvH bn,ohpH ,nm bktbvH]

,;go n,v j<logjH gUd mw gwlov] h mw fx<htov moonb<jH h gwlov

moonb] q;V] .g h yMpdj lnhp p<xV bmv hpn,ovhdnb ep ewW

nbcfpyhpnbnp] ep yh .y h mwpnhucU] Ugn,ognhU yh jv boevhdH

.y h m<coH buV h oho<gjH .jynmp Ugn,og;MnbH jv hpnbcgjH i<g

14



boegjHN ,; yh tp] j<jubylnmoH h mw tnpwucU tMn, bn,ohpH jv

oMsgjH jv fc<;ol> .jyH h .vcoj i<g h uvgvH .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH

yynbxnmU ,; yh o<s h mgMpdH p<;enmU b<jk hj cjfpnhcU h

bwgxvH yynbxnmoH fc<;olnmoH] okpuqC yh jgwcpH .o<gy<hiMnbH

hj avg;wnhcU ,; yh ,;go n,v fcmhdjcU gi lsvhdH jv j<jubyvH

moonbH giwpnhH fc<;olnmU h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvH h mw UsvhdH

fc<;olnmUN ;gjk lnhp j .v e<jcocp l svhdjcU .y , boevhdH]

,h Jj jv botm;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH] ;gjk lnhp j bcgnp jv nbcfpyvH

j<jubylnmp gx<;V Dh<dcovho ohEsnmU] jv nbcgjH gisvhdH bn,p

, nbn,pctG .g jv bxG yynbxnmoH h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvH] jv

fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmoH ,sgjH , nbn,pcyvH moonbH .fgnmooHN

4. c;?oen,nmU yMpmhp

37 . bom h av cjfohdj c;?oen,nmU yMpmhp rnhV hj av pgn, j<logyU

lnhU] ;gjk i<g lnhp Uj nmv m;U h av mwvqmhdj i<g , bf jwgkU

lnhp pgn, j<logyU fc<;olnmU bs<lnmp] U;ng< jv bcfMnmp h av

yMpmlcpH+ gx<;V bowpa b<jk .jynmU] .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU]

.o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmp h bs<hgjH s!Us] .ngxMtH h pgynbG bnbwq

i<g .EhfK ,; yh .Ud#. pgylnm nmvmn,nmU bs<lnmUN .. jv bcfMnmp

j av cjfpnyH c;?oen,nmU yMpmhp] ,; yh xwwH UagnyH h mndov

.fooenbnb lnhp h boegjH gi<xom;vH fc<;olnmoH mdl rnhV hj av

pgn, j<logyU lnhp ,<xom;vH fc<;olnmoH] tso nhk<H j av boegnyH

gUd mw botcom;vH fc<;olnmoH] i<g boro> hsgvH ,nm av ynbsovH

l bxnbxU h mw yynbxvH h UsgjH rnhV , fc<;ohonbooHN,; yh bowpa

b<jk .jynmU] j av cjfpnyjH .fdogenmonbnb n,K nhg> ,j sgvH moonbH

fc<;olnmoH mdl |i<g yh , ak;pnhHx; lnhU n,vsgvH nhg> yyE h sgvH

, yFotvH yh x; n,v m<com;vH .d fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmoH|

38 . hj av cjfohdj c;?oen,nmU yMpmhp t<gm Uj t<lU .g lnhp h

nmvm;kU jv uvgkU pgn, j<lovlnmU hj av sgvH moonbH fc<;olnmoH

i<g hj boevhdcpN .. lnhp hj mw t<hyU tFfnp lnhp lj

ytuxvhdnhcU} bvlU jv cLdg;gonbjcU fc<;olnmU mwpnhHi<g mg<dH

jfgnmonbH i<g x; tp jv cjfohdjcU jWbknbH bxnmU fc<;olnmoH ..

snb bs<lnmp} jv cLdg;gonbnhcU fc<;olnmUbs<lnmp yynm bcfMtsnmoH


15

.d jn,fuH .Ud#.} jv yynm uvgonbnhcU , cjfohdj l mwp;gonbnhcU

fc<;olnmU bs<lnmp jfgnmonbH h mgMpdH x<jgMpmhU 6(8) h mgMpdH

fc<;olnmoH h yynm fc<;olnmoH ynhMpmhU] h mw bxvH h UsgjH

fc<;olnmoH} ,; yh i<g jv bwfongcU .o<gy<hiMnmoH .g h mw

yynm bxnmoH fc<;olnmoH] jv pjohdnhcU mwjnWnmp jv nmvm;vH .;

h jEApvlvH fc<;olnmoH hnlvlenmp] i<g mnd<gylnmoH} jv pjmngcU

.g h bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g jv pjmfcU fcmlnm QokU} jv

.fongcUmoonbH jv bcvmvH , pgnbctvH l bxnb<cU yynm bxnmoH

fc<;olnmoH} h n,vg;gonbucp hnlvlenmp jEApvhp} h mgnhucp h

n,vgnhj j<jubylnmp h yEhnb<dj snb] .EhfKH l jwqn,ognhcU} h

boevhdcp .jncbn,Mnm bs<lnmp ,h h tucoj jfgnmonbH] ,nhocfy l

bf tucom;ponbH fc<;olnmoH .y svhdj tp mgnhj gnaLogenmU} ,;

yh yynm bcfMtsnmU p<xV Ugn,ognhU jv mgnhU lnhp, bcfMhvhdj p<xV

Ugn,ognhU .y .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g jv fc<;olnmjyH mwN

39 . opp<;ynbH hj av cjfpjH .fdogenmonbnb i<g pgn, j<logenmp

tso Uj nmvm;U .y hj av sgrH j c;?oen,nmonbnb lsvhdjcU jv

ytucongonbH fc<;olnmU bs<lnmpN

5. fcvt;Mnmp] .pQn,nmU i<g ;gjk pgn, j<lovlnmp

40 . tp , bf boevhdj lnhp hj pgn, j<logyU i<g hj av cjfohdj

c;?oen,nmU yMpmhp hj av boegyU .g] hnmv bcfMyjH ,; jyh i<g

op tMn, lnhp Uj uvgpU hj mw t<hyH ,w yoxvlyhH fc<;olnmU]

i<g hj agvhd;ci h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvH bxnmoH ,; yh i<g

gisgenb;ci , bn,pxyvH .g l bxov .Ud#.] i<g gUd ,gQnbf;;ci

.g h bxG yynbxnmoH] i<g yh fcvt;MnmoH hkE i<g gi h av

sgenb;ci m<x ,nm Ugn,oynb;ci .o<gy<hiMnbH jv av bwgxov .g

yynbxnmoH fc<;olnmoH .Ud#. fc<;olnmoH h mw bxvH h yynm

fc<;olvHN n,EhV .f mgnbH .; h yynm fc<;olvH rnhV , fc<;ohonbH

h UsgjH] i<g yh fc<;olnmU bs<lnmp n,EhV .v av mgnhnp] n,t<f;wnbH

hj av mwp;gvH jv n,EhV .vN q;V yh] buV h mwp;gonbH fc<;olnmU

p<xV bf pphvgonbU gi<coH i<g gigcvgonbH .d .Ud#.] ,; yh i<g

.Ud#. fc<;olnmU bs<lnmp] ep Jj .v tun,vn,> .o<gy<hiMnbH .d

.Ud#.N q;V] h mwp;gonbH fc<;olnmp .d hpg<jH j bcvgnbH ;gjk

n,t<f;wnb , pihvbvH gx<;V .; bhtjvhtH hj .sdvH h nbxMvH hj av

nhgjbvH moonb ,h x; q;V , oMsgjH h.g<hiMov xwwH nhg> j sgn,nbH

, pihvbvHN

16



41 . pgn, j<lovlnmp h j uvgkH ,;om ynbV hj hpnbcgyH jEApvhp

.pQn,nmoH h xvcoj h j<dognhj x<jgMpmhU 6(8) h yynm fc<;olvH

bxnmU ynhMpmhU h toG bp h Ugnm cjfpH .vvoG hnmfc<;oG bn,p

|h Ugn,og;MG jv ynbspH mwohJnmpN tso yh ooMsdU .y opgn,

j<logenmoH i<g lnhp hj av cjfohdj buV h m<coj fc<;olnmp hkE

nmp hj av m<com;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH] n,K yyE hj av sgvH fc<;olnmU

bs<lnmoH .v] bs<hT hj av Ugn,ogjH mwohJov bn,ohpH moonb<jH i<g

gUd mw gwlov] ,; yh buV nmp xsE hjsvhdH .y .v] l mw pmopnhH

hsvhdcU jv bf tucom;vH moonbH m<x , xslcovH fc<;olnmoH n,K

yh n,EhV lnho hj av cx;ohonbooj av uvgnb;cU hkE] ep yh i<g

nhk<H gnayhonbnb hj mw .fpjH ynbsMpmhp ,nm bcvgvH h mw ynbscoj

yMpmhp .g h mw bxvH h yynmbx<gjH fc<;olnmokHN

42 . h mgMpdH .g jv mndnmokH x<jgMpmhU i. h mgMpdH .g.jynmnmU

.pQn,nmoH] ,nho h mw j<logyU jv svhdjcU , hpnbcvhdH .pQn,nmU

i<g gisvhdH , bcfMhvhdH ;gjk h mw uvgonbH fc<;olnmp i<g lnhp

.g jj .v j<jubyJk;cUN ,h yh nhk<H h pphgn,otvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

fc<;olnmoH , xvcovH h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvH bxnmoH] ep

hpl .y hsvhdcU .d .Ud#. i<g hpg<jH .pQn,nmp i<g fc<lolnmp

h mw bcfMhvhdj jkxV .y h uvgonbucU ,h .y jv mw nbosg;vH

moonbHN ,; yh i<g] .y h m<com;vH moonbH fc<;olnmoH mdl ,nho

,<com;vH xsEca<jg<jH h gwlvH moonbH] , ytwsgnbvH .g h bxov

h yynm fc<;olov i<g nbn,ogtov gi l mg<;ovH] p<xV yh tFfnbH

moonbH tMn, x; h mw gwlvH] ,; yh i<g hpg<jH ca<jv b<jk]]

ydnb<jk o:MPU] bEs!Ok b<jk ,; yh twe;yp<jHN , hpnbcgyH yh .y

.pQn,nmU i<g gig<dj h mw bcfMhvhdj xsE] ,nho yh h mdogyU] ,

g;pyU ynbsMpmhU h mw boevhdj gi<xom;vH moonbH fc<;olnmp i<g

gi<gdj fc<;olnmp h mw gwlvH] h mw boevhdj giwpnhj h mw yynm

fc<;olvH bxnmU i<g mwpnhooj .gcfMnmonbnb i<g yh gi<coj ;gjH ,

uvgonbj .. fc<;olnm bs<lnmp hj ynbsMpbH akH hkE jv .pQn,nmjy>

ym;_ F A%!kG] buV yh nmp xswpnhooH lnhp h bs<hgH .o<gy<hiMnb

fc<;olnmp pphgn,ogTN

43 . ,nho yh ,w t<hyU .y pgn, j<lovlnmU fc<;olnmU bs<lnmUi<g

;gjk h mw uvgonbH axsE p<xV onmvm;pU lnhp h mw pgn, j<logyHN

nbcfpylyhU] i<g ;gjH mw] bFG hifkU h mw uvgonbH jv .jynmp ,


17

ytwsgjH b;Mnm bs<lnmoH h mw oxdMpJvH moonbH .fwohJnmonbnb

i<g h mw gwlvH] ,;go n,fpjH gUd l.v t<hnbvH bn,ohpH l av

bwvpn,ov fc<;olnmoH yynbxnmoH hfc<;olvH h mw UsgjH rnhV ,

fc<;ohonbHN .y pgn, j<logenmU tFG lnhp Uj t<lpH gi svjH .; jv

.jynbH h .v pgn, j<loyvH l .v t<hnbvH moonbH mw gwlov] axsE

x; h mw gwlov moonbH] ,nho yh h mndkU jv pgn, j<lovhdjcU .y

jkxV i<g gi lsvhdjcU .y snm jv bcvgonbjcU .d .Ud#. q;V yh

tsoMnmU jv bcvgonbH] gx<;V jv cjfongcU .; hnm av bwvpnmvH ,h

nmp bs<hT jv sgngcU h mw bwgxvH fc<;olnmoH h fc<;olvH] i<g

x; jv g;ohdjcU oxdMpJnmU mwohJnmp ,h nmp b;Mnm bs<lnmoH jv

.fohdnhcU mwohJnmp (,nho nmp ,sgjH twe;yp<jH oLL%H) x<jg<jk]

m<x , uvbvH , fc<;otv bn,ohp h ppnbcsyhooj mgnmp ,;yh i<g

, UsyvH bn,ohp l av bwgxo<cU fc<;olnmoH h mw aQpnhooH h mw

gwlov mgnmoH h mw fc<;ohonbooH (,nho ,svhdH nmp jv jn,fuH

np%Gn,<G x<jg<jH i<g yh bP<hb<jH) ,; yh h yynm fc<;olvH h mw

bxvH fc<;olnmht;H] , uvgonbj fc<;olnm Ustn,nm yMpmhp jv fcveG

hj nbcgH lnho>] hnlvlenm jEApvhp b<h> m<co> ,h hpl , .ff;G bnb

h Ugn,og;MG jv av msd<cU fc<;olnmoH] ep .v cjfohd> nc<gxMH

i<g x; j nboco>] ep yh j av jn,vqbT bnb h yMpbyG ,h q;V

,.v .ff;G] tp yh aknhU mw mwvqmhdj yMpmhU i<g x; jEApvhU h

mgMpdoH h mw gwlnl bnb h yMpbyG] ,h yh , av pEnlnbwngG h mw

Ugn,og;MG( twe;yp<jH hsgjH nmpnb> .y , m<com;vH UgnbV hsvhdcU ,h

x; .; snbH moonbH jv hpnbctngcU gx<;Vnmp yhdnmk<KH h mw hpnbctvH

i<gnb> ,h Jj nhk<H hsgvH ,<x, Ugn,otvH jv av bwgxvH fc<;olnmoH)

6. mg<gJnmp

44 . .y pgn, j<logenmU hj bcfMhgyH] , jn, hpnbcvhdj hj av

mwvqmhdj c;?oen,nmU yMpmhp i<g hj pgn, j<logyH giwpnhj hj av

boegyU] o<nK< yh lnhp Uj t<lpU jv hpnbcvhdj]

nmg<gJnmU akH+ jv fc<;olnmjy> j cjfpecU hl<jtn,nmU yynbnbxnmU ,;

yh j tFng,> yh .g .o<gy<hiMnb jv bwgxyov jv .jy> bs<lphp] i<g

;gjkH bn,ohpH hnm av e<dLogjH ,nm bwgxvH] h mw hEj.vH yh ,w

hpnbcyhonbnpH lnhp, nbn,p<gvH i<g ytuxgjH] tso h nmvngnbH .g h

mw bwgxvH yynm bxnmoHN .y yynbxnmU nmpnb> tMn, lnhp h hpnbcgnyH

i<g h phgn,ognyH hj av cjfohdoj nbp<gJnmp DcwE lf yMpdj i<g

;gjk lnhp lf boevhdjN

18



nbp<gJnmU oQ+ jv fc<;olnmjy> j cjfpT hl<jtn,nmU yynbxnmU h

.v pphgn,ogH jv fc<;olnmjy> tMn, lnhp h yyoxf;vH moonbH

fc<;olnmoH i<g .pQn,nmoH .vN

nbp<gJnmU o<s+ hEnh yh av cjfpjH mdogenmp hj yynm hpnbcgjH .;

,; yh jv fc<;olnmjy> j bf Ugn,ogT jv j<jubyvH .; .g h bxvH

moonm mwvlnmp i<g mg<hiMnmp mwpnhooj] tMn, jv .jyH bs<lphpH

j bwvpnmnbH] fc<;olnmp , hpnbcgjH i<g j Ugn,ornbH .o<gy<hiMnbH

jv bwvpnmov j<jubylnmoH gx<;V .jncbn,MnbH] fc<;olnmht;H

bs<lphpH] b<j .pQn,nmp h bcfMhgjH ,;yh h ownbpvtn,vH]jnc.

snmht;H h hpn,UvlvH ,;yh ;gjk bs<lnmp h bcfMhgjHN

.p<gJnmU i.+ jv fc<;olnmjy> nmp xegg> pgn, j<logenmp jv

hpnbcgjH i<g nbn,p<gvH .g h yynm bx<gjH bs<lnmoH+

(a) hj pgn, j<lovhdH hsgvH bn,ohpH m<x , Ugn,oyvH

l bkt<gy;vH pgylnm nmvmn,nmU l mw t<hyG .Ud#.]

.d ynbV jn,fuH t<gm mgnhnp lnhp .g l bwfohdj

boegenmoH] gx<;V p<xV hnm nbpn,xohdj i<g x;

nbogonbH yMpmhp h mw yMpJvH bn,ohpH ,h nhk<H ,

svhdj h mw bmv hpn,ognhj] i<g h mw gwlvH bn,ohpH

i<g h mw yMpdoH l mw av msdnb<cU fc<;olnmnoH i<g

;gjk lnhp .g h .v bo<;cojN

(b) hj mw pgn, j<lotvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .jncbn,Mnm

bs<lnmp h m<cooj .fgnmonbH] i<g h mw oMgn,otvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH .jncbn,MnbH fc<;olnmoH i<g .pQn,nmoH

h mw bwvcovH] hj mg<gonbooH .gcfMnmonbnb h

xUcongvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmp bs<lnmoH] ,nho

yh n,vj .wgonbH .y yynb<xgenmU bs<lnmp nmpnb> jv

pphgn,ogjH gi<cooH .ro> bs<lnmoo>] p<xV

h agnhH ,h nhk<H ,sgvH .o<gy<hiMnm .jncbn,MnbH.

gcfMnmonbH] Ugn,ognhU yh jv mgnhjcU i<gnb> l bwfpjH

.gcfMnmonbH gx<; moonm mg<hiMnmp i<g mwvlnmp]

m<x , bf .fpjH .ro> bs<lnmp .jncbn,MnbH} i<g yh]


19

(c) , jn, hpnbcvhdH mwpnhooH .gcfMnmonbnb

.o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmht;H bcvbhpH i<g yh lsvhdjcU

jv pgn,ovhdH gUd l mw tucongonbjcUN

nbp<gJnmU okpU+ jv fc<;olnmjy> j .w,> l .v nmvm;G .gcfMnmoH h

.v Kt<hnbG jv .fc<;olMnb] l ppygn,ogH .o<gy<hiMnb h m<com;ov

fc<;olnmoH i<g tMn, x; ;gjk lnhp h yocom;vH moonbH i<g yh .y

bwV pgn, j<lovlnmU UfcvenmoH .vN

mg<gJnmU U;ng<+ hEnh hpnbcgjH c;?oen,nm yMpmhp .g h yynmbx<gjH

bs<lnmoH] jv fc<;olnmjy> j nbn,ocjfpT j<jubylnmp .o<gy<hiMnbH

.v .g yh hf oxdMpdnb jv .v j<jubyJvH giwpnhH fc<;olnm

bs<lnmp i<g gig<dj+

(a) j .wgonbnp yMpmhoq .o<gy<hiMnbH .fwjnWnmonbH h

n,vgnhj mndnmp mw , nmgylyhj giwpnhH fc<;olnmU i<g

.pQn,nmp bs<lnmoH ,; yh i<g jv j<dovhdH bn,p h

bmg<;oG fc<;olnmht;H tMn, x; h bmwpnhj fc<;olnmp

i<g Us;uU tknb h pphgn,ogH h fcve<gnbH h yynm

fc<;olov fc<;olnmht;H h UsgjH}

(b) h .wgonbucp bcfMnmp h mnd<gylvH , bkt<gylvH

.jncbn,MnbH jv bktbvH .o<gy<hiMnb moonb<jH jv

fcve<gnbvH giwpnhj fc<;olnm bs<lnmp h yynm

fc<;olvH h UsgjH rnhV , fc<;oG bn,p i<g ;gjk h

bwvcoj lnhp jv cLd nmvhdj+

(c) , .v bcvgonbH hj .wgonbH Dh<dcovhU i<g ;gjkh

j<jubylyhj lnhp l .v nmvm;ponbH jv oMsvhdH

nmgylnmp gx<;V .o<gy<hiMnbH .fwjnWn,nmonbH] jv

bcvgonbj , j<jubyvH moonbH jv j<junbvgonbH

giwpnhooj .gcfMnmonbnb h yynm fc<;olvH h UsgjH

rnhV, fc<;ohonbH i<g , j<dognhH jv bwvpnmponbH

.y,svhdH i<g yh+

20



(d) , hpnbcvhdH go h m<coG bcfMnm QokU .y , uvgonbH

bs<lnmU i<g jv oxdMp.vH .j<jubyhpH .d.Ud#.

hnm .fpjH fc<;olnmp i<g .pQn,nmU j<jubylnmp

, j<jubyJvH jv bwvpnmvH rnhV oxU h cjfohdh .y

j<jubylnmU jv nbnmvm;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH h bwvpnmvH

.d mdl] h bcfMhgjH fc<;olnmp i<g mg<doj yynm

fc<;olnmp h UsgjH rnhV , fc<;oG bn,p ,; yh i<g

jv nmv bktyvH hoho<gtov .jynmp i<g fc<;olnmht;H

bs<lphpN

nbp<gJnmU onKT+ , hpnbctvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH] i<g yh , bwfoG

.EhfE .g h mw yynbx<vhdH bs<lnmU h .v pphgn,Uvhdj h m<coj

fc<;olnmp] .g h mw phgn,Uvhdj hm<coj lnhp Ugn,og;MnbH jv

UsgyvH jv mg<cU .g .Ud#. h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK jv j<jJy<cU

pj<hvlnmoH .EhfK giwpnhH fc<;olnmU moonb<jH jv cLd nmgjH

,<com;ponbH fc<;olnmU i<g gisg;vH bn,ohpH m<x , pj<hjH .ro>

i<g mwpnhj yynm fc<;olnmU h UsgjH , fc<;otv bn,onb] UfcsdU .y

nev UfcvenmoH oynbsMpmhoHN h pgynbG .Ud#. bnbwq i<g .EhfK

Ugn,og;M> yh jv .wgG .fcvenm yMpmhU .g pj<hvlnmoH} ncyw yh av

cjfpG .ynbsMpmhU .g h mw phgn,ovhdj lnhp h m<coj bs<lnmoH

h mw bwgxG h pgynbG .Ud#. bnbwq i<g .EhfK i<g Ugn,ognhU jv

nmgynbvH bcvbhpH i<g ;gjkH .o<gy<hiMnbH h xUcongvH bs<lnmpN

nbn,p<gJnmU okpi>+ jv fc<;olnmjy>] ,nmv bktmsvH h phgn,ogjH h

m<coj lnhp] i<g nmcV jv bf uvgonb<cUjv jn, hpnbcgjH l m<co<cU

i<g QokU i<g tMn, lnhph bwvcoj , uvgonbH bs<lnmU pph> lnhp

h .v bcvgonbj gx<;V b;Mnm bs<lnmoH h mw oxdMpJvH moonbH

moonb<jH h mw yMpJvH h .fpjH mwohJnmp i<gmw gwlov ,nhom

bcvgvH ynbsMpmhp , pgn, j<logjH gUd mw gwlov moonb<jH] m<x

,nm Ugn,oyvH moonb jv av bwvpnmov fc<;olnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

nbn,p<gJnmU qH+ h .v bo<;coH .y jn, hpnbcvlnmU fcvenmoH] jv

fc<;olnmjyH i<g hoho<gH jv .pQn,nmp ,; yh .o<gy<hiMnbH] ,


21

nmv bktbvH h pphgn,UgjH yynbx<genmp]i<g ;gjk lnhp h phgn,ogjH

ynbsMpmhoH h .v cjfohdH ynbsMpJnmoH] moonb<jH h gwvH moonbH]

.fwphJnmonbnb tMn, x; lnhp] xUxJnm bs<lnmU nmgylnmoH .fpnyH i<g

mwohJnmp h mw yMpJvH bn,ohpH h .sDcowvH i<g ;gjH h mw yMpJvH

bn,ohpH] Ugn,ognhU yh jv bmv hpn,ovhdj h mw yMpJvH moonbH ,h

ewW jv toG bn,p ..] , hpnbcvhdH tsi h bmv hpn,ovhdcp h mw

yMpJvH moonbH , hpnbcvhdH yynm p<;esnmU .g .Ud#. i<g hpg jv

.jynbG hjmw Ugn,og;Mnb<cU jv j<dogjH moonb<jk ,h nbLE jv mw

yoxgnhcU tMn, x; mw gx<;V mwohJnmp i<g gUd mw gwlov moonbH

mgMpdoH] hnmv bcfMtscpH .y .ro> .v ;gjk bn,ohpH h bcfMhgjH

fc<;olnmoH i<g .o<gy<hiMnb h mw pmcom;ponbHN

nbn,p<gJnmU tggG+ jv fc<;olnmjy>] ,nmv bktmsvH h pphgn,ogtov

lnhp h jn, hpnbcvhdj fc<;olnmoH h m<com;vHmoonbH moonb<jH]

,nho yh n,v jn,vgonbH h mndyhj hnlvlenmp jEApvhoH boj hnm av

bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH+

(a) jv n,vg;gonbH m<x , nl<hMpmhdj lnhp i<g , m

nd<gyhonbH}

(b) jv nl<hMpmhdj jEApvhp .fwjnWn,onbH moonbH ne v h

mndyhj hnlvlenmp}

(c) ,h jv bcvgonbH mndnmU l .v ;<gvt;G bn,p fcmlnmoH

.v] , nc<gnm fcmlG] h pmgnhH mndnmU .g h .v

t<nhfiU] .Ud#. .pQn,nmoH Ugn,ornbH jv av jn,vqbH

.ro> jEApvhoo> q;V , j<dognhH jv .ff;vHh yynm

bx<gjH fc<;olnmoH jv .v tucom;G bn,p hfc<;oG .d

.Ud#. fc<;olnmU bs<lnmoH h mw xUcongvH fc<;olnmp}

(d) h mg<doH .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw gwlvH moonb<jH

.d .Ud#. pmogT .ro> hifkU ydnm bs<lnmoH h

pphgn,oyvH ydnb hpg<jH hav gwlov .g x<jgMpmhU

h mgMpdH 2(Ua) yynm fc<;olvH h mw bxvH ynhMmhU] j

cjfinbH .o<gy<hiMnb hnmsgtov x; jv sgjH jq<xU gna

.o<gy<hiMnbH mg<hiMngn, i<gyh gwi ,j av gwlsgjH

hpg<jo>} ,; yh

22



(e) jv cjfongcU .o<gy<hiMnbH jv .fpvH aynbMpmhoH

loho<gtov .jynmp gx<;V .jyhp i<g .jyhoq] jv

bwgxvH jWbknbH q;V ep hj bwvpnmnbH fc<;olnmoH

yynm fc<;olnmoH}

(f) j cjfohdcU h mgQn,yhH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

ynhMpmhoH] ,o;H h Ugn,og;MG bn,p jv av pEnlnbwngG,

av yMpbyG i<g jEApvhp jv pEnlnbwngG bnbMd okpU

jwh> h tphonmcU jv jn,vqbH .. jEApvhp}

nbn,p<gJnmU ak;qC+ jv fc<;olM>] ,nmv bktbG h pphgn,ogtov

yynbx<genmoH] j boegysnbH jv bwfpnhcU nmpnb> twe;yp<jH hsgjH

fc<lolnmoH m<x , Ugn,oyvH bn,ohp jvav bwvpnmov fc<;olnmoH]

, mwvqbjH yMpmhp jEApvhpi<g yh gisgjH ,h , .ff;ov h

ynbpbenbvH i<g yh ,h , av jn,vqbH h yMpbyG] tp yh h ;vgcpH

jv mwvqbenbvH .yMpmhonb> jEApvhp h mgMpdoH h mw gwlG bnb

h yMpbyG bn,p] i<g gilsvhdH ,h q;V , .v .ff;G yMpmhoo>]

fc<;olnmoH h bs<hgjH ep nbLE hj mdnbH .gcvmhonbnb q;V x; ,h

, .v .ff;G h yMpbyG}

nbp<gJnmU oQqC+ jv fc<;olnmjy> ,nmv bktyG h pphgn,ogjH

yynmbx<genmoH] j nbn,ocjfpnyH l .v n,vcom;ov .o<gy<hiMnb ,nm

av bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH l mw pmcovH x; ep nmp bs<hT jv

sgvH jv av msdvH] h nbcfpylnbH x; , e<dLogjH ,nm nbnmvngvH .d

mdl i<g x; jvt<nhv<hnbvH ,h hjsgtov mgnhU yh .g oxdMpJnmp}

nbp<gJnmU o<sqC+ jv fc<;olnmjy>] ,nmv bktyG h pphgn,ogjH

yynbx<genmoH bs<lnmoH] ,nho h mndogjH jv sgjH jv nmvbvH

.o<gy<hiMnb ,h Jj hog n,t<f;weov i<g x; .x<f;keov .g h bxvH

yynm fc<;olnmoH] Ugn,ognhU jv mnd<gyvH i<g jv mgG .g h mnd<gylG]

jv cjfohdH yh .y jv yMpdH hnlvlenmoH jEApvhoH jv nmvhdH .d

mdl ,nmsvhdH}


23

nbp<gJnmU i.qC+ jv fc<;olnmjy> ,nm bktmsvH h pphgn,ogtov

yynbx<genmp bs<lnmoH] j nbn,p<gnbH jv nbnmvbvH.o<gy<hiMnb gUd

lsgtov m<x ,nm uvgov cx;olnmp h mw yMpdoj bn,p .cx;olnmp]

i<g x; ;gjk ,h p<xV h hpnbcvhdj snb ep yh h cjfphonmcpH .;

bn,ohpH jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olvH h mw bxvH}

(a) h .v bkvxvhdH yynm fc<;olnmU ynhMpmhU mg<gJnmoH

h mw nmgylyhH bn,ohpH ,h jv av bwvpnmnb<cU

fc<;olnmoH h mw UsvhdH yynm fc<;olvH h mw bxvH]

gwi yh .y h mw j<jJyhonbcpH bn,ohpH hnm av

bwvpnmvH .g fc<;olnmoH] fc<lolnmU h mg<dj] q;V

DhnbwwnbH .g h xvcovH ,h h mw Ugn,otvH jv mw

bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH}

(b) h wjyhonmcpH i<g h tphonmcpH l .v nmvmfJvHi<g

bcfMhgnbvH .footnbnb jv hnlvleG jv AiUvhdoj

.cx;olnmp jv hMmhdoj} i<g yh

(c) , hpnbcvhdj tMn, lnhp hj mw t<jhdj] hj av

bcfMhgyH , hpnbctG bn,p hj av cx;olG .pQn,nmoH

, hpnbcvhdH yh h mw bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH yynm

fc<;olvH bxnmU hj h<jgnbH jv cjfovH jv bwvpnmvH

.g fc<;olnmoH}

nbp<gJnmU okpuqC+ jv fc<;ol.jy> j boegysnbH h pphgn,ogjH yynm

bx<genmoH , bktbvH jv .pQn,nmjynb hpg] jv hnlvyvH jv mgnhjcU

AiovlnmU cx;olnmoH fc<;olnmU hmg<dj ,h jv bcvgonbjH yiovlnmU

i<g x; bnhfM<gsnmU ,boetvH .o<gy<hiMnbH h bx<gjH yynm fc<;olvH}

nbn,p<gJnmU U;ngJqC+ hj mw j<logyU lnhp h ytsiogtm;vH.

o<gy<hiMnbH m<x , uvgvH fc<;olnmp ,nho h mw agnbjH p<xV ,

botcom;vH fcmlnmoH mdl] ep fx tphonbnpHQokp l bcvbvH hf<xv

botjdj lnhp buV] ,nho yh h mgjH .g jv .pQn,nmjy> fc<;olnmp h

pphgn,ogH jv uvgvHi<g pjpjH mo;H h ton,vH Qokp l bcfMo<cU]

.g h .v pphgn,UgjH yynm bx<genmp fc<;olnmp h uvgvH] jv

pgn,j<logjH gUd lsgnhcU jv tucongvH .ro>N

24



nbn,p<gJnmU onKJqC+ jv fc<;olnmjy> ,nmv bktyG h pphgn,UgjH yynm

bx<genmp fc<;olnm bs<lnmoH] j cjfpnyH jv

n,vm;ov .o<gy<hiMnb jv av bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoH] h

mpcfMG h nbn,pcyG fc<;olnmoH jv mgov h avmndG x; bnb Us;uU h

pphgn,ogH tknb lnhp h ocm;ovN

45 . jq<xU nm j<logyi gindyhj nbn,p<gJnmp hpnbcg h mw yM pdj .g

c<ljohoH 347 ,; yh 386N


25

7. j<logefolnmp

46 . hj sgyH , nbn,p<gkH pgn, j<lovlnmU fc<;olnmoH tso Ujnmvm;ppH

tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH] .jyhpH] .jyhoq] jWbknbH] moonb<jH h gwlvH

moonbH] .Ud#. ;gjk .jynmp i<g hoho<gtov .jynmp ,; yh

bwV .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKHN tso Ujnmvm;U hj av mw nbnmvmktvH h

bkt<gylvH pph> hj .vvH .gcfMnmonbH i<g jv .jyH bs<lphpH] tMn,

.; t<gm j av cjfpnyH h tucom;kH lnhp hj mw pgn, j<logyH buV

h m<coj lnhp fc<;olnmoHN

47 . ,nho yh ,w b<aoekU jv bkvH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv gnaLogjH lnhp hj

mw t<hyU .g pgn, j<lovlnmoH fc<;olnmp hj uvgkHi<g jv nmvm;vH

m<x av p<nlnbwngd .Ud#. jv .jy>N

x<jgMpmhU oQ h mw Ugn,ognhH l bcfMhgyU

.y jn, pgn, j<logenmoH

x<jgMpmhU oQ

h mw Ugn,ognhH l bcfMhgyU .y jn, pgn, j<logenmoH

27

A. h mg<dH UgcfMnmU jn, pgn, j<logenmoH fc<;olnmoH

48 . Uj .fohnmgk jv bcfMhgyU .y jn, pgn, j<logenmU fc<;olnmU .;

.jynmU mgQn,nmoH .v 1388/2012] .c<;nm xMT 11] 2012N .jynmU mgQn,nmU

bwg;l> .y boy fcvenm yMpmhU .g Appendix A , Ugn,og;MkU jv

ynbsMpbyU nbn,p<gJnmp h tuxvlyhj fc<;olnm bs<lnmoH+

(a) jv cLdg;gonbH i<g ohocongonbH h mw bcfMtvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH h gwlvH m<x ,nm bwvpnmvH

h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoH

(b) jv yEhnmg;gonbH oMsgefolnmU] yynm bcfMtsnmU

i<g nmv bcfMtsnmoH ,nmv bcfMtG jv .pQn,nmjy>]

.o<gy<hiMnbH .y fc<;olnmU , boegysponbHN

49 . jv .jynmU mgQn,nmU pphgn,ogT h m<com;vH .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH

fc<;olnmoH i<g h yynm fc<;olnmoH ,h Jj nhk<H ,svhdH m<x

moonbH h mw Ugn,otvH jv av mw bwvpnmvH .Ud#. yynm

fc<;olnmoHN hj av mw boevhdH .g UfcvenmoH] n,EhV .y .v

m<com;nbH .o<gy<hiMnbH q;V tso j bf yocom;nbH tggG xAp

.gpHN ,nho yhn,vj av boevhdH , jn, bcfMhvhdH fc<;olnmU pgn,

j<logenmoH] hj mw t<jhdj m<com;vH moonbH .gpH xAp] oQ yh ..

fc<;olnmp j bf cjfohdnb jv uvgonbj jv fc<;olnmoH .Ud#.] gx

ywgnmU i<g x; tp , uvgonbH fc<;olnmUN

50 . bom buvl hj uvgonbj m<conmp fc<;olnmoH hmw yynmMpdj

mwphJnmp h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoH .g h mw Ugn,ogH Us;uU h

ppgn,ogH tknb gih mg<xiyhooj boj ynbV moonbH hj pydvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH .fgnmonbHN hj pgn, j<lovhdjcU .; hj oxnb<cU FM x:%

,; yh @v A<w] .ak;dnmMnmonbnb j bkt,nbH Us;uU h pphgn,ogH tknb

.ngxMtH i<g yh bwv jv .pQn,nmjy> jv boegenbvH ,h nhk<H ,sgvH

moonbH fc<;olnmoH] bUg ynbV h mw yynm bxvH h yynm fc<;olvH]

.d gUs% UaN boy yh hj .v e<jcongonbH .y , m<com;vH fc<;olnmoH

moonbH ,j bf cLdpnhH hj mw t<jhdH ,<coH rnhV hj pgn, j<lovhdH

hj oxnb<cU lwvnbuH Ft ;Gn,U ,; yh #hs n,MO (lwvnbuH pgn,

j<logenmoH fc<lolnmoH) ,j j<lovhdH jUp%! mgnmoH h .vvH h yynm

bx<gjH h fc<;olvH h mw yynbMpdj mwohJnmp l bwgxnb<cU rnhV ,



28

fc<;ohonbH] i.qC x; mwohJnmp j yMpdnb bom itgp qH mgnmp h

xvcoj bowpa b<jk .jynmoH] bowpa b<jk .jynmU h gfooj h faogH

moonb<jk] ,nho yh h mw t<jhdH ,<coH ,h hplnbvakH lwvnbuH

moonbH , .v bwgxG .g h mw yynbMpJvH .o<gy<hiMnbH jUp%! h mw

yMpJvH h yynm fc<;olvHN

51 . gs ak;dnmMnmp h mwpnhj - .g A<w hj pgn,j<lovhdoH lnhU h j

ocm;G] bowpa b<jk .jynmU hj bwvcovH .g - j hnlvrnbH Us;up h

pphgn,ogG tknb jv cjfpH fc<;olnm Ustn,nmU jv fc<;olnmoH] ,

hnlvyvH h oho<gtov .g fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmoH jv pgn, j<logjH]

gih mwpnhu;ci h mw bxvH h yynm fc<;olvH .d gUs% Ua gi h

mwp;gonbuc;ciN gx<;V .; Us;upH h pphgn,ogjH tknb hj oxyhooj

ep.v gnagnyH jv av cjfpjH fc<;olnm Ustn,nmp jv fc<;ohoH , j

bnugnyHN xL% .ak;dnmMnmU i<g bowpa b<jk .jynmU] j cjfpnyH pgn,

j<logenmU yMpmhoo> jv jn, pgn, j<lovhdH nev gi h mg<xivH .;

hj oxvH] i<g gi nev hj mgMpmlvH .; Us;upH h pphgn,ogjH tknb

hj oxyhooj] i<g jkxV , xTcooH hj mgQn,vH bowpa b<jk pgn,

j<logenmoH hj mg<gvH .yMpmhonbHN jq<xU yh jv fc<;olnmht;H

avmgQnbvlngn, jv cjfohdoH h mw Ugn,ogjH .; bowpa b<jk i<g

xL% ak;dnmMnmU .psgylnmonbH l svhdoHN jv fc<;olnmoH yh j av

pEnlnbengnbH jv cjfpjH pgn, j<logenmp q;V ep nmp A<w ak;dnmMnmU

hmw Ugn,ogjH h bnuvhd> nmp .y] ,nho x; hfw jwgvH fc<;olnmp

,h yh hpl , .v mgvH .; A<w ak;dnmMnmp] ep .v cjfphonbnpH

jv bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoHN jv fc<;olnmht;H j av mgQn,nbH ,h

,nm uvgvH h mw Ugn,ogtov bowpa b<jk .jynmU pgn, j<lovlnmp

fc<;olnmoH jv jn, hpnbcvhdj gi hsgjH nevN jv fc<;olnmU h mw

gx ywgonbH , uvgonbH pgn, j<lovlnmU hav mw Ugn,ogjH h bwvcovH

fc<;olnmoH] j av mndnbH ,h , .v .fohdoH h mw e<dLogjH jv

jn uvgonbooH .; xL% i<g tH@ (,nho i<g h mw mg<gonbH bowpa

b<jk .jynmU i<g mfU fc<;olnmU) j bnugnbhonbnpH hj mw hnlvlevHN

fc<;olnmoH h mw gx ywgonbH i<g x; tp , uvgonbH pgn,

j<logenmp] j mndnbH .. ak;dnmMnmp t<s% A<w i<g t<s% xL%] ep

gna .v bknbH l Jjgnhooj .fcvenmonbH i<g lnhp hj m<com;ov hj

oxov .ak;dnmMnmonbH] ep .v Kxvhdonb] ,nho ,h n,vj .fohdoj]

.g h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoHN fc<;olnmht;H i<g j av mgQnbdnbH h

oho<gtov fc<;olnmU jv av msdG h mw uvgonbH .y fc<;olnmU pgn,

x<jgMpmhU oQ


29

j<logenmoH .; oQ panbH hj oxvH .v] jv cjfpH i<g jv fcveG mw

j<logH gi h mjooH n,vj oxov] i<g gi h mwpnhooH h mw yynbxvH

h fc<;olvH .d gUs% UaN ,; yh ,f hpnbcvhdH .y gx ywgnmU i<g

x; tp h uvgonbH fc<;olnmoH hj m<com;ponbH lnhp] hj UsgG bnb

hoho<gH fc<;olnmp mwpnhooj] ,nho h mgveG .g h mw yyn bxvH

h fc<;olvH ,h , .v bwfovH h bwgxvH rnhV , fc<;ohonbH h mw

yynbxvH h fc<;olvH .g h .vvH gUs% Ua] ,nho yh h mgQnbvhonbH

jkxV jv bf uvgonbH .y hj m<com;ponbH cfy yh j .fongn, jv

bwgxvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH gUs% Ua h .vvH jv bf yvgonbH tp .y

fc<;olnmU pgn, j<logenmUN

52 . onqkH hj hpnbcvhdj fc<;olnmp j bf e<jconb gx ywgnmp hjav

cjfpjH .o<gy<hiMnbH , pgn, j<loyvH h fc<;otv] jv csdohdoj

.cx;olnmp n,K tKnbV ,h , .v tucoH h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvH ,h

, .v bwfovH .g h .g<hiMvH .fgnmonbH] ep yh tupnhU .y ,jsvhdHN

bnb h fc<;oG] .g akH fc<;olnmoH r .v . Kokopenace j .v cxM<lognyH

.g A<w fc<;olnmU pgn, j<logenmoH i<g h j m<coj lnhp hj uvgonbH

fc<;olnmoH] ,; yh hgx ywgonbU .nbosgenmp tFfoonb pnbV pph>

, mgjgyG ,; yh i<g ,h Jj nhk<H hj .v sgnbhonmG h mw yynbxvH

.fc<;olnbH .d gUs% Ua h .g<hiMvH jv bwgxnb<cUN fc<;olnmoH h

mw ywgonbj mgjvlnmp j cjgQnbgnyH bom cx;ohp ,h .v q;V nhk<H

, .v svhdj , bktgonbj q;V yh i<g] j jxfohdnb cfy bktgonb

, boevhdH gUd nev hsgjH .g fc<;olnmht;H h yynm fc<;olvHN ..

h gx ywgonbj fc<;olnmoH gx<;V x; j boevhdj , fc<;ohonbH .g

h mw ywgonbj cx;olnmp bojxMT 2012 q;V yh hj yMpmhonbH .g

fx<;olnmht;H ep .v nhkg<dnb nbn,onmoH nbp<gJnmp .y .vN

53 . bowpa b<jk .jynmU tMn, lnhp ,w pphvgnbH jv .jy> bs<lnmoH

, bcfMhgnbvH itgp qH moonb<jk .d .Ud#.] tMn, x; h mwpnhH

bs<lnmp uvgnbH] bowpa b<jk .jynmU bcfMhgn,nbH moonbH boro>

fc<;olnmp h mw yocoov ,h nhk<H hsgvH h mw yynm fc<;o;vH

bxnmoH i<g yh bUg hj .v oMgn,ovhdH hf yvgonbH , fc<;ohonbH

lwvnbuH hj ywgvH jn, pgn, j<logenmp fc<;olnmoH] A<w ak;dnmMnmU

,nmv bcfMtvH] ,; yh] , ywgonbH ,nm hnl bcmhdH fc<;olnmU hj

avboegyU .gpH .d] h mwpnhH h ywgonbj fc<;olnmoHN bowpa b<jk

.jynmU j av bwvpnmnbH rnhV h uvmG ;;ap< ,; yh m<x%< jn, ywgnmp

fc<;olnmoHN q;V] h mw av bwvpnmvH Us;upH h pphgn,ogjH tknb]



30

tFfnp lnhp .g h bwvcongonbH .pQn,nmoH h botmn,yhj i<g ;gjk jv

.jyH lnhp h uvgonbj mwvlnmp] bowpa b<jk .jynmU p<xV jnbnmvngnbH

.g , uvgonbooH fc<;olnmp i<g , j<logefpvH ;gjk bn,ohp gi<xv

yocoH .g fc<;olnmoH .Ud#. h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvH ,h nhk<H

,sgnbvH moonb ,nho yh n,v bcfMhgyU jv pgn, j<logyU gUd nev

mwpnhonl h mw yoxvlyhH fc<;olnmUN

54 . hj mg<gonbH UgcfMnmU pgn, j<lovlnmoH] h mgQnbgjH i<g .; .jynmU

mgQn,nmU gx<;V , qhnbj i<g yh , bph<hj h Ugn,othnmkU jv pgn,

j<logyUN ,; yh aEjE] Ugn,og;MU jv cLd nmgyU lnhU n,v .ym<cpm;vH

.o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmoH .g .Ud#. h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoH]

,; yh hj mw t<hyU lnhp h yocovlyhj ,;go hj mw bcfMhgyU gUd

lsvhdH jv ytuxvhdj t<gm Uj bcfMhdU boyN ,; yh i<g] j bf

oMgn,ovhdH .g .jynmU mgQn,nmoH jv yEhnm<gonbj |h mw oMsvhdj]

yynm bcfMtsnmoH] jv .pQn,nmjy> ,; yh .o<gy<hiMnbH| ,uvgonbH

h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvHN jv .pQn,nmjy> j mnd> j mgQnbvl>

fc<;olnmoH yynbMpmhoH , boegH fc<;olnmU ;;ap< ,; yh m<x%< hj

gx ywgonbH fc<;olnmU] ,nho yh ,wpnhU UgcfMnmU jv pgn,j<logyU lnhp

h yocoj fc<;olnmoH |h j<dognhj fc<;olnmp h mg<dj h yocom;vH

.o<gy<hiMnbH ,nm bwvvH h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvH sgenmoH|N hj

av mw boevhdjcU .gpH UfcvenmoH] pgn, j<logenmoH h m<coj

fc<;olnmp] Uj bf cLd oMsdgk lnhp h nbposg;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH .y

, boevhdH yynm fc<;olnmU .Ud#.] t<gm mgnhU .g lnhp l uvgonbnhcU

jv tuxvhdjN q;V yh] bg , tu tvgkU UgcfMnmU .EhV] boy yh ynbV

hnm cLd j<logefolkU h mw botcom;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH .fgnmonbH]

h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvH] ,nho h mw t<hyU .y h boevhdH ep

hn,gU jv tuxvhdH n,K p<xV , tqj lnhp l .v tuxvhdH h m<coH

fc<;olnmoH , tFgn,jpnhj .g pph> .pQn,nmp h bwvcojN

55 . ,; yh i<g onm nmdgk] .g h .v .pQnbfhnmkU jv .pQn,nmU

.jynmoH] Uj mgQnbfhnmU ,h jv t<;gyU bfG lnhp ,h ewW h

boevhdj hpoKUgnhj lnhp .g UfcvenmoH] ,; yh i<g] ep yh boy

UsvsdUN j<junbvvhU .g] onK< h mgMpdH h aknhxlvH yMpmlnmoH] .g

jv .jy> mgQn,nmoH] mndyhU .g ,h jv boegyU lnhp jv mndnmoH

hj cjfohdj] |h mw ak; boevhdj fc<;olnmp] bn,ohpH hj

x<jgMpmhU oQ


31

fc<;pnbdpH] i<g x; xFpH l bf uvmvH jv fc<;olnmoH hj jv

cx;olvH] gx ywgnmoH] Us;uU h pphgn,ogH tknb gi h mjooj] ,;

yh ;gjk .pQn,nmoH h xvcoj fc<;olnmoH bom snb h uvgonbj

fc<;olnmoH| ,; yh .y , mgQnbfhnmkU] bg yh t<gm ,j t<hyU

lnhp h yoxvlyhj fc<;olnmoH] bg yh , bwvcongkU UfcvenmU opgn,

j<lovlnmoH pph> h mg<dH .pQn,nmoH , bcfMhgyU UgcfMnmU] ,nho

h mwp;gkU bgnmp jv cLd oMsvhdjH lnhp hj mw t<hyU nbn,p<gJnmp

l uJimhdnhcU jv ytucongonbH h mw yocoH fc<;olnmoHN ep nmp

Usv boedU UfcvenmoH] h aak;pnhj lnhp hj mw t<jhdj bqk hj av

uvmvH fc<;olnmoH bn,ohpHN ,; yh i<g h mw Ugn,ognhH jv sgyU

h mgQnbwvH jv mgQn,nmjy>] p<xV , tsoMnm uvgkU UgcfMnmU ,h

jv bgrUvlnmU jv bcvgkU h mwt<hyU lnhp h mw nbosvhdH i<g yh

odogenmoH i<g nbn,p<gnmoH ,h jv bgrUvlkU bs<lnmoH h mw t<hyU

lnhp i<g x; hj mw fc<;ovH bn,ohpH i<g jv bcfMnmp ep i<g

Ugn,og;MU jv nbpgkU lnhp hf pgn, j<lovhdj jv cx;olnmoH i<g x;

.pQn,nmoH lnhp h xvcoj , uvgonbjN

56 . ynbV hj j<dogyU lnhp hj av uvgkU pgn, j<lovlnmoH yMpdnb .g

x<jgMpmhoH okpU i<g U;ng< h mgMpdj .g jv .jyH mgQn,nmoH] h

.v mgQnbfhnmkU , uvgkU UgcfMnmU] hsgyU , jn, pgn, j<logyU lnhp]

Ugn,og;MU jv bktbjH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv pj<hnbjH .fgnmonbH i<g

jv UsyjH i<g jv av mwvqbenmvH c;?oenm yMpmhp] .o<gy<hiMnbH

.jynmp ca<jV mgnmoH] .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bcfMnmp h xUcongvH]

i<gyh ;gjkH moonbH moonb<jH h .g<hiMnbH h av jwqn,ogjH ,nm

av fcve<gnmvH gidogjH] pph> jv .jynmp i<g bwVN ,;go yh pgn,

j<lovlnmo h uvgkU] hj av mw cLd boevhdH .g hfw x<jgMpdH

UfcvenmU pgn, j<lovlnmoH] ,;go yh hj t<hyU i<g cLd oMsgyU

oMgn,ovlnmU giwpnhH i<g mg<dj pph> mwpnhj mgQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH

h yyoxvlyhj i<g .pm;vH moonbH ,nm bwvpnmvH h mw yynm bxvH

h fc<;olvH] ,nho yh hj uvgkU p<xV ,nm oMsgyU h m<coj .g pgn,

j<lovlnmoHN



32

B. jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU bs<lnmU hj mwp;gonbH

57 . nmcV pnbV hj .v mgQnbfhnmkU .g .v .jynmU mgQn,nmoH 1288/2011]

.c.nm xMT 11] 2011 ,; yh hf yvgkU , ynbspjH l nmv bcfMyjH

h bkt<gylvH jv nmvmvH , uvgkU pgn, j<lovlnmU fc<;olnmoHN nDU

d#] hnmv bcfMyG ng#< ,_,_Ux] ,nhnb ynbv o<gT hj av nmv bcfMtG

h bkt<gylGN .xybenm xMT] yh ;gH Uj .fpgU jv nmv bcfMtktG h

bkt<gylG hUf< tGgOH] jnuE .g j .v bcfM> ,nmv bcfMyG e%#< P] h

bkt<gylvH i<g .pQn,nmp h bcfMhgjHN gx<;V yh hnmv bcfMyjH Uj bf

yvgpU , nbn,ohgyU i<g , nbn,p<gkU gUd l mwp;gkH .y jn, pgn,

j<lovlnmU fc<;olnmUN

58 . ,nho yh hfw yvgkjcU .y jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU , ynbsMpbyH tMn,

bn,ohpH hj av bwvcovH fc<;olnmoH i<g hj yyosgvH] .Ud#. mwpnhj

h yynm fc<;olvH mwpnhooH .gcfMnmonbnb i<g , hpnbcvhdH gisgnbvH

moonb h bwvpnmov yynm fc<;olnmoHN jEnh bf .wgkU yh h mw yynm

mgnhj j<logemn,nmp (hTx.%s% , bcgH) .y .v UgcfMnmopU , nmgyH

lnhU h uvgkH] ,nho yh x; hfw yvgkH , nbn,ohgyU .y bs<lnmU jv bf

m<coH jv pj<hnbjvH bn,ohpH i<g jv av mwvqbjH c;?oenm yMpmhonbnb

.o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp] moonb<jk i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH h

xUcongvH jv bcfMnmp] jv .pQn,nmjy>] b;Mnm bs<lnmp boy ynbV h

mw uvmvH h jv b;MvH .Ud#. h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK] ;gjk jv

bcfMnmp xtmn,nmoH ,; yh bs<lphpH .pQn,nmoH bs<lnmoH hj av

uvgvH , fc<;olvH h j av bmwpnhooj , fc<;pvH bn,ohp i<g h mw

bkvxvhdj .pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH h jn, hpnbcvhdj snbN

59 . p<xV Uj bf tucom;U , uvgkU pgn, j<lovlnmU , av bktmvH

hoho<gjH .jynmp] ;gjk bn,ohpH .fgnmonbH .v] jv bcfMnmp h

xUcongvH] ,nho yh , tnpwH UfddU op , bf yvgonbH bs<lnmU ,

j<logefovH bn,ohpH lnhp h uvgkU i<g yh jv cLd nmgyvH pph> h

oxdMpdj lnhp h yocom;vH .o<gy<iMnbH fc<;olnmoH moonb<jH h

gwlvH i<g yh , hpnbcvhdH yynm fc<;olnmU mwpnhHN , hpnbcvhdH

yh h mw pphnmpnhooj .sg<hiMnmonbnb .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g p<;enmoH

h xvcovH moonbH ,; yh jv bcfMnmoH .d .Ud#.] ,nho yh h mw

j<logyH jv sgyH .y pgn, j<lovlnmU , bf yvgkH UgnbV jv bktbjvH

x<jgMpmhU oQ


33

v nmgynbjvH moonbH lnhp .y h uvgkU i<g h pgn, j<logyH i<g jv

UsyjvH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv av bwvpnmvH .g bktmsnmoH l mw p,ogjH

,h nmp bs<hT jv av msdvH .gN hfw pmcojcU yh hEjfoxMT 2011]

Uj mwvqbynbgkH tMn, ggfj .o<gy<hiMnbH h oho<gjH .jynmp i<g

.o<gy<hiMnbH p<;enmoH h bcfMhgjH .Ud#.] Uj synbH jv pj<hnbjH i<g

jv av mwvqbjH c;?oenm yMpmhonbnb jv boegjH lnhp h mw Ugn,ogjH

jv svhdoH jv tuxvhdoH fc<;olnmp] gx<;V .. jv bcfMhvhdjN

bwg;l> .g yMpmhp .g x<jgMpmhoHN

60 . hj bktmjngcU yh .o<gy<hiMnbH rnhV h uvgkH pgn, j<lovlnmU

fc<;olnmoH] cLd nmvhd> .g x<jgMpmhoH i. h mgMpdH] ,;go hj

cjfpyU hf<coH h uvgkU pgn, j<logenmU UfcvenmoH] i<g yMpd>

.y tMn, lnhp hj boegyskH hj av nmgy;kH moonbH h m<com;vH

fc<;olnmp rnhV hj bktmskH ,; yh j mgnhnp .g hnlvlenmp

giwpnhooj lnhp h optpnhooj fc<;olnmoH h mw yocom;vH moonbH]

Ugn,ognhnp jv bktgonbj .. jv .v j<lovhdH lnhp h m<com;vH m<x ,

Ugn,otvH jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN Uj cjfiU yh ynbsMpmhU]

.g yh h mw yynm mgnhj j<loemn,nmp hj .v nbpnmxdU hTx.%s% jv

bcvgkU] ,; yh i<g mgnhU .g bktmsnm yMpmhU hj mwvqbyvH tMn,

x; .o<gy<hiMnbH .Ud#.] .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g p<;enmp h bcfMhgjH

jv bcfMnmoH] ,; yh ;gjkH moonbH h av bwvpnmvH xtmn,nmp h

bcfMhgjH] h Ugn,ogjH t<gm lnhp ,nm pgn, j<logjH .y jn, pgn,

j<logenmU h bcfMhgnyHN bwg;lU yh .g x<jgMpmhoH ,C h mgMpdH

.y UfcvenbMpmhoHN c;?oenm yMpmhp hj av mwvqbyhnmkU tMn, j

ynbsMpmhdn .g yMpdnb x<jgMpmhoH i. h mgMpdH UfcvenmyMpmhoHN

61 . hf oMgn,ogycU yh .o<gy<hiMnbH h m<com;vH fc<;olnmoH i<g,

UgnyH .fcvenmonbnb] ,nho yh hf yvgkU , pj<hnbjH i<g , bf

bktmskH boj bwV jv .pQn,nmjy> .gs<lphp] , bowfohdj fc<;olnm

bs<lnmp pph> h mg<dj] i<g .Ud#. h yynm fc<;olvH bcfMnmht;HN

,; yh i<g Uj pj<hnbppH bs<lphpH .pQn,nmht;H hj fc<;olvH hkE

i<g hj av uvgvH fc<;olnmp .o<gy<hiMnb hj av uvbvH hj cx;olov

i<g hj mg<;pvH .yyonmooHN ,; yh , hpnbcvhdH p<xV h m<xv bf

tFfvH , yynm hpnbctvH .EhfKH .d .Ud#.] ,nho yh h mdogyjcU jv

pj<hnbjG .Ud#. h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfKN



34

1. bowpa b<jk .jynmU

62 . hj mw cLd fcvekcU x<jgMpmhoH o<s tgp onK< h mgMpdH

.dm<xtH hj av boegyU] bowpa b<jk .jynmU j pphoenbH ,nmv

bcfMtvH tMn, x; mw gx<;V .pQn,nmoH i<g lnhp h .jyhgjH ,

xUcongvH .sjynmonbH mw ,nho yh n,vj bf nbn,p<gkH .y jn, pgn,

j<lovlnmU fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh i<g] bowpa b<jk .jynmU nmpnb> ynbv

o<gT jav cjfpecpH c;?oenm yMpmhp , fcvevH lnhp h m<cooj h

mw faogjH mgnmp] bcfMnm yMpmhU j av cjfpnyH jv bwfohdH .g

lnhp h mw pgn, j<logyH Uj tu .fipU yh .y ,j avsgjHN bowpa

b<jk .jynmU j av cjfpecpH nbn,p<gJnm bcfMnmU yMpmhoo>] lhG yh

gx<;V j mwpnho> hj mwp;g<cU jv fc<;ol> t<s% D<fU ;V hj pgn,

j<lovhdjcU akH fc<;olnmU .d bnbwqH hj oxvH pgn, j<logenmU

.Ud#.N .y yh hj mg<doj pgn, j<logenmoH] ,nho h sgnhcU ,j .wgvH

,nbn,p<gvH lnhp lf uvgvH ,; yh i<g ,j nbn,pcgjH l; moonb<jk

lynbx<gjH] i<g , bf pj<hvlvH] mgnmoH h bwvpnmvH ohonmoH ,

av msdvH h mw bktponbH] hnmv bcfMyjH ,; yh i<g opN .; hj

nbn,p<gvH bs<lnmU l mwpnhooH j bwfohdo> bowpa b<jk .jynmU jv

bwgxG .g] hkE bowpa b<jk .jynmU jv .jyhU aGO vS j bwgx> ,;

yh h mnd<gylG] F# Mnbp<] nmp yh bnb j bf cLd nmgT lnhp lsgtov

i<g l boegtov .; pph> .o<gy<hiMnbH hj av msdvH pj<hvlnmoHN

bowpa b<jk .jynmU j aQn,nbH h bkt<gy;vH oQ] Cc_lY D%Uo] h mw

bcfMvH .; h bkt<gylvH] , bcvmvH jv nmgjH .pQn,nmp gindyhj

fc<;olnmU , boevhdHN boy yh n,vj nbn,p<gonbj lnhp pj<hvlnmoH

jv j<jubyvH .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp i<g mgnmp h faogjH

giwpnhH i<g , g<dj fc<;olnmp bs<lnmoH] yynm fc<;olnmoH] i<g

hnlvlenmp l av cjfpjH pgn, j<logenmoH ,;yh i<g jv ohonmgyvH

, av ynbx<gyH .fgnmonbnb i<gnb> yh jv nbn,ohgjH lnhp hnmboegjHN

hEnh nbn,ohvhdj yh lnhp l cjfohdj pj<hvlnmoH] tp yh h jn,

ynbx<vhdnb bom mgnmp hj UgnbcgyH] hnmv bcfMyjH yh nmpnb> h

nbn,p<gnbH .ro> .pQn,nmoH h bkt<gylvH] bowpa b<jk .jynmU i<g

nmpnb> h mw nbn,p<gvH lnhp .gcvbhonbnb , bcfMhgtov ,;yh i<g

Uj ynbx<dU .o<gy<hiMnbH .fgnmonbnb jv boegenbjH lnhppgn, j<logyU

fc<;olnmoHN

x<jgMpmhU oQ


35

63 . , cLdp;gonbH yh .y jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU fc<;olnmoH h bcfMhgyU]

onmdU ,nm j<jpef ,wphJvH bfG hnmnmpjH onK< .EjojnbH .d bowpa

b<jk .jynmU h mw bcfMhgjH hj oxvH rnhV , j<jubyJnb;ci do<

Cc!UjOU bkm<;_ gUs% UaN , nbn,pctvH yh .o<gy<hiMnbH .g l bwvpnmvH

jn, pgn, j<logenmoH fc<;olnmoH h uvgkH] bowpa b<jk .jynmU ,

j<doyvH i<g ,nm pmp;gvH , boegjH h .g<hiMov .fgnmooH ..

.EjojnbH hj oxov gUs% Ua] i<g tMn, lnhp ,j boegjH h mwpnhooH

b<jo> hj .g<hiMov] gi<xMpnhooH i<g mwpnhooH ,hpnbcvhdH gi<coj

.o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmp h xUcongvH lnhp .d i<g hf bo<l uvgonbj

.jynmpN okuqC .. bowpa b<jk .jynmU h bcfMhgH itgp qH hgfooj

moonb<jk] j cLd nmgnyH bowpa b<jk .jynmU ,j ynbx<gyH rnhV

h uvgkH jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU] jv j<logjH bn,ohpH hnm j<logjHN

hf ynbx<gyH yh mgnmp tFfnp lnhp hj pj<hyH h .v nc<gnmcoH ,

ynbx<gyH moonb<jk gx<;V h bmgkH ,h ,j msdkH n,K , yvjwhH

i<g x; rnhV , pmhG bn,p hj oxG .fgnmonbH txvco> tMn, lnhp

.y ,svhdH moonb<jH] i<g x; ;gjk lnhp h j<dognhj, uvgonbj rnhV

mgnmoH moonb<jH] q;V UjhEjgU jv ynbx<gyU tggG moonb<jk okpuqC

hj uvgkU mgnmpN h mw oxdMpdj yh .o<gy<hiMnbH .fgnmonbnb hj

ynbx<gnyH bwg;l> .g jn, pgn, j<logenmU ynbsMpmhoH UfcvenmoH

x<jgMpmhU m h mgMpdHN ,; yh , yynm boevhdj hj av m<coj

pj<hvlnmp gx<;V op ,; yh moonbH nmvhd> .g x<jgMpmhoH okpU h

mgMpdH UfcvenmoHN

2. .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU

64 . .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU] jv .jynm bs<lnmoH h bcfMhgjH

;gjk moonb<jk o<stgp qH gfnp bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jk

h bcfMhgj .d .Ud#. qnbuH] j cjfpnyH yh nbn,p<gnm bcfMnm

yMpmhoo> , cLd yMpbjH gilm<coG QokU .fooenbnb .v] ,nho

yh,j p<;yjvH hj av mw Ugn,ogjH lnhpN ,; yh buvl hj av mw

bwvpnmkU bcfMnm QokU h .v cjfoG jv .pQn,nmjyH .v] jv bcfMhgyU

o<s bktmsnmp , boevhdj h yynm fc<;olvH .d bowpaH moonb<jH

h m<com;vH .Ud#. qnbuH] .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU j

mwp;gnbH .ro> pgn, j<logenmp hj av cjfpjH nbn,p<gJnmU bcfMnm

yMpmhp jv uvgonbj jv okpupnhj bs<lnmoq jv uvgkU jn, pgn,

j<logenmoH fc<;olnmp h m<com;vHN



36

65 . .EhV] .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU] j nbn,p<gnbH l oho<gtov l

mwp;gonbH bs<lnmU hjw nbn,p<gvH lnhp lf uvgonbooH] , bcfMhgnbvH

.fooenbnb .y , bf uvgonbH jn, pgn, j<logenmU fc<;olnmoHN

oQ] .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU] j mwp;gnbH .snbp<gJnmonb>

hn,vgnhooj mndnmp .yMpmhonbH jv oMsvhdoj gs mwjnWov

.fooenbnb .sg<hiMnmoH] , boevhdH yynm fc<;olnmU bwvpnmnmU]

tFngkH ,w cjfpjH j<logefolnmp jv j<logepvH .fooenbnb sgenmp

i<g h mw gwlov jv j<logtov tMn, lnhp hnmsgjH fc<;olnmU ,

boevhdoHN o<s] .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU j sgnyH tMn, lnhp

i<g nb>h mw uvgvH .gcfMnmonbnb .ynbsMpmhonbH h mdogtov moonb

i<g lnhp h j<dognhooj h av mwvqbyvH mdogenmoH h mw tMn,

gwlov .fooenbnb .Ud#. qnbuHN hj yMpbjH jn, pgn,j<logenmp

ynbsMpmlnmoH gwi j mgnbH gng h pj<hvhonbooH , nbcfpylvH

lnhp hj mw t<hjH pgn, j<lovlnmoH ,nho yh n,vj bf pmcoH .y

bs<lnmU , uvgonbH bktmsnmoHN tMn, yh .. fcvenbMpmhp mgnhp

, bwfohdj x<jgMpmhU okpU h mgMpdH .g jn, pgn, j<logenmoHN

i.] .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU] hj mdognhcU .Eh ,f yvgonbH

.y bs<lnmU] vo<fooj pj<hvlnmp ,w Ugn,ogecpH] .footnbnb ,nm

pj<hnbvH v yy.nmsvH] hoho<gtov .jynmp jv pj<hnbvH] ,; yh op

Uj av UsthnmU jv mgkU bktmsnmoH] , boevhdH h mw yocom;vH

.o<gy<hiMnbH h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoHN .. o<s pj<hvlnmp] oQ x;

j jwgonbnp bktmsnmp ,; yh akH ep .v jvco> UgnbV j AognbHN ,;

yh] ynbsMpmhU .. pj<hvlnmp .v bwg;lnb okpU h mgMpdH x<jgMpmhU

.g UfcvenmoHN ,; yh yvV] .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU] j cjfpnyH

ynbsMpmhoo> hj mw pgn, j<logjH i<g nmpnb> lnhp h yoxvlyhooj

fc<;olnmojH i<g j cjfpnyH c;?oenm yMpmhp] h mw yMpdoj lnhp

lmw ytuxvhdH fc<;olnmU jv tucom;vH bowpaH moonbH m<x ,nm

bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHi<g hj mw t<hjH lnhp pj<hvlnmoH ,;goyh

h .v cjfpjH nbn,p<gJnmp pgn, j<lovlnmoH lf uJimhdojN .Ud#.

.o<gy<hiMnbH c;Moenm yMp mhonbnb ynbsMpdnb .g i. x<jgMpmhoH

.g UfcvenmoHN

x<jgMpmhU oQ


37

3. jv .jynmU o<s p<;enmU yynbxnmU

66 . hj jv .jyhonm<cU .g jv .jynmoH o<s p<;enmU mgQn,nmoH

yynbxnmoH] gkU lO] ,; yh .jyhU KmyU ncx<Q% .g ;!M p%$<

.o<gy<hiMnbH Uj pj<hnbgkH jv boegyskH h m<com;vH i<g nmpnb>

fc<;olnmoH h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvHN jEnh yh pj<hskH] jv .jyhU

.g o<s p<;enmoH .jynmoH j cjfpT bcfMnm nbp<gJnm yMpmhoo> ak;

jwh> jvpj<hvhonbH .g nbc<H nbohT .o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH] nbpnmftH

.d jUp%!N okpi> yh h gwlnbH .jyhpH .g jv .jyH o<s p<;enmoH j

av msdnbH pj<hvlnmoH ,; yh j aQn,nbH h bkt<gy;vH i<g jWbknbN

ynbsMpmhU .y .v pj<hvlnmU yMpd> .g x<jgMpmhoH i. UfcvenmoHN

4. .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmp s!Us

67 . .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmp s!Us j cjfpnyH bcfMnm nbp<gJnm

yMpmhoo] ,nm av bwvpnmvH h mw uvgkU pgn, j<logenmU fc<;olnmoH

,; yh Uj p<;eppHN .EhV , bf yvgonbH .y nbn,onmU , uvgonbH

ynbsMpmhU] jn, pgn, j<logenmoH mwpnhH h mw bxvH h yynm

fc<;olvH i<g j av cjfpnyH nbn,p<gJnmp l uJimhdj jv ytuxvhdH

h mw yocom;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmoH buV hfw j<lovhdH

,<com;vH fc<;olnmoH .Ud#.N .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us]

ynbsMpmhp tMn, .. bwg;lnbH .g x<jgMpmhoH i. h mgMpdH .g

UfcvenmoHN ,f onqLjpnhU .y .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us]

hj nbpMpbjH nbp<gJnm yMpmhooH hj mw bwfpjH ,nm yynmopH

ak;dnmMnmU yy.nmsnmU pj<hvlnmU jv mgnhooH ,; yh Uj pj<hnbppH .;

ak;dnmMnmp hj nbpbvH h KjbvH fc<;olnmoH .v] Us;uU h pphgn,ogH

tknb hj .v xvcoj .. fc<;olnmpN ynbsMpmhU .y pj<hvlnmU yMpd>

x<jgMpmhoH i. .g UfcvenmoHN

5. h ak; xUcomfJvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

68 . , bf yvgkU] hj av mw Ugn,ogjH jv mgnhj pj<hvlnmp i.

.o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmp boj h ak; xUcomfJvH Uj av UstnhH ,

pj<hvlvH ,;do yh h msdkU] Uj pp<;ynbH yh .y ,jsgjHN

69 . j<dognhU yh jv yMpmhdH hj av mwvqmhdj c;?oenm yMpmhp pph>

hj .vcoj h mw yynbxvH .o<gy<hiMnbH bs<lnmoH yMpdnb yh .g

x<jgMpmhoH i. UfcvenmoHN



38

70 . tMn, opp<;ynbH .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmp jv

bcfMnmp h xUcongvH .fgnmonbH hj av bwvpnmvH .g jn, pgn,

j<logenmoHN tso j<dognhoonb hj av mw nbnmvngvH] hj avw cjfpjH

hlgn,ogenmp i<g tMn, lnhp h mw j<logj i<g oMgn,ogjH ,<com;vH

fc<;olnmoH tso Uj nmvm;U .. lnhp hj av cjfpjH , uvgkU

jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU fc<;olnmoH i<g , bf uvgkU nbn,p<gJnmp

ytuxvlnmoH] ,nho yh ,dogyU] jv bf nmvm;vH fc<;olnmoH h mw

j<logjH ,<com;vH .g h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olvH .Ud#.N opp<;ynbH

i<g tFG h fc<;olvH i<g bs<lphpH fc<;olnmht;H i<g jv .jyH

bs<lphoH hjav cjfpjH lnhp h pgn, j<lognyH ynbsMpdj tMn, x; lnhp

.g jn, pgn, j<lovlnmoH h mw bcfMhgyUN

x<jgMpmhU oQ


39

x<jgMpmhU o<s ,g<dH h yynm fc<;olvH .gcfMn-

monb> ,; yh .o<gy<hiMnbH+ hkE h

.v uvgonbH i<g xoE buV ,wpnhH

x<jgMpmhU o<s

,g<dH h yynm fc<;olvH .gcfMnmonb> ,; yh

.o<gy<hiMnbH+ hkE h .v uvgonbH i<g xoE buV ,wpnhH

41

A. ohonm nmgylnmU

71 . h yynm fc<;olvH n,EhV .y .v uvgonbH fc<;olnmU hj

mwp;gonbu;ci] hj .v av cM;yhj fc<;olnmp hj .v pphgn,otvH

bn,ohpH h cx;pjH .pQn,nmp jv n,EhV .v svhd>N q;V] hj av mgsgyU

DcwE UfcvenmoH] bf oMsvhd> mwpnhH i<g ,g<dH yynm fc<;olnmU]

j bf pjgonbH hj av mwp;gonbH .d h mw uvgonbH .Ud#.] gx<;V

.d .Ud#. ,wpnhj i<g mg<dj fc<;olnmp ,; yh hj mw nbpsg;vH

.o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmp .d .Ud#.N

72 . .g nmp UfcvenmoH] bxwE UgoedU h mwpnhj yynm fc<;olnmp

.Ud#.] hsgjH , nbn,pcyvH bn,ohp .g l bwvpnmov buV hsvhdH

.d .Ud#.] bp h nbn,pctG jv bwvpnmG yynm fc<;olnmoH] Ugn,ognhU

.o<gy<hiMnbH jv bwvpnmvH .g .Ud#. yynm fc<;lnmoH i<g jv

j<junbcgjH hsgtov ;gjk yynm fc<;olvH h mw gwlov .o<gy<hiMnbN

B. h yynm fc<;olvH .fcvt;Mnmonb> .Ud#.

1. ,wpnhj i<g mg<dj h yynm fc<;olvH .gcfMnmonb>

73 . h mwpnhH h yynm fc<;olvH h bx<gjH j mgnhU .y mgQn,nmU

bs<lnmU i<g jv n,EhV .v av mgnhU .gpHN mgnhnp , yMpdj hj

av mwp;ngnb;ci yynm fc<;olnmp hkE fcvt;MnmoH ,j t<jhdj ,

yMpdj yMpmhoH jv n,EhV hj av mwp;gonbj fc<;olnmp bUd i<g

mdl ,vC b<jH] ;%#< i<g yh m<hUfiCxk .. b<jk bhtH jvhtHN ,;

yh j t<jhdnb hj yMp.ynb;ci jv n,EhV rnhV vK< hj ccyfM;co ..

b<jk fc<;olnmp mwp;gnb;ci bp jv .jy> JP_U ;%#< b<jH nbLE

hf mEnhcoH .. xAp onK< h mgMpdjN jv .jy> J_PU oQ j .wgpcU

fc<;olnmhtnh] hj .v pphgn,ogjH .; h mw yynbxvH ,GfUokU moonbH

h mgnmdpH] fHh<s#k j mw yynm mwphJnbH .; moonbHN , bcfMhgvH

yh .; fHh<s#k moonbH] o<stgp ,gfxAiMvH xoE yh bnbMd |.g yh

h yynmx<genb;ci fc<;olnmoH j yEhnb<do> lnhp h mw nbp<gvH i<g

h mg<;olvH j Jjcoo> tMn, x; lnhp hj mw uvgvH fc<;olnmoH hj

mgQnbgjH cx;olnmp|N .g h bxnb;ci fc<;olnmoH tMn, x; h mw

x;ohdH .pQn,nmp j uvgnbH , fc<;olvH tMn, x; .pQn,nmp hj

mw x;ohdoj q;V jeV yh j sgnyH , .pQnbgvH bn,ohpN bom yh

mgjvlnmp fc<;ohoH jsvhdnb .. fc<;olnmp ,h tp v gx ywgonbj



42

.. fc<;olnmoHN bGfokU moonbH hj mg<cvH yynm fc<;olnmp j bf

msggnbH $T mgnmoH nbLE 451 ,; yh 450 ncyw mg;co vK< ,;yh j

.fpnyH $T fc<;olnmp mg<gJnmoH l mwp;gvH yynm fc<;olnmp .d

pph> h mw cx<jvpnhooj b<jk hj faogjH|N

74 . h yynm fc<;olvH h mwpnhooH h bcfMhgjH buV h j<logyH ,<coj

.d .Ud#.] jv .jy<nl> .g<jH j .vco>N q;qC h mgMpdj xAp]

jv .jy<nl> .g<jH h ynbsMpbH fcvenmp] n,OkT CcKG] ep .v j<lognyH

giwpnhunb;ci fc<;olnmp boy rnhV] ncyw np%yU ywlnmoH boy

xAU 1066 C.E. hEnh jwcoH yh boy ywlnmU] j yMp.y<hinbH yh

,j ynbspnb;ci x; bn,ohp jv pgn, j<logtov fc<;olnmp ,; yh

nmpnb> x; ,j nbn,ogjH gi l mgjgynbvH hj cx;olov .pQn,nmoH

mwN j<junbvvhU .y] n,OkT .ywl> h mwohJ;ci] j Ugn,or;cU h yynm

fc<;olov ax<jV b<jk h mw phgn,Uge;ci jv av nmgy;G gidUgtov

h mg<;olov .pQn,nmp , hpnbcgjH mwN h yynm fc<;olvH buV h

mw j<logyH ,wpnhooj .gcfMnmonbnb] n,EhV j .v e<jynhp rnhV jv

.jynbH h faogenb;ci b<jk ncyw mg;ci bnb nmOkT] hj mgQnbg;ci

x; bn,ohp jv ytuxgtov h mw cx;ohonbooH .g<jH bnb jv .jy>

,; yh ,bwfohdoH .hEj.nmU i<g bkt,nmp b<jk h .v ywmsvH .v]

,nm hnlbgroyvH bom h ywbvH jv hEjgyJvH .. b<jk i<g jv fc<;pvH

jv ownbpvtvH .pQn,nmoH mdloN hj mgMpd;ci jv n,EhV jv mgQn,nm

yMpmhU yHp h_Gg 1215 jv .jy> nDU hj yMp.e;ci nmp j pp<;yhonbH

,j nhk<;gG mgQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH .d jv .jy<nl .g<jH ;@G A#gU

hmwohdHN 1275 xAU] fc<lolnmU h bcfMhgjH h yynm fc<;lovH j bf

m<co;cU gwi .y jv svhdH , uvgonbj mg<;olnmp .d jv .jy<nl>

.g<jHN buV hj mwp;gonbH h mg<dH yynm fc<;olnmU jv n,EhV

hjmg<gunb;ci j .v j<junbcvhd> opuqC h mgMpdj xAp i<g U;ngJqC]

,;go i<g h .fohdH bnb h fc<;oG jv hEjgH jv ywgG ,h nhk<H ,

sg;H .g h yynm fc<;olov] , bcfMvH yh .g .; h yynm fc<;olvH

,gnhU .g hnlvlenmU gc<H tsoMnbH , uvgvH .gcfMnmonb> (ep nmp

.pQn,nmoH h mngonbH) h mw uvgvH x; fc<;olnmoH , uvbvH bn,onb

, fc<;otv i<g mwpnhooH h mgQnbgvH ownbpvlenmoHN

75 . yvV hnm boegycU ,nho h mndyH , j<dognhH buV hfwpnhH

fc<;olnmoH h mwpnhooH .gcfMnmonbnb h yynm fc<;olvHN ncyw 1700

h mgMpdj xAp] h yynm fc<;olnb;ci pihvbhpnb;cU fc<;olnmht;H

x<jgMpmhU o<s



43

.v jq<xU , nbo fc<;olvH i<g , nbo ownbpvyvH h fc<;otv

|nboownbpvtn,nmU| (boy yh mw nbo ownbpvtn,G bn,p p<xV

jp<j> mdoyhonbU)N akH hj j<lovhdH hj m<co;ci fc<;olnmoH

hj bf Aognb;ci bn,ohp , pihvbvH hxv ownbpvtn,ov rnhV ,

yynm fc<;olov boy xAU 1670 hj bcvgonbH AEW_ fc<;olnmU h

mwohd;ciN .g AEW_ fc<;olnmU h uvgonbu;ci] i. .g h bxnb;ci

(xsE ,w bktbnb;cU) ep tnpfMnb;cU .; p<xV yDhrnb;cU bn,ohp]

h yynm fc<;olMnbH j bnugenb;cU yh jv ownbpvyvH akH bn,ohp h

fc<;p;nb;cu] ep .v nhk<H .vsgnyH .pQn,nmoH ,; yh .pQn,nmp

j bcvgnbH jv .gt<hnbvH .. h xsw bktbov ,h nbLE jv sgtovN h

fc<;olG yh jUsgn,> .. h yynm fc<;olov q;V j bjgyn,> fcm;nmoH

mdl ,h nhk<H , .v fx uvgvH yyonmp i<g ,h , .v UsgnbvH h jv

fc<;olovN ,; yh .; h yynm fc<;o;vH ,h ,nmfcm;vH hj mgjgyvH

QokoH mdlj jncbhonbnpHN jv fc<;o;M> P%G CcU] h fc<;olG jv

fc<;olnmht;H hmw Usvhdj yyonmp i<g gx ywgnmp] tp jn,xgT hj

mgjvlov .. h yynm fc<;olov ,; yh boy ,jsgH i<g j cLdnmgT lnhU

.y n,vjsgH ,h , .v nhk<H uvgvH fc<;olnmp ,; yh ep bn,onb hj

nmv hcnm<ghnmnbH jv nmvm;vHN|

76 . jv n,EhV hj av mjjcU jv tFf xAp .gpH h mwp;gonbu;ci

.pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH h mw yynbxvH h fc<;olv] hj mwp;gonbuc;i

, uvgonbH AEW_ fc<;olnmU ,; yh ;gjk fc<;olnmp mwvlnmp jkxV

nho ,wp;gonbH fc<;olnmU hkE hj av mg<gunbo;ci yynm fc<;olnmU]

,; yh] jv fc<;olnmU hpg ,nho hj mndvH |,nho aknhU ,dognhH .y ,

uJimhdH fc<;olnmU jv n,EhV hj av mg<gonbu;ci|N ,; yh 1980] hj

pgn, j<lovhdnhcU yynm fc<;olnmp hpg<jH] .pQn,nmU h mg<dj hpg<j]

okpU yh lnhp j tj<hdnb h m<coj .. yynm fc<;olnmp , uvgvH

.pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH+ (1) h yynm fc<;olvH h nbn,iUgjH l mg<;olvH}

(2) h yynm fc<;olvH ,nho ,g<doH h mw bcfMhgjH fc<;olnmp]

gx<;V bn,ohpH mgnmoH h gwlov ,nmv ytsiot;vH , bcfMvH} (3) h

yynm fc<;olvH ,nhoj h pgylvH ownbpvlenmoH , fc<;oG bn,phj

cx;olG] .pQn,nmp .v ytwsg;nbH h fc<;otv jv pgynbvH} (4) h yynm

fc<;olvH j<jubylyhU .y h mg<dH .pQn,nmoH fc<;olnmoH} (5) h

yynm fc<;olvH nbnmvngnbH jv pmpnhooH i<g x; p,ognhooH h mw

yMpdj cx;olnmp fc<;olnmoH h mw uvgonbHN .. hj av yMpdj

yynmsyMpmhp j .fohdnb .g jv fc<;olnmht;H hpg h uvgonbu;ci



44

fc<;onmU b% ,; yh Q%!G fc<;olnmU] fc<;olnmoH yh j cjfpnyH ,

nbn,ohjH , j<dognhH jv bcvmvH .; h yynm fc<;olvH , uvmG bn,p

fc<;olnmoH i<g yh h mdogyU op] ,nho l mw tnpwjcU jv svhdH hj

av boegyU lnhp h m<com;ponbH fc<;olnmoH i<g boegenmoH hj av

uvgonbj .g UfcvenmoHN

77 . ,nho i<g ,wpnhj pgn, j<logenmp h uvgG Us;uU h pphgn,ogH tknb]

, pgn, j<logH lnho> hj ocm;ov] ,;go i<g ,wkxvH .; h yynm

fc<;olvHN hj av boevhdj .. lnhp cLd nmgylnmoH x<jgMpmhoH 85

xoE 89] Us;uU h ppgn,ogH tknb h mwpnhooH h uvgG pgn, j<logenmp

.d .Ud#.] j bf p<xgenb;cU hj av mg<dj .pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH

jv .jy<nl> h mw gwlH mHjPU h mvhdoH .g<jk hf bxgnb<dj 1900

xApN ncyw yh boy j tFfnp mwpnhj fc<;olnmoH mg<;olnmoH .d

mHjPU] hj av bcvgvH , pphgn,ogH Us;uU tknb lnho> hj ocm;ov

,nhom yh hf uJibjH .d .Ud#.] ,nho yh ,pcfMnb;ci bnb Us;upH

h pgn, j<logjH tknb lnhp hj ocm;ov nmpnb> nbn,iUgenb;cU gi l

mg<;ohonbH jf fc<;oG bnb bn,ohU h bgroynbd , cx;olG , bf

fc<;oG yhN hEnh yh mgQnbfcipH bn,ohpH .d mHjPU lnhp l uJibjH

.xyfMnmonbH] h mwp;onl yh Us;uU h pphgn,ogH tknb .ngxMtH .v]

j bf bvcongonboo> h mg<doH .gcfMnmU pgn, j<logenmoH] j bf

bcfM> jv pgn, j<logH tknb lnho> hj ocm;ov bn,onbhj oxov] ep

yh nmp bfw bgroyhonbH bn,p hsgtnl ep .vw bf fc<;phonm;cUN

,nho yh lhG ,wpnhj hj bvwp;gonbH lnhp .g fc<;olnmoH .Ud#. ,

hpnbcvhdj pph> mwpnhj ,g<dj .pQn,nmp] rnhV .. xAp 1900 ,; yh

2000] hj bf bcvgonbj Us;uU h mw t<hH tknb lnhp hj ocm;ov ..

hjoxov] ,nho yh jkxV n,v xUcoH .y hsvhdH fc<;olnmoH ,h n,vj

jxvcoHN ,; yh i<g bg ,j bf bvcongonbj fc<;olnmoH mgQn,nmp]

h yynm fc<;olvcH |p<xV j<dognhU .g fc<;olnmoH , bxvH| buV

hsvhdH , pphgn,UvhdH tknb gi h mjH lnhU hocm;nl bnb hj oxGN ,;

yh , nbn,pctvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH l mwpnhooH .gcfMnmonbnb]

, bwvpnmvH Us;uU h pphgn,UgH tknb go h mjooH] h mwpnhH nmp h

fc<;oG bn,p h mw cx;olG] ep boy sgT bnb Us;uU h pphgn,ogH

tknb] ep nhg> ,w bgror> bn,onbN q;V] tFngkH lnhp ,w pgn, j<logT

gi h mjooH tknmo> i<g ynbsMpbT nbn,p<gJnmp gi lsvhdjcU ,h tp

.y jv mjH i<g lsvhdjcU ,h jv bnhtMponbH ohU mdlN

x<jgMpmhU o<s



45

78 . n,EhV .v hj av mwp;gonbu;ci , uJimhdj mwpnhj yynm

fc<;olnmp jkxV unhnp , bf p<xvhdj h mg<gunb;cu hkE buV

h jwhH] ,; yh i<g] ;gjk] buV hfw hnl<h<gonbj ,nho yh buV

hf bcvgonbj hj mw nbn,ohvhdj fc<;olnmoH yynm fc<;olvH

.gcfMnmonbHN cLdpnhU yh .. hj p<xvhdj mg<gJnmoH i<g ;gjk] hj

av bcvgonbj jv n,EhV .v b<xU hj av yfMvH bn,ohpH .v ,h yh

q;V ggx<;vpnhj mg<gMnmoH] q;V oMgnmpnhnp n,EhV q;V ,j .v av

bcvgonbj ,nho yh n,v bf n,vm;vH bn,ohpH jv bcfMhgjH ,<x ,

uvgonbH .pQn,nmoH fc<;olnmoH mwN

79 . q;V yh] bg , j<dog;MvH i<g hj av mw bcfMvH h yynm fc<;olvH

h mg<doj .gcfMnmonbnb .pQn,nmoH] j<dognhU jv jn, Ugnbcvhdj]

.o<gy<hiMnbH .fdogenmonbnb .d hpg<jH] ,nho hj mw t<jhdoH

,<com;vH ,h nhk<H ,j sgvH fc<;olnmoH .vN ,; yh i<g] fc<;olnmoH

h mw uvgvH h yynm fc<;olvH , hpnbcgjH cx;olnmp hpg<jH j

bcvgonbucp] , pihvmG , ownbpvtG hfc<;oG] ,nho nmp hsgjH

.; A#fE ydnbH] ,nho h mgjyvH .o<gy<hiMnb] p<xV ,j cnhMpjH

moonm mwvlnmp ,nho yh x; h mg<;pvH ,hpnbcgjH h mgfMov q;V

.o<gy<hiMnbH , uJibjH i<g nmpnb> hj mw av xyfMvHN

80 . tp lnhU hj m<co;ci jv n,EhV hEnh yh boy mjo;ci 1885 xAU

jn,fuH phabusH ywlnmU hpg<jH h boevhdH - p<xV hj yEh.gynb;ci

, p<;<glvH bxg> h mgjJvH moonbH i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH

.jynmp phabuH hpg<jHN ,; yh hf Aoco;ci .y p<;nmU] j bf

bjgynbhonbnpH .g hj av bwvpnmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH] h yynm fc<;olvH]

hjyynmcovH .g h gwlnb;ci ydnbH hj gwlvH .g] tso jjwnbm;nbH ..

bxg> h mgjJvH moonb ,; yh .o<gy<hiMnb .y ,j mw p<;ov] j

;vgnbH jv fc<;pvH .. moonb h oho<gtov .jynmp i<g .footo>

pph> lnhp ,nm bjgynbvH fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh hohoM;co akH .jy>

bxg> moo> h mgjJG] Ynm #b_] ,nhp yh hj bjgyG tso ,j cx;o;G

,jgjgyH i<g jownbpvyhonbU] j U;ngJnbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH ,HoE

i<g m<nhfE xsE h mw bktbvH aUvnhqH nmpnb> ,j fc<;pvH] o<s tgp

to;wE x; jgwpnmnbH b<xU hj jwbvH , ownbpvyvHN bnb Ynm #b_]

j bf b;phonbU , ocmGN o<s yh .o<gy<hiMnbH hohoMvH .jynbH -

.jyhU c>r;%] .jyhU xH a% ,; yh .jyhU nbU b$ - ,; yh bwV okpi>

;# moonbH j uvbhonbnpH fc<;olnmoH ,nm ownbpvtvH ,jocmn,vH

,j mgjtvH] ,nho yh h mgQnbf;vH h yynm fc<;olov] n,t<f;wnbH



46

x; .g , bxvH] okpuqC to;wE x; ,jgwpnmvH , ownbpvyvHN okpi>

yh .; moonbH (;#) jv b;ovH xoE jv oxvH ,; yh .; o<s jv

.jyhpH o<s xAU jv jnc.vHN ,; yh , hpnbcvhdH gi<xv tFG moonbH

hj tnqhohfvH ywlnmoH] ep nbv akH n,t<f;w> .v fc<;phonbU ,

ocbvH bxg> h mgjJvH moonbH ,; yh ;# .o<gy<hiMnb ywlnmoonbN

rhdnm;pL j yMpbyn,;cU jv rhdnm;pLnb , boeyG h yynm fc<;olov

,h nhk<H ,sgjH fc<;olnmoH] |.g h bxnb;ci yynm fc<;olnmoH tMn,

aUvnhQnb;cU p<xV hj yFpyvH moonb i<g ,h , .v tnuoyvH bxg>

h mgjJov moonb i<g .o<gy<hiMnb] p<xV hj yFpyvH i<g yDjyvH

.gg<hiMnmoo>N|

81 . rnhV hj av uvgkU jn, pgn, j<logenmU fc<;olnmoH] ,;go ynbvo<gT

h agycU 1907 oQ jv moonbH h mgjJnb;ci hog yslnb;ci (rfMU

rU) KUf ImH .o<gy<hiMnbH (ihnmKhmhoH) jn,fuH phabusH .Ud#.

mdl] , uvgnb;ci moonm mwvlnmp sgenmoH ,h yh n,<hV , .v

j<logjH .; hifkU bn,ohpH lnhonbooH h uvgov] j yv mwvlnbH x; j

mwphgnyHN DH ,; yh S?C CxGY% j ownbpvyhonbnpH ,j ocbvH m<nlnb]

,j mghonmvH] ,j uvbvH yhox; , xv<h;ov yvyosnb bowpa nmpnb>

h mwphgjH |n,Uf;| i<g yvyos l av g;ggG yvlnhp i<g poKiUg;Mnmp

.fgnmonbHN boj yh h j<dog;Mnb;ci moonbH h oguvbnb;ci

bn,ohp , x<v<h;ov yv lnho>] j hnlvt;nb;cU .ojmnh bnb m<nl> jv

n,xvnqbtov lnho> h xv<h;ov .goMnbnb] tMn, yh bg j uJibnyH

lsgnhcU .y ,sgjH] ,wpnhooj moonm mwvlnmoHN j av y;o;nbH yh

jn,fuH phabusH .jncbn,Mnb h awnhJov .cpvMnbnb] j oc,nbH yh .;

m<nlnb j mgogynbhonbpH ,; yh j aQnbhonbnpH .d np%n, nb<hmhoH

yosc] h mw mg;co bGKU Ua hTco jv fc<;oGN ,; yh] ,nlpH .; CcY

.s<dMynbH] ,h hpl , .v n,t<f;wevH] j phgnyH .fgnmonb> ,h yh j

aQnbhonbnpH n,t<f;wnbH h mw uvgvH fc<;olnmpN akH yhbnb .<dMy>]

DH CxGY%] j ocmfJ> ncyw bf fc<;oGN S?C CxGY%] ,nho nmp hfw

fc<;oG ,h hpl , j<logH gisvhdoH .pQn,nmoH mw] ep i<g .vgonb

l bkt<gy;GN j ;vm;> yh h fc<;olov] hoho<ge;ci .jncbn,MnmU

bs<lnmp jn,fuH phabusH .jncbn,MnbH] ,nhnb hj bwvpnm;ci ppgn,

j<logenmoH] ,; yh h bkt<gylG j bcvbhonbU h ownbpvtn,G h

bkt<gylG jv mgxG] j U;ngMnbH yh .g panbH h bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH

np%n, nb<hmhoH , .vvHN S?C CxGY% j bjgynbhonbH j oc,> .. m<nlnb

,j mfG ,; yh ,nho x; lfw ocmG] q;V j bf bSnbjvhdo> .ro> jv

x<jgMpmhU o<s



47

jnc.G ,o;H l xyfMGN ,j bf jWbknmG i<g ,j bf b;MG] S?C CxY j

bf pyd> pl x; rnhV ,jnc.GN

82 . hj av fcvevH jv n,EhV] hj av hpnbcgjH hj av m<cooH .ro>

fc<;olnmoo> .; oQ h og yslvH moonbH , boetvH] ,nho yh ,j

j<lunbvvhlvH ;gjk moonbH jv j<logtov .; |nmf;>| pcmn,nmp ep

.v tu .fohdnb i<g .y mwvlnmU h fc<;ohd> .y ,svhdHN q;V]

.ysvhdl .y moonm mwvlnmU gwi x; h ytsiogtm;nbH .o<gy<hiMnbH]

fc<;olnmoH ,j cjfohdH .y mwvlnmU p<xV ,j yDjgjH .ro>] boj

ynbV ohnmKhmhoH h .vvH moonbH i<g ,nho yh ,h n,v jwqn,ogjH jv

bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoHN

83 . , hpnbcvhdH h mw nmv bcfMtsvH hifkU .pQn,nmU fc<;olnmoH

,wpnhH i<g hpg<jH .o<gy<hiMnbH ep p<xV tuco> .d mdlN akH

j<junbvvhoH gUd n,vcoH .y ,h hj nmv bcfMtsvH j nmvhd;ci .g

fcvenm yMpmhoH h mw poetG pgn, j<logenmoH fc<;olnmoH bnb

g$%G yQ_ fc<;olnmUN bnb g$%G yQ_] j nbosgnbhonbU fc<;olnmoH

j oc,> bn,ohpH hj mfG ,; yh oQqC xAp j jncbhonbU] ep

.v cjfphonbU jv fc<;o;H yynm fc<;olMnb] jv nbosgnyH yh .y

hjsgnbvH] .jncbn,MnbH yh .ro> .sgenmonb>] h pgn, j<logjH lnhp h

m<cooj bn,ohpH] h bkt<gylvH] jv fc<;olnmjy> ,; yh ,;go hj mw

j<lovhdH ,h nhk<H ,.v uvgvH fc<;olnmoH mgQn,nmp] tMn,<ht;H yh

jj<lovhdo> hjsgjHN jv pgn, j<lovlnmU yynbxnmU j bf oMgnmpnyH

i<g j t<hnyH gUd h mw x;ohdoH .pQn,nmp hj ownbpvt;G bnb g$%G

yQ_] .o<gy<hiM> bnb pa> tHyH .g<hiM>N ,; yh ,j agyU nbowvlnmp

rnhV h av uvgkU jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU UgcfMnmoH] ,nho yh h mdogyU

,j y;Ehdogtm;kU lnhp hj mw t<hyU hj m<com;vH moonbH , tFfvH

.y hjsgvH moonbH fc<;olnmoH nhg> x; hj mgjgyvH cx;olnmoH mw]

j<jMfnlpH yh m<x , bktgvH bnb g$%G yQ_ .fcvt;Mnmoo> hj av

nhgjm;G fc<;olnmoo>N

84 . hj av j<jJtgnhH hj m<com;vH .; bn,ohpH gx<;V #b_] CxY%

h.<dMysvH moonbH] ,;yh y%Q_ moo> ,;go n,v j<junbvgyhH ,h nhk<H

, uJimhdH .pQn,nmU fc<;olnmoH buV yh i<g h jwhH jkxV ewgnbH

moonbH hj av mw nhgjmvH , nbosgvH fc<;olnmoH mwN



48

2. bxwE , boevhdH hkE hj av mjH fc<;olnmoH h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmU i<g hjsgjH , nbn,pcyvH

l bwgxov .g yynm fc<;olnmoH .Ud#.

85 . h yynm fc<;olvH jbcfMnbH rnhV , fc<;oG bn,p hj jv cx;olG

.d .Ud#. b<xU 1763] , bwgxvH rnhV , uvmtv , fc<;otv bn,ohp]

xoE 1792 xAU] , UsgnbvH Us;up h pphgn,UgH tknb] gi h mjooj

1763 .v .y ,j .v sgjHN ncyw yh 1763] buV hpg<jk h mwohdH h

gwlsgyH b<jk] ,; yh hmw hpnbcgjH n,t<f;wnbH .g hj av gnhwvH

hj av gwlsgjH hpg<jo>] j yEhnb<donb h uvgvH lnhp ,; i<g

.x<fnlknbH .sconmonbnb j aQn,nbH , uJibjH jv .x<fnlk<jH h

xeggvH .pQn,nmp h mg<dojN boy yh rnhV] h yynm fc<;olvH ep

.v pmp;MnbH , bwgxvH h mw fc<;ohonbH pph> .pQn,nmp hmw

bktgonbjN ,; yh hEnh c<jpvH , ywlvH .; .x<fnlknbH .. jv .jy<nl>

.g<jH h.vov UsconmoonbH hj ywm;vH onK< xAU ywlnmU j mwohvhd>]

jv .x<fnlknbH i<g A@GfE j yMp.fJnbH p<;enmoH jv .x<fnlk<jH

1763] tso j faoyhonbnpH .; A#fE ywlnmoonbH tMn, lnhp hj

faogjH ,j .fpyJvH .ro> b<jo> hpg<jk ,h nmp hpl jv faogjH

.; A#fEN boy yh aknhU xAU] jv .jy> nDV o<s h mgMpJG jv .jy<nl>

.g<jH h gwl;ci] j yMp.fJ> jv mndnmoH jv .jyH jv mndnmU 1763 h

mgMpdHN .y jv mndnmU j cjfpT .pQn,nmp tMn, bn,ohpH jv uJibjH

hpg<jH .pQn,nmU - .y .pQn,nmU tMn, h mwpnhj .pQn,nmoH h .v

nbnmvngonbj lnhp h m<coj gx<;V ak;dnmMnmU .pQn,nmU] fxpn,Mnmp

bn,p ,oxG h nbpQnbvhdj i<g bn,p l fxpn,MG i<g ;gjk lnhp

- .x<fnlkH .pQn,nmoH j xvconb] q;V A#fE .spQn,nmonb> j bf

.fohdonb , j<junbcvhdoj l mg<gonbH .pQn,nmU fc<;olnmoHN ,;

yh .y ,jsgjH] h yynm fc<;olvH i<g .ngxMtH bnb Us;uU h pphgn,ogH

tknb j bf cjfohd> , bwvcongonbH .g hifkU cx;olnmU .pQn,nmoHN

86 . 1791 xAU] A#fE j faogenb;cU n,EhV bA% hpg ,j mwohgjH (buV

.Ud#.) h mwohdH i<g h bkxgnmpysnb;cU .ro> b<jo> .x<fnlknb

(nlaH) yh nmp j mwphgnyH b<jo> .; .x<fnlknbH hj bf yMpdH

.g jv .pQn,nmoH ynhMpmhoH 1791] boy yh ,xAH] .Ud#. hj bf

mwohdH b<jk j bf bknbH , fxpn,MvH .pQn,nmpN hj mw bvp;gvH yh

.pQn,nmp yynm fc<;olnmoH j bf cLdg;gnbH tMn, x; h mw uvgonbH

fc<;olnmp .Ud#. b<jH} h yynm fc<;olvH h UsgjH rnhV , fc<;olnmG

tMn, h mwpnhooj sgenmp j mw yynmcongnbH ,; yh j bfbwfpnyH .g

x<jgMpmhU o<s



49

jv .pQn,nmoH 1792 ynhMpmhoH fc<;olnmU yynm fc<;olnmoHN mwjnWnmU

yh .g ynhMpmhoH j nbcfpylyhU p<xV h m<cH .pQn,nmU ,j mwp;gvH

h yynm fc<;olvH h mw bxvH , UsgjH rnhV , fc<;ohonbH i<g

fc<;olnmht;H h mw svhdoH}

boy hj mg<gonbH yynm fc<;olnmU n,EhV hj .v nbn,p<gonbH

i<g p<;esvhdH .g hpg<jH ,; yh i<g akH p<xV hj<dognhH

hj .v .fohdH eW .pQn,nmoH ,; yh i<g hj mw cjfpH

jv .jy> h j<fMG jv .jy> ,; yh bwV hl<jtn,nmp

i<g p<;enmp .pQn,nmoH .jynmU ,; yh yy.msnmoH

hpg<jH (.Ud#.) tMn, , bwfohdj lnhp hj av bcgj

fc<;olnmoH] l bwvcongonbj .pQn,nmoH h mg<;ohonbH]

h mw fcveponbH i<g lnhp h agonbj jv fc<;ohdj .g

jv.jy> .fc<;olnmht;H .pQn,nmp h mw hpnbcvhdj hj

mwjv mngonbH] jv tsoMnm uvgonbj i<g mg<;olnmp h

yynmfc<;olvH bxnmoH , oQqxvH] , jv mndvH tMn, lnhp

h boegjH mg<;olnmoH jv mw hpnbcvhdH jv nhk<;coj i<g

jv fx uJimhdj h mg<dj .pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH i<g hj

mg<gonbj .d mHPU b<jH|

87 . hj mw av j<lovhdj m<coj mg<;olnmp fc<;olnmoH] m<xtH hpg<jk

hj mwphgjH mHPU (.Ud#. yh .y) jv .pQn,nmht;H hj .wgonbuci

nbn,onmU jv .jy> .fc<;olnmht;H buV (jv fc<;olnmhtH h mwohvhdH)

jv avhdj cx;olnmp i<g ;gjk fc<;olnmp ,; yh i<g ;gjkH

fc<;olnmht;H h Usvhdj cx;olnmp hjf m<;ohdj jv fc<;olnmoHN

hyynm fc<;olvH tMn, .g j bxnbH , fc<;ohonbH ,j bcvmvHN ,;

yh j bf Aocoo> .y hsgenb;ci .y .v yynm fc<;olnmU .d h

mw ca<jv b<jH hpg<jH] ynbV h JhfMvH h bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH j

bfbcvbhonbnpH tMn, lnhp jv phgn,ogjH h m<coH fc<;olnmoH i<g

jvynbsMpbjH tMn, lnhp h mw t<hjH h mjooH ,;go yh n,v t<hjH

gnah cx;onlnl bnb h fc<;oG ,;go yh l .v nbo fc<;oGN

88 . h pphgn,ogH tknb Us;uU .ngxMtH j agonbu;cU .y bs<lnmU .d

hpg<jH , bwfohdH mHPU h mg<doj .spQn,nmonbnbN ,nho yh

n,vjsgjH ,j bcvmG bnb snm Us;uU h pphgn,ogH tknb] jv nbnmvbG

hyynm fc<;olov] ,; yh bwV] ,nho x; ,sgenb;ci m<x lnhU , jv

m<coH .d mHPU , bwfp;nb;cu .. Us;up pgn, j<lovlnmoHN .EhV



50

hf cjfpjH .pQn,nmp , j<junbcgjH lfwpnhppH , nbn,p<gvH .. snb

nbxK bs<lnmhtnh .d m<xtH hpg (.Ud#.) boy xAU 1850 hj cjfohdH

mgQn,nm ynhMpmhU h .v ytucongonbH .pQn,nmU , hpnbcvhdH bnb

Us;uU h pphgn,ogH tknb .vN .y 1850 mgQn,nmU ynhMpmhU j cjfo;>

bnb UsluU h pphgn,ogH tknb jv UsyG yynm fc<;olMnb jv Usgtov gUd

nev hj mw m<com;G bnb hj oxG bn,p lnho> hj ocm;G i<g x; ,h

, .v cxM<loynbd .vg> .pQn,nmoH .v] ,;go yh h mw Ugn,og;MvH

.; h yynm fc<;olvH jv mw pgn, j<logjH i<g x; h oxvH rnhV jnc.

snmht;H , hpn,otvH (,nho aknhU mwpnhH pgn,j<lovlnmU .y .v buV)

N .pQn,nmoH .v j<doyhonbU bnb Us;uU h ppgn,ogH tknb .pgn,

j<lovlnmoH b<xU hj .v bcvgonbH .y snm pgn, j<lovlnmU fc<;olnmoH

.pQn,nmoH .ngxMtH Us;uU pgn,j<lovlnmoH] bvlU x; bf m<xcjdo>

lnhp h bcfMhgH bnb Us;uU tFngkH mdl] q;V] h mg<doH .gcfMnmonb>

yynm fc<;olnmoH] (buV okponbH .g h bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH) ,nho

aknhU ,<xv j<dognhooH .gcfMnmonbnb gng h UsgjH lnhp h m<com;ov

h fc<;otv fc<;olnmoH pgn, j<logenmoHN

89 . hsvhdH , nbn,pctvH .g h bxvH yynm fc<;olvH] fc<;olnmoH

p<xV borUgnhU .g bktmsnmoH , jsfponbU ,nm hnl gncvhdH h mg<;oG

bn,p] hj sgenb;ci hkE hjsgenb;ci m<x , av yy.pjH mgnmp hpg<jH]

,nho yh i<g hsgjH fc<;olnmp mgQn,nmoH tMn, yh x; j avbcvgnbH

.g yynm fc<;olnmoH] q;V] hj av mg<gvH yynm fc<lolvH ep Jj

.v bf bcgoo>N ynhMpmhU hj nbn,p<gonbjcU fc<;olnmp h mw bxvH

h yynm fc<;olvH j mndyjgonbU .g |h yynm fc<;olvH Ustn,nmU h

mw Ugn,otvH nmcV jv bf uvgvH .pQn,nmoH i<g mHPU hj mg<g;co

fc<c;olnmp jv uJimhdj| q;V] nbn,pcvlnmU .g fc<;olnmoH h

yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoH] h m<xv tFfnb;ci nmp bn,ohpH .g mHPU

b<jH j tucom;nbH nmp m<x , Ugn,oyvH nbn,pcgylnmoH .g nmpq;V

hpg<jH yhnmp , DhnbwwvH i<g , ppnbcsyhj mgnmp ep Jj.vtuco>

hj mg<gonbH nbn,pcvlnmU] 1800 xAp] mHPU b<jH] .jncbn,MnbH

mdog;Mnb;cU nmpnb> jv nmgjH bn,pnb h dclog;Mov .g jv bxov

yynm fc<;olnmoHN .jncbn,MnbH yh Ugn,og;Mnb;cU jv b;gvH h mw

oxdMpJov hj nbn,pctvH m<nhdtH bkt,nmht;H o<s gnb<d> mo;H] jv

.v j<lgjH ;gjkH bn,ohpH jq<xU hj nbosgtnl i<g x; .pQn,nmoH h

xvconl .; hj nbn,pctvH ,; yh x; jv nbpnmvH bUg .v gnayhool

h mf;vH bn,ohpN ,; yh j bf uvgonbnp x; .. nbn,pcvhp i<g

x<jgMpmhU o<s



51

j ynhMpmhdnb jv mndnmoH fc<;olnmht;H i<g .. mwohJnmp j bf

yMpmhdnb h yynm fc<;olvH .yMpmhonbH] ,;go yh h .vxvhdj

mwohJnmp bn,ohpH l bxvH bxnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoHN ep .v tuco>

.y sgenmU ,<xtH hpg<jH (.Ud#.) ,; yh j cjfpenb;cU mgQn,nmp

ynhMpmhU l mw pmcom;vH h yynm fc<;olvH yynbxnmU 1794] gs xAU

yh h pphgn,ogH .jywE pgn, j<logT h mw oxdMpdj mwohJnmp l

bwvpnmnb<cU fc<;onmoH h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoH] (tMn, yh q;V

hpanmov nbn,pcrnb;cU) ,; yh .jywE bf ti> .sjyyN .g yh .v

mwohJnmp ynbsMpmhoH] bp .jy> nbn,pcgT , .fpG o<stgp U;ng<

,;yh itgp okpi> mwohJnmp , .vxgH ncyw bf yvcoH fc<;olnmU]

,; yh oQqC mwohJnmp x; .vxgT l bwvpnmvH l bcvmvH yynm

fc<;olnmoHN b<h> j m<co>]hnm bf boegyU .g jn, pgn, j<logenmoH]

bp h nbn,pcgH .jy> mwohJnmp l bxvH .g yynm fc<;onmoH] jsge;cU

bnb , .fpG bn,onb h aQV h gwlov ,h t<gm jv m<coG , avsdvH

, Ugn,otvH fc<;olnm Ustn,nmoHN

90 . .y h mg<dH fc<;olnmU p<xV j bktgJyhU ,h .f x; , nhk<;vhdH

hj mg<gonbH] boj yh hj boegjH j mndnbH , bktbvH h .jyhgtov ,h

, .v tnuoyvH hsgtov n,K ,h nhk<H , uvgG .gcfMnmU] ,nm hnl ak;

uvgG lnhp h mdogH x;] nhg> x; i<g , mw .fpG l bwgxo<cU yynm

fc<;olnmoH] i<g hjf m<coj hj uvgvH hj av mg<;olvHN nbLE 1800

i<g 1850 xAp] j av mndnb;cU bn,ohpH , boeyvH bnb h uvgG h

ynbsMpbH mwphJnmp UgnbV jv .fohdoH .sjynmU .hEj.nmU , nbn,pcyG

bn,ohp l av bwvpnmov yynbxnmoH h yynm fc<;olvH h mw bcfMvHN

jEnh yh yw;nb;ci jv n,EhV 1837] j<junbvvlnmoH mw] ,nho h mw

tMdco;ci nhg> bktnmU boy ,j mdovhdH jv .jy> bs<lphpH UgnbV ,j

jn,vqnbvH h yynm fc<;olov jv .v gnayhj h mgjgyG h fc<;ovH boj

h og bnugjH i<g x; .vg> h cx;pjH .pQn,nmpN ,; yh .y ,jsgjH]

ynbV h m<cjdoH mgQn,nmp j nbn,p<gnbH , hpnbcvhdH .g ,<xtH

hpg (.Ud#.) yynm fc<;olvH bxnmU ynhMpmhU bs<lnmoH 1850N .y 1850

ynhMpmlnmU fc<;olnmoH] j .vconb lnhp hj mw bcvoj h mwpnhH yynm

fc<;olnmU] boy p<xV h m<xv botpnhH m<x , nbn,pctvH .g l av

bwgxvH] mgnbH .fgnmonbH .y h mpcfMvH (h nbn,pcvlvH) gs mgnmoH]

ynbsMpmlnbH yh , .fpjH mwohJnmp boj hj dclog;MvH h mdoyvH

,; yh bf mwvqbyn,nbH .jywq h pphgn,ogH ..] ,; yh bf ti>

.sjyy jv nbn,pctvH .g l av bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN boy yh



52

hj nbn,p<gonbjcU ynhMpmhU 1850 j bf bcgU ,j bf AocoH p<xV yp

h tFfmngcU .g h bxvH yynm fc<lolnmoH] i<g p<xV t<gm j m<co>

QokU hj bcfMG] ,; yh i<g - lf boevhdH .d bo<lnbMpmhoH - lnhU

n,vj bf yocom;vH h yynm fc<;olvH .gcfMnmonbH bom xAp 1900

i<g 2000 l bf boevhdj xFpHN

91 . hfw pj bjdH h yynm fc<;olvH fcmlnmoH .v ,nho n,vj

nbn,p<gonbo;ci .y 1850 ynhMpmhU jv mndnmU] ,; yh i<g ,h , .v

tnuogjH bn,ohpH , bwvpnmvH .g fc<;olnmoH ,; yh i<g p<xV j

UsgnyH h mndov bn,ohpH ,nm bvxgtov lnhp h mw yyosvhdH sgenmoHN

j tFfunb;cU yh hj av cjfohdj bvxvhp .g hj mw yocom;vH h

yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoH , j<junbcgjH hj mg<d;ci .y mgQn,nmU

ynhMpmhU 1850] j bf bwvcongonbU yh h mw yynb<dj ynbsMpmhp boy

rnhV 1879 hj nbn,ocjfohd;ci tqmlnmU h yynm fc<;olvH .gcfMnmonbH

ynhMpmhUN .y jv mndnmU mgjvlnmU hj mw uvgonbH] j bf n,vm;nbH ,

uvgvH .gcfMnmonbnb .; h yynm fc<;olvH] fcmlnmp , uvgvH U;ngnK

tgstgp ,o;H , fcm;mG mgnmoH h gwlG i<g x; bnbMd ,fcmlvH h

tFfvH bn,ohpH mgnmoH ,; yh inb tgstgp i<g x; , tFfvH bn,ohpH

, gwlvH csd mgnmoHN .. hj mg<gvH fcmlnmp ,nhom hj uJimhdj

b<xU 1972N boj bn,ohpH .y hj mgQn,vH .g bs<lnmoH ynhMpmhoH jv

mndnmoH] h mw ynbsMpdj mwohJnmp j .fpnyH gUd n,v j<logjH mw

gwlov bn,ohp] , nbn,pcyvH l av bwvpnmov fc<;olnmoH h yynm

fc<;olvH h mw bxvH ,nho l .v n,vm;kH j mdognyH] |jv tFfnbH

, yMpJvH .g bn,ohpH h aynbMpmlvH] h pmgnyH m<x Ugn,otngn,

j mdognyH] h hEj.nbH .g jv bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN| 1879 .y jv

mndnmU ynhMpmhU j n,vp;gnbH jEApMpmhp .; hjnbn,pctvH jv n,vm;vH

i<g ,h Jj t<gm jv m<coH fcmlnmpN

3. hj bf Aogonbo;ci , bcvmvH h yynm fc<;olvH 1990 i<g 2000 xAp

92 . hf mEnhcoH 1900 xAp ,nho hf AogonbH , bcvmvH h yynm

fc<;olvH .d .Ud#.N boy yh n,vjsvhdH hj mw bktmsponbH n,vjsgjH

- n,K t<gm m<co> QokoH mdl i<g yocom;ponbU - akH .yMpml>

hj boege;ci lnhU n,v bf AocoH hsvhd;ci fc<;olnmoH h yynm

fc<;olvH h m<com;vH jv .jynb yh j bgror>N h yynm fc<;olvH

,nho ,wpnhooH .gcfMnmonb> jv bktgvH h mw b; hpn,ovhdj

.pQn,nmp i<g jv .jyH h .v yv;ohdj fc<;olnmpN q;V] h mwpnhH

x<jgMpmhU o<s



53

fc<;olnmp hf .fohdj .d hpg<jH ax<jg<jH nmvgnbH ,h jv ;<gjH h

mw av ;<gvg;gH lnhp h av cjfohdj i<g ,h jv qnloevH jv bcvbvH

hyynm fc<;olovN

93 . hj av m<coH hkE hf Ao bcvbnmdpH h yynm fc<;olvH j bf

cLdpnhU , fc<;ovH boj bn,ohpH ,h Jj h x;pjH .pQn,nmpN ncyw

1860 xAp] , fc<;ovH ;gjkH bn,ohpH boj ,h Jj h cx;olvH ,ht<gm

h mgjgyvH snbH] h mw bwvpnmnb;ci h yynm fc<;olvH cfy x;

bcvbhpnb;cU cfy jv fc<;olnmoH mgQn,nmoH , av mw Ugn,ogjH jv

bcvmtvHN 1868] h svhd;ci hkE hfw fc<;ofci bn,p nhg> x; cnhp>

hsgnbfci ,h gnanmU , bcgG h yynm fc<;olvH , bcvmvH] ,nho yh

hf bvgu;ci .y ,svhdH fc<;olnmoH .d .Ud#. jv .pQn,nmoH hj

cjfpjH jv mndnmp .pQn,nmU bvcovlnmU ynhMpmhU 1868N , hpnbcvhdH

yh hj mndyjgonbH .y jv .pQn,nmU ynhMpmhokH] , fc<;oG bn,p ,h

Jj hj cx;olG ,nho cfy x; l bwgxnb<cU .; h yynm fc<;olvH cfy

x; , Ugn,oyg bnb h fc<;oG hj mjucUN okpU xAU jEnh boy] .Ud#.

jv .pQn,nmU j cjfpnyH jv mgQn,nmp hj .fohdH 1873 jv .pQn,nmU

ynhMpmhU jv nbn,wgonbH v tucongonbH h.v cjfohdj .pQn,nmp

fc<;olnmht;H .Ud#.N .y ynhMpmhU Ugn,ognhU jv tovH cjgQn,nmoo>

.fc<;olMnb .v .; h yynm fc<;olvH jv UstvH jvbwvpnmvH ,

fc<;ohonbH] tMn, i<g x; bfG h mg<dj fc<;olnmp ,h Jj h

cx;olvH snbH bn,ohpH i<g , fc<;oG bn,p h yiUvlG , yocobG

bn,ohp snb fc<;olnmpN q;V] .g h fc<;ovH bn,ohpH hj mndnbH ,h

,nm bcvbvH h yynm fc<;olov .cx;olnbnb , fc<;ohdojN ,; yh

b<xU boy] tso j bf AococU , bf bcvmvH .; h yynm fc<;olvH]

,; yh i<g j bf mngonbucU UsnbV jv AogonbU , fc<;ohdj ,h

h bjvhdj cx;olnmpN j<junbvvhU .y] 1968] .Ud#. jv .pQn,nmU

yynbxnmU pgn, j<lovlnmU , bcvMhgjH dclog;Mnmp fc<;olnmoH

,nho h mgQn,vH UgnbV jv AobcvmvH .; h yynm fc<;olvH i<g j

av Ugn,ognyH bn,ohpH jv Aogonbj bom fc<;ohdj cx;olwnmp] ,h

UgnbV jv fc<;olnmoH jv uvgonbjN j<junbvvlnmU .y] 1968] .Ud#.

jv .pQn,nmU pgn, j<logenmU dclog;Mnmp mgQn,nmoH hj mg<gvH] jv

n,aovhdj jp<jnm mwvlnmp+ |hfw jwgonbuc;i , boevhdj cx;olnmp

,h jv cjfohdj jv fc<;olnmoH ,; yh , bwfovH h yynm fc<;olvH

,nho ep .y buV svhd> ep nbLE , pcfMnbH .p mndnbH .d .Ud#.N|

q;V] m<x .Ud#. jv .pQn,nmU mgQn,nmoH tp j jn, hpnbcgnyH .ro>



54

hj Ao bcvmvH h yynm fc<;olvH 1994] ,nho yh h mndvH .; h yynm

fc<;olvH bgnmp hj bcvbhonbnpH p<xV h mw Ugn,og;MvH jv bwvpnmvH

fc<;olnmoH ,nho yh h mndvH jv a.vH x; i<g jv mgvH l .vco.vh

m<x av Ugn,otngn,N

94 . buV h mwpnhj h mw bxvH h yynm fc<;olvH i<g h mw a.vH

tMn, x; , uvgvH h bmwpnhooj fc<;olnmp i<g tMn, jxvmn,nmoH

hmw yyoG i<g nbosgnbH ;gjk bn,ohp] ytuxvhp faovlnmoH mw

i<g nmvmn,nmp mgnmoH hj .v nbosg;kHN ncyw yh bf uvgonbj

.. fc<;olnmoH] .; hnm cjfpjH fc<;olnmp h mw nbosgvH hj

mndnbH ,nm bcvbvH h yynm fc<;olov h mg<dH mgQn,nmU .Ud#.

fc<;olnmU mg<gJnmoHN .y yh ,svhdH fc<;olnmoH] q;V] , bcvmvH

h yynm fc<;olvH fc<;olnmoH bom snb ,h jv xvconhcU jv t<h> x;

bcvbhonbnpH h yynm fc<;olvH .. snb cx;olnmoH boy bwV nbo

mwvlnmU .pQn,nmoH mwN

95 . hj av bcvbngcU h yynm fc<;olvH j bf Aoco> , uvgonbnhcU ,h

Jj h bjdj cx;olnmp fc<;olnmoH] q;V] tqnb cx;olnmp .d nmp

h uvgonbj .. snb fc<;olnmoHN ,j bf AocogonbH , bcvmvH h

yynm fc<;olvH] n,K yh ,j bf tFfj .pQn,nmp hj bf .fohdj jv

.pQn,nmoH .d ,<xtH hpg (.Ud#.) jv .pQn,nmht;H ,; yh hj bf

bo<;congonbj , ynbsohdj mgnmp i<g mgQn,nmp hpg jv .jy> hjsgH

jv .pQn,nmht;HN m<xtH hpg (.Ud#.) jv .pQn,nmhtH j cjfpecpH jv

.pQn,nmp 1834] h mw uvmvH bn,ohpH h cx;pjH .pQn,nmp] mg;cU

yh x; .. snb h uvg;ci h fc<;olG] ,h Jj h bjdj cx;olnmp]

yiUvlnmp i<g x; ;gjk lnhp gx<;V xnhgmlnmp fxpn,MnmoH ,;. l

uvg<cU fc<;olM> h mgjJG bcvbhU ep nmp xvconb .. x;olnmp yynm

fc<;olnmoHN 1869] .Ej .pQn,nmp j cjfohdnb jv .jyH .pQn,nmht;H

hpg ,j qAcongonbj h jwnmgonbH fc<;olnmU ynhMpmhU] ,;go yh l

mw uvgonbj fc<;olnmp i<g h tucom;nbH bn,ohpH hj cx;olvH ,h

jv fc<;olnmht;H h uvmvH snbH] hj ak; uvg> .. .fc<;olM> jq<xU

bnb h cx;olG p<;esglN jv .pQn,nmhtH jv .jyH hpg] j qAgn,congnbH

.EhV fc<;olnmU h mw oxdMpdj pph> ,wpnhj fc<;olnmp 1892]

tMn,<htH hpg<jHN .y yh fc<;nmU h mw yynbMpdj pph> fc<;olnmp]

h fc<;olH ,; yh , bwvpnmvH h yynm fc<;olvH mdognhU jv bcvmvH

fc<;olnmoH gx<;V bom bn,ohU h ocmn,G i<g x; ,j jv cx;olG

x<jgMpmhU o<s



55

bn,p ,j bn,wyG jv bn,ohpN q;V] ;gjk h xswpnhj cx;olnmp

gx<;V yiotsnmU b;mfnmU i<g x; jefnmU t<gm h mgjdoj lnhp]

yynm fc<;olnmoH hj uvgonbnp .. q;V bnb h bgrUg;MG cx;olnmoH

hj uvbhonbU fc<;olnmoH jq<xU .y mw Ugn,ogl h fc<;oGN ,nho

yh i<g mwpnhH .EhfKH fc<;olnmU hj fc<;o;nbH h yynm fc<;olov

i<g x; h fc<;olov x; jv uvm;vHN 1892] fc<;olnmUh mw yynb<dj

.pQn,nmp ,;. j<junbcvhdj , uvgonbH .pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH

buV] ,; yh i<g] .g hj mg<gonbj lnhp mgQn,nmoH fc<;olnmoH

hnmw bcfMvH h yynm fc<;olvH (bfG j bfohdnb .g lnhp) h mw

bxvH h yynm fc<;olvH buV hjfwp;gonbHN 1980] jv .pQn,nmht;H

pph> h mw uvgonbj .pQn,nmp yynbx<genmoH hpg j cjfpnyH

lnhp l bcfMhvhdnhcU jv yv;ongcU yynm fc<;olvH jv uvgvH h mw

fc<;ohdj jv sgenmp cx;olnmoH] b<xU yh boy] |tFngkH mwpnhoonb

.gcfMnmonbnb .; h yynm fc<;olvH fc<;olnmoH| hj av m gsgyU ,

bktgkU m<xtH UfcvenmoHN

96 . buV nmp h m<coH yynm fc<;olnmoH] .dclog;Mnmp , hpnbcvhdoj

bnb h fc<;oG hnm ;vmH yynm fc<;olnmoH hj mw faognhj hifkU

dclog;Mnmp i<g pmogefolnmp xyfMnmoH ,; yh pph> h mg<dj

.pQn,nmpN .g hifkU dclog;MnmoH x<jgMpmhoH 11 (f) x; bn,ohU h

bjgyG hj mw yyoG] |Uscoonm fc<;olnmU x; xswsvhd>] nmpnb> fxpn,

uvgnbH fc<;olnmp] h yynm fc<;o;vH yh nmp , bcvmvH fc<;olnmoH

hj mw yyokU , x;pyU .pQn,nmU okpU xAU h jc.;nmU h boyG yh

nmp mg<;olnmU bnbMd h mgjgy;nmU| boy yh ,m<coH fc<;olnmoH]

okpU xAU h mgjgyG bn,p i<g x; bnbMd] dc;og;MnbH tp jv jn,

uvgonbooH .fc<;o;Mnmonb>] h yynm fc<;olvH jv UsgjH rnhV ,

fc<;oG bnb hj yyoGN jv fc<;olnmoH mgQn,nmoH o<ngkH mgjgnyH h

mwpnhj cx;olnmp , x;ohdH .pQn,nmUN aknhkH h mwpnhH fc<;olnmU

,nm .foG bn,p] ep Ugn,og;MnbH .jncbn,MnbH jv g;pjH yMpmhoo>

,nm y;pvH bn,ohp hj cx;olov] cx;olnmU yynmohp h mwphdj

,; yh jv fc<;olnmoH hf msggonbH fc<;olnmU jv uvgonbHN gx<;V

h ocmn,G .v ,; yh h nbn,osgH gx<;V , jegnbynbG nmv moonb]

bfG .. h twj fc<;olnmoH h cjfohdj , x;ohdH .pQn,nmU |,;y

ynbV h uvgonbH ynbV h ;<gMgnhH ,g<;olnmp| boy yh yp hsvhd;ci]

cx;olnmp h fc<;olG uvgo;cU mg<;olnmp q;V bcvbhonb;cU h yynm

fc<;olov jq<xU bUp h x;pH .pQn,nmp i<g jv .pQn,nmjy> p<;engn,



56

jv bcvbvH .. hj bcv,nbH h yynm fc<;olovN hj yynbohdj pph>

x;olnmp .pQn,nmoH gx<;V , xUcongkU .DcoE ,tonlkU] U;ng< xMT

j ncbhonbU bnb , x;pH] i<g yh fcmlbhonbU $5000 .00 .v<h> yh h

fc<;olG uvg> .ro>N ep Ugn,og;MnbH h yynm fc<;olvH .. cx;olnmp

jv bwgxvHN ,; yh ,f jwgonbH .y h boevhdH] bfG .. cx;olnmp jv

bjvhdnb , x;ohdH .pQn,nmU gx<;V ,j tnqhohgG bn,p] jegylnmU ,;

yh yv Us;up , hvvohnmkU , bcvgkU ,j cx;olkU ,;. tMn, ;vgonbj

fc<;olnmoH i<g yh phgn,ovhdnb gi. l cjfohdj jv fc<;olnmoH jv

fc<;olnmjy> nmp h j<logT lsgHN jq<xU yh jv fc<;olnmjy> h m<cH

fc<;olnmoH jv cjfoG bnbhj cx;olG bnb h fc<;oG nmp hj mnd>

jq<xU Ugn,oyd h yynm fc<;olov jv bwgxov , fc<;oGN

97 . h yynm fc<;o;vH jkxV j<dog;MnbH jv bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoHN

hj mg<gonbjcU 2011 hifkU @f: bs<lnmU fcvenmp h .vcoj] 600]00

hmgfunb;ci cx;olnmp .pQn,nmoH mgjgylnmp .d .Ud#.] o<j xMT

1] 2009 xoE tjJnm xMT 31] 2010] 513 .. cx;olnmp hgfj j bWk<;pT

h fc<;olH , bwgxvH 340 h yynm fc<;olvH lj jjcU nmp ak;he;ci

hfc<;olG , uvgG ..N q;V] tFfnp jkxV lnhp hj ytsiogtm;ponbH

lnhp jh yoxvlyhj fc<;olnmoH h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoH rnhV 1900

xAp] ,nhom yh h boegyU UfcvenmoH jkxV buV] hjwhHN j<junbvvhU

.y] boy h mw y;EhvmvH i<g borogtmvH h yynm fc<;olvH] j

boevhd;cU fCxH MxM fcvenmoHN .d .Ud#.] h yynm fc<;olvH h mw

bxvH] ep fcbynbhonbnpH tggG jwh> h .v yv bcfMvH] itgp nbgk yh

gs jwh> jEnh boy xoE okutgp jwhnb rnhV , fc<;ohonbH jEnh yh

tgstgp ak; jwh>N .y yh p<xV jv bxwE , fcbyvH h yynm fc<;olvH

i<g ;gjk lnhp h botcom;vH .gcfMnmonbH] boy yh akH h yocom;vH

boj l av msdnb<cU , fc<;ov] ,h yh , g;wjH bg ,j UstvH

,nhoro> akH h yocm;vH h yynm fc<;o;vHN

C. , svhdH , nbn,pctvH h yynm fc<;olvH buV hsvhdH .Ud#.

98 . h mg<doH h yynm fc<;olvH .gcfMnmonb> .d .Ud#. buV] mgnhooH

h .v faotvH .g mgQn,nmoH 1990 h yynm fc<;olvH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU

(bwg;l> .g x<jgMpmhoH Ux UfcvenmoH) ,;go ,w boevhdH ,wpnhH ,

nbn,pctvH h yynm fc<;olvHN .g ynhMpmlnmoH hj mg<gonbH] .jywwnm

x<jgMpmhU o<s



57

.jy> gs mwpnhooj mgnmp h mw gwlvH bn,ohpH i<g yh hoho<gH

yynbsMpmhp nmp faog;M> jv ynbs<gG mwohJnmp yynm f<;olvH

.fwohJnmonbnb] ,nho yh ,wpnhU .y sgenmU .jywwnm .jy> .gcfMnmoH

i<g , bf cjfohdj yynm fc<;olvH .gcfMnmht;nbH h .v pphgn,otvH

.d PUgU] .Ud#. ,; yh mgnmoH fc<;olnmht;H bs<lphpHN

99 . gs MnhU gs xAU] ,nho ,w oMsgyH fc<;olnmht;H bs<lnmp

bcvbhpH gs mwpnhj .Ud#. jv fc<;olnmoH] ,nmv bktmsvH h

fc<;olov .fgnmonbH h mgov] ,;go n,v j<lovhdH .g .Ud#.

h yynm fc<;olvH .gcfMnmht;nbH gigwvH h yynm fc<;olvH tMn,

fc<;olnmp , yynmuvgonbj boy l bf xAHN jEnh yh j<lovhdl gi

lgwmvH] .Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmU bcfMnmhtH hg nmgyn,nbH mgnmoH

hmw ynbsMpdoj bn,ohpH .fxpn,Mnmonbnb h .v pphgn,ovhdoj

bs<lnmU] ,;; j<logjgi l mgwovH h yynm fc<;olov m<x Ugn,oynbdpH

fc<;olnmoHN .; yh.v .vxgnyH mwohJnmp aakH .; bn,ohpH mgnmoH

.fwphJnmonbnb hj .fohdoj gs mwpnhj mgnmp h canqcsyhj] ,;

yh ;gH mg> hf toG .. mwohJnmp h pphvgG ,nhp yh h mwvqbynbG

jEApvhp hnlvlenmp h mw yMpdjN ,; yh hj av boevhdj lnhp

x<jgMpmhoH itgp akH h mgMpdH UfcvenmoH] x<jgMpmhU 6(8) h

mw yMpdH h yynm fc<;olvH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU Ugn,ognhnp i<g

.o<gy<hiMnbH .fwohJnmonbnb jv .vxvhdoj .fwohJnmonbnb moonb<jH

h gwlvH ,;go n,v j<lotvH gUd mw gwlvH] ,h nmp , yMpJvH jv

mgnmoH ;gjkH bn,ohpH h mw yynbMpJvH .g mgnmoH fxpn,Mnmp h mw

pphgn,ovhdj ynbsMpmhoH bs<lnmoHN

100 . jEApvhp mwvqbynbhonbpH tMn, hj gnaLog;MvH ynbsMpmhoH

.gmgnmgnmoH faovlnmp phgn,ovlnmp bs<lnmoH] , jEnh .ff;G

bn,p hmwvqbyG jEApvhoo> Ugn,og;M> jv jEApgG ,; yh jv jn,vqbH

okpU jwh> m<x , .ff;GN jv .jy> h pphgn,ogH QokU bs<lnmp]

nmp uvg> .. jEApvhp .jywE , mgxG .g .Ud#. h yynm fc<;olvH

.gcfMnmht;nbH] bf ynbsMp,> yh .; l pmcovH jv av bwvpnmvH

fc<;olnmoH i<g h mndyhooj jEApvhp .v .fi>] bf cjfpT yh

nmgylnmp .d .Ud#. h yynm fc<;olvH .gcfMnmht;nbHN ,; yh bcvgnbH

.. nmgylnmp] ,; yh .Ud#. h yynm fc<;olvH .gcfMnmht;nbH .v

uvgonbnp .. mwohJnmp , h gfj h ppnbcsyhj mgnmoH hj .v

.vxvhdj mwohJnmp .g l bf bwgxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH lf xAU

l bf bcvmvH .Ud#.N



58

101 . h yynm fc<;olvH h mw bxvH , fc<;ohonbH] ep nmp aakH

.vxvhdnb mwohJnmp] cnhp> x;] .Ud#. h yynm fc<;olvH bs<lnmht;H

gx h mwpnhH jv fc<;olnmhtH nmpnb> nmgnyH gi<x .y lsvhdHN

.; .g h pphgn,ogjH x<nhxnbH .g bn,ohpH ,;; yh bxvH rnhV ,

fc<;ohonbH] ,; yh nbn,pcyhonbnpH .; bn,ohpHN .; yh h nbn,pctvH

l bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH tphonbpH fc<;olnm Ustn,nmp , Ugn,otvH

jv av msdvH fc<;olnmht;H l mw uvgonbH fc<;olnmU , nbn,pctvH l

bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN rnhV , uvgonbH fc<;olnmU] gx<;V b<jnm

.pQn,nmp h bkt<gH ,; yh hpgylvH tphonbnpH dclog;Mnmp .g h mw

bktgonbj cx;olnmp jv bktgvH .g nbp<;olnmo] jv nbpEnlbvH h yynm

fc<;olov] boy mndyjgonbU gx<;V .; hj nmgyn,nbH hyynm fc<;olov

jv nbpnmov bUg .vN gx<;V i<g .v hj sgnyH , q;vmgQnbgnyH gi l

mgwov h yynm fc<;olov (,h xsE jv mw hpnbcyG h fc<;otv) ,nho

,ndyhH .y bnb h yynm fc<;olG ,h (xsE jv mw hpnbcyG jv p,oyG

gx<;V h mdoyG jv .jy<nlnb)N q;V yh .y ,w hpnbcyhonbU bnb h

fc<;oG giwpnhooj .cx;olnmp] gx<;V .; h bktgvH fc<;olnmoH]

tphonbnpH i. i<g x; owgp (h cahUdgnhj h borognhj , uvgonbj

fc<;olnmp) , bktmG bnb h yynm fc<;olG hj hnlvyhonbU jv csdhcnmG

ep yh Ugn,og;M> jv hnlvleG lnhU .vN .; h yynm fc<;olvH hj

nbn,pctvH jv bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH hj csdnbH .g .b dxpH ,nmgjH

, b;MvH .v i<g x; h mpcfMvH , nbpm;vH .xyfMnmonbHN m<x yh

, jwgonbH nbn,pcvlnmU] h mw x<nhxvH h oQqxvH yynm fc<;olnbH

nmpnb> gwi .g h mgnbH fc<;olnmoH h mw gwicoH fc<;olnmUN .;

nbn,p<;olnmp h uvgvH fc<;olnmoH , nbn,pctvH h yynm fc<;olvH

,nho aknhU ,svhdH t; ;gH fc<;olnmoH ,hJj h m<cjvhdj cx;olnmp]

akH x; lnhU xsE svhd> U;ngJnbH hyynm fc<;olvH ,nho aknhU ,svhdH

t; ;gH fc<;olnmoH ,hJj h m<cjvhdj cx;olnmp] akH x; lnhU xsE

svhd> U;ngJnbH hyynmfc<;olvH jv UsgjH rnhV , fc<;ohonbH h mw

bxvH .; fc<;olnmoHN

102 . h yynm fc<;olvH Us;up hnmv bcfMhgnbvH pgn, j<lovlnmoH j

mwpnhbhonbnpH , nbn,pctvH hj mwp;gvH .; .Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmp

h pphgn,ogjH bs<lnmht;N m<x bnb Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb ,

bf yvcooH .gcfMnmU] bnb Us;uU cjfpU jv mndnmU yMpmhoo> h

Ugn,og;MvH .; h pphgn,ogjH yynm fc<;olnmp jv tpvH .. h mw

x<jgMpmhU o<s



59

oxdMpdj mwohJnmp h gwlvH

bn,ohpH mgnmoH hj mw pydG bnb

h pgn, j<lotGN Us;uU hnmvm;G

.jncbn,Mnb ,; yh bf nbn,pcgjH

mwohJnmp oxdMpmhoH h mdoyvH

l pmcoov l av bwvpnmovH h

mw yynm fc<;ohonbH (l mw bxvH

, bktgonbH , pgn, j<lovhdH

tk> i<g gi h mfnl bnb hj

oxG) .g yh h mw ynbMpdj

mwohJnmp ,;go n,vyMpbyvH h

Ugn,otvH bn,hpH jv av bwvpnmvH

fc<;olnmoHN .. yh fc<;olnmp h onqLjpnhj jv fc<;olnmU ,; yh

fc<;olnmU h uvgvH pph> fc<;olnmp ,h Jj h jv mdognhj cx;olnmp]

.; yh hj nbn,pctvH l av bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH hj csdphonbpH

jq<xU botcom;ngn, .xyfMnmonbH i<g x; ,h gnaLoynbd jv fxsgH h

mw Ugn,otH] nbooMsgl mg<;olnmoH ,h ljsgnl jv cjfpH .fdogenmUN

.g yh .v h mw bxvH hj nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] okpU yh

.fphonbnpH jv bxvH h mw pgn, j<lovhdH gi h mfnl hj oxG bn,pN

103 . hsvhdH , nbn,pctvH l bwgxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH h mw pgn,

j<lovhdH gi h mfnl hj oxG bn,p] ep nmp aakH .fohdnb h

.v .vxvhdj mwohJnmp] cnhp> x; svhd>] nbn,pcvlnmoH .g pph>

fc<;olnmoH ,; yh h m<cH fc<;olnmoHN h mg<doH h yynm fc<;olvH

.gcfMnmonb> m<x Us;uU , ppgn, j<logH gi h mfov hj oxov nmp

cjfpT lnhp lsvhdoj lnhp hj mw t<hH ,; yh i<g fxpn, mgnhnhn,

gnaoenmU h mw nmgynbG h bxov fc<;olnmoH] ep nmp bgrogenmoH

mw hpnbcvhd> bkb> x; bn,p l bjgyfcU n,vj oxG bnb bn,ohUN ,;

yhi<g h mgQnbfvH h yynm bx<gjH fc<;olnmoH] lnhp h av e<jcoj

fc<lolnmoH .pQn,nmoH h xvcov yyonmp] jv pphvgonbjN ,; yh

boy , m<coH] jv mgQn,nmoH h mw xvcoG h cx;olH ,fc<;oG q;V

Ugn,ognhU tMn, lnhp jv hpnbcvhdj h mw boetG bnb] ,h x; jv

mw ownbpvtG] .; h yynm fc<;olvH jv tsoMvH i<g yh mjU b<h>

,h ,cjfovH .; jv mgvH h mw bktgonbj lnhp bp , UsgG Us;uU h

pgn,j<logH lnhU h ocm;nl bnbN ,; yh i<g] h yynm fc<;olvH hj .v

nbn,pctvH .g h bxvH h p,otvH jv uvgvH .ro> bcfMnmp} ,;go



60

hjmw boegyU x<jgMpmhoH 51 h mgMpdH m<xtH hj av yMpmhdH]

Us;uU h pgn, j<logH bi h mg<xiov hj oxov bn,pnb] ,nho yh

n,vj ,h .v uvgG bnb Us;uU .ro> A<w pgn, j<lovlnmU fc<;olnmoH

jEnh hjj<lovhdH ,h , .v mgvH .g h yynm fc<;olvHN q;V] b<h> ,jU

.g h yynm fc<;olvH Us;uU h mw pgn, j<logH tknb , .fovH l av

bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH hj mw oxG bnb h pgn, j<lovhdoH lnho>

hj ocm;G] ,; yh .y , m<com;vH .g h gwlvH bn,ohpH ,nhoj yh l

hnlvtngcU jv cjfpjH nbp<gJnmp l uJimhdoj l .v nmvm;ponbjcU l

.v ytuxvhdj yomn,nmpN

D. h mw Ugn,og;MvH h yynm fc<;olvH , bwgxvH fc<;olnmoH

104 . h mw Ugn,og;MvH sgenmoH .; h yynm fc<;olvH bmg<gonbU

.y h mw pphgn,otvH .; h yynm fc<;olvH mg<gJnmoHN bnb jv

fc<;on<l> Madam Justice L’Heureux –Dube, hj cjfpH .yMpmhU tMn,

x; hj bcvgonbooH jv fc<;olnmoH hpg boy xAU 1991] b% i<g

W!G fc<;olnmoH] ,nho h mndyhH] buV h mwpnhH UsgenmU h yynm

fc<;olvHN ,nho ,wpnhU i<g mg<dH UgcfMnmU jn,pgn, j<lovlnmoH] ep

nmp opgn, j<lodH gna xvconl bwvpnmnmU h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoH

.o<gy<hiMnbH h mw boetvH .fgnmonbH q;V .pQn,nmoH m<conl Ufw

pgn, j<lovH} ,nhoy ynbV h boevhdH i<g jkxV uvgonbU fc<lolnmoH

bs<lnmoH i<g ;gjk h bwvcoj .gN q;V ,nho ,w gnaLogyU ,

j<dognhU] q;V , Ugn,og;MkU tMn, lnhp jv ynbsMpbyU lnhp hj av

m<coj i<g yh .pQn,nmoH bwvpnmnmU yynm fc<;olnmoH , j<dovhdj

lnhp hj mw t<jhdj l ytuxvlyhj nbp<gJnmoH bs<lnmoH ,;go yMpdj

UfcvenmoHN

1. hkE fcvt;Mnmp i<g bo<l mg<hiMnmp h bmwpnhj h uJimhdj yynm fc<;olnmoH

105 . hohiUgnhj .g yynm fc<;olnmoH Ugn,ognhU tMn, x; mg<hiMnmp

jv hpnbcvhdj m<x , nbn,pctvH h yynm fc<;olvH buvl yh .y

hfsvhdH .d jn,fuHN hkE fcvt;MnmU hj av m<co;coj] h yynm

fc<;olvH .Ud#. mgQnbdnb;cU bn,ohp panbH x; jv fxpn,MvH lnhp

gx<;V b<jk h mw gwlvHN .y fxpn,MnmU Ugn,Ugnho;cU .; h fxpn,MvH

x<jgMpmhU o<s



61

b<jk i<g x; ;gjk jv lnhp jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,nho

h mgQnbfvH moonbH .g :pfG jkUgT] jv .jy<nl> .g<jH] ,nho yh

i<g ,wUgn,Ug;Mnb;ci] jv n,EhV 1600 xAp] .g yynm fc<;olnmoH h

bwvpnmvH Ugn,pg;Mnb;cU .fxpn,Mnmonbnb ,j mgQnbfvH lnhp h bjdoj

gx<;V b<jk h gwhsgjH] hj mw jv mju;ci , cx;olG bn,p h mw

faogH b<jo> bn,pN hj mgQnbfG bn,p , boevhdoj .fxpn,Mnmp

botgnhnp .d .Ud#. bn,p h bwvpn,G yynm fc<;olnmoH} panbH h

fxpn,MvH nb<hmhp i<g x; b<jo> h .v fcmlfgonbH gH<] UsyhonbnpH

yh jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,;go ynbsohdoj .fwohJnmonbnb

ynbV htMjMvH bn,ohp ,j ynbspvH jv bwgxov yynm fc<;olnmoH

j bf DhnbwwnbH yh .; bn,ohpHN 1877 xAU] yynm fc<;olnmU

bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU j mndyhU gx<;V .; h bx<gjH .g fc<;olnmoH hg

ynbsMpmhdnb mwohJnmp b<jk h fxpn,MponbH |ynbV yh h tMjMG

bn,p h Ugn,og;M> jv yMp.G lsgfcU ;gH h jfyjMG bn,p] jEnh yh

bnbMd bxg> , ynbsMp.vH , hpnbcvhdoj .tMjMnmonbnb hj bf

yMpmlcongonboonb tMn, .; hj nbn,pctvH|N

106 . hf<xv DhnbwwcH h yynm fc<;olvH .Ud#. ,nho x; lfwp;MvH

gng , nbn,pctvH l av bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoHN b<h>] .jywE hoho<gH

nbn,pcvlnmp sgT , .fpG aknhkH h gwlov boy yh n,vsgH ,h t<gm

jv m<com;vH QokoH fcmlnmoH .v m<x , UsyvH l av bwvpnmov

yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh i<g] .; h av bwvpnmvH b<h> ep gna

pphvbhonbnpH m<x , UstvH bwvpnmnmoHN h yynm fc<;olvH h

mwpnhmvH boj ynbV h tMjMvH bn,ohpH .fphonbnpH aknhoH h gwlvH

mgnmoH] ,nhoj yh bxvH , fc<;ovH h cx;olvHN

107 . ,o;H h mgjdoj .fxpn,Mnmp h tMjMG h nbn,pctG yynm

fc<;olnmoH jv av bwvpnmG ,nho ,w Ugn,og;o;ci cfy l .fovH

mgQn,nmU , hpnbcvhdH .Ud#. 1972 xAUN j bf bvconb yh .. sgenmp

jEnh 1972] boy yh lfw hpnbcvhd> jq<xU yMpJnl h mw ynbsMpdj

mwohJnmp buvl hj .fpynb;ci yMpJl mgnmoH aynbMpmhoH bs<lnmU

ynhMpmhoHN jEnh ak; xAU 1973] .y sgenmU nbn,pcvlnmoH h yynm

fc<;olvH bxnmoH j bf bvcongonbH ,; yh tMn, hifkpH okpi.

qC ,gfxAiMvH xoE U;ngJtgp qH ,gfxAiMvH hj dclog;MnbH jv

bxvH h mw yynm fc<;ohonbooHN boy aknhU , xncH] bs<lnmU h yynm

fc<;olvH ynhMpmhoH j mgQnbvhd> bnb .jywE h nbn,pcyG l av

bwvpnmov Ugn,og;M> jv cjfpH mwohJnmp .o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH h



62

gwlov] h mw nbn,pctvH l av bwvpnmvH h mw yynm fc<;ohonbH] q;V

jvbotpnhH mwohJnmp jv h<jgonbH jv .fohdj |ep hj sgT hmw bmv

hpn,ovhdj mwohJnmp| - mgnhU yh q;V gUd lsgjcU jv hEjgG mwohJnmp

jv .GfpH .g x<jgMpmhoH 6(8) h yynm fc<;olvH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH

mgQn,nmoH] hf boevhd> t<gm .g h mw ax<jDH UfcvenmoHN

108 . h j<dognhj mg<gJnmp h uJimhdj .g .pQn,nmoH dclog;MnmU

h mw hpnbcvtvH .g h bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH j .vco;cU

twe;yp<jH] hj mg<gnb;ci .pQn,nmp ncyw nmp .Ud#. i<g x; hpg<jH

.y hf sgenb;ciN hkE fcvt;MnmoH] twe;yp<jH yhdnmk< moonbH ep

.v cjfphonbunb;cU jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH ,nho hsgjH

ax<j<gjH twe;yp<jH] bUd ynbV qnbuHN ,; yh nmp hp<gjH hsvhd;ci

m<x , nbn,pctvH l bwgxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH ep gna .v bktgnbH

fc<;olnmht;H cfy hf cjfphd;ci dclog;MnmU mgQn,nmU] ,; yh

twe;yp<jH jv fc<;olnmhtH j bcfMhgnyH .ro> .g<jnbH ,j bf

pjgvH hj mg<gonbooH jv mndnmoH] ,h jv poKiUg;MvH .g h bxvH

yynm fc<;olnmoHN .y U;ng< jv .pQn,nmU h mgMpdH] twe;yp<jH jv

.pQn,nmoH j cjfpnyH dclog;Mnmp h fc<;oG bn,p |tMn, bn,ohpH

gx<;V jv mw hpnbctvH i<g sgvH fc<;olnmoH i<g hj mw cx;olGN

.y mndnmU j mndnmgnbH jv fc<;olnmoH , toG dclog;Mnmp h

yynm fc<;olvH i<g yh jv fc<;olnmoH jv bcvgvH jv pphgn,ogjH

.pQn,nmp i<g ;gjk sgenmp mgQn,nmoH hjsgvH twe;yp<jH yhdnmk<

moonbH ,hh .v cjfovH jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

109 . .EhV jv fc<;olnmht;H hj mg<gJvH , boegjH akH fc<;olnmoo>

,<s!Gs% ,; yh n,<G Avok fc<;olnmU (1880)N ,<s!Gs% fc<;olnmU]

bp h fc<;pnbfci] yhdnmk< moo> twe;yp<jH] j ;vbhonbU i<g j

ownbpvyhonbH - tMn, yh nbxMnb;cU .h h bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH

- ,j ocb;ci nmnbN boy yh h mjo;ci] n,<G Avok .pQn,nmU

twe;yp<jH ep cjfinb;cU yhdnmk< moonbH jv bwgxov fc<;olnmoH

.g n,<G AvokN .. yh mgQn,nmp] jv fc<;olnmhtH j mgQnbgnyH jv

AogonbooH .. sgenmp ,; yh j mndnbH jv bf bwfongcU yhdnmk<KH

moonbH , dclog;MvH i<gnb> jv bwgxvH jv bwvonmvH yynm

fc<;olnmoH tMnm mg<hiMnmp ggx<;V jv mw hpnbcvhdjN .y jv mndnmU

fc<;olnmU ,<s%!g] oQ h fcvevH hj bowgnhcU] |p<xV , fxsvhdH

.y (bg ,h lvn, sgenmU) oMgn,ovhdnb dclog;Mnmp .; .v yhdnmk<

x<jgMpmhU o<s



63

moonbH jv bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoHN q;V yh} ep .v Ao boevhd> .g

.v] axsE j mgQnbgnyH pph> ax<jg<jH twe;yp<jH bfG b<jk ep .v

cjfinbH .. yhdnmk<K jv bwvpnmov fc<;olnmoHN qnbuH twe;yp<jH

cx<jv b<jk ,nho jkxV hsgjH ,h hpl , cjfpvH yhdnmk<K moonb jv

bwvpnmov fc<;olnmoH jv tFf xAU .y jsgnyH} q;V] .. sgenmp owhV

j bf Aoconb cfy .f x; fc<;olnmoH ,j uvgonbj i<g , bktgonbj

hf yMpdnb .g DcwE UfcvenmoHN

110 . 1935 xAU] jv fc<;olnmhtH j cjfpnyH oQ j<junbvvhp bktmsnmp

,j bgn,Uvhdj ownbpvenmp hj mw fc<;ongcU yhdnmk< moonbH

,;yh pph> h nbxMvH n,t<f;wnbH hj fc<;pnb<cU .g bPcy x<jg<jk

twe;yp<jH] ,;go ynbV hj mw yFpyvH yhdnmk<K ,; yh ep hpl

.v cjfinbH jv bwvpnmov fc<;olnmoHN .. yh fc<;olnmp j jn,

uvgonbnp i<g hj bwvconb;ci qH yhdnmk< moonbH hj bgrotvH

,j eWEhdxfvH oQ n,t<f;w<nlnbHN .; yh yhdnmk<KH moonbH j bf

nmphonbnpH l mwphJvH m<nhGA$ pawqHN .Eh fc<;olnmU h mwohd;ci]

np%#<,; yh bOcy (1935) ,;go hsv yvgyhH mgQn,nmU ,h h cjfpnbdpH

yhdnmk<KH jv bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH ,nho yh h mndyhH p<xV ,j

nbosvhdH i<g , x;ohdoH .dclog;Mnmonb .; yhdnmk<KH twe;yp<jH]

.; hj m<g;ovH i<g jf mgnhU h .v pphgn,ovhdoj ,<cooj

fc<;olnmp .pQn,nmoH .vN .y yh hj mgQnbonbH] akH bnb yhdnbk<

moo> ,<nhGA$ pawE hj mwohfngcU j ownbpvyhonbU , fc<;o;G tMn,

h nbxMov yynm fc<;olnmoHN tp yh j jn, uvgonbU .y fc<;olnmU

j bgn,Uvhd> , bWk<;ohdH .d twe;yp<jH jv fc<;olnmht;HN .g jv

fc<;olnmht;H j boegenb;cU .y sgenmU ,h h cjfovH yhdnmk<KH

moonbH jv bwgxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g ,h jv yMp.vH h mw

yynbMpdj mwohJnmp .g yh , boevhdj jv fc<;olnmoH jkxV ,j

j<lovhdH yFotn,nmU , mgnhH ,; yh h mgQnbvhdH jv n,aovhdH .y

ownbpvlenmU fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh , onqLjpnhH fc<;olnmU] cGs%KU

,; yh bOcy (1935) j .v hpnbcgnyH gi hj av m<cooH ;gjo>

fc<;olnmoo> p%#< , j<junbvvhlvH ,;go yh h.v j<logjH gi l

mg<;pvH .. oQ;gjk m<nhGA$ pawqH hj ownbpvt;nb<cU tMn, ,

nbxMov .g h bxovH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

111 . b<xU boy hj mgQnbvhdj fc<;olnmp] twe;yp<jk jv fc<;olnmhtH

j mndn,gnbH U;ng< mgQn,nmU] h mw yEhnb<dH dclog;Mnmp .g h mw

yynm fc<;ohonbHN .g fc<;olnmU f_ ,; yh qnbuH cH hTco (1946)



64

,nho h mndvH fc<;olnmoH .y mgQn,nmU , gnayhH i<g , gnaLognhH

,<x , nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH l bwgxvH |jv pphnmp;MvH

.g h bxvH mgnmoH h .fovHN jv fc<;olnmht;H yh b<xU boy

oQ mgQn,nmp l uJimhdoj , pgn, j<lotvH .g l av bwvpnmvH

fc<;olnmoH ynbsMpmhoH+ gx<;V jv mw hpnbctvH i<g sgvH .g h

bwgxvH fc<;olnmoH pgylnmoH jv .v pphvmvH i<g pph> mg<hiMnmp

jv mw hpnbcvhdjN h .v phgn,otvH yynm fc<;olnmoH mgQn,nmoH

ep cjfpnyH jv bnuotG hxsw mg<hiMov bn,ohp h mw ynbsohdj

mwphJnmp ,; yh i<g x; bknhtMnmp jv bcgj (p<xV h nbl oMgnmpnhj

m<x ,yFotG bn,p ,h jv bwgjtG sgenmoH) h mw yynbxvH fc<;olnmo

ynbsMpmhoHN .y yh jv mw pphgn,ovhdH ,h yFotsnmU jv bcgH

gnaLogenmU i<g ;vp.nmU m<x , uvgonbj cx;olnmp i<g , dclog;MG

bnbh fc<;oH tMn, l mw tucom;G fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh i<g] 1968

jv fc<;olnmht;H hj uvgonb<cU fc<;olnmU UgjU i<g YnmMkp x<jg<jk

twe;yp<jH ,; yh , bwvcongonbH U;ng< mgQn,nmU] fc<;olnmoH hj mw

t<hjH ,g<dH bnhtMnmU (;gjk lnhp sgenmoH) , dclog;MvH h fc<;ovH

jv uvmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] tMn, uvgonbU .y pph> ax<jg<jHN

,;yh yvV] fc<;olnmU cGKU i<g jUgj ax<jg<jk twe;yp<jH] (1986)

jv fc<;olnmht;H j mg<gnbH h borognhj lnhp hnm jxvm;vH yynm

fc<;olnmoH (boy yh h mndyhU h borogtm;vH h yynm fc<;olvH h

pgylov hbkt<gylG i<g h ownbpven,G h mgQnbgvH h fc<;otv UgnbV

jv cjfoG , bWk<;oG ,h yh ,nmvhdH lnhU .v) ep yh nmp .y ,

m<coH ep jcjfphonbnpH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH bkxvH ep hpnbcvhd>

h mg<hiMvHN

112 . boy hj mw yFotvH yhdnmk<KH moonbH i<g ;gjkH xsE h .g<hiMvH

bn,ohpH ep x; .g fc<;olnmoH bwvpnmoH .y .v sgnbhonbnpH ,h

, cxM<lovhdoj .fwohJnmonbnb ynbsMpmhoHN tFngLH twe;yp<jH

ax<jg<jH] h nbn,pctngcU h yynm fc<;olvH (ynbV h j<dog;Mov

bn,ohpH) nbn,pcrnb;cUN bnb (ynbV h j<dog;M;ci bn,p) p<xV

j<dog;M;cU .fgnmoH] gx<;V bkt,nmjy> i<g x; Qokoht;o> h faogH

snbbn,ohpH] ,;; yh ynbsMpmlnb;ci , ynbspjH mwohJnmp ,; yh

, bf tpvH hoho<gtov fc<;olnmpN bnb hoho<gH fc<;olnmoH bf

ynbvg> mwohJnmp l bf bwgxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] hj av cjfpH |h

x<jgMpmhU o<s



65

m<cjJG pa>|N q;V] pnbV j yvcom;nbH .. , bcvbvH h m<cjJG pa>

hj mgjyvH , tMjMov .v] h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp yynm fc<;olnmoH

l bwvpnmov] tso j oMgn,ognhU .y ,sgjH} , ynbsMp.vH l bwgxvH

fc<;olnmoH , gnaLoyvH yh .. panb i<g , gnagnbvH] b<h> j mjU]

|b<h> ,j .fpvH l av bwgxov ,h , fxgwov h j<loyvH bn,ohp

jbcv,nbH| , nbn,pctvH h yynm fc<;olvHN

113 . ,nho h mw j<logefohonbH i<g , oMgn,ovhdH .g jv .pQn,nmht;H

jv .jyH bnb (pa> h tMjMG) hj bcvmG jv ynbsMpbG mwohJnmp]

,;go h mw nbosgjH ,h ;gjk xsE h mg<hiMov ,j .fpvH .g yynm

fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh , pEnlnbwmG (bnb pa> h ynbsMpmlG) j Ugn,ovhd>

tMn, x; bn,ohp jv tusgnbG ,h jv rgnloyG xsE mg<hiMnmp h mw

nbpMpbG l bwvpnmov fc<;olnmoH jv .jyH h .fohdH mwohJnmp h

mw ynbsMpdj] twe;y<jk jv .pQn,nmhtH jv .jyH 1968] j cjfpnyH

twe;yp<jH mgQn,nmU lsvhdH , nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g

bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoHN .y bcfMnm mg<gJnmU .g ynhMpmhoH] mndyhU

|tMn, h fc<;olvH .g jv .jyH fc<;olnmht;H dclog;MnbH i<g nmpnb>

jv mgvH yynm fc<;olnmoH bxnmoH] pph> h mwpnhooj mg<;olnmp

cnhp> yh x; h nbn,pcgnyH pph> mg<hiMnmoH mgnmoH h gwlvH jv

bwgxvH ep x; h nbxMvH n,t<f;wnbHN .g hj mg<gonbH ynhMpmhoH] h

yynm fc<;olvH .d jv .jyH fc<;olnmoH h mw ynbsMpdj mwohJnmp

.fpnyH mwohJnmp aynbMpmhp h mw yMpdj] ,; yh fc<;olnmoH ,

m<coj ep ewW boevhdnb q;V lvp.ponbU aynbMpmhoH mwohJnmp

jv nhk<H svhdj ,h yh .y m<col h bktmsnmU h mgnhUN .y mgQn,nmU

j<dognhU jv bf oho uvgonbH , nbn,pctvH h yynm fc<;olvH

twe;yp<jHN q;V] .g ynhMpmhoH bcvgonbU jv .jyH h mgnhj mwohJnmp

fc<;olnmht;H ep nmp ;gjk mgnmoH fc<;olnmoHN bnb (pa> h tMjMG

h ynbspH mwohJnmp) hj bmsgjH yh , nbn,pcyvH bn,ohp l bwgxov

fc<;olnmoH eiEnh nbLE mngonbU gna nhg> h sgenbl hj av mwp;gvH

.ro> ,; yh q;V jkxV nho ,svhdH bfG ca<j<gjk twe;yp<jH ,

nbn,pcyvH yynm fc<lolnmoH , fc<;ohonbH ncyw mgnmoH fc<lolnmoH

bf uvgvHN ,; yh i<g] mgnhnp lnhp hj t<jhdj .; yhdnmk<KH moonbH

,h nhk<H , .v sgvH m<x , nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g yh

,h Jj , .v mgnhunb;cu h mw ynbsMpdj mwohJnmp h mw yMpJvH

h j<dMvH yhdnmk<KH moonbH jkxV yh .y m<com;nbH fc<;olnmo jv

.jyH h .v pphgn,ovhdjN



66

114 . hpg<jH] hj av oho boegycU] gi<xv j<dog;MvH .; h yynm

fc<;olvH ep .v oMgn,ognyH .ro> cfy hf nbn,ocjfohdH .pQn,nmU

dclog;Mnmp 1982N q;V yh] , hpnbcvhdH nhkv bcfMnm yMpmhU 1980]

h mw boevhdH x<jgMpmhoH 76 c<lohoH hj av boegycU] .pQn,nmp

pgn,j<lovlnmU yynbxnmU hpg ,ndyhU |h mgQnbfvH h yynm fc<;olvH j

ohonmgynbhonbnpH cnhp> x; , .fovH .g h UsgjH yynm fc<;olnmoH

ep nbLE mjU l; mg<hiMnmoH mgnmoH h gwlvH bn,ohpH .vN ncyw yh

boy] |jq<xU .g h bxG h mw bxov h yynm fc<;olov] cjfohdol

yh .fwohJnmU .g] h mwp;MvH bn,ohpH h n,aotvH ,h jv av bcfMvH

.g ep nmp gwi .y hsvhd>|N .pQn,nmU dclog;MnmoH yynbxnmoH

j mg<gnbH jv uJi,hdH bfG x; bn,ohpH ,h jv .fovH yynm

fc<;olnmoH} ,h , g;pjH hifkU yUdnm xslMpmhU jv gwlG hpg<jH]

,h i<g x; , fx gsxAiMG ,h ,Enh , okpuqC , gfxAiMG] i<g x;

bnbMd] , ydnmG .g hpg<jH h mw uvgonbj fc<lolnmp i<g mg<dj] ,h

h mw jnWkH , mw jnWn,G bnb h fc<;oG] ,h h tucoG .tsiUvlnmoH

i<g x; h y<jxyfMG bn,p] hj bjgynbd , x;pH .pQn,nmp ,; yh i<g

jv lvp.ponbH gc<H ep jt<hT bcfMnmp h cjfpnbd bs<lnmoH .vN

115 . hj av ugonbjcU fc<;olnmU 1991] b% i<g Q%!G hj mgQnbonbjcU]

jv fc<;olnmhtH hpg j oMgn,ognyH lnhp l nmvm;ponbjcU yynm

fc<;olnmoH mgQn,nmoHN m<x yh , bf uvgG lnhp hj mg<g;ci bnb jv

fc<;olnm<nl>] Madam Justice L’Heueux-Dube, jf bo<;congcU mg<gJnmp h

.v pphgn,otvH hj nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g ,h yFotsnmU jv

bcvgonbH .g x<jgMpmhoH 11(f) dclog;MnmU mg<gJnmp , dclog;MkU

i<g jp jv ;vm<jH h yynm fc<;olvH l mg<;ohnmkU i<g yh 11(d)

dclog;MnmU mg<gJnmp , dc;og;MkU jv mgQnbfhnmkU h mg<;ohnmkU ,h

jv bgrUg;MkU cx;olnmoH cfy jEnh jwmhnmki , fc<;ohnmkU h mg<dH

.pQn,nmU i<g jv mgvH .g hfc<;o<jH h ak; uvgvH fc<;olnmp i<g

nhk<H h uvgvH .gcfMnmonb>N ,nho i<g h mndG bnb .fc<;onl<nl>]

[t] dclog;MnmU mgQn,nmU h bcvgvH h yynm fc<;olvH ep hpl

nbLE ,pcvgnbH cfy jv gnanmU mgnhl hj uvgnbH .gcfMnmonb>

,h jv mgnhH yFotn,nmU fc<;olnmoH ,nho cfy l tucoH

lnhph uvgvH mg<;olnmoH] h m<xDH yh mgnmU mwhpnbcvhd>N

ep nbLE hj mw jvco>] .. oQ jv lnhp ,h bwfohdnhn,

hmw bwvpnmponbH fc<;olnmoH] h yynm fc<;olvH ep hj fx

uvgnbH .gcfMnmonb> ,h lnhp pmconhn,N

x<jgMpmhU o<s



67

116 . ,; yh i<g , pphvgonbooH .dclog;Mnmp bnb h fc<;oG] tso

nmp ep hj tucoocU , fc<;oG bnb jq<xU h mdogjH bn,ohpH

bwvcongonbooj fc<;olnmoHN yFotn,nmU i<g unhU rnhV , uvmG bnb

h cx;olG yynm fc<;olnmoH tucol yh hf gnaLoyhonbnpH tsoMngn,

,bcfMhgjH h uvgvH fc<;olnmoH .g .pQn,nmoH bs<lnmp h mw

uvgonbjN bn,ohpH h mw pphvgvH fc<;olnmp hsvhdoj .pQn,nmp]

, pgn, j<logjH gisvhdoH mg<;olnmoH mgnmoH h mw uvgonbH

fc<;olnmUN , bktgonbj yh] h mw hpnbct;vH bn,ohp .g h yynm

fc<;olvH poKiUgnhH jv sgjH h mndov ;gjk bn,ohp nbpnmftH h mw

bcfMvH] nhg> mndmn,nmoH] ,nm nbpxvhdoH h mg<;pvH h cx;olov]

Ugn,ognhU yh ,h jv cxM<jgjH .. snbN h yynm fc<;olvH ep hj

uvgonbH .gcfMnmonbnb Usgnhn, h av mndov nbpnmftH bn,ohp ,nm hnl

nbpEnlm;vH .gcfMoH cfy x; p,ot;ngn, bn,ohp hj tu bcfMnbH jv

pm uvgvH .gcfMnmonb>N

2. .Ud#. .pQn,nmp h uvgonbj yynm fc<;olnmoH

117 . hj av boegycU .d x<jgMpmho oq h mgMpdH (,) jn, pgn,

j<lovlnmU bs<lnmoH h uvgkU ,;go hsv j<logyU gisvhdH fc<;olnmoH

buvl pnbV hj uvgonbnhcU gx<;V - xL% ,; yh tH@ fc<;olnmU ,;

yh ;;a< ,; yh m<x%< fc<;olnmU hj gx ywgonbj , uvgonbj ..

fc<;olnmp - ,;go h j<lovhdH , oMgn,ohvH hsgjH .g h yynm

fc<;olvH m<x ,nm nbn,pcyvH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bwgxov fc<;olnmoH

moonb<jH h .sdovN .g yh x<jgMpmhoH hj boegyU] bxwE Uj boedgk

bfG .d .Ud#. fc<;olnmoH h uvgvH mg<;olnmp ,nhom h bktgvH

.o<gy<hiMnb bwvpnmnmoH fc<;olnmoHN ,nho yh h mw t<hyU h m<coj

onqkH , pphnm mwp;gonbj} hsvhdH , nbn,pctvH l bwvpnmvH yynm

fc<;olnmoH ,; yh bn,ohpH l nbn,pctvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

(a) , svhdH , nbn,omvH yynm fc<;olnmoH

118 . fc<;olnmU b% i<g akH xsE bkt,nmU (SV KkUngPv) (1997) .Ud#. jv

fc<;olnmU h mw gx ywgonbj fc<;olnmp] j bnugnbhonbnpH ,nm .fpvH

lgwo<cU h mndvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH hifkpH ,h h mw nhk<H sgjH

.g yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh .y ,j m<coH] bp hj ownbpvtG] ,h

hifkU , mgjJ;ci j tFfonb;cU .nbounmp] ,h .v , .vbxvH hpg<jH

h gwi h gwlvH fc<;olnmoH] nhg> x; h .g<hiMvH ,j .fpnb;ci] ep

yh nbLE .v mpcgU .y fc<;olnmUN ,nho h mgQn,G h fc<;olG ,h



68

, .v tupnhH .y hjsgjH ,h hifkpH h mgjJvH , .vbwgxvH yynm

fc<;olnmoH j Aoco> yh , fc<;olvH q;V ,nho , gQn,yhH jv

fc<;olnmoHN fc<;olnmht;H oMgn,ogT hj mw yyoov yynm fc<;olnmoH

,nho yh , j<dognhH jv oMgn,ovhdj i<g gnaLogenmp ,h , bnuUvhdj

, uvgonbH h mw nbn,pctvH h yynm fc<;olvHN q;V] fc<;olnmht;H

t<hnbhonbnpH .g ,h hifkpH h mgjJvH bn,ohpH ,av bwvpnmvH .g

fc<;olnmoH ep j<lognyH gisvhdoj fc<;olnmp .ghpg<jH ,nho yh ,h

n,v .fovH jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

119 . , hpnbcvhdj lhG gx<;V ,j svhdj fc<;olnmp .g akH b% ,; y P<

fc<;olnmU (1998) .Ud#. jv fc<;olnmU h mw gx ywgonbH fc<;olnmU

j t<jhd> ,h gna .g hpg<jH ,j .g<hiMvH .g h bxnb;ci yynm

fc<;olnmoH yhdnmk< moonbH h j<gjJnb;ciN bnb h fc<;pnbfci

yhdnmk< moo>] ,; yh j bjgynbhonbU ,j nmvb;ci ;gjk bn,ohp .g

jeV jv av msdov hpg<jH i<g twe;yp<jHN lo;H yh j bkt>] ,h jv

bjgyG .yyonmoH] boy ,j mndG ,h , fx mgvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

yhdnmk< moonbH] ,h .vg> , .fovH ,nho yh ,h n,v tupnhH .y

,svhdHN jv fc<;olnmoH h mw gx ywgonbH mg<;olnmU j bnugnyH

.ro>} ,j t<hnbvH .. yhdnmk<K ,h , gnayhooH hj mndG fc<;olnmoH

i<g h .vov mg<hiMnmoH .g h yynm fc<;olov i<g t<gm h

uvgonbucU jv ytucongonbH jv pmpnhH .g i<g yh , fc<;oG yhdnbk<

moo> n,K yh jv tFfnb<cU .y l bxvH yhdnmk< moonbH , nbn,p<;oG

fc<lolnmoH yhdnmk< moo> .yyonmpN q;V] .y , m<coH hjv

botcocU hnlsvhdoH h mw Ugn,ogH h fc<;oG i<g ep .v t<jhd>.y h

m<co;ci fc<;olnmoH xsE b<jHN

120 . fc<;olnmoH b% i<g yh pf (1993) .Ud#. fc<;olnmoH .pQn,nmp

hj bwvcongonbj] j mgQn,nbH UgnbV jv n,xohdj ,h , .v xvcoj

fc<;olnmoH] jv bf oMgn,ogT bnb .jywE h uvgG yynm fc<;olnmp

.g pTgU mgnmoH ,j nbn,oponbH jv bwfovH .o<gy<hiMnbH .g

yynm fc<;olnmoHN bnb hj fc<;oG j bjgynbhonb;cU ,j ,nm hnl

ocb;cibn,ohpH] ep yh .v bjgynbhonbU ,j nbn,ovH .g h fc<;olvH

i<g bnb .jywE h nbn,pcyG l bwvpnmov yynm fc<;olnmoH ep .v

pmsgT .o<gy<hiMnb .fwohJnmooH ,h ewW h mw hon,ovhdj , .v

cjfpHN bnb yh .jywE h uvgG j bkt,> .o<gy<hiMnb h oho<gtov

.jynmp moonb<jH ,nm bktbG i<g jv bmv hpn,ovhdj mwohJnmp h

x<jgMpmhU o<s



69

.fohdj .o<gy<hiMnbH .fwohJnmonbnb m<x , mwvqbjH jEApvhp

hnlvlenmpN q;V yh] .jyhpH ep .v pEnlnbw,nbH h mw Ugn,ogtov

.. .jywq] ,; yh bnbMd UgnbV .vsgT tp jv hnlvleG jv ynbsMpbH

mwohJnmp moonb<jH h gwlov .o<gy<hiMnbN fc<;olnmht;H yh

hj mgvH .jywq ,h nhk<H , .v uvgG .gcfMnmU] .g h mgQn,yhH

yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH jv ynbsohdj .o<gy<hiMnbH

.fwohJnmonbnb moonb<jH h gwlvH m<col jv av bwvpnmvH yynm

fc<;olnmoHN .y yh hj mw nbosgH .gcfMnmoH bnb .jywE] j

yocom;nbH h yynm fc<;olvH] ,h , .v mgvH .g .o<gy<hiMnbH jv

bwvpnmvH ,nho yh UgnbV h mw n,cMpmhdH .y fc<;olnmoHN

121 . 1994 hj jn, uvgonbjcU fc<;olnmU , boetG h fc<;oG gx<;V

.y b% ,; yh pf fc<;olnmU] bnb hj fc<;oG tp gna j t<hnbhonbU

,j cx;o;G ,nm hnl ocmn,G] q;V yh j nbpnm cjfohd> ep .v

bjgynbhonbU bnb h fc<;oG n,K q;V ,h , fx mgvH .g yynm

fc<;olnmoHN .Ud#. jv fc<;olnmht;H .pQn,nmoH 1994 .v j t<hnyH

,j nbosge;ci bnb .jywE h ynbspH mwohJnmp l bwvpnmov yynm

fc<;olnmoH] , ynbsMpbH .o<gy<hiMnb .fwohJnmoo> lj bwvpnmo<cU

yynm fc<;olnmoH .g mgnmoH pTgU] hj mwvqbe;ci jEApvhp i<g

yh j av.ff;;cU tFG pEnlnbwgnmp xsE .vN boy yh ,j m<coH]

.o<gy<hiMnbH .fwohJnmonbnb moonb<jH hgwlvH j yMpmhd;cp yynm

fc<;olnmoH ,;go yh l .v nbn,pctvH l av bwvpnmvH moonbH .g h

mw nbn,pcvhdj mwohJnmpN

122 . b% i<g !U<O fc<;olnmU (1993) j bf uJibecpH hj sgtvH ;gjH

fc<;olnmoH hj n,cMpmhdoH b% i<g pf fc<;olnmU (1994) hj

n,cMpmhdoH mg<;olnmoH .cx;olnmpN !U<O fc<;olnmU nmp bnb

h fc<;oG j mnd> ,h , fxmgov nmv moonb yynm fc<;olnmoH] j

gnayhoo> yh .fndnmU] nhg> yyE ,j uvgG .gcfMnmU .jywE h ynbsMpbH

mwohJnmp ep .v fx uvg> h mgQnbfG jv bwfongcU .o<gy<hiMnbH h

mw nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] nhg> yh x; tFG ,j mwvqbH jEApvhp

moonb<jH h mw mgnhooj h mw xUcooH .gcfMnmU boy yh n,vjsgH ,h

Jj ,j .v av jn,fqmhdoj jEApvhp hsgenb;ci hkE moonbH ,h yp h

cxM<logenb;ci yMpmhp , av g;cooj moonb<jHN .Ud#. .pQn,nmoH

hj bnugnbnb<cU h fc<;oG hj mw ywgG .fc<;o;MnmU hj mndG ,h

, fxgwov nmv moonb yynm fc<;olnmoH h .v nbn,pctvHN jv

fc<;olnmoH j t<hnyH ,h gna , .v uvgG .gcfMnmU .jywE h ynbsMpbH

mwohJnmp] ,; yh jsvhd;cU jv fx uvgonbH jv pmpnhH .y hj mw

nbosgH .o<gy<hiMnbH , nbn,pctvH jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN



70

(b) h nbn,pcyvH yynm fc<;olnmoH

123 . hj av boegekcU] mg<gJnmp .pQn,nmoH hf m<cjvhdj h

mg<gonbj bwvpnmnmp yynm fc<;olnmoH jv j<dognhU jv uJimhdj

jv fc<;olnmht;H hj mg<gonbjcU .y fc<;olnmU W!G fc<;olnmUN .y

yh ,jsvhdH] bnb h fc<;oG j Ugn,or> tMn, .g h yynm fc<;olov

jv nbpnmov .g .v boy yh n,vj mndG yFotn,nmU , mgnhH .g h

ownbpvtn,G .v i<g bnb h fc<;oGN hj fc<;oG j ownbpvyhonbU

,j ocmn,G ,jgjgyG] ,; yh tMn, j unhoo> .fcvt;MnmU bnb hj

ownbpvtG] tggG xMny ,j gwhjH , pgnbcgjH tknmo>N h fc<;ol;ci

yh j bnugn,> hpgylov h mw UsgylovN q;V] j mgQnbd> .g h yynm

fc<;olov ,h.g ,j cjfovH jv bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH jq<xU h

nbcgenbnl] agenbnl i<g h bktgnbnl fcvenmp nbLE l .v bgrotvH h

mgQn,ov h ownbpvenmov i<g bnb h fc<;oGN jv fc<;olnmht;H hpg

j mgQnbgnyH hj mndG h fc<;olov q;V hj bktgpnb> .g x<jgMpmhoH

115 hj av boegyU ,; yh j<dognhnp .g hj av mndvH , boevhdH

.pQn,nmU mg<gJnmp h Ugn,og;MvH yynm fc<;olnmoH l uJibjH ,h

yFotn,nmU jv bcgH fc<;olnmoHN

124 . b% i<g Uak fc<;olnmU 1992) h m<cH fc<;olnmU hpg j t<hnyH

.g x<jgMpmhoH 634 h mgMpdH .g hpg h mw oxdMpdj .pQn,nmp]

,h nhk<H , .v svhdH .g boy yh n,v ,j cjfoG hownbpvtn,G ,j

nbLwen,G ,h hj .v mjooH] inb gng bnbMd ,j gwvH yynm fc<;olvH

.g h mw pgyhonbooH] ,; yh bnb hownbpvtn,G ,j hEjgG jv csdpH

itgp okpi> l bwgxo<cU .g yynm fc<;olnmoH boy yh ,jsgH

,nho tso ,j n,aogenbG h pgylov .hE..oo> ,j jxvgnbG b<xUN

fc<;olnmht;H yh ,nho h mndvH .y hj m<coH n,v boj h yynm

bx<gjH fc<;olnmoH ,j UsgnbvH ;gjk bn,ohp h mw ,h , .v tnuoyvH

hownbpvtn,ov] ,nho yh b<xU ,j nbocoH fc<;olnmU l .v tucom;<cU

h fc<;oG .y ,j m<coHN

125 . b% i<g m<eH fc<;olnmU (1983) .Ud#. h m<cH fc<;olnmU

.pQn,nmoH j t<hnyH ,h , .v bwfovH .o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH

h gwlvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,;go yh hj mw hvvoG bnb h fc<;oG

,j xwnhfMnm y;Ehvmn,G moonb<jH] ep yh .v t<jhd> jv x;ohdj

.dclog;MnmpN bnb h fc<;oG j bjgynbhonbU , tFfooj .cx;olnmp

.pQn,nmoH gx<;V xwnhfMnm y;Ehvmn,nmp i<g ;gjk hj bgrotG

x<jgMpmhU o<s



71

cx;olnmp .g moonb<jH hj mw gwlGN j bkt> yh t<gm ,j mndG ,

bkG dclog;Mnmp jv fc<;oG h mw gwlvH moonb<jH i<g .g jv .vvH h

yynm fc<;olvHN j bnugnbhonbU jv fc<;olnmoH .v} j t<jhd> yh q;V]

.g hjmw fc<;oG mgnmoH ,h , .v mgvH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bwgxvH

yynm fc<;olnmoH] q;V .o<gy<hiMnbH mgnmoH h mgvH j bwgjyhonbnpH

.gN ,nho i<g h mw oMgn,ovhdH jv fc<;olnmoH] jq<xU ,g;ci

moonbH .v csd mgnmoH h gwlvH bwvpnm;ci yh .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

hxswpnhucU m<xV nmp lvn, moonb<jH l .vnb<cU l mc<cojcU] q;V]

ep nmp .v gnaLognyH .y h mw xswcoH ep nmp t<gm jv mw x;ohdH

i<g ep Ugn,ognhU mgQn, yMpmhU jv cjfohdH l .v tucom;<cU bnb

hj fc<;oGN

126 . b% i<g UcGY% fc<;olnmU (1984) A#fE hPxk (x<jg<jk hpg<jH)

fc<;olnmU h mw gx ywgonbj j t<hn,nbH .jywq ,j x;pH .gcfMnmoH

.vg> ,j ,h , .v yMpbG .o<gy<hiMnb moonb<jH h .vov .g yynm

fc<;olnmoH h mw pphvgonbooH] boy yh ,h bofovH moonbH ep

yh tnpwU .y .v ,nho yh n,vj nbouvH fc<;olnmoHN fc<;olnmU

yh j mnd> hj mg<gvH , Ugn,ognhH jv bwfovH .o<gy<hiMnbH yynm

fc<;olnmoH mndnbH .v h pphgn,ogjHN q;V] yh |tso , oMgn,pnhH

,j nbosvhdH| .y hj m<coH .vg> hj mg<gonbH bnb .jywE .fwvlnmoH

.vg> ,h , .v ynbsMpbH .o<gy<hiMnb .fwohJnmoo> moonb<jH h

gwlovN

127 . CxGY% i<g jv .jy<nl fc<;olnmU (1993) hj fc<;oG j bjgynbhonbU

hjmw cx;olG gx<;V hj cMnhfnm y;Ehvmn,G ,; yh ncyw bf yvco;ci

, fc<;oG] j bkt> lo;H ,mndG , dclog;MG jv fc<;o;G h yynm

fc<;ovov .pQn,nmoH h mg<doH] i<g xnhp> jv nbn,pctngcU .g

l bxvH h mw gwlsgH moonbo>N ,; yh .Ud#. jv fc<;olnmoH

.pQn,nmoH j bnugnbhonbUN ,; yh fc<;olnmoH j oMgn,ognyH jv

mgnb<cU bn,ohpH .g fc<;olnmoH h mw uvmG h oMgn,ogjH moonm

mwvlnmp i<g mg<hiMnmp ,h yFotn,nmoH jv mw hpnbctG h fc<;oG

.g yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,nho yh h mdovhdH .g h mg<hiMG i<g moonm

mwvlnmp jv bwvcongonbjcU jv oMgn,ogjH .g h bxvH fc<;olnmoH]

i<g yh,h Jj , UsgG bn,p lnhp h boegH jv oMsvhdoj ;gjkH

bn,ohpH .vh mfvHN ,; yh i<g] h yynm fc<;olvH .g hj bxnb;ci

.fgnmoH j .vonb bnb h fc<;oG ep yh .v tupnhU .y ,svhdH .g h

mw UsvhdH fc<;ohoHN



72

128 . b% i<g , ,C fc<;olnmU (1993) .Ud#. jv fc<;olnmU .pQn,nmoH

j bf j<logenb;cU bnb h fc<;oG .fgnmoH h mw gwlG ,j mw

fc<;oG h yynm fc<;olvH ,j mgvH ,; yh mndnbH jv fc<;olnmoH

,h , .v x;ohdoj .dclog;MnmpN bnb h fc<;oG] KUf ImH (ihnm

KhmhU) j .v;cU moonb<jH] j tFfonbnb .cx;ohp gx<;V ,j xMnhfMnm

y;Ehvmn,G pph> mdl i<g j mndnbH .g fc<;olnmoH jv fc<;o;G h

yynm fc<;olovN q;V] h uvgvH fc<;olnmoH h yynm fc<;olvH ep

.vmgnhU .y KUf ImH (ihnm KhmhoH) ,; yh UgnbV jUnp%! mgnmoH j

mw fc<;ohonbUN bnb hfc<;oG ,nho h mndG , bktG ,h , KaogH .g

jv mw fc<;oG jUnp! mgnmoH ,nho , x;ohdH odclog;MnmU h mg<dH

j mnd>] ,; yh .; h yynm fc<;olvH ,h hpl nbv akH .o<gy<hiM>

moonb<jH h .vvG ,h , .v bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH ep.v

tupnhU .y ,j m<coHN j bnugnbhonbU jv fc<;olnmt;H} ,nho h

mgMpmlvH boy hsvhdH , nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] boy h

mw oMsvhdH |mgnmU| h mngonbH Ugn,ognhU jv cLdnmvhdH gnundyhH

jq<xU nmp .g yynm fc<;olnmoH jv pmogtbvH h mw bcfM<gnbvH

bn,ohpN yynm fc<;olnmU j mwp;gonbu;ci tMn, .ak;dnmMnmoH

i<g .nb;yhpbnb h fc<;oG .g bxov yynm fc<;olnmoH tso h

cLdpnhucU m<x mgnmU h mngonbH nmpnb> x; jv fxpn,M<gnhcU lnhp l

mgQnbfhdonhcU fc<;olnmoH i<g mg<;olnmoHN q;V yh] dc;og;MnmU

mgQn,nmU ep .g mgnhU h mndyhH gUd l mw fc<;ofcU bnb h cx;olG

i<g x; jv mgo<cU h j<loyG bn,ohp fc<;olnmoHN

129 . ,; yh yvV buvl] b% i<g nb%bT fc<;olnmU (#2) (2012) .g rnhV .y

pgn, j<lovlnmU h uvgkU] buvl hj m<cojcU fc<lolnmoH mg<;olnmU

.o<gy<hiMnbH hj boetvH ,h , .v fx mgvH .g .o<gy<hiMnbH yynm

fc<;olnmoHN bnb h fc<;oG .g nb%bT j bjgynbhonbu;ci ,j ocbG

bn,ohpH oQ h mgMpdH ownbpvtn,nmUN hjf fc<;oG j mgjvhd;cU

jv yvgonbH 2011] ,; yh , hpnbcvhdH .Ud#. fc<;olnmU h mw gx

ywgonbj fc<;olnmp j hpnbcgnyH hj mg<;ohonbooH .g fc<;oh Ux,%

i<g tH@] ,j hEjgvH ,j q;MyvH h yynm fc<;olov pphgn,ovlnmoH

.g ,h , .v fxsvhdH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH mgQn,nmoHN h m<cH

fc<;olnmht;H j bnugnyH .ro> hj mngonbooHN fc<;olnmoH yh j

mw t<hnyH ,h , .v fx uvgonbj h mw nbn,pctvH l bxvH yynm

fc<;olnmoH h mg<dj .. bs<lnmp ep .v bwfphonbnpH .o<gy<hiMnbH

j mndnbH] ,; yh j bcvgonbU tu nmFnmsnmU jv .v b<aoevH jv

x<jgMpmhU o<s



73

tucongonbH h .v .fohdj .o<gy<hiMnbH .fwohJnmonbnb moonb<jH

h gwlvH i<g h mwpnhooj .xyfMnmonbnbN .y h mw ;vgonbH jv

tucongonbH h bktbhonbnpH .jyhpH i<g h mwvqmhdnb .. jEApvhp

.g moonb<jH tFG bn,ohpH jv .ff;vHN

130 . pph> .pQn,nmp .g j .v e<jconb , uvgonbj fc<;olnmpN akH

jv lnhU hj bktgonbH ,nho bwvpnmn,U yynm fc<;olnmoH Ugn,og;MnbH

.g h bx<gjH cnhp> jv nbn,pcvhdj mwphJnmp boj gwi h gwlvH

hpg<jH snbH bn,ohpH j mgQnbunbUN ,; yh bn,p , bwvpnmG .gyynm

fc<;olnmoH] ep Ugn,ognhU jv nbn,pcvhdj mg<hiMnmp i<g x; jv

bnJkcvhdj ggx<;V h sgnbhonbnpH bn,ohpHN q;V] hj av mndkcU

UfcvenmoH] ep bn,ohU bk> hEj.nmoo> jv nbn,pcyG bn,ohp h mw

tnuoyG .g yynm fc<;olnmU h .v pphgn,ovhdH i<g x; jv nbn,pct;vH

bn,ohp h j<lot;vH h mw bwvpnmvHN ,; yh yvV] nbo mwvlnmp ,

bcvgonbU nbn,pcvlnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH] i<g hf jv mndvH .;

.gcfMnmonbH] Ugn,ognhU jv fx uJimhdj i<g fc<;olnmU hj mgQn,vH

mg<;olnmoH nbiogenmoHN

131 . ,; yh hj av tMn, boegyU lnhp i<g boy fc<;olnmU yynm

fc<;olnmoH bwvpnmnmp] h mg<dj bs<lnm mg<gJnmp h jxvmn,yhj

bs<lnmoH] ,nho h mw gnaLovhdH .Ud#. hj sgecpH ,j cjfpjH

mgQn,nmp i<g , uJi,hdH .pQn,nmp yynm fc<;olnmoH] h mw

yyoxvlyhj lnhp bs<lnmoH yFotn,nmoH me .g h mw nbn,pctvH

yynm fc<;olnmoH ggx<;V x; jv mw hpnbctvH bn,ohpH bs<lnmoHN

E. .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw bowvpnmvH .Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmoH

1. nmgylnmU

132 . hj av mgsvhdj fc<;olnmp j av cLdgnhnp] boy ynbV ,h nhk<H h

.v svhdH nbn,pcvlnmU yynm fc<;olnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH ,h nhk<H hj

sgvH nbn,pcvlnmoH .d .Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmoH jv yvpnhU i<g gwi

.y m<com;nbHN yynbsMpmhoH pgn, j<logenmoH j bf oMgn,ohdnb

fc<;olnmoH .y , m<com;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH .fgnmonbH .d jn,fuH

fc<;olnmp hmw yynm uvgonbj .Ud#. ep tupnhU .y , m<coHN



74

133 . jUp%! mgnmoH fc<;olnmp h mw uvgonbj] j<junbvvhU .y] jv

tq> .g b<jk , yynm hpnbcvhdH h m<xDH] nbLE 30 xoE 36 A?G h

mgjvhdonbH gwlnbH |moonbH moonb<jH| - (,h moonb<jk h mgjdH

b<jk h mw h .v faognhj b<jk jv .jyH h mw gwlvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

ep nmp gwi hj gwlsggnyH) q;V] l bf boevhdH xFpH .g] boj

h gwlsgjH moonbH moonb<jk dU A?G h mgjvhdH yMpJnbH jUp%!

yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh ;gH lhG gx<;V h mwpnhj] gUs% Ua mgnmoH

moonb<jH h gwlvH moonbH 2011] ynbsMpmhoH j j<lovhd> okpU A?G h

mgjvhdH boy bg hj yynmgwlvH moonbH 1`3 A?G mgjvlnmoH x; jgwnbH

hj bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

134 . h mwpnhH .g UgcfMnmU jn, pgn, j<logenmoH] Ugn,og;MU jv nmgyU

gi lsvhdjcU jv ytucongonbj lnhp mg<gJnmoH mdl i<g lsvhdjcU

jv bf yvgkH .g h mw yyoxvlyhH bs<lnmoH ,; yh - hj av mw

cLdnmgyU - tso tq> .g i<g h mw tMdcoj h uvgonbj pgn,

j<lovlnmpN q;V] jv cjfohd;ci h tnp<d jv pmcoj nbn,pgJnmp]

j<dognhU jv cLd oMsvhdH lnhp l bf nbn,p<gonbj] bqk nmpnb> hjsgjH

.Ud#. bcvbhpH hsgjH nbn,pcvlnmU yynm fc<;olnmoH nhk<H jv sgvH

moonbH .g l av bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH moonb<jH h .vvH bn,ohpHN

,nho yh h sgyU .g hj av boegyU x<jgMpmhoH hj mw cLd nmgyU

giwpnhj .g yynm fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH h mw tucom;vH

bcvbhpH fc<;olnmoH jv bwgjyvH .o<gy<hiMnb moonb<jH h gwlov .g

bwvpnmnmoH .Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,nho yh ,gMpdH fc<;olnmoH

fcvenmoH ,nho ,w hEjgvH ,nmsgjH jv pmcongvH moonm bwvpnmnmp

yynm fc<;olnmoH ,nho h mw t<jhdH buV ,fc<oHN

2. yynm fc<;olnmU Ugn,og;MnbH jv bwfpvH .o<gy<hiMnb moonb<jH h .vov .g .Ud#. h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoH

135 . hj av boegycU qH;tgp qH h mgMpdH x<jgMpmhoH .d m<xtH]

h yynm fc<;olvH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU h mw cLdmndyhH jv mgnhU

buvlynbMpmhU h mw ynbsMpJvH .g .Ud#. h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoH

,;go l .v j<lovhdjcU mgnmoH h mw ynbsMpJvH bn,ohpH h gwlvH

mgnmoH h mw ynbsMpdoj .fxpn,Mnmonbnb .g mgnmoH bn,ohpH

gx<;V b<jk i<g nb<hmhp h fxpn,Mv bs<lnmoH ynhMpmhU h mndyhHN

q;V] mgnmU ynbsMpmlnmU fxpn,Mnmp h mw ynbsMpdj ep nmp .g

yMpJnbH .o<gy<hiMnbH xsE nmpnb> sgnbhonbnpH .g , xvwjH moonm

x<jgMpmhU o<s



75

mg<;olnmoHN h yynm fc<;olvH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU h mndyhH xsE nmpnb>

,wpnhooH h mgQnbgjH lnhp q;V nmpmp;gnbH lsgnhcU jv tucom;ov

moonb<jH h .sdov yynbxnmoH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN x<jgMpmhU 6(8)

h mndyhH .g yynm fc<;olvH bs<lnmU ynhMpmh mndyhU+

6(8) m<x , nbn,pctvH h bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

mgnmoH i<g x; h anqxsyhj mgnmp h mw aQpnhH

moonb<jk] bnb .jywE h ynbspH mwohJnmp .fi> h

pmcom;ov moonb moonb<jH h gwlov jv av bwvpnmov

fc<;olnmoH jq<xU yh moonb<jH .v bo<lco;ci aQV

mgnmoH ,;yh .y h svhdH ynbsMpmhoH] .jywE hj .fpT

mwohJnmp .g moonb<jH x; gUd hj .v ynbsMpbT h mw

ynbsMpJvH moonbN

136 . .jywE h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp Ugn,og;M> h mgQnbfG |jv ynbsMpbH

mwohJnmp moonb<jH ,; yh x; gUs x; l .fpH l mw pmcom;G|

,nhp nmp ,sgjH ;gjk .Ud#. bs<lphpH hj tovH .y mpcfMnmp

,nho ,w hEj.nmp , g;pjH gx<;V h mwpnhooH .gcfMnmU bnb .jywE

i<g h mgQnbfG x; ,fxsgH .gcfMnmU hEj.nmp , bkG .vN ,nho yh

,wpnhooH .gcfMnmU jv ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp .g x<jgMpmhoH h mndyhH

6(8) pphnmpnhnp yh sgenmp .g+

(a) mgnmoH pph> hj mg<gonbj fc<;olnmU .pQn,nmp

i<gx; mgnmoH fc<;olnmht;H bs<lphU] hf ynbsMpbH

mwohJnmp moonb<jH h gwlov moonb] nbn,pcr> bn,ohp

jv .ff;ov hlvlenmp jEApvhp i<g bf nbn,p<g> ..

yMpmhp , bf cjfpH A<ngxMG moonb<jH , mwvqbH}

(b) .Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmhtH] ,;go mw g;coj i<g

, hpnbcgjH jEApvhp ,; yh bf cjfpnyH bom l av

bwvpnmov .g yynm fc<;olnmoH h mdoyvH ljsgtov} ,;

yh i<g

(c) hoho<gH .g fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmoH .d phabuH tMd<jH]

hoho<gnbG .jywq .gcfMnmooH nmp bf nbn,pcgT

mwohJnmp .g yynm fc<;olnmoH bxnmoH jv uJi,hdH

.pQn,nmoH hj mg<gonbH .y bcfMnmUN



76

3. hsgenb;ci fc<;olnmoH bs<lphpH ncyw 2011

137 . h Ugn,ognhj lnhp jv svhdj .g j t<jhdnb x<jgMpmhoH 6(8) h

mgMpdH h mg<doH yynm fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH .EhV j

.fohd;cU uJi,hU 1973] q;V yh] ep .v j<lovhdH h gnaLoge;ci

.. .Ud#. bs<lphpH hsgenb;ci , nbn,pMpbjHN ,nho yh ,wp;u;ci

hfyvcoj 1990 xAp i<g bnbMd] .Ud#. bs<lphpH ,j b<aoesgjH

QokojyH h mw yynbMpJvH moonbH i<g h mw gwlvH .d .Ud#. b<jHN

.. mwohJnmp ynbsMpmhp gs xAU yh Usgen,nb;cU Qokojynb .;

.Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmU bs<;nmoH hpg jv .jyH h mw yynbMpdj i<g

h.v hEjgonbH lnhp , .v j<lovhdj psgylnmoH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU hj

mg<d;ci p<;tsnmU .Ud#. hpg 1983] jv cjfohdj m<x , Ugn,ovhdj

h mw ynbsMpdj mwohJnmp m<x ,nm bcvgonbj ,; yh i<g ,h ewW

h cjfohdj snb lnhp ,nhom i<g hj hEjgvH , .fpjH] .got;Mnmonbnb

bn,ohH hpg jv .jyH hj .fpjH ,; yh .Ud#. ,j tovH .. jv

ccjfpjH i<g , bcfMhgjH .pQn,nmp i<g x; pgn, j<lovlnmoH jv mw

bcvgvH lnhU h mw jv m<coH .pQn,nmp , x;ohdjN m<x yh h hEjgvH

.. mwohJnmp ynbsMpmhoH] jf ytosnbH fc<;olnmht;H nbxMH] ,;go

yh hfw bcvgvH nbn,pcvlnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH h mgMpdH mgQn,nmU

x<jgMpmhoH 6(8)] jq<xU mgnmoH fc<;olnmoH bs<lphU ,h ,jhEjgG jv

bkG mwohJnmp ynbsMpmhoH .o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH h gwlvH ,;go

n,vpjH mwohJnmp moonb<jH h mw yynmMpJvH moonbH lhG yh gwi .y

jsgnyHN

138 . ,nho h mwpnhjcU yynm fc<;olnmoH 1990] .Ud#. bs<lphpH j

.ffpcpH tFG jEApvhp .d .v moonb<jH buV nmp h m<coHN ,;

yh fc<;olnmU 1994] hj mg<gonbo;ci b% i<g CxY% fc<;olnmU] j

j<junbvgonbu;ci] h fc<;ol;ci t<s% D<f< m<gH] ,nho h mnd;ci]

o<s tgp o<s A%?G mgjvlnmoH ,j gwvH bn,ohpH hj av jn,vqbjH

jEApvhp moonb<jH .v] h mgfonbuci nmp jUp%! hj .vcoj mgnmp

h .v phgn,ovhdj ,;o yh bFfxAU .y h .v j<lovhdH] tggG A%?G j

bu.;conbH ,gfnhcU h av jn,vqmhdjN

139 . b<xU hf bxgnb;dj 1990 xAp] jv .pQn,nmjyH fc<;olnmU bs<lnm

p h mw x<jv bcfMhdj] j<dogjH bnb .jywq h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp

.g h mgMpdH mgQn,nmoH 6(8)N gwi j uJimhdH .y hj mndvH gs xAU

j pmsvhd> .g .Ud#. h yynm fc<;olvH bcfMnmht;H , bktbvH i<g

x<jgMpmhU o<s



77

mgnmoH fc<;olnmht;H bs<lphp] gs xAU yh .y svhd> bktmsnmp ,

bf pmjhdj ynbsMpmhoH jv bf mwvqmhdj h mndyhH x<jgMpmh 6(8)

bcfMnmoHN .y mgQn,nmU j mgQnbvhdj mgnmoH fc<;olnmoH bs<lphp jv+

(a) gnaLogenmU] jn, pgn, j<logenmU i<g jv gx pgn,

j<lovhdj moonb<jk h mgnh aqV .g mgnmoH h

mw tMdcooH xtmn,nmp i<g h .v Ugn,og;MvH jv

bwvcongvH}

(b) jv ;vgvH jv tovH moonb<jH aynmpMpmhoH h mw

ynbsMpJvH moonbH i<g x; xsE h gnayhooH ynbspMnmp

bn,ohpH h mw yMpJvH] jv yMpmlvH] dPAp jv .v

pgn, j<logjH i<g x; jv enbx<gjH moonb<jk h mw

aQpnhooj hmw tMdcooH .xt,nmonbnb mgnmoH}

(c) yynbjg gUgs l mwvqbyU jEApvhp i<g lvp. gi hsgyU

, bjgyU}

(d) xnhp> .Gfp l nbn,pcgyU mwohJnmp |ynbV h gnaLognhU

oxdMpJnmoH| ,; yh bf nbn,p<g jv bf jvvqbyU

jEApvhp .g hj .vxgnyH .fwphJnmonbnb bn,ohpH} ,;

yh

(e) nbn,p<g l tEnhfohlkU i<g hf jwgkU fcvenmp jv tpvH

.Ud#. yynm fc<;olvH bcfMnmht;H pph> h mw mgnhj

rnhV .y ,sgyUN

140 . hj mgQnbfngcU fc<;olnmht;H bs<lphpH j bf tEnhfohd> .g

yMpmhoH h bcvgvH h yynm fc<;olvH hj nbn,pMpbjH fc<;olnmht;H

bs<lnmoH ,; yh bqk mgnhnp .g hj hnlvynbH fc<;olnmht;H bs<lphp

.ro> .vN x<jgMpmhU onK< h mgMpdH .g yynm fc<;olnmU yMpmhU

mgnhp .g sgenmp h uvgvH fc<;olnmht;H bcvbhpH , nmvhdH gi lsgyU

, ynbsMpbyU h mgQn,yhH x<jgMpmhU 6(8)] , jn, yMpmhdj i<g ,

pjgonbj .g uJi,hp hj nbn,oohdj uJimhoHN



78

4. hj av sgjH fc<;olnmht;H bs<lphpH .g .v 2001 xoE ohU

141 . 2001] Qokojy> j mgQnbdnbH jv .pQn,jynb .g fc<;olnmht;H

bs<lnmoH ,nm AogvH , tpvH mwohJnmp ynbsMpmhpN , bktmsvH yh

.. jv .pQn,jynb] Qokojy> j nmgyn,> h mg<doj hpg jv .jyH]

bcfMnmp mg<glnmp i<g sgenmp ,; yh , boegynbG hj cjfohdj

mwohJnmp ynbsMpmhp boy yh ,jsgjH , yopnhooH i<g .g ,h ewW

hnbcfpyhonbH i<g tonbonbH lnhp h mw bmv hpn,ovhdj j x;ohd>

ynhMpmhU] j bf bvco> yh sgenmU Qokojy> yh hj yvg;ci , ton,G

mwohJnmp ynbsMpmhpN Qokojy> j mndnbH (d) |,h ,nm ewW cjfpH

lnhp h bmv hpn,ovhdoj i<g pph> ,wpnhj nmgylnmoH .g h mw

faogH Qokojy>] ,nho yh h mndvH .. nmgylnmphnm Ugn,ovhdj ep j

cjgQnbgnyH buV nmpN| Qokojy> i<g j mnd> .yMpmhoH .Ud#. nmpnb>

x; hj av Ugn,ogjH nmgylnmp mwohJnmp ynbsMpmhp hj av cLd nmgjH

gUd mw bcvgvHN

142 . hj bf uJi,hdjcU xAU 2001] .Ud#. bs<lphpH j bf

b<aoesgenb;cU 2000 QokojyH jv .fpjH mwphJnmp oxdMpJnmoH]

,; yh bg.y ,jsgjH j bf yvconb ,wohJnmp h .fohdnhcU n,K j

bf bksdnbH i<g n,Ehvpnhnp] ,; yh i<g ;gjk ynbsMpmlnmoH j bf

yMpmlnbH moonb<jH , UsgyvH mwohJnmp oxdMpJnmpN ,; yh hf

jwxcoj xAp 2000] j bf oMgn,ognyH .g fc<;olnmht;H bs<lphpH

,j av Dhnbwwj h av jn,vqmhdj jEApvhp moonb<jH .vN j<junbvvhU

.y] fc<;olnmht;H bs<lphpH j bf uvgnbH .jywq .gcfMnmoo> h

ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp tMn, x; l av bwvpnmov yynm fc<;olnmoH

.d jUp%! mgnmoH i<g h mw tMdcooH h mw pphgn,ogjH mgnmp]

2007 yh j bf j<logenb;cU h av jn,vqmhdoj jEApvhp (gx<;V

h av jn,vqmhdj jEApvhp hnlvlenmp .; l av bwvpnmnb<cU yynm

fc<;olnmoH) hnlvlenmp jEApvhp hj mwvqmhdj moonb<jH 2006 (2007

yynm fc<;olnmoH bwvonmoH .v) 7.6% mgjvlnmoH j av jn,vqmhdnb

jEApvhp m<xv nmp hj gfooj nbpnmftH h gwlvH moonbH okputgp

U;ng< A%?G jgfoonb hj av jn,fqbjHN

143 . hf j<lovhdjcU yh p<xV ,j Dhnbwwj h av jn,vqmhdj jEApvhp

moonb<jH .v] jUp%! mgnmoU fc<;olnmht;H bs<;phpH j bf yvgonbH

,nm hnlsgjH jv av tFfov moonb<jH h .vov .g h mw nbn,pctvH l

x<jgMpmhU o<s



79

bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN rnhV , oxooH 2007] jUp%! fc<;olnmht;H

bs<;phpH] fc<;olnmhtH h mnd<gylG ,; yh .o<gy<hiM> bs<lphU

fc<;olnmht;H] .d .v .Ud#. jn,fuH phabusH] okpuqC moonb<jk j

ynbx<gnyH] , pj<hnbvH hoho<gtov .jynmp] , boegysvH .o<gy<hiMnb

bwgxnmoH yynm fc<;olnmo i<g hj mg<doj] ,nho yh i<g h mw

UsgyvH jv tovH buV h mw ynbsMpdoj mwohJnmp moonb<jH .vN

,; yh i<g] h fc<;olG t<s% D<f< m<gH] j mgQn,;cU jv mwvqmhdo

jjEApvhp hnlvlenmp moonb<jH l bf uvgonbj 2008] v bf tFfj .d

h.vcoj moonb<jH .vN jUp%! fc<;olnmht;H bs<lphpH j bf bcfMhgnyH

jv wjyvH moonb<jH bn,ohp jv av bwvpnmov yynm fc<;olnmoH]

,nho i<g h mgvH jv oho tovH xUxJnm Qokp] gwlnmht;H l

mw gwlmvH] ,; yh , tvJvH l m<cooH ,nho yh h mndvH .; h

pphgn,ogjH yynm fc<;olnmoH , oQjwhoH jv av bcfMvH m<xV nmp

, .EjjwhoH] boy yh n,vsvhdH] jv n,vm;vH .; .g h av bcfMvH ,

.EjjwhoH hnm nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,h yh i<g jv nbpmvH

jv avmsdvH , vckf;jwhoH m<ho jwxgnb<d> yh jv mgnb<cU ,

.<jjwhoH h Ugn,og;MvH jv av nbn,pctvHN ,; yh q;V] yynbMpmhU h

mw hpn,ovhdj .g .Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmU bcfMnmht;H ,nho h mndvH

,j tFfngonbj jEApvhp hj jvvqmhfj moonb<jH ,nho n,v av tFfvH

h av p<nlnbwngvH bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH] q;V jkxV Dhnbwwnp

mdognyH p<nlnbwngnmp mndnbH - 5.7%mgjgJnmoH x; j gfnp 2008 yynm

fc<;olnmoH bwvpnmnmoH] 5.7% mgjvlnmp j gfnp 2009 ,; yh 6.3%

2010 ,; yh i<g 6.3% 2011N

144 . ,nho aknhU , gsvhdj fc<;olnmp yynbxnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH ,

bnuotvH .g gUs% Ua yynm fc<;olnmoH h mw faognhj mgnmpN 2011]

oQ j t<jhdnb .y , m<coH yynm fc<;olnmoH gUs% Ua ,h nhk<H , .v

sgvH moonbH fc<;olnmoH - gx<;V yh j uvgonbnp jv fc<;olnmoH h

mw ywgonbj fc<;olnmp .y x,% ,; yh tH@ fc<;olnmoHN

145 . .EhV h yvgonbH .y fc<;olnmU] b% ,; yh nb%bT (#1) fc<;om<nl>

ygT D<fU x,%] ,nho h mw oMgn,ogH .g fc<;olnmoH 2011 ,h nhk<H

, .v svhdH yynm fc<;olnmoH nbn,pcvlnmoHN hj mwt<hH ,jagH

bom fc<;olnmht;H bs<;php ,nho h sgenb;ci WnlcMpmlnmoo> ,j

bcvgvH , yMpbynbvH .o<gy<hiMnb hoho<gtov .jynmp , Ugn,ogjH

jv tovH moonb .fwohJnmonbnb h mw yynbMpdoj hj bcgjrnhV ,

aynbMpmhonbH] jEnh yh j bf bkt,nbH dPAoH .v} bs<hT ,j Ugn,ogjH



80

jv tovH .. mwohJnmp] fc<;olnmht;H bs<lnmoH .g h bcfMvH ,j

a.vH yh l; moonb<jH o<gT l av mwvqbenb;ci h mw Ugn,ogjH

nmgylnmp} oQ x; .. , okpuqcj moonb<jk aQV gUs% Ua h mw

anqcsyhj mgnmp j av p<;enbH jv tpvH h mw Ugn,ogtov mwohJnmp

moonbH h mw yMpJov} q;V .. hj av tovH jv n,EhV j .fohdnb;cU

mwohJnmp bfG 2000 xAU ,j .fohdnb;ci mwohJnmp ynbsMpmhoH}

,; yh fc<;olnmht;H bs<;phpH ep .v j<lognyH gigfonb;ci h av

jn,vqmhdoj jEApvhp moonb<jH .v] hj av boegyU x<jgMpmhoH 142

h mgMpdH mExtH .dN

146 . onqkH , boegyU fc<;olnmU] Us;uU h pphgn,ogH tknb gi h

mjooH pgn, j<lovlnmoH] ,nhnb akH .o<gy<hiM> hj ocbnbd @v A<w

hmwohJG] Us;uU yh h pphgn,ogH tknb ngs% ,fU ,nho h mndG ,h ,

.v bwfovH moonbH .g h mw yynm fc<;ohonbH 2011N ,nho i<g h

mndG] moonbH h gwlvH moonb<jH okpU A%?G mgjvlnmoH x; j gwnb;cU

.g h av bwvpnmvH moonbH h mw tMd uvgonbH fc<;olnmp gUs% Ua

q;V x; 1.3% mgjvlnmU j gwnbH moonbH h av bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH

- ,nho yh ,w |yopnhH| .y , m<coH j mnd>] tso , udcoH moonbH

jv av bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoHN .y yh hj mw t<jhdH i<g h mw

|yocoH| .g yynm fc<;olnmoH boj fc<;olnmht;H bs<lphpH ,h nhk<H

,sgjH .gcfMnmonbnb h mw ynbsMpmhdj mwohJnmp ,; yh bwV bnb

.jywE .y h mpcfMG |,h h gnaUgnhooH| ,j mw uvgG .gcfMnmU] hj

mw t<jhdjcU hj m<cojcU |pf fc<;olnmoH| ep ,Enh .v nhk<;congonbU

.y ,; yh 2011 yynm fc<;olnmoH ep .v gna nhk<H .v svhd> .gN

147 . 2012] b% i<g nb%bT fc<;olnmU (#2) j av boevhdcU .g x<jgMpmhoH

129 tp j av jn, boevhdcU fc<;olnmoH ,; yh bp hj fc<;oG tp

jv lo;H j bkt<gyJ> , mndG ,h , .v fxsvhd;ci yynm fc<;olnmoH

2012 boy h m<co;ciN fc<;olnmht;H hj mw UsgjH tp t<gm lnhp

,j t<jhdj ,h h .v tucovlyhj .g b% i<g nb%bT fc<;olnmoH (#1)

pgn, j<logenmoH hj mw bcfMhvhdj ,;go hj .v bf yt<nhvxvhdj l

.v tucongonbH ytonmoH .g 2011 yynm fc<;olnmUN t<s% D<f< x_gp

,nho h mndG , bf jwgG .jywE .ngxMtH bqk ,j bf ytuxvhdoH hj

mw yyoG , hpnbcvhdH x<jgMpmhU 6(8) .g yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU

ynhMpmhoH h mg<dH] boy bwV .jywE h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmpj

nmgynbhonbU gUd lsgH jv nhk<;congG .gcfMnmoH] v tsoMG i<g jvbf

x<jgMpmhU o<s



81

wjmfJG ,hnmp jv uftMG , uvgG .gcfMnmU tMn, lnhp jv fx uvgG h

mw av Ugn,otG jv sgHN ,; yh i<g hnm h mndG+

ep UsfiU hj av cjfohdj lnhp .v<h>] 2012 gUs% Ua yynm

fc<;olnmoH hj mw ynbsMpmhoH hj mwp;gonbj mgnmoH

jkxV yh , uvgonbjN .. lnhp hj mw t<hdj .jywE hj

uvgG ynbsMpmhp ep .v tsoM> , uvgG .gcfMnmU hj

svhdH 2011 i<g hkE hj av pphgn,ogjH yynm fc<;olnmpN

,; yh hj mw bvgonbH hkE hj av mg<gonbnhcU uJi,hp

hj mw twjgnhnhcU i<g jv nhk<;<gonbj j nbcfpynbpnbU .g

.gcfMnmoH .o<gy<hiM> fc<;olnmht;H bs<;phU jvnbnmvngG

.g nmgylnmoHN mgnmoH jWbknbH j av nbnmvngnbH .y ,

nbn,p<gonbH l .v ytuxvhdHN ,; yh A<w fc<;olnmU j

t<hnbhonbU .jywE ynbsMpmhp hj uvg;ci yE;V |j wjm;>

bn,ohp| boy n,vj yyoG] ,; yh ,nho h mg<gkU jv

bwvohdj moonm mwvlnmp i<g jv hpnbcvhdH mg<hiMnmp

, uvgonbH yynm fc<;olnmUN ,; yh mgQn,nmoH , bnuvhdj

uJimhp jv cjfohdj mwohJnmp h mw ynbsMpdj hj av

cjfpjH .o<gy<hiMnbH .jyhpH i<g .jyhpqH] hoho<gjH

bs<lnmp i<g h nbpQnbgjH bcfMnmp ohonmoH .fgnmonbH]

,; yh .v p<;esvhdj Ugn,og;MnmoH] ep yh UgkU .v<h>

jv yMpdH nev hjsvhd;ci gc<H i<g |j wjbhonm;cU| n,v

jm<coHN hjsgjH .o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH h gwlvH bs<hT

hj Ugn,ogjH jv to;vH mwohJnmp yynbMpmhoH unhU bgnmp

,j ;vgvH ,nm bwfpnb;ci moonb jv bwgxov yynm

fc<;olnmoH .fgnmooHN

148 . ,j av hpnbcvhdj ;vgnmp ytuxvlnmoH j tu .fpT bnb hfc<;olG

t<s% D<fU x_pgp , boegH .jywE h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp j mnd>

, boeyG .. ,j uJibtov h mg<doH .g x<jgMpmhoH 6(8)] hj mw

t<jhdj hj m<coj fc<;olnmoH b% i<g nb%bT fc<;olnmoH (#2) hj mw

pEnlnbwng;ci h fc<;olG p<xV ,j Dhnbwwj h av jn,vqmhdj

jEApvhp h mgjvhdH 5 .6%N



82

F. hj mw j<lovhdH , m<coj sgenmp fc<;olnmU mgQn,nmp

149 . mg<gJnmoH x<jgMpmhU i. .g .jynmU mgQn,nmoH] h bktgpnb>

hj av jn, hpnbcgyU UgcfMnmoH .pQn,nmp i<g giwpnhj ;gjk ,

hpnbcvhdj .pQn,nmp hjsgjH lnhp l.v j<juby;nb<cU jv .v ytuxgjH

hj mw yyoponbH .pqn,nmoH fc<;olnmoH mdlN hj mw udcoH ,

bwfovH .o<gy<hiMnbH yynm fc<;olnmoH ep x; .g .Ud#. i<g

hpg<jH .y h m<com;ponbHN ,; yh] .y h m<cpm;ponbH tFnglH .y

m<coH pph> mgnmoH h mw ytwsgnbH jv nmvm;vH yynm fc<;olnmp

i<g h gwvH .o<gy<hiMnbH , bf p<xV tFfvH .y ,w hnbcvhdH] bom

i<g ;gjk ax<jg<jk hpg<jH i<g ;gjk mgnmp ydnb<jH bhtjvhtH] o:Mp]

b<s@Ok i<g bfG twe;yp<jH ax<jg<jkN .y hj mw boevhdj sgenmp

h m<com;ponbH] Uj av boedU gisvhdH ,nbn,pctvH aakH bn,ohpH

.g yynm fc<;olnmoH .d nmp hpg<jH ax<jg<jH i<g b<s!OkU] o:MPU

,; yh bfG twe;yp<jH ax<jgjk i<g jv bcfMhvhdH h mw yyocoH

fc<;olnmoH .pQn,nmp h mw bcfMhvhdjN

1. h mw j<lovhdj pph> m<coj fc<;olnmoH .pQn,nm;p .g hpg<jH ax<jg<jH

150 . h mw yocom;vH nbn,pcvlnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH

.fgnmonbH tFG ax<jg<jH hpg<jH ,nho nev ,<com;vHN hj av boegyU

DcwE .g] .y h boevhdH yosc x<jg<jk hpg .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmoH

ppgn, j<lovlnmU] buvl tp j boevhd> xsE x<jg<jH A#fE hPxk jv

.jyH .vN .y UfcvenmoH x<jgMpmhoH] Uj boedU h m<com;vH ax<jg<jH

hpg .y ,h nhk<H hsgvH bwvpnmnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH] ,; yh bg jsvhdcU

jv ytuxvhdH .y h m<com;vHN ,; yh bxwE x; .g UhnmdU mwohJnmp

ynbsMpmhoH gisgjH nmp .d ax<jg<jH hpg , ynbspjH mwohJnm l

nbn,pctngcU .g l bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

(a) yosc

151 . yosc b<jk j j<lognyH gi h m<com;ov .o<gy<hiMnb bwvpnmnmoH

yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g ,nhoy x; .g ax<j<gjH hpg nmpnb> fxpn, hj

uvgvH pgn, j<logenmp .y .vN

x<jgMpmhU o<s



83

152 . o<j xMT 1988] yosc jv .jy> j cjfpT fc<;olnmU pgn,j<logenmU

.g .pQn,nmoH bs<lnmoH i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH hj bktgvH oQ lnhp

hj jv mcoj} onKJqC xAp hj a.vH jv uvgonbooH 1971 fc<;olnmU]

moonb<jH hj ocbhonbu;ci bn,ohU ,; yh 1988 fc<;olnmU hj

ocbhonbfci hoho<gH bs<lnmp moonb<jH .jncbn,Mnb hj ocm;G] ,nho

yh ,jcjfpnbd bnb .jncn,M> , nbcooHN .g pgn, j<logenmoH ep

.v jgnm mndnbH , boegjH hj m<cooH fc<;olnmoH} , bf bcmhdH

yh fc<;olnmU ,nho hfndvH]| fc<;olnmU .pQn,nmU tso ,j nbosgjH

, x;pjH .pQn,nmp .g yosc .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw gwlvH jv tq>

.g cx;olnmU nbosglnmU| boy yh h m<xDH , hpnbcvhdH .g pgn,

j<logenmoH tso j bn?co> h mgjvhd;ci jv m<co , uvgonbH] ,; yh

Uhf boedU pphn,ihoH UfcvenmoH h mw boevhdj .o<gy<hiMnbH h

m<com;vH ca<jg<jH hpg i<g h yynm fc<;olvH bxnmoHN

153 . hkE fcvt;Mnmp] h yynm fc<;olvH yosc b<jH h mwpnhooH i<g

mg<doH h mw bcfMvH hj bcvgvH aynbMpmhoH h mw yynbMpdj

mwohJnmpN q;V] .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g h bxgnmjJvH moonbH] j

bnugnbhonbnpH jv aynbMpmlvH yosc b<jH 1886 i<g 1952] pj yh boy

i<g j bf bnugnbhonbnpH jv bwgxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmoHN

,; yh .o<gy<hiMnbH aakH j cjfphonbnpH jv aynbMpmlvH 1952] ep

yh q;V .v pjcooH l gwnb<cU hnm av bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH gx<;V

bs<lphpH .o<gy<hiMnbH .gcfMnmonbH] h mwp;MvH nmp mgnmoH h

oho<gjH mgnmoH] ep Ugn,og;MnbH .; mgnmoH h oho<gjH jv ynbsMpbjH

mwohJnmp .g h mw uvgonbj aynbMpmhp .v<h> .fc<;olM>N jEnh yh

1971 , .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH bs<lnmp j Ugn,oyhonbnpH jv cjfpjH

mwohJnmp ynbsMpmhoH h mw aynbMpmhonbHN

154 . 1983] yosc b<jH j bf bcvgnbH h mw hpn,ovhdj ynbsMpmhp

yMp<dcovhU , bcgH yosc b;Mnm bs<lnmp faovlnmoH h mw mgnhj

yynm fc<;olnmoH mwohJnmp ynbsMpmhoHN .g pgn, j<lovlnmoH j

t<hnyH ,j bcvgonbj b;Mnm bs<lnmoH yynbJpJnmo] ,;go yh h .v

nbn,pcyvH bn,ohp l av bwvpnmov yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,nho yh i<g

hsgjH , bwfpvH .o<gy<hiMnb .gN .g pgn, j<logenmpH j mndnbH

jEnh 1983] |.o<gy<hiMnb nhk<H j bf sgnbhonbnpH bwgxnmoH yynm

fc<;olnmoH i<g h mw nbn,pcvhdj mowhJnmp bwvpnmonmoH|N q;V]

pgn, j<logenmoH j t<hnyH tFG lnhp hj yoxvlyhj .g i<g jkxV h

uvvlyhH yynm fc<;olnmoHN



84

155 . pgn, j<logenmoH j bf j<lognyH .o<gy<hiMnb ,j bnugvH onqkH

mwpnhH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH+ h mwp;gonbH Ustn,nmU lj bwvpnmnb<cU

yynm fc<;olnmoH ,; yh ;vmn,nmU ncyw bf .fovH l bxvH yynm

fc<;olnmoHN pgn, j<lovlnmoH j mndnbH fc<;olnmht;H hj .vcoj

yMpmhp ,;go hj mw yyocom;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH tFngkH ,j mw

nbn,osvhdH} .. Ustn, yMpmhp A<ngxMH ,j mw cjfohdj] ,; yh

moonbH h gwlvH moonb<jH bfG anqcgnyH l .v pgjH .yMpmhonbnb

A<ngxMH] ,; yh i<g] bfG ep bknbH dPAp nmjnbH moonb<jH hgwlvH

moonbH] ,nho yh n,v botcoH ,nm mwvqbyvH jEApvhp} .o<gy<hiMnbH

hgwlvH mgnmoH ep fxpn,MnbH nb<hmhp h gwlsgjH] fcbyn,nbH h

faogtov gs xMT] ,; yh , ppgn,otG bn,ohU gUd ,w gwlvH p<xV

boyU jv t<hG] ep gwiMpJ> ynbsMpmhoH i<g buvl h mw gwl;nlN ,;

yh i<g tphonbnpH xUxJnm Qokp , Ugnm msdvH h mw bwvpnmponbH

fc<;olnmoH ep yh q;V fxconbH ,o;H h tovH Qokp l bcvbvH] tFG

.o<gy<hiMnbH ep og bkt<f;wenbH i<g x; .x<fnlkenbHN ,; yh m<x

, nbn,pctvH bn,ohpH] ,nho yh h mw j<logjH hjsvhdoH .; hpgn,

j<logjH .g fc<lolnmoH] |gwi boy ,jsgenb;ci .; hownbpvtn,vH

h bkt<gylvH ,; yh h pgylvH ,h , .v cjfpvH .o<gy<hiMnb .g

bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH] h mw a.ponbooH x; ,j cjfpvH ,h

h mw Kxcooj mgQn,nmp ,j cjfovHN| , j<jJtn,yhj yh sgenmoH

joMgnmpnhH ,h hpl , .v nhk<H sgvH moonbHN .g ,IU aGf b<A%U

fc<lolnmU] .d mgnmoH Ug Uc] yosc] .fc<;olnmoH bnb m<nl> ep .v

bwfphonbnpH .o<gy<hiMnbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH] bg yh , tFfnb;ci

hgwlvH .g mgnmoH moonbH bnbMd ,j tFfvH h gwnb;ci nmp

n,t<f;wnbHN bg yh hj dncfvH U;ng< .o<gy<hiMnbH jv av bwvpnmvH

ep hpl dclog;Mnb;cU .g jv bxvH] nhg> x; ,j .fovH .g boj yh

hsgjH h pgylvH h bkt<gylvHN ,; yh tp] aknhU j m<co;cU tp ;gH

fc<;olnmoH] ngTKU bMM<] o<stgp okpU nhg> yyE x; ,j .fovH jv

bwgxvH itgp akH , gwnb;ci moonbH hj nbn,pctvH .g] h mw o<fj

yynm fc<;olnmoH] ep .v .fphonbnpH m<x , nbn,pctvH n,K nhg> x;

yyE jsgnbhonbnpH jv .v a.vH x; jv dncfvH m<x , Ugn,otvHN |akH

yh tp fc<;olnmoH] h ownbpvtn,G ep .f .fi> U;ngJqC ,gwov h av

bwvpnmo;ci moonb fc<;olnmoH} ,; yh tp] h pgylG tp j bnugn,>

oQ .. hnm bwvpnmov] h ownbpvtn,G yh tggG ep .v Kaor> ..}

tp yh o<ngkH ,; yh yvV ,f uvgonbH fc<;olnmU] h pgyl;ci tMn, j

x<jgMpmhU o<s



85

.fi;cU .o<gy<hiMnb hj nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] h ownbpvtn,G

yh j bnuor> qH ..N , owvH yh .; j bnugonbhonbnpH onq nho h

mjo;ci sgenmp fc<;olnmoHN

156 . .pQn,nmU jv mgQn,nmp hpg h mw nmvhdj h j<dognhj h mg<dj ,h

pgylnmp h mw omsvhdj dclog;MnmoH h mw ywgyhj lnhp fc<;olnmoH

hf oxdMpdnb .g+

.y h bm<coH fc<;olnmoH h ywgyhj lnhp

j bcfMhvhdnb jv ytuxvhdj i<g ,j pmogt,nmyhjN

j<dognhU yh .g jv fx uvgonbH .pQn,nmU jv

uJimhdHN .g h mw ywmsyhj lnhp .pQn,nmoH

aknhU .g bcvgnmU bp h fc<;oG jv mdoeG q;V

jkxV , gnhooH lnhp l .v b<aoesgnbG h yynm

fc<;olov i<g jv cjfpngcU .g h bxvH ,h h

Ugn,og;MvH] ep hpl nbLE ,jU lnhU .v] bp bn,ohU h

cjfoG ep tp hj ;vg> jv jn, .foG .gN

q;V yh] pgn, j<lovlnmoH jt<hnyH .g yEhnmMnmp ,j

bcvgonbj jv n,aoyvH h bwvpnmovH ,j cnhgvH .. |,j

nbpEnlnbwp;gvH i<g ,h jv oMsvhdoj| lnhp mg<gJnmoH

.gpph> mg<hiMnmp h mw nbn,pctvH bn,ohpHbwvpnmnmoH h

pphgn,ogjH fc<;olnmoHN

157 . , boevhdH yh ,j cnhfvH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bwvpnmvH yynm

fc<;olnmoH .g h mw nbn,pctvH] h ppgn, j<logjH lnhp j mg<gnbH

bnb .jywE h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp hjsgT jv bgn,ogH mowhJnmp

bwvpnmnmoH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH (gx<;V jq<xU akH bnb .g

bwvpnmnmoH ,h ,j oMsgH i<g ,j bcvgG h mwjnWovH h fc<;otvH)

bp yh .y hm<com;G hj t<nhfphonbU .g mgnmoH jvn, h gwlGN

,nho i<g h mg<gonbH Ustn,nmp jv msgonbH h mw nbn,pctvH .g

yynm fc<;olnmoH bs<hT jv mfvH jv av msdvH] bg ,j t<hvH ,

fxgwvH bn,ohpH nbn,pcvlnmoH .g pphgn,UvlnmoH (bg yh i<g

h mw ppnbcsyhj mgnmp ,h hj UgnbcgjH .yMpmhonbnb A<ngxMH

.o<gy<hiMnbH] gwi nmpnb> j av jn,vqbnyH jEApvhp h mfvH

nmp ;gjkH bn,ohpH h gwicooj .yMpmhonbnb i<g h n,vm;vH jv



86

UgnbcgjH) , boevhdH yh h mw bnuotvH .o<gy<himnbH .g h mw

nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] pgn, j<logenmp h pphgn,ogjH j

mg<gnbH} nbiEnhmn,nmp .vg> sgenmoH i<g hcnhfvH bn,ohpH h mw

a.ponbH h cjfovH bwvpnmnmoH fc<;olnmoH ,nho bqk ,j AognbH

.y hsvhd;ci tMn, x; mw h mw yoxvlyhH .y} h yynm fc<;olvH

Ugn,ognhU jv .fovH nbn,pcvlnmoH itgp fcmhU b<jk h m<xMpnhH .g

l mw fc<;ohonbH} ,; yh m<col xsE jv .fovH h bwvpnmvH .g]

aknhU h mdognhooH .d mgnmoH jv .GfovH hmw tMd uvgonbj mgnmp

i<g mg<hiMnmp h mw cLdognhj hj mw yyoG bnb h fc<;oG} ,

hpnbcvhdH h mg<dH yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU mgQn,nmoH jv

nhkvgonbj mnd<gylnmp .o<gy<hiMnbH .v .gyynm fc<lolnmoH ,h h og

n,t<f;wevH i<g .x<fnlkevH q;V gna ,dclog;MvH .g jv bwgxvH yynm

fc<;olnmoHN

158 . ,nho yh i<g l mngonbjcU] , p<nlnbwgonbH jv fc<;olnmht;H hj

mgQn,vH .g b% i<g Uak fc<;olnmU .pQn,nmht;H 1992] j tuxvhd;cU

.g x<jgMpmhoH 634 h mgMpdH pph> h mg<dj fc<;olnmp jv

mgQn,nmoH UgnbV , bgn,UvhdH sgenmp h gwa.G bn,p ncyw bf

UstG bwvpnmnmoH hjsgjH .; h ownbpvtn,vH] ,h , ggx hpnbcyvH

bn,hp q;V , Ugn,og;MG bnb h pgylG i<g nmp jv hnl q;MyG h mw

nbpEnlsgtov i<g h ownbpvtn,G nmp , oho<gnbG .g hj nbn,pctvH

yynm fc<;olnmoHN jv fc<;olnmht;H j tEnhsinbH .g h gw a.ov

nbn,pcvlnmoH gx<;V jv mw hpnbctvH sgenmoH h mgQn,G h ownbpvtn,G

i<g hpgylGN q;V .y mgQn,nmU ep gnaLognhU yFotsnmU ,gnhonl .g

q;V hj hEjgnbH jv nbosgjH h mw nbn,pctvH bn,ohpH .g yynm

fc<;olnmoHN jq<xT yh nmp .y ,w cjfohdnl ,h , pgn,j<lovhdH

lnhU] jv mgQn,nmoH yh hjsvlyhH aknhU x; jv fxmwpnhU hj av

svhd;ci hkE yFotsnmoH yEhnmMnmU , bcvgonbH hf .v bo<;coj lnhp

h yyoxvlyhj ywgnmoHN

(b) A#fE hPxL

159 . A#fE hPxk ax<jg<jk phabuH hpg<jH .g h mg<doH h yynm

fc<;olvH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH] j tphonm;cU .jywE v ynbsMpbH

mwohJnmp nbn,pcvlnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH .v .g A#fE hPxkN

x<jgMpmhoH .g fcvt;MnmoH ynhMpmhU h mg<dH ,;go n,v .w.yhH jv

mgQn,nmU h uJi,hdH h mndyhH |bn,ohU x; dclog;M> jv bwvpnmG

x<jgMpmhU o<s



87

yynm fc<;olnmoH cfy x; cjfov i<g x; ,h , dco;g;MG jv

bxG .g , uJi,hdH h mndyhH ynhMpmhoH| ,; yh bwV x<jgMpmhU

okpi> h mgMpdH ,ndyhH |[h] , .v pphgn,ovhdH h mndyhH

.g x<jgMpmhoH oQ] .jywE h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp mgonb h .v

pphgn,ot;G .gcfMnmoH ,nho yh bf j<logH lsvhdoH bwvpnmnmoH

.g yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh .g sgenmoH] bnb .jywE .Ud#. h mw

yynbMpJvH hj aynbMpmlvH bcvg> h .v nbn,pcyG l bwvpnmov .g

yynm fc<;olnmoH] q;V yh] .g ynbMpmlnmoH ep gna tMn, yMpJnbH

.o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH h gwlvH .gN

160 . 2011] hj bf uvgonbnhcU fc<;olnmoH mgQn,nmp .g h mw

gx ywgonbj fc<lolnmp x,% i<g tH@ fc<;olnmU] A#fE hPxk

dclog;Mnmp yynbx<genmU j bf pgn, j<lognyH , bf hpnbcgjH

.jywq .ngxMtoH A#fE hPxk .o<gy<hiMnb , pgn, j<logjH gisgvH

.g fc<;olnmoHN Kjchnm xMT 2011] .g A#fE hPxk dclog;MnmoH

yynbx<genmoH j yMpbyn,nbH jv fc<;olnmjynb] ,nmgjH lnhp hj mw

t<hjH hj mw pgn, j<logjH fc<;olnmoH hsgvH moonbH] A#fE hPxk

dclog;MnmU yynbx<genmU j bf y;Ehdogtm;nbH lnhp hj agjH .g h

mw bxvH h yynm fc<;o;vH moonbH p<xV h bnuotvH ,; yh ,nho

sgnbhonmfnlpH tMn, x; nbn,pcvlnmoH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN .g

.yMpmhonbH] A#fE hPxk dclog;MnmU yynbx<genmU j mndnbH bgnmp

gwi ,j bwfohdoj .o<gy<hiMnbH .fwohJnmonbnb ynbsMpmhoH .g h

mw yynbMpdj aynbMpmhoH i<g x; hj pgn, j<lodU .jywE .ngxMtHN

161 . A#fE hPxk jv .pQn,nmjy> j pEnlnbw,> yh .. dclog;MnmU

yynbx<genmp ,j yMpbynbG .c<;nm xMT 2011N ,nho yh h mgMpmlG]

,nm tuxvhdoH .gcfMnmU .jywE h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp] h mEcjJG .g

bcvbhU fc<;olnmht;H j yMpbyn,> tMn, .jyhp .g x<jg<jH , Ugn,ogH

jv av mwvqbyG tMn, h mw yMpJov moonb moonb<jH h gwlovN

,nho yh i<g h mndG .g ynbsMpmhp A#fE hPxk .jywqH j .fpnyH

aynbMpmhp h mw ynbsMpdoj q;V xswpnhnp nmp .g .Ud#. .jywE h

uvgG mwohJnmp h mw ynbsMpdoj] mgnmoH hmw ynbsMpmhdj mwohJnmp

h gwlvH monmoH bcvgnbH i<g .g .v bwgMnpbhonbnpH .o<gy<hiMnbH

h gwlvH moonb<jH .g nmp hsgjH A#fE hPxk ynbsMpmhoHN ,nho i<g

h mw j<jJtn,G] q;V] ep bn,ohU j<logT lnhU n,vjbnuotsJvH jv av

bwvpnmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH j ;sgonbU yh jv n,vm;vH .g bwvpnmnmoH

|i<g jv bwgMpJvH .g h mw yynb<dj mwohJnmpN|



88

(c) jv jn,fuH phabusH ax<jg<jk

162 . h m<xv tqH .y b<jk i<g , DhnbwwvH h gwlsgjH bn,ohpH] jn,fuH

phabusH ax<jg<jk] botcom;nbH yh .g bn,ohpH m<x fc<;olnmp

,nm uvgonbj gx<;V nbn,pcvlnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoHN yynm fc<;olnmp

j av uvgunb;cU .d jn,fuH phabusH ax<jg<jH 1955N q;V] ,

g<gnmcoj 1955 m; xoE 1968] .o<gy<hiMnbH j bf bwfpnmnb;cU .g

yynm fc<;olnmoH owgp onK< fc<;olnmp j uvgnbH ,; yh U;ngJtgp

U;ng< yy> fc<;olnmp j gfunb;cU owgp onK< yh x; j mw bwgxnbH

.d jn,fuH phabusH ax<jg<jH] bg yh nmpnb> ynbV , tFfvH .g

, gwlsgjH .ro> b<jo> ep tMn, .f .fphonbnpH jv bwvpnmvH .g

yynm fc<;olnmoHN buV yh bf uvgonbU gUd lfw ytuxvhdj hmw

yyon,yhj fc<;olnmp jv pmcom;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH bwvpnmnmoH yynm

fc<;olnmoHN j<junbvvhhonbU nmp .y] t<s% D<fU MMU .fc<;olM>] hj

.fofcU .g jn,fuH phabusH ax<jg<jH fc<;olnmht;H 1955] ,nho

h mgQn,;ci h mw cx;ohonbH mgnmoH jv mw mgnhU fc<;olnmU

i<g yh fc<;olnmoH bcvbhpH x; jv av msdnb<cU .d jv UsgjH ,

fc<;ohonbooH mg<;olnmpN

163 . 1988 xAU] jn,fuH phabusH ax<jgjk yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU

ynhMpmhU j mgQnb;cU jv cjfovH .g h yynm fc<;olvH h hEjgvH

jvogbktvH h mw jnWov .g moonbH jv bxG .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

ak;qC gfnp .g mwjnWnmp moonbH .fwjnWnmonbnb .d jn,fuH phabusH

ax<jg<jH} vnckkU] ;#] K.G MICa] jn,fuH MICa] ;nmvU] moLxkPH

;fU] mo:pHfU] fO;] m:fsG] n,t<f;wenmU ,; yh n,x<fnlkenmUN ,;

yh .y , m<com;vH fc<;olnmoH] hj mg<gonbH .g yynm fc<;olnmU

bs<lnmoH ynhMpmhoH] .o<gy<hiMnbH h gwlvH .d jn,fuH phabusH

ax<jg<jH aknhkH yh x; ,wjnWvH bg , tFfjwnbonbH hj bwvpnmnbH

.g yynm fc<;olnmoHN jv fxsvhdj yh mgQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH] jv

.pQn,nmU bs<lnmoH .d jn,fuH phabusH ax<jg<jH j bf cjfpnyH

bcfMnmoo> jv mgnhH h mnd<gylvH j<jubylnmp] jv og mnd<gylvH

.ro> h .fpjH] okpi> gnb<d> yh m<xDxlk> j<jubyJnmU] oQ

gnb<d> yh mgnbH fc<;olnmht;H , .v j<jubyJvH h mngonbooH yynm

fc<;olnmoHN .; yh h mnd<gylvH j j<gcfMnbH rnhV , fc<;ohonbH i<g

, nbnmvbvH .jywq , nbn,p<gov .gcfMnmonbnb .g h ppgn,ogjH yynm

fc<;olnmoH] ,nmgynbvH bn,ohp lnhU nmv av UstvH bwvpnmnmoH i<g

x<jgMpmhU o<s



89

yh ,nl<hMpmhdj yMpmhp h mw yMpdj cx;olnmp] pph> gnanmp ,

uvgonbj ,; yh gisvhdH , bf jwgonbH fc<;olnmU i<g bktmsnmp ,

bktmvH .g h yynm fc<;olvH tMn, lnhp hj av boevhdj mg<;olnmoHN

164 . yynm fc<;olnmoH .d jn,fuH phabusH ax<j<gjH mg> .g .jywE

h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp .g h gwlov ,; yh .g h mw yMpdj b;Mnm

bs<lnmoH mwohJnmp hoho<gtov .g Us;uonm bs<lnmoH j to;>

yynbMpJnmpN q;V yh] mgQn,nmp .g hj cjfohdj yynm fc<;olnmU

bs<lnmoH ynhMpmhoH j qAcongonbucp jv cjfoG bnb .jywE h

ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp ;gjH jv .v .GfpH h mw ynbsMpdj mwohJnmp]

gx<;V aynbMpmhoH i<g x; mgnmoH yynbMpmhoH h mw ynbvgonbj

mwohJnmp h gwlsgjH mgnmpN yynm fc<;olnmoH ynbsMpJnmp ,

.vxvhdj cnhp> |Ugn,ognhU jv gwlvH .; h nbn,pctvH o<stgp fcmhU

b<jk h .fKcgjH l .vco.vH , av bcfMvH| ,; yh i<g hj nbn,pctvH

yynm fc<;olnmoH lhG tMn, hj .vcpH aknhU mgnmoH h gwlsgjHN boy

yh hj svhdH h canqcgjH h .GfovH h nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH

bwvpnmnmoH hj .vov h fc<;otv] jv .pQn,nmoH .g yosc pgn,

j<logenmoH j pp<;rnbH .y hjsgtov ,nho yh h mndvH+

hj mw ytuxvhj lnhp o tuipU] boy yh Ufw nmsdpU

jv jn, mwp;gkH Uhjn, ynbx<dpU mgnmp fc<;olnmp hj

mw uvgonbj hj mw av bwvpnmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH ,; yh

jv cLd oMsgyH i<g bf .fpyH hj mg<gonbj .pQn,nmp

fc<;olnmoHN […] .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw gwhsgjH moonb<jk]

.;yh moonbH hj bf oMsgnyH lnhp h nbpcvlyhj

mg<;olnmoH bp .v hj nbosgG i<g yh h fc<;oG] i<g

yh x;] ;gjk lnhp .v nbpxvlyhunb;ci h nbpEnlm;vH

n,t<f;wnbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

165 . tFfnp lnhp axsE h svhdj mg<gJnmoH jn,fuH phabusH ax<jg<jH

i<g .Ud#.] q;V bfG lhG gx<;V mwpnhnp+ h m<xDH b<jk i<g gix<v

ppnbcsyhj moonb<jk .d nmp .Ud#. jn,fuH h mwpnhj fc<;olnmU

bs<lnmp h mw uvgonbj} h mg<gvH .pQn,nmp h uvgvH} ,; yh i<g

.o<gy<hiMnbH .fwjnWnmonbnb x; bcvgnbn,N hj av boegycU yh .g hj

av mg<gkU lnhp l ytuxvlyhj DcwE] bfG lnhp hj uvgonbj .d jn,fuH

phabusH ax<jg<jH j bf e<dLognyH jv j<junbvglvH hsghdH .Ud#.

fc<;olnmU mgQn,nmoHN



90

(D) b_A%Gg

166 . b_A%Gg yynm fc<;olnmU bs<;nmU ynhMpmhoH j tphonbU hEj.

nmp .jywE h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp pgn,j<logenmoH , .fpH mgnmoH

hmwyynbMpJvH bn,ohpH h fxpn,MvH lnhp h bjdoj gx<;V nb<hmhp

i<gx; b<jk] mgnmoH yh .y h mpcfMG j nmvm;>] h mw yMpJvH

i<g h aynbMpmlvH] h mw yMpJvH bwvpnmnmoH fc<;olnmoH i<g yh

;gjk fcvenm yMpmhoH , .fpH mwohJnmpN yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU

ynhMpmhoH mgQn,yhU jv nbn,pctvH l av bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH

pph> yh hj .vxvhdnb mwohJnmp gx<;V} (a) aynbMpmho ynbsMpmhoH]

bwvpnmnmp h mw ynbsMpdj mwohJnmp i<g ;gjH fcvenm yMpmhoH

mgnmoH h mw yynbMpdj mwohJnmp} (b) dpAU yMpmhoH} (c) ,Us%KU<

mgnmU oxsMpmhp mwohJnmp h mw oxsMpdj mgnmoH} (d) i<g x; gUd

l .fpH bnb .jywE ynbsMpmhoH mwohJnmp l mw pmcojN

167 . mgnhnp lnhp l bktgonbj yynm fc<;olnmoH bwvpnmnmoH ep

j<lovhd> ,Enh jv fxsgenbnl .g b_A%Gg fc<;olnmoH h mw bxvH h

yynm fc<;olvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .vN 1991] b_A%Gg h pphgn,ogjH bs<lnmp

j jn, hpnbcgnyH .g fc<;olnmp i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH h sgnbdpH ,;yh j

t<hnyH ,h , .v .fovH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

,nho yh h mg<gvH jv .fovH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bwfovH vnbn,pctvH jv

bxvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

(E) ;gjk x<jg<jk hpg<jH h bcvgvH ynbsMpJnmp .g .v b;Mnmbs<lnmoH

,nm ynbsMpbjH mwohJnp .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

168 . hj av mw cLdnmgyU m<xtH fc<;olnm bktmsnmp .d yosc] bq>

b<xU 1983] ,j ytwsgjH h mw ynbsMpmhdj yMp<dcovlnmoH (hTx.%s%)

h .v nbpnmn,cbjH h mw ynbsMpdj mwohJnmp b;Mnm bs<lnmoH

yynbMpJnmoH jv .v .wgvH mwohJnmp l bcvgvH bwvpnmnmoH

fc<;olnmoH oxdMpJnmoH] ,nho nmp ,sgjH yosc pgn, j<lovlnmp

, uvgvH .g jv .pQn,nmht;H i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH] pmcom;nbH yh .y

,wsgjH , ynbsMpbjH mwohJnmp yynm fc<;olnmoH bwvpnmnmoH l

bcgjN K<hvnbU] nlaH] o: A!<nmH] uc<;wk] A#< ,snbG bkmPUG] o:CcGPUG

,; yh PcPng% (,; yh jv jn,fuH phabusH ca<jg<jk] hj av mw

boevhdH m<xtH) ,nho hj mw j<junbcgjH i<gnb>N

x<jgMpmhU o<s



91

169 . K<hvnbU] K<hvnbU yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH nmpnb>

oho<gnyH hEj.nmoH mdl .. h pphgn,ogtov .pQn,nmoH pgylnm

nmvmn,nmoH] nmpnb> bknbH hEj.nmp jv psgyvH mwohJnmp h mw

ynbsMpdj .g K<hvnbH Us;uonm fcmlnm xtmn,nmoH ,;go l .fpjH

mwohJnmp jv bcvgvH bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH K<hvnbU ax<jg<jH

hpgN .yyh sgenmU j bf j<junbcgnyH ;gjk ax<jg<jk hpg<jH hj

mwp;gvH .g.pQn,nmoH h yynbx<gjH mgQn,nmoH K<hvnbU] hj av

boevhdH mg<gJnmoH UfcvenmoH .g bcfMnm nbp<gJnm yMpmhoH

.pQn,nmU h yynm fc<;olvH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU] jEnh hj pgn, j<lognhcU

, pgnbcyvH l bwgxov yynm fc<;olnmoH ,; yh j t<hnyH gi l

bf sgjH jv ynbspjH mwohJnmp] h mw yMpJvH bn,ohpH .g K<hvnbH

b;Mnmht;H bs<lnmoH ynhMpmhoH .g yh h xvcovH bn,ohpH j .fpnyH

mwohJnmpN

170 . nlaHN nlaH yynm fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH Ugn,og;M> .jywE

h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp .g yynm fc<;olnmoH Ugn,og;M> jv .GfpH

.g aynbMpmhoH mwohJnmp h mw yynbMpdj] q;V yh} xsE nmp sgT

.o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH h gwlovN boy yh nmp , m<coH] nlaH

ynhMpmhoH cjfi> .. .jywq jv ynbsMpbtov mwohJnmp] jv bcvgG

mgnmonm ynbsMpmhoo>] moonb<jH hsgjH mwohJnmp ynbsMpbnyH h

mgQn,yhH QokojyH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU ,; yh hgwvH , ynbsMp.vH

moonbH .g jv .jyH b;Mnm bs<lnmoH h mw hpn,ovhdj ynbsMpmhpN

171 . o: A%!<nmHN o: A%!<nmH yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU tinbH

.jywq hEj.nmp jv ynbspH mwohJnmp .g .v+ h yMpJvH .g b;Mnm

bs<lnmoH fcmlnmoH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH] aynbMpmhoH yMpJnmoH] h

bcfMhgjH aynbMpmhp bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH] jv mgnmoH mwohJnmp

ynbsMpmhoH aynbMpmlnmoH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH ,; yh h mw yMpJvH

bn,ohpH h fxpn,MvH .Dcoq h mgMpdH .Dcoq bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoHN

172 . uc mE;wkN uc mE;wk yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH tinbH

.jywq h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH .v,;

yh .g uc mE;wk b;Mnm bs<lnmoH i<g tuxyfMnmU bs<lnmoH hj .fpT

mwohJnmp h mw yynbMpdojN boy yh ,svhdH jkxV botm;nbH gUd

l .v .fpjH mwohJnmp moonb<jH .v l av bwvpnmov fc<;olnmoHN



92

1994] jv .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU yynbx<genmoH uc mE;wk j mg<gnbH

j<jubysnm yMpmhp jv nl<hMpmhdj .o<gy<hiMnbH .g h gwlvH

.fwjnWnmonbH tH yH h mwohvhdH] boy yh n,vjsgjH ,nm hnl wjmvH

moonbH bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoHN .y yh bs<lnmU yynbx<genmU

j mg<gnbH i<g uc mE;wk jv AobcvgvH mowhJnmp h .GfpjH

aynbMpmhoH h mw yynbMpdj mwohJnmp] h mw hpn,ovhdj ynbsMpmhp

Ugn,og;MnbH jv bcvgvH (jv nbpnmn,cbjH hTx.%s% .v) b;Mnmhtnh h

bcvgvH tMn, bn,ohpH h mw yMpJvH] ,nho i<g h mndvH jv .jyH

yh i<g ,nho h mndvH .ro> jv p<xgjH hsvhdoHN .g jv .pQn,nmU

bs<lnmoH yynbx<genmoH hj uvgnb<cU fc<;olnmU UgY%G yQ_] hj

fc<;ofcU ,j ownbpvtG hj bgrotfcU ,j oxG bn,p] 1989] ,nhoro>

i<g hj bktgonbH yynm fc<;olnmU .g h bxvH] nbn,pcvhoH .g jv

wjgonbjcU x; mwpnhH mg<hiMnmU jv .fongcU (gx<;V hj mg<hiMG bnb

tHyH) ,;go hj mw bktgonbH jv bvp;gonbHN

173 . A%#U< ,s%nbG bkPUN h mg<dH A%#< ms%nbG bkPU yynm fc<;olnmU

bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU] ,j tpvH .jywq h ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp .y .v

yynm fc<;olnmoH] h mw Ugn,ognhj mwohJnmp oxdMpmhoH] b<j

b<h> hUgn,ognhj jv ynbsMpmhdj mwohJnmp .g ax<jg<jH hpg b;Mnm

bs<lnmoH fcmlnmoH ynhMpmhoH h .fpT mwohJnmpN

174 . o:CcHPU ,; yh PcPng%N o:CcHPU ,; yh Pcpng% yynm fc<;olnmU

bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU j tinbH hEj.nmp jv ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp .jywq]

pph> yh hj .vxgT jv ynbsMpbH mwohJnmp l bcvgonbj bwvpnmnmoH

yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh] bnb .jywE hj bcvg> aynbMpmhoH

mwohJnmp h mw ynbsMpdj , hpnbcgH h mgQn,yhooH aynbMpmhU

bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH 1991] .Dcwp h fxpn,MvH yMpJnmoH bs<lnmoH

poKiUg;MnmU xtmn,nmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU ,; yh b;Mnm bs<lnmoH h

mw ynbsMpJvH bn,ohpH b;Mnm bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH 1999N ,; yh bwV]

;gjk mgQn,nmoH h mw ynbsMpdj mwohJnmp bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH h mw

cjfoG bnb .jywE jv mw hpnbcgH h mw yMpJvH .Dcoq h fxpn,MvH

h mwhpn,ovhdj ynbsMpmhp] moonb<jH h mw ynbsMpJvH .x<fnlknbH

yynbxnmoH] dPAU bjgJnmp h mw yMpdj ,; yh i<g x; l mw

pmcom;G bnb .jywE l .fpH mwohJnmpN

x<jgMpmhU o<s



93

2. h m<com;vH fc<;olnmp ;gjk yd> b<jk

(a) b<s!Ok

175 . .o<gy<hiMnbH .g h gwlvH jv n,EhV .v ep .v tu .fphonbnpH

fc<;olnmoH tMd h m<xDoH .g<jnbHN hj cjfohd;ci fcvenmU 1983] hj

nbn,p<gonbu;ci .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU xtmn,nmU] b<s!Ok .pQn,nmU

bs<lnmU yynbxnmoH j mgMpmlnbH .ro> , boegjH}

…hj sgvH .; .o<gy<hiMnbH yynm fc<;olnmoH ep Jj .v

bvco>N ,; yh h bmwpnhH .y b<jk h mw mgvH .; yd>

moonbH tFfnbH yh bgnmp l av bwvpnmnb<cU .g yynm

fc<;olnmoH q;V ep h nbcy> jv bwvpnmG .g moo>N

176 . j tFfnp buvl fcvenm nmgylnmp i<g .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU yynbxnmoH

hj mndvH , j<logjH hnmw nbnmvngvH jv ytuxgjH h mw yocom;ov

.. moonb .g yynm fc<;olnmoH b<s!Ok b<jH] gwi yh boevhd> yh

m<com;vH tMn, h mw U;ngJ ca<jg<jkoH .g<jnb>N

177 . gs h mw ca<jg<jkoH .g<jnb> bcfMhgnyH .pQn,nmp hEj.nmp

,uvgvH fc<;olnmp i<g mg<gJnmp gx<;V h mwpnhH yynm fc<;olnmUN

,; yh , hpnbcvhdH h f<xvvH , uvgvH] hsgjH , ynbspjH mwohJnmp

,nho aknhU ,w p<xgjH ;gjk hsgtov ax<jg<jH} .jywE cnhp> .vxgT

mwohJnmp l bxov bwvpnmnmoH aynbMpmhoH ynbsMpmhoH .vN q;V

yh] pph> svhd> .y sgenmU h mwpnhj sgenmp ax<jg<jH] pph> i<g

sgnbhonbnpH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH tMd .g<jnbHN

178 . .pQn,nmU bs<lnmoH yynbxnmoH o<s mwonhj ax<jg<jk - o: K.G

n,_<] pnmU<PUG] ,; yh phabuH b<s!Ok - j tsoMnbH nmpnb> .y ,w

pgn, j<logjH h mw yocooH yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh .fcvenmonbH

hj mw pgn, j<logjH tMn, h .v pphgn,ovhdj .. j mndnbH bktmsnmp

hj cjfpJ ,j t<hjH ,h nhk<H n,vsgvH .o<gy<hiMnbH nbn,pcvhoH yynm

fc<;olnmoH i<g tFf lnhp j .v t<;conb pgn, j<lovlnmoH i<g

mg<gJnmp l .v ytuxvhdj j cjfpnyH hj av boegyU DcwE .gN

179 . hpg<jH hsvhdH] h mw ytqtsgvH .g h yynm fc<;olvH

oMgn,ognyH .; b<s!ok b<jHN ,; yh .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU yynbxnmU

.d phabuH b<s!Ok b<jH hj mndvH .fcvenmonbH 2009] |bwvpnmnmU

yynm fc<;olnmoH p<xV j<dognhU jv KMsohdH jv tucom;ponbH



94

, nbn,pctvH .g l av bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH| hj mndvH .g

yynbxnmoH] cfy x; nhk<H tsoMponbl , uvgonbH yynm fc<;olnmoH

.g jv .pQn,nmU , bcfMhvhdH hj tucom;ponbU] ,; yh i<g yynm

fc<;olnmoH |v tFfnb<cU .g l bwvpnmvH , tqH .f .y b<jk n,v

mngonbH|N q;V yh] .g yynbxnmoH hj mndvH , cLd nmgjH .g yynm

fc<;olnmoH ep dxgwnbH jv tMn, bwgxvH pph> h .vvH .d ax<jg<jH]

, jv tqH .y b<jk] ,nho yh q;V ,dogjH |tMn, mg<hiMnmp i<g

pph> h mwp;MvH moonbH h mw cx<; mgvH .d b<jH bknbH hEj.nmp

jv av bwgxvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH (boy yh lvn, mg<hiMnmU

h bowvhdH)N

180 . h m<coj aynbMpmhp .g twe;yp<jH i<g hpg<jH] Ugn,og;MnbH

tMn, bn,ohpH jv aynbMpmlvH .g b<s!Ok b<jHN ,; yh .y h m<coj

mwohJnmp h mw ynbsMpdj .g b<jH] ,nho lhG ,<com;vH h m<coj

,nm pgn, j<lovhdj hpg<jH i<g x; twe;yp<jH] tMn, h m<xDH

b<s!Ok Ugn,og;MnbH bn,ohpH jv aynbMpmlvHN ep yh nbLE jv yMpdH

nmp .o<gy<hiMnbH jv yMpJnbnl jv aynbMpmlvH h mw gcdognhj

mg<hiMnmp .d hj .g<hiMvH bht jvhtH .v hj av gnhwnb;ci yUdnbH]

b<xU yh aynbMpmhoH ep nmvhdnb gUd n,g<hiMvH h yMpJvHN q;V nmp

.g] ;nmU<PUG .pQn,nmU bs<lnmoH yynbxnmoH] 2011 hj cjfpenb;ci

.fcvenmonb>] ,nho h mndvH hj mw t<hjH h m<com;ov .o<gy<hiMnb

,h nhk<H , .v sgvH fc<;olnmoH .g b<jH h mw yynbMpJvH bn,ohpH

i<g ,h Jj , g;pjH h mEcoH j<jubyJnmp] ,h Jj , b;MnmxyfMvH

mdog;MnbH i<g ,nhjpnhooH h mw gwlvH ,; yh i<g , ppnbsyhooj

h mw gwlvH .fgnmonbnb xnhg<jH x; lnhp h mw hlgn,ogjH xyv.nmoH

.v , ccyfMvHN yynbxnmU j mg<gJnbH .g yMp.fJnmoH jvcLd nmgjH

, moonm mg<hiMvH aynbMpmhoH jv .v j<lovhdj pgn, j<lovlnmpN

yynbxnmoH i<g j mw t<hn,nbH .o<gy<hiMnb p<xV , boyH jv .v

UstvH h mfvH nmp n,t<f;wnbH aknhuH h gwlsgjH mgnmpep nmp

bkgxnbH h mw gwlvHN ,;yh i<g] .o<gy<hiMnbH botMnbH jv tovH

fc<;olnm Ustn,nm yMpmhp n,K , gwi bkv mgvH mgnmoHN

181 . jq<xU yh bg , cjfohdj Ustn,nm yMpmhp] tFfnp lnhp l jxvm;vH

,nm bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH ep hj .fphonbnpH .g

yynm fc<;olnmoH h .v pphgn,ovhdHN j<junbvvhU .y] bfG h mwpnhj

ax<jg<jk p<xV boyU xUcJnmU .v ,h .v x; , mgnhj lnhp h xUcoj h

x<jgMpmhU o<s



95

mngonbH] ep yh hj av msdnbH bg bwvcongn, yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,;

yh i<g aknhU m<coj l mw gwlnb<cU aQV fc<;olnmht;H ,nho yh n,v

botm;vH jv av bwvpnmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .g yUdnb<jHN .o<gy<hiMnbH

yh hnm fc<;ovH .cx;olnbnb .v ep h bjgynbhonbU , hpnbcvhdoj

.cx;olnmp .gpH] boy yh n,vsvhdH gx<;V hsgvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

hpg<jH] ,h nhk<H ,sgvH fc<;olnmoH i<g .pQn,nmoH i<g yh jnc.

snmht;H ,h hpl , cxM<lotvH , mdognhHN ,; yh i<g] mwjnWn,nmoH

,w udconbH] mwjnWn,nmU h bcvgonbH fc<;olnmoH i<g .g yynm

fc<;olnmoHN

182 . b<s!Ok .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU yynbxnmoH j oMgn,ognyH tFG lnhp h

nbosg;vH .o<gy<iMnbH bwvonmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoHN j<junbvvhU

.y] .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU yynbxnmU .d phabuH b<s!Ok ,nho h mndvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH hj nbn,pctvH p<xV ,h KaogjH jv nbn,p<;pvH bn,ohp

,h h j<loyvHN ,; yh i<g] .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU yynbxnmoH .d K.G

n,_< ,nho h mndvH i<g nmpnb> .gpH mdl .o<gy<hiMnbH ,j hnlvlevH

UgnbV jv cjfovH .g .v yynm fc<;olnmoH] jq<xU .g bwvpnmngn,

mg<;olnmoH h yocom;nbH .fgnmonbHN ,; yh .g yynm fc<;olnmoH h

.v pphgn,otvH] .g hf nmgH ,svhdoH] y%H m<K!,_] j mgve> .d o:

K.G n,_<] bfG .g h fc<;ol;ci lo;H j bktg> .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

,h , .v bwgxG .g .o<gy<hiM> hfc<;oG yh , moonmG] ,;go ,h h

mw tnpwH , hpnbcvhdH sgenmoHN

183 . b<s!Ok .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU yynbxnmoH j oMgn,ognyH tFG lnhp h

nbosg;vH .o<gy<iMnbH bwvonmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoHN j<junbvvhU

.y] .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU yynbxnmU .d phabuH b<s!Ok ,nho h mndvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH hj nbn,pctvH p<xV ,h KaogjH jv nbn,p<;pvH bn,ohp

,h h j<loyvHN ,; yh i<g] .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU yynbxnmoH .d K.G

n,_< ,nho h mndvH i<g nmpnb> .gpH mdl .o<gy<hiMnbH ,j hnlvlevH

UgnbV jv cjfovH .g .v yynm fc<;olnmoH] jq<xU .g bwvpnmngn,

mg<;olnmoH h yocom;nbH .fgnmonbHN ,; yh .g yynm fc<;olnmoH h

.v pphgn,otvH] .g hf nmgH ,svhdoH] y%H m<K!,_] j mgve> .d o:

K.G n,_<] bfG .g h fc<;ol;ci lo;H j bktg> .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

,h , .v bwgxG .g .o<gy<hiM> hfc<;oG yh , moonmG] ,;go ,h h

mw tnpwH , hpnbcvhdH sgenmoHN



96

184 . q;V yh] .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU yynbxnmU j bnugnyH h av cjfohdoj

.g hsgnbhonmvH nmp .d .o<gy<hiMnbH hpg<jH hj n,aogjH hifkU

fc<;olnmoHN j<junbvvhU .y] .y .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU yynbxnmU .d

o: K.G n,_<] ep .v .fpyH hj mg<gJponbooH h bcvmvH .g h .v

pphgn,ogjH yynm fc<;olnmoH n,K tFfnbH bn,ohpH (.KT , tFfvH)

hyFotn,vH h yFoyvH moonb i<g x; xsE h .g<hiMov bn,ohp] ep

yhh tuco> .y , m<coH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g mgnhnp ;gjk

lnhp h .v nmvmn,yhj yyoxvlnmoHN ,; yh i<g .y .pQn,nmU h

mgQn,yhH .d phabuH b<s!Ok hj mw t<hjH , cjpvH h fc<;olov

jv ,h jvcjfoG bn,p hnmv mg<hiMyG h fc<;otov] ep h pmpnhU

fc<;olnmoH j mnd>] ,; yh h nbpxvlyhH h mg<;ohonbH ,nho yh

cnhp> n,v .vxvhdj mwohJnmp bwvpnmnmoHN ;nmU<PUG .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU

yynbxnmoH j bnugnyH .ro> mg<gJnmoo>N

(b) o: MPUG

185 . o:MPUG .pQn,nmp bs<lnmU yynbxnmU j pgn, j<lognyH t<gm lnhp

h mwpnhj h mw fc<;oG bn,p .cx;olnmp .v .g b<jH 2001] ,nho

yh h mw t<hvH .; moonbH e%# h mwohJvH .g o:MpUG] gx<;V tMn,

h mwpnhMvH .o<gy<hiMnbH hpg<jH] ,nho aknhU ,w yocom;vH .gyynm

fc<;olnmoH n,K yFotn,nmU , bcgH .g h fc<;olvH h ccx;olvHN

o:MPU .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU yynbxnmU j bf oMgn,ognyH (bwvpnmnmoH) akH

, inbooj lnhp mg<gJnmoH .g h mw yynm fc<;ohonbH sgenmoH) ,;

yh j cjfpnyH hj mg<gvH t<henmoH .g h mndnmgvH+ |lnhU Ugn,ognhjcU

.g (bwvpnmnmoH yynb fc<;olnmoH) tMn, p .g hj nbn,pctvH

bn,ohpH dclog;MnbH jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH] boj i<g h

bnbwwnmvH i<g x; h jWbknmvH] pph> mg<hiMnmoH .v] bknbH tMn, .;

dclog;Mnmp jv bwvpnmvH i<g bn,pctvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH (jv

hpnbcvhdH .<hV nbn,pcvlnmoH)N| .g .fcvenmonbH] o:MPUG .pQn,nmU

bs<lnmU yynbxnmU j mg<gJnbH tFG pnbV lnhp l bcMhvhdnhcU .g yynm

fc<;olnmoH bwvpnmnmoH] gx<;} jv pmp;gonbH .g bwvpnmnmoH yynm

fc<;olnmoH jv pmcom;vH .g (mwohJnmp h mw ynbsMpdj .g h

bcgj yynm fc<;olnmoH bwvpnmnmoH) tMn, x; , j<logefohonbH h

mw gwlvH bn,ohpH , wjtvH pnbV h bnbwwnmvH bn,ohpH i<g pph>

h mg<hiMvH bn,ohpH jv yMp.fJvH aynbMpmhoH} i<g fc<;olnmht;H

h bm<xMpnhooH h mw gwlvH} ,; yh i<g ,hpnbcvhdj jEApvhp h

mndyhj i<g h mwp;gonbj i<g hj mw cx;ohonbH mgnmoH m<xMpnhj

x<jgMpmhU o<s



97

fc<;olnmht;H .v] , hpnbcvhdH yynm fc<;olnmU sgenmp yFotn,nmU

h mw unhH , bcvgonbH} mgnhnp hj mw .Ej nbp<gonbJ lnhp h .v

cjfovH .g h yynm fc<;olvH jv cjfpvH ;gjk jv t<nhv<h;vH bxnmoH

m<xV nmp , i<xv cjfoHN

186 . .g nmp hpg<jH hsvhdH] hkE fcvt;MnmoH hj av cjfohdj ydnm

.pQn,nmp i<g hj av bnuotvH .; y%# moonbH o:MpUG .v] ,;go

h.vyhH pph> .pQn,nmp mgQn,nmoHN .g o:MPUG .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU

yynmbxnmU j bktmsnbH .. y%# moonb] ,nho aknhU ,<com;vH

fc<;olnmoH xsE ,sgvH i<g ,w hpnbctvH h m<co.;vH .d hpg<jH

moonbH ,;yh bktmsnmp mgnhnp .g jn, pgn, j<lovlnmoH h bcfMhgyUN

.g .pQn,nmU yynbx<genmoH j mndnbH} ,j mndvH .; e%# moonbH

o:MPUG , yEhn,ogjH ,h hpl , oMgn,otvH m<x fc<;olnmU , uvgonbH

,nho yh ,h bwvpnmnmoH n,v mgvH , n,aotvH .g .v fc<;olnmoHN

187 . yynmbxnmoH j oMgn,ognyH o<s lnhp lnhU n,v bnuotvH .g

yynmfc<;olnmoH .; y%# moonbH o:MPUG h .vvHN .EhV] mwohJnmp

h mw yynbMpdj .g aynbMpmhoH ,;go n,vxvhdj mwohJnmp

bwvpnmnmoH h av UstG bn,p] q;V yh .; y%@ moonbH ep bjyhonbnpH

n,K ep.v bwvconbH aynbMpmhoH h mfvH ;gjkH hnbxMvH bn,ohpH

ynbsMpJnmoHN oQ] , av UstG yh bn,p fc<;olnmoH bwvpnmnmoH] e%#

moonbH xsE mwhpnbcyhonbpH ,; yh h bnugnbhonbnpH bwvpnmnmoH

i<g x; h hMnbhonbU .g .vN o<s] ,; yh m<x , nbn,pcthnmkU .g

pphgn,ovlnmoH] mgnbH .g h .v pphvm;vH .pQn,nmoH l mgQnbf;vH

lsgjH gx<;V h ownbpvtn,G ,; yh h pgylG h bkt<gylvHN akH yh

pgn, j<lovlnmoH j t<jhd;cU tFG .; h bkt<gylvH i<g h fc<;olvH j

mw gnaLognyH .;] bp h ownbpvtn,G h fc<;olG j mndognyH| ep .v

Ugn,oynbH .. y%# moonb yynm fc<;olnmoH bwgxnmoH] cfy x;fxpn,

e%# moo> fc<;od hj bwgxnbH|N fcvenm yMpmhp h bcfMhgjH

jndnbgnbH .y hj mgQnbfvH .; e%# moonb] ,nho x; n,vjsgjH ,h,

.v bwfovH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH fc<;olnmhtnh mgnmoH ,wgnhooj]

,; yh .; e%# moonbH uvy<ht;H gwlnbH ppnbcsyhoonb h mw gwlvH

, ccyfMvH ep aknhuH gwlnbH h mfvH nmp mgnmoH h gwlvH mgnmoH h

gwlvH] ,nho yh ,h n,v bkvH .; y%# moonbH jv yMpdoH h mw gwlvH

ep j yMpbynbhonbnpHN



98

188 . yynbxnmU hj mw pgn, j<logjH lnhp ,nho h mw t<hjH jv mw

ytuxgjH .g h sgvH .; y%# moonbH ,h h cxM<lotvH .g fc<;olnmoH

h mw nbn,pctvH l bwgxvH] ,; yh i<g jv yEhnmgonbH lsgnbhonmvH .;

moonbH l mw pmcom;vH fc<;olnmoH nm bwvpnmngn,] h mwtMdcoH

fc<;olnmp h mw gwlvHN ,; yh i<g] yynmbxnmU j bnugnyH hj

mg<gonbnhcU lnhpN ,; yh UgnbV j bcvgnbH ynbspJnmp aynbMpmhlnmoH

h cahvco> i<g t<gm h m<co> QokoH mdl .y svhdl] ,; yhq;V]

xsE tp h mw hpnbcvhd> lsvhdH jv pmcoH jv wjtvH .; y%# moonbH

jv aynbMpmlvH ,;go yh l mw yMpJnb<cUN , hpnbcvhdj yh h mw

yMpJvH .; y%# moonbH nbn,pcvlnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g h mw

gwlvH aQV mgnmoH ep yh j tuconbH q;V ,h aknhuH ,gwlvH ep

j b<aoesgnbhonpH jv av msdvH .g l mw Ugn,otvH jv bcfMvHN

yynbxnmoH j mndnbH .y .v |jq<xU , p,ovhdj lnhp hnmsvhdH aknhkH

hmw x<nhxvH bn,ohpH ep yh nbLE h mjucU jv .fohdH x; h mw

pmcoj lnhp ep nbLE mjU gig<hiMG .g l av .foG i<g ;gjkH ydnbH

h bmwp;MvHN ,; yh i<g] yynbxnmoH j mw t<hnyH h mwnm jxvmn,yhj

lnhp bs<lnmoH jv mgnhH h mw bmv hpn,oyJnmU ,;goynbV h mw

yocom;vH .; y%# moonbH ep j av bwvpnmnbH ,h nbLE ,j mw

phgvH .Dnbwtwnbnb] h cjfohdnb i<g fcmlnmp .y .v jv nbnmvgonbH

h mw yocom;vH hpn,oynbJnmoH

(c) twe;yp<jH

189 . okutgp gfnp .g ca<jg<jk twe;yp<jH] gs yh h mwpnhj bknbH

fxpn, fc<;olnmp i<g yynm fc<;olnmp hsvhdH , nbn,pctvH .g

h yynm fc<;olvH] ,; yh i<g] jv .jyH h .v faovhdH fc<;olnmp

nmpnb> fxpn, h nbn,pcyvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh .g UfcvenmoH]

oQ x; Uh boedU ax<jg<jk twe;yp<jH} bP<h h mvhdH jv jn,fuH

akH ax<jg<jk jv tFfnbH .g moonbH} ,; yh o:k%H boy yh n,v

boegyU tFng ,h nhk<H hsgvH moonbH fc<;olnmoH xsE hsgvH bn,ohpH

xsE ,g<hiMnmoH h .vvHN .g jv .jyH fc<;olnmoH h mwp;gvH] .g

yynm fc<;olnmU nbn,pcvlnmoH i<g bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH] boy yh j

mndnbH jv svhdoH jv .vxvhdj mwohJnmp aynbMpmhoH ynbsMpmhoH

yMpJnmoH ,; yh ;gjH hj .vxgnyH ynbspJnmoHN moonbH hj jn, tovH

.dcog;Mnmonbnb hj jn, tovH dbyoq bjgjnmp h mw yMpJvH ep .v

.fphonb;cU ,h mooH ,j mgjtvH b<xU 1924] ,nho cfy twe;yp<jH jv

fc<;olnmht;H hj jn, .fovH moonm mgQn,nmoHN

x<jgMpmhU o<s



99

(i) bP<h

190 . bP<h moonbH yynm fc<;olnmoH bwvpnmnmoH nbLE U;ngJqC A%?G

mgjvlnmU gwnbH moonbH .g ax<jg<jH] q;V ,nho aknhU ,<com;H yynm

fc<;olnmoH .g hpg<jH] |moonbH h gwlvH tso yocom;nbH moonbH .g

p<xV tFfnbH h jnc.vH jnc.snmht;H|N jv tFG .g bP<h moonbH h mw

gwlvH pph> , ppnbcsyhj moonb<jk nbLE oQtgstgp gfoonbH h gwlsgjH

moonb<jk (,nho yh mwohvhdoj h mwgwlvH |AE| cnhg<jk) nbpnmftH

nbp> h mw mgnhH mgnmU h mw tFfvH bn,ohpH h gwi gwlvH mgnmoH

.g Su mgnmU] bH;#V mgnmU ,; yh CacH< mgnmoHN .. mgnmp ,;go

mgnhj fc<;olnmhtnhN ,; yh .y h mgvekU] tso xswpnhoonb moonbH

.xyfMnmonbnb h mw gwlvH h mwpnhooj nmp mgnmoH hgwlvH bn,ohpHN

191 . buV hj svhdj lnhp .g b<jH hjsgjH fc<;olnmoH ncyw 1971]

jaQnbhonb;cU .g h mw fc<;ohonbH .; bn,ohpH h ppnbcgjH mgnmp

jv av msdvH yynm fc<;olnmoH nbLE okpuqC fcmhU b<jH h m<xKcgjH

h mw fc<;ohonbooHN q;V] yh lhG tMn, moonbH , gwlvH xnhg<jH]

,nho n,v botcoH jv av bwvpnmvH h nbxMvH yh x; bn,ohpH .g

bxbhonbnpH yynm fc<;olnmoH] ep oMsgnyH ,wpnhooH moonm mwvlnmp

i<g mg<hiMnmp .; n,t<f;wnbHN

192 . , oMgn,ovhdj yh lnhp h mw yocom;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH

fc<;olnmoH] ,h hpl moo> , bwgxG yynm fc<;olnmoH ep .v

tupnhU hjsvhdHN ,; yh i<g] fc<;olnmoH j .v j<lovhdH ,j

x;pjH .pQn,nmphj mg<;oG bnb ,j x;pjH h mg<dH U;ng< jv

.pQn,nmU , dclog;MG bnb jv fc<;o;G h yynm fc<;olov |ep

nhk<H .g .vsgnyH h mw .vxvhdj cnhp> mwohJnmp n,K yFotn,vH

.g h bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH|N .g nmp b_c%s fc<;olnmU] bnb

.g hj fc<;ofci j bjgynbhonbH ,j eW<hdxvlG .g .fgnmoH vHoH

bP<hN j y;phonbU .g vHoH mgnmoH qH;tgp okpU A%?G yh gwnbH

.g moonbH .g mgnmoHN , uJimhdj yh mg<gnmoH .pQn,nmoH

sgenmp , nbn,pctvH l av bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH bs<hT h

mgnmdpH bn,ohpH Ustn,nmoH] ,nho yh n,v .sdnb;ci okpuqC fcmhU

b<j” , av msdvH fc<;olnmht;H , bcfMvH] ep nmp hpl moo>

.v bwgx> .g yynm fc<;olnmoH rnhV h fc<;oG bnb b_c%s h mw

pphgn,ovhdH fc<;olnmoH] h mw bxvH .; h yynm fc<;olvHN b_a%s

yh j ownbpvyhonbU fc<;olnmoH] q;V j hEjg> lo;H , bktG ,h ,

.v nhk<H svhdH yynm fc<;olnmoH h mw uvmG (,h , .v bwgxvH .g



100

yynm fc<;olnmoH nmv moonb ,j yEhnmgonbooH ,h jv bwvpnmvH

.g moonbH yynm fc<lolnmoH .g mgnmoH vHoH ,; yh tMn, h gfj

.d h mw yynm mgnhj moonb<jk .y ,jsvhdH ,nho yh tso x; ,j

x;ohdoH .dclog;MnmU bnb h fc<;oG .g h bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH

,h , .v oMgn,oyvH .fg<hiMnmooH|N .y yh ,jw t<jhdH hjsgjH

.g bwvpnmnmoH j cjfohd> mgQn,nmU fxsvlnmoH m<x , nbn,pctvH

.g yynm fc<;olnmoH l bx<gjH] bP<h jv fc<;olnmoH j yMpmlnbH

jv ytEnhfovH mgnmoH (boy akH mgnmU vHoH) xsE yh ;gjkH h.vvH

gx<;V (bH;#C mgnmoH) ep yh .v tupnhU .y sgenmU| mgQn,nmoH h mw

svhdH aknhkH x; h mwnhmvH .g yynbxnmoH fc<;olnmoH ep tupnhU

.y ,wp;gonbH ,h , fx hpnbcvtvH bn,ohpH mgnmoHN ,; yh

UgnbV] mgnmoH h mgvH Ugn,ognhU jv bwfovH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH hj

mgQn,vH h pphgn,oyvH h fc<;olov hj mw yyoponbH mgnmoHN

193 . , p<nlnbwgonbH mgQn,nmoH bP<h jv fc<;olnmoH okpinmqC h

mgMpdH hj mgQn,vH .g b_a%s fc<;olnmoH] .g hj mg<gvH bP<h

jvfc<;olnmoH j .fpnyH hj mg<gonbjcU .g bP<h fc<;olnmoHN hj

cjfpjH sgenmp okpi.qC h mgMpdH mgQn,nmU jv wjmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

jv av bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] .d bP<h b<jHN .EhV] .y yh ,

m<com;vH moonbH fc<;olnmoH h mw ppngcyhooj h mw gwlvH ,nho

xsE nmp m<com;nbH mgnmoH lvn, h gwlsgjH] okputgp b<jnm fcmhU

hj av .vco.nbH jv av msdvH fc<;olnmoH gs h mw fc<;ohonbHN

oQ] n,vm;> h fc<;olG ,h ewW jv nbcfpylG gUgs fcmhU b<j”

, av msdH fc<;olnmoH ,;go yh hf .vovH hj nbn,pctvH|N o<s]

bnb h fc<;oG tphonbU dclog;Mnmoo> jv av bslG rnhV , fc<;oG]

tggG jwh> ncyw bf pEnlnbwngG h mg<;oG] , Ugn,ognhU jv cjfohdH

fc<;olnmU l mw pmcovH .g fc<;olnmoH aQV l mw fc<;ohonbH

hjmw cx;olG bnb h fc<;oGN i.] jq<xU yh nmp n,K pnmpnhool

okutgp b<jnm fcmhU jv .vco.G bn,ohpH h av msdvH fc<;olnmoH]

ep yh h tucom;> bp h fc<;oG yFotsnmU , mgnhH .gN ,; yh .g

sgenmoH] hj av boevhdj hj uvgonbnp o<gkH+ hj bsggonbH l mw

fc<;ohonbH mgnmoH l mw tFfvH .g yynbxnmoH} fc<;olnmoH hjsgnyH

jv av msdvH h mw fc<;ohonbooH okutgp b<jnm fcmhU} i<g x;

hjoMgn,ovhdH jv cjfohdjcU fc<;olnmU pmconmoH ,h h mw mgnhj

fc<;olnmhtnh q;V jkxV .g tFfnbH l av bwgxnb<cU yynm fc<;olnmoHN

x<jgMpmhU o<s



101

194 . bg hj mg<gonbH .y mgQn,nmU okpi.qC j .v .g nbo<hohdnb

lnhp l .v ytuxvhdH .o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmoH .d bP<h b<jH] tFG

h fcvevH bn,ohpH h u;MvH dOxwoH j oMgnmpnyH nmpnb> lnhp h

yoxvlyhj .g fc<;olnmoHN j<junbvvhU .y] h ppnbsyhj mgnmp ep

xM<lovhdnb .g bwvpnmnmoH ,h okputgp b<j” fcmhU h m<xMpnhj h

mw fc<;ohonbHN ,; yh i<g] mgQn,nmU okpi.qC h mw nbo oMsvhdj

lnhp fc<;olnmoH ,; yh h mw bvcongonbj lnhp mg<gJnmoH tggG jwh>

x; h tovH .y jvsgjH} q;V ep h pnbcvhdonb .dcog;MnmpnbnbN

(ii) o: :%H

195 . o: :%H tFngkH lnhoH .v .vxgnyH mwohJnmp ,nm UsyvH bn,ohp

bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoHN okpnpLH sgnyH mwohJnmp h .fpjH+

aynbMpmhoH h mw ynbsMpdj mwohJnmp] .DcoE PmM< h mw

yMpJvH bn,ohpH i<g x; ;gjkH yMpJnmp h sgjH .Dcownm hTconbH

ynbsMpmhoH] gH< jEApvhoH .v] nmvmn,nmoH ynbsMpJnmoH i<g x; h

.v .FjtmvH ,h h bcfMvH jn,xvhoH .vN .g o: :%H gs xAU bkvgnbH

mwohJnp ynbsMpmhoH ,; yh i<g j bvco> hsvhdjcU .y yynm

fc<;olnmoH , hpnbcvhdH sgenmoHN ,; yh itgp nbgk fcbynbhonbU

ak; jwh> .g h bxG yynm fc<;olnmoH] o: :%H ,;; ynbV t<gm h

fcmlvH ak;jwh> fcmlnmoH .d twe;yp<jHN .g h gwlvH bn,ohpH jv

mgnmoH] hj mndnbH i<g ,h jv fcbyvH .g , bxvH ,; yh i<g jEnh

,j uvgonbj jEApvhp hEnh jvvqmhdj] ,h yh boj h av pEnlnbwngvH

jv avjn,vqbjH tp onq yMpbynbhonbnpHN

196 . o: :%H tFngkH jsgnyH ,nm ytuxongvH h mw yocom;vH h yUdnmvH

bn,ohpH pph> h mg<ghiMvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN 1988] fc<;ol>

hohoMG .g o: :%H j nbn,p<gnbH fc<;olnmU yynbxnmU .; .v

pph> mg<hiMnmoH h .vvH bn,ohpH] jkxV yh bcgU .y mgQn,nmU]

,;go n,v j<junbcvhdH gUd l mw ytucongonbH mg<gJnmp hj mw

cjfpjH , bktmsnmoH n,K yh ,h h cxM<lotvH bn,ohpH xsE h

.g<hiMvH hmdognhH .y yynm fc<;olnmoHN okpU h mw ca<jgMpdH

fcvenm yMpmhU hj .wgonbH 1991] yynbxnmU ,nho h mndvH , bf

jwgvH .fcvenmonb> , yocom;vH .; ydnbH pph> h mg<hiMvH .g

fc<;olnmoH epJj nm .fphonbnpH bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

yynbxnmoH i<g j mw t<hnyH ,svhdoH .g fc<;olnmoH tMn, h nbxMvH



102

bn,ohpH .g o: :%H , .fovH yynm fc<;olnmoH boy yh , m<coH ep

Jj tuconbH h fc<;olvH boj axsE h mg<hiMvHN ,; yh i<g] yynbxnmU

.fcveonbH ,nho h mndvH ,j oMgn,ogjH lnhp h yoxv;vH .g ydnbH

pph> h mg<hiMvH ,h ,nm .fovH i<g nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH bg

yh bnb h fc<;oG , ydnmG xsE , .g<hiMGN

197 . ,nm boevhdj yh .. h mw yyocoj lnhp fc<;olnmoH] yynbxnmoH

j cjfpnyH mgQn,nmp jv pjgonbj h .v nmvgyhj , bcfMhvhdj ,

bktgonbj ytuxvhoH nbn,pctvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh i<g]

yynbxnmU j nbn,p<gnbH l .v nmvm;ponbH mg<gJnmp boj .g hj

nbn,pctvH ,; yh bunbH hj .fovH |jv a.vH| x; .g jv av Usgn,otvH

rnhV , fc<;ohonbHN hj mg<gonbj sgenmp] bqk hj bf uvgonbj]

boj ug> hj nbn,pctvH ,nhoj yh l .v a.vH x; rnhV , fc<;ohonbH

b<h> mjU tFsjwh> .y jv bxvH , a.vH jv UstvH fc<;olnmoH] ,;

yh i<g ,h av Ugn,oynbdpH] q;V jkxV .g , a.vH] ,nho bqk

,jwgvH .gcfMnmonb> h mgjt;nbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN yynbxnmoH

.fcvenmonb> j mgQn,nbH jv yEh.<gonbj ,h jv q;vm;ponbH ;gjk

lnhp .v h nboEnlm;vH jv nbpxvlyhj ,h jv n,aotvH pph> h

mg<hiMvH hnm av bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,nho nbmg<dj mfgnhnp

.. jEApvhp Ugn,ognhU t<gm jkxV .g nmgylnmp jv cjfohdj ,; yh h

uvgonbU .y .vN

198 . boy yh hj mg<gJvH .g twe;yp<jH fc<;olnmoH , uvgvH cGKU

i<g jUgj fc<;olnmU] twe;yp<jk bs<hT jsgnyH ,h lnhp l nbpxvlyhj

rnhV , fc<;ohonbH] gx<;V yFotn,nmU h mg<hiMG bn,p h fc<;oGN ,;

yh i<g] ;gjk fc<;olnmp ,j bf pjgvH .g l.v nmvmn,yhooj tMn,

x; l mw tucom;ponbH fc<;olnmU , bcfMhvhdH , boetvH i<g .g

hpgylvH h bkt<gylvH i<g ;gjkH h bkt<gylvH h uvgvH pnbV DcwE h

mgnhj fc<;olnmp] ,; yh i<g] ,h jv mgnhj yFotn,nmp .fwp;Mnmp

bn,p gx<;V , panmG i<g x; , m<nlnmG ,h xsE jv mw hpnbctvH

fc<;olnmoH bom yh DcwE h mgnhj fc<;olnmh j bf cjfpnyH hmw

bktbG bn,ohpH .g yynbxnmoH jv hpnbcvhdHN

199 . o: :%H jv mgnmU] j nbn,ocjfpnyH jv pgn, j<logjH , g<doj

pph> .pQn,nmp .y fc<;olnmU , hpnbcvhdH cGKU p<xV ,j pjgyhH

hj mwpnhH .y fc<;olnmU h mg<d;ci nmp .pQn,nmp .g hj av

ugonbu;ci hkE .gpHN 2008] hj mw .fohdH fc<;olnmojH bn,ohpH

x<jgMpmhU o<s



103

fc<;olnmoH ,; yh YMku fc<;olnmU] o: :%H h mw gx ywgonbj

fc<;olnmp] j mndnbH .g fc<;olnmoH ,h hpl jv cjfohdH yFotsnmU

h mg<hiMvH h fc<;ovH] |mg<hiMnmp] h mwp;MvH , m<nlnmG i<g x;

, panmG] i<g yh x; h mw xswp;MG tMn, mw dc;og;MnbH .g h

uvmvH fc<;olnmoHN akH buvl hj uvgonbjcU fc<;olnmU] , boetG

bn,p hj g;pH c<jMhonm PmM<] ep yh nbLE .v m<co> .g] j nbounbH

fc<;olnmoH j mgjgynbhonbpH j Aoco> .y fc<;olnmUN ,nho h mndvH

.g h pgylvH h bkt<gylvH tMn, .g h bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH h

Ugn,og;McpH i<gnb> jv g;pjH c<jMhonm PmMoKN

200 . ,; yh , bf jwgkU .y fcvenmU .g o: :%H jv mgnmoH] gc<H

hmgcpH eW h bcfMvH bn,ohpH x; bcfMnmoH h bwvpnmvH .; snbH

,; yh hj bcvbhonmcpH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN ynbsMpJnmoH yh .;

eW h bcfMvH bn,ohpH ,; yh okppnbLH hj .vxgnyH mwohJnmp ax<j

mgnmoH jv ynbsMpbjH mwohJnmp jv bcvgonbj yynm fc<;olnmoN

.fc<;olM> snbkL% .g o: :%H mgnmoH @<M_P% ax<j mgnmoH j sgnyH ,

bwfpjH .yMpmhonbH |lnhp l .v .fptov tvto>| .. h yMpbenbvH]

jv wjyvH bn,ohp jv av eW bcfMov .g fc<;olnmoH ,; yh

jvbf cjfohdoj .fwohJnmonbnb h mw ynbsMpdj mwohJnmp yynm

fc<;olnmoH .y yh jv sgjH , jEApvlvH jv av jn,vqbjH yhN akH

jWtgstp bn,ohpH j av pEnlnbwngnbH .y hj mw hnlvtvH 1993] ,; yh]

tFf tgstgp tp j av pEnlnbwngnb .y ,nmsgjH 1984N hj p<;tvH yh

.y h av mw Ugn,ogjH t<gm yh hj mw nbnmvngnbH .; h ynbsMpMvH

mwohJnmp h mw hpn,ovhdj ,; yh i<g ,h tMn, bn,ohpH h mw

yMpJvH xsE ynbsMpmlnmoHN

(iii) , mwvqmhdj jEApvhp tMn, x; h mw gwlvH pph> h mg<hiMvH bn,ohpH

201 . 2006] , av uvgonbH hj av mg<gonbj lnhp pgn, j<logenmoH 2005]

twe;yp<jH .fc<;olM> pUM S%GP%] twe;yp<jH mgnmoH fc<;olnmht;H

yMVv.M<G j jn, hpnbcgnyH , nl<hMpbjH h mndyhooH yynm fc<;olnmp

h mg<doj mgQn,nmoH hf yMpd> .g+ |fc<;olnmoH Ustn,nm yMpmhp

j av jn,conb ,h bn,p , .v bktg<hon,G o<sLH yh j mwvqmhdnb

ax<j mgnmp h .v pphgn,ovhdj bs<hT x; lsgnyH tp jv n,vqbjH ..

yMpmhp ;gjk .g h gwlvov hj mwvqbjH h mgMpdH bjgJnmoH nb<hmhU

h mw mgnhHN| ,; yh i<g] j hpn,ognyH .. mwohJnmph mw ynbsMpdoj



104

i<g nmsgnyH gwi jv bkvgvH i<g jv ynbsMpbjH hmw gwlov bn,ohpH

boj h bkslvH snbH tFfnbH .; snbH] ,;go yh n,fohdj mwohJnmp h

mgMpdj nb<hmhp h gwlsgjH gs U;ngJ xMT yh bkgMpdnb jv j<lotvH

gUd hj mw bslvHN

202 . hj mw bcfMhd hj mg<gJnmp fc<;olnmoH] twe;yp<jH fc<;olnmoH

.g hUM< j cjfpnyH mgQn,nmp .g yynm fc<;olnmoH h .v pphgn,otvH

nbn,onmoH mdl 2007] jv cjfohd (v buohdH akH mwohJnmU h

.vxvhdj| jq<xU ,h av pEnlnbwngnd bnb hj mwvqbyG jEApvhoo> ,;

yh tp x; h mwvqmhdnb aknhU hj mwvqmhd;ci aknhU h mgMpdH .g

nb<hmhoH h gwlsgH .gN .y bs<lnmU ep x; .. ,h h pEnlnbwgonbj

yMpmhp uvbhonbnpH ,; yh bwG boj ,h h av jn,vqbjH hnlvlenmp

,;go yh hj mw pjgvH mgQn,nmoH yMv.M<GN

203 . buV yh h mjjH lnhp] .y h mw yynbxvH fc<;olMnbH nbcuH twhU

x<jgjH twe;yp<jH] hj nbn,pct;vH jv fc<;onlM> v_%G $<MU ,; yh

,nmvm;G fc<;olM> xHng%#k $A%<] ,nho yh h mgQn,vH bvlU jv bf

uvgonbj fc<;olnmp v bf tucoj .y yynm fc<;olnmoH nbn,pcvlnmoH

twe;yp<jH fc<;olnmoH nbucuH twhU ,; yh i<g jv j<junbcgjH hj av

mg<gJvH mgQn,nmoH yMv.MG< i<g hUM< hj av nmvhdj m<xtH .dN

x<jgMpmhU o<s



105

x<jgpmhU i. ,g<dH yynm fc<;olnmU i<g

.o<gy<hiMnbh+ ohU mdl

x<jgpmhU i.

,g<dH yynm fc<;olnmU i<g .o<gy<hiMnbh+ ohU mdl

107

A. nmgylnmU

204 . h .v yvgonbjcU .y jn, pgn, j<lvlnmU yynm fc<;olnmoH] bf

cLdpnhU mwpnhH .d .Ud#.] h mg<dj fc<;olnmp pph> hmw uvgonbH

fc<;olnmp mgnmoH hpg<jH i<g tMn,<ht;H h mw uvgonbj .pQn,nmp

bfG bn,ohpH p<xV h bnuotvH boj ynbV .o<gy<hiMnbHN .y hj

mw boevhdj .. sgenmoH fcvenmoH ,nhoro> ynbV h boevhdH h

m<com;vH moonbH fc<;olnmoH hsvhd> yh jv ytucongonbH .g .Ud#.

fc<;olnmoH tMn, bn,ohpH gx<;V jv mw hpnbctvH i<g sgvHN

205 . .y jn, pgn, j<logenmU bs<lnmU h uvgkU ep Uhj .v hEjggk tMn,

lnhU ,h .v av nmvmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH] i<g tFG jv bcfMnmp hj av

nbnmvngvH gUd l .fpycU nmgylnmpN ,nho yh x; n,vj hEjgkU jvfx

uvgkU UgcfMnmU n,v t<gm cjfpyU fcvenmp m<conmp fc<;olnmoH] .g

x<jgMpmho Ux B h mgMpdH] hj ynbx<gyU moonb<jk i<g , pj<hnbjH

.o<gy<hiMnbH] jv .jyH bs<lphpH] fc<;olnmoH bs<lphpH] ,;yh

nmp x<jgMpmhoH M C h mgMpdH] hj av cjfohdj c;?oenm yMpmhp

moonbH hj av mwvqbjH] ;gjk jv bn,ohpH h xUcongvH jv bcfMnmp

,; yh jv .jyH bs<lnmpN .. yh hj av ynbscoj yMpmhp , fcvevH

h m<com;vH fc<;olnmoH i<g ;gjk fcvenmp hj av cjfpjH ,<com;vH

.g x<jgMpmhoH Uf D h mgMpdH] ,nho yh nmp , bf jwgkU .y i<g

UjcjfiU mg<gJnmp l bf bcfMhvhdj jv ytuxvhdj lnhp h mw yocojN

B. lnhp hj t<hyU h m<coj hj ynbx<gyU moonb<jk i<g pj<hsnmoH .v

206 . hj ynbx<gyU i<g pj<hvlkU moonb<jH ,;go h .v yvgyhU UgcfMnmU

.g jn, pgn, j<logenmoH] tso j j<dognhnp nmgylnmp hj av cjfohdj

i<g ;gjk lnhp m<conmp ,nhom ynbV hj nmvm;kU UgcfMnmU , uvgkU

, fcve<gnmvH moonbH gi<com;vH fc<;olnmoH i<g yh hsvhdH ,

nbn,pctvH .g l bwgxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH hsvhdH

moonb<jH h gwlvH i<g lnhp .g h ytsiogtm;vHN .o<gy<hiMnbH hj

ynbx<gnbjvH moonb<jH tso Uj tu fcve<g;ppH .f<com;nbH i<g ,

boegjH moonm mwvlnmpN hohiUghj i<g .jynmp .fgnmonbH i<g

yh tFG lnhp l ywgvH jv yk<hjH ,nho yh cfy lj bwvpnmnb<cU .g

yynmfc<;olnmoHN jv .jyH bs<lphpH i<g .pQn,nmoH bs<lphpH j

oMgn,ognyH p<xV , j<gcgH .y jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU h bcfMhgyU]



108

nmgylnmoH mdl ,; yh h av cjfohdj mdogenmp h m<com;vH moonbH

fc<;olnmoH p<xV h bn?otvH nbn,pcvlnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH yynm

fc<;olnmoH h m<com;vH .d .Ud#. ,; yh j mndnbH jv nmvmktvH

pgn, j<lovlnmoH , bcfMhgyHN

1. .o<gy<hiMnbH pj<hvlnmp

207 . rnhV h uvgkcU .y jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU] tFG Uj ynbx<dU moonb<jk

p<xV ,j tu.fohnmkU .fgnmonbHN tMn, x; mgnmp hj ynbx<gyU Uj

tu .fohnmU] jv jfylovlnbH .g moonbH i<g , j<dovlvHN tFG hj

pj<hnbjH moonbH p<xV hlgn,ognyH bcfMnmp h uvgvH gx<;V hoho<gjH

.jynmp i<g moonbH tMn, x; mwp;MvH .EhfKH i<g jWbknbH] hj

av cjfpjH .fdogenmonbnb ,<com;vH fc<;olnmoH i<g yynm

fc<;olnmoHN tso yh Uj oMsgnyU lnhp h boegjH h mw yyocom;vH

yynm fc<;olnmoH+ ,nho h mndvH jv bvcongonbnhcU mg<gJnmoH jv .v

ytuxvhdj h yocom;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH yynm fc<;olnmoH .d .Ud#.N

gwi yh Ujav gx boedU .y h mndvH moonbH .g Ufcvenm yMpmhoH} h

mw avgx boegjH yoconmp fc<;olnmoH ,nho ,<xv j<dognhH .y gwi

jv boevhdHN

208 . tFG lnhp hj av boevhdj m<conmoH rnhV hj av jn, pgn,

j<logyH yynm fc<;olnmoH tMn, Uj nbsMp,U i<g tMn, mdogenmp hj

avcjfohdj hj bktgonbjN .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g jv .jyH bs<lphpH hj

pj<hnbjH .g Ufcvenmp yMpmhoH x<jgMpmhU m E bwv boeyhonbnpHN

(a) .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw yocom;vH fc<;olnmoH ep .v Ugn,ognyH jv

bwvpnmvH .g .Ud#.

209 . hj mdogjH .o<gy<hiMnbH hj pj<hnbjvH] j boegnyH akH lnho>

p<xV h botm;vH ,nm bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,h nhk<H hnm

.fovH i<g , bn?LotvH , yFotvH .d .Ud#. fc<;olnmoH] gs

jwh> yh x; ,<com;nbH , yFovhdoH .fg<hiMnb>] h mw j<dogjH

.xyfMnmonbnb i<g .pQn,nmp jv n,EhV yh x; .y j av sgnbhonbnpHN

tso j cLdg;gnbH hj av bktmskH .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp]

jWbknbH i<g ;gjkH bn,ohpH hj av fcve<gnmktvHN tMn, yh ggx<;V

,gvenbH h m<com;vH cfy yh x; xsE svhdl l mw tucom;vH ,nm

bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH tMn, lnhp h pmco>] gwi nmp .y m<com;ngn,

.o<gy<hiMnbH ep lnhU h tuxvlyhU Ugn,ognhU jv ytuxvhdHN

x<jgpmhU i.


109

(i) lnhp ,h h pmotsponbH mg<hiMnmoH mw

210 . tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH j mndnbH .fcvenmonbH akH lnho> h yocom;vH

,nm bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH ,h ,;vgonbH jv oMgn,ohdoj

.xyfMnmonbn] mg<hiMnmonbnb i<g lnhp h mw gnaLogjH i<g moonm

mwvlnmoH h mw uJibjH ,;go yh ynbV ,h h mw oMgn,ovhdoj

lnhpsgenmoH .d hifkU .pQn,nmoHN .o<gy<hiMnbH yh e<dLognyH jv

tu .fpjH fc<;olnmU bwvpnmnmoH jv jn, cjfohdH tunmFnmsnmU]

ggxhpnbtsnmU i<g jv jvmfJponbH yFotsnmoH , yiotsponbH] cfy yh

Aiotsponbl hj ytuco> ep nmp jv pihvmskUN .o<gy<hiMnbH ,nho

,w hpnbcgjH i<g oMgn,ogjH hifkU .pQn,nmU mg<gJnmp q;V , mgnhj

lnhp .g h yoxvlyhj fc<;olnmoH yFotn,nmU yh boy akH mg<giMnmU

.v ,; yh i<g , hpnbcvhdj yUd> fc<;olnmp h bm<coj bs<hT h av

bcfMhvhdj .v ,h yh xgy ,nmgyvH giwpnhooj .pQn,nmoHN

211 . ,honbcvhdH yh h mw yyoxvlyhH .pQn,nmp fc<;olmoH p<xV

jyvsg;nbH .o<gy<hiMnb hsgvH p<xV jkxV hnm faotvH .g fc<;olnmoHN

.y fc<;olnmU .pQn,nmp ,nho ,w j<logjH .o<gy<hiMnbH ,svlyhH

.y yFotn,nmU p<xV ,h hpl ,nm hpnbcvhdj moonm mwvlnmp i<g

mg<hiMnmp h mwpnhj ,; yh ,nm bf sgnbvH moonb gx<;V hnbxMvH

h mw hpnbctvH .pQn,nmoH nmsgn,nbH ggx<;V jv mwp;MvH bg ,

xswp;MvH nmp .o<gy<hiMnbH .xyfMnmonbH] q;V] h mgjvlvH ,h

hnm nmvhdH ,<xv tqH bjgJnmp nbosvlnmoH , x;ohdj .pQn,nmp

rnhV , uvmvH moonbH] jv n,EhV .y .v sgnyHN buV yh h jwhH]

.o<gy<hiMnbH ,nho ,w nbctfJvH h .v hpnbclvH x; mwp;MnbH i<g

x; h .v pihvm;vH fc<;olnmU .pQn,nmoH .v mwp;MnbH] hj av

mjo;ci jv n,EhV .o<gy<hiMnbH j av tucongnbH nmpnb> lnhp hj

av yocooj .fgnmonbH moonb<jH ,j j<logjH gUd l mw pmcooj

lnhp h ytuxvlyhooj h mw nbo oMsgsponbH .fgnmonbHN ,; yh ,

av hnlvtvH jv bwvpnmvH .g hpg<jH fc<;olnmoH .pQn,nmoH ,nho

,w hpnbcgjH , nbcfpylvH h mwpnhooH .xyfMnmonbnb gwi h av

mgQnbfvH bs<hT jv sgjH lnhp ,; yh i<g q;V] ynbV h ypg nhgjmn,nmU

,sgvH x; lnhp h bcfMhvhdoj nmpnb> .vN .. yh hj av cjfohdj

.fdogenmonbnb ep hpl oyy<hdodpU] tFG h hEj.vH lnhp h pgn,

j<logjH i<g bcfMhgjH h bm<com;ponbH lnhp x; bs<lnmoH ,nho h

mw t<hjH ,<com;ov .o<gy<hiMnb p<xV .gpH , cjfovH fc<;olnmoH

mwN j<junbvvhU .y] .g jv mgQn,nmU yynbxnmU hj bcfMhgjH

.o<gy<hiMnb .v,nho hj mw t<hjH lnhp h yocom;ov .g hf nmvhd>+



110

hifkU .pQn,nmU fc<;olnmp mwpnhj tso ep .v

bwgjyhonbnpH hsgvH nmp ;gjk bn,ohH hpg<jH -

.o<gy<hiMnbH] monmG (bEjrnbH) ,; yh bxg> moonbH h

mgjJvH moonb<jH i<g x; nbpnmftH hgwlvH] jv mgnmoH

i<g x; csd mgnmoH - tMn, ax<jg<jH .jynmp i<g h

.v Ky<hsyhj .jynmp .pQn,nmoHN ,;go yh ynbV h mw

yocoH fc<;olnmoH xsE ,w hpnbctvH moonbH q;V yh

nmp tMn,<ht;H h .v hpnbcvhdH hsgvH moonbH i<g ;gjk

bn,ohpH , hpnbcvhdj sgenmp fc<;olnmoH ,; yh i<g hnm

hnlsvhdH jv ytucongonbj jv pmcom;vH tMn, x; bn,ohpHN

212 . , jEnh boevhdH yh .y] q;V] tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH hj pj<hnbjH Uj

bowgynhH ,nm ;vgvH jv yynm bcfMhgjH h mw yocom;vH fc<;olnmoH

i<g j<junbvvlnmU jv yMpdjcU l uJimhdlcU j<dovlnmU i<g

bMfolnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH h bmwpnhooj mwvlnmp i<g mg<hiMnmp

i<g .spQn,nmonbn h bwfpjH ,nm bf nbn,ovH ohU mdl ,nm bf ak;

xUcomfJvH .fgnmonbH i<g hpg<jH .pQn,nmoH , uJimhdj mg<gJnmoHN

,; yh Uhf boedU .y h mw KaogjH hnmsgjH moonbH .d UfcvenmoHN

213 . tp ;gjk lnhp hj av uvgvH .o<gy<hiMnbH pphnmpnhnp moonm

mwvlnmp h j<dogjH i<g ,nhom h j xvm;vH jv bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH

boy h mndyhooH akH j<jubylnmoo> h uJibjH moonm mwvlnmoH

,h jv gx bxG ;gjk moonb .cx;olnmooH fc<;olnmoH i<g x;

,h jv gx boevhdoj hj mw cx;olGN ,;yh x; jv hpnbcvhdoj

.sgenmp lnhU n,vj cx;olG , hpnbcvhdH lf mdnl i<g moonm

mwvlnmp j<jubylnmoH] moonm fc<;olnmoH h bwgxvH jWbknbH h .v

pphgnbcyvH h fc<;otv ,; yh , j<logjH lnhp lsgjH jv nmvbvH ..

h cx;olov i<g yh bp hj nbosgG ,h nmp bnlotsnmU jv mgnhU x;

hkrogenmU] jvmn,nmU i<g AiotsnmU ,;. moonm j<jubylnmoH h bcgjN

,; yh i<g] fc<;olnmp Ugn,ognhnp jv mgvH .g h yynm fc<;olvH jv

fxuvgvH l mg<;olvH i<g x; ,h t<hnbnbdH , cx;pH .pQn,nmp] h

mg<;oG yh bn,ohpH bf uvm;> .xyfMnmoH ohU mdl ep tupnhoo>

i<g tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH ,nho ,w e<dLogjH ,nm bwvpnmvH .g yynm

fc<;olnmoHN tupnhU yh .y h mw e<dLogjH .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g ,nm

bwvpnmvH h mw bcfMG Us;uU tknb h pphgn,ogH gi hmg<xiyhooj]

, hpnbcvhdj yh .g yynm fc<;olnmoH] h mw t<hG bn,p h fc<;oG

x<jgpmhU i.


111

h x;pH .pQn,nmp ,;go l mw uvgonbjcU jv bvgonbH mg<gJnmoH jv

hnlsvhdH jv m<conmoH jv pmcoj i<g moonm mwvlnmp j<jubylnmoH

jv mw bcfMhvhdj sgenmoHN

(ii) yFotn,nmU fc<;olnmoH

214 . .o<gy<hiMnbH b<h> boegnyH h mw nbosgvH fc<;olnmoH nmpnb>

fxpn, hsgvH i<g x; .ak;dnmMnmonbH fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmoH .v

i<g x; bnbwwnm pgylnmoH nmvmn,nmoHN tso yh yopnhU hj sgvH .g

fc<;olnmoH] jv n,EhV hj av sgvH moonbH , nhgloemvH ,h hpl

,fcmhdoj .dcog;Mnmonbnb .o<gy<hiMnbH] ,nho yh n,v p,oKgtm;vH

jv gnaLogjH fc<;olnmp i<g hj av bo<;coj yyonmp ,h , gnaLogjH

fc<;olnmoH mg<gJnmoHN ,; yh .y , mdogjH] h mw j<logjH] ep

yh nm av bwvpnmnbH , j<logjH xsE , mgjtvH i<g mw hpnbctvH .g

yynm fc<;olnmoHN .o<gy<hiMnbH ,nho ,w oMgn,ogjH .g fc<;olnmoH

,h gna ,nm nmv hcnm<g;vH fc<;olnmp x; mw hpnbcvhdj jv

tucongnonbjN ,nho yh ,wpnhH ,hpnbcvhdH ,h hpl , uJimhdj lnhp

mg<gJnmo fc<;olnmoH ,nho yh n,v pmoMgtogjH jv bwvpnmvH moonbH

.gN

215 . tFG Uj adU , jfyjgnhj fcvenmp hj av fcve<gnmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

hj mfvH .xyfMnmonbH hj bmsgvH pph> fc<;olnmoH .v] hj mw

cLd nmgjH yh fc<;olnmoH mg<gJnmp h mw ccjfohdj i<g mwpnhnp

bgnmp , ccjfohdj lsvhdjcU .g .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw uvmvH aakH

h mwp;MvHN tFG yh bn,ohpH hj x;pjH .pQn,nmp bgrUvlnmoH UgnbV

j p<;esgnyH hj mw bgrotvH ,h yh x; ,nm uvm;MvH fc<;olnmoH

n,vsgjH] nmcV yh x; jv bf jwmvH n,v jsgjH ep Ugn,ognyH

jv hpnbcvhdoj .nbosgenmonbnb jv gwicooH fc<;olnmoH ,

uvgonbooojN ,; yh i<g] tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH j mndnbH ,h , .v

j<loyvH bn,ohp gx<;V nmvnbnb i<g x; .ak;dnmMnmonbH hj bjgyG ,

x;pH .pQn,nmp ,j bjgyG yh ep .v xsl> fc<;olnmht;HN tFG .; hj

bjgyvH ,nho h mw gnaLogjH ,h tKnbV nhk<H jv sgvH fc<;ongn, n,K

yFotsnmU .g ,mgnhH h mw fc<;ohonbH jv oMgn,ognyH .y , m<cooH

fc<;olnmoH] j bwvxvH i<g .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN hnlvlenmp h .v

e<jconb .g .v] moonm fc<;olnmp h mg<dj fcvt;MnmoH gc<H nhk<H

j nbn,p<gonbnp i<g x; ep .v tsoMhvhdnb .o<gy<hiMnbH h uvmvH

fc<;olnmoH h mw hpnbcvhdoj .cx;olnmonbnbN t; hj av boevhdj



112

,nhoy , gnayhH .Ud#. fc<;olMnbH .d h mw fc<;olvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

.fgnmooH moonb<jH aknh gs U;ngJ tgp i<g x; qH;tgp jwh> x;

msdnbH .d h mw gwlov moonbH ,nho yh n,v jnuE a.vH .; h

fc<;olvH .y , m<com;vHN ,; yh yvV] fcvt;MnmoH hmw bowvhdj

.y gwi , m<com;vH moonbH ,h .f i<g ,j msdvH jv mgnmoH jv

fc<;olvH h mw mgnhH fc<;olnmhtnhN

216 . tp hj av boegycU hj mw agyU p<xV h mw udcoH .g moonb<jH

fc<;olnmoH bcvbhpH jv nbnmvngvH fc<;olnmht;H sgenmoH i<g ,h

,nhkv mgvH l mnd<gylvH jv nmvm;nb<cU ,h h og n,t<f;wevH] ,h jv

nbo oMsvhdH rnhV , fc<;ohonbH i<g yh] jq<xU nm jn, bktgd h

mgjgyG i<g x; gna h t<hG ,j cx;olGN tp yh ynbV hj cnhMgyU hj

sgvH moonbH hj mgve<ghnmkU .o<gy<hiM> hj bjgynbfci , cx;olG

,j cjfoG yh .g .v jUp%! jnc.snmht;H .v ,h yh , .v to G.y<jMp

,; yh .gwhp rnhV yh xAo;cU .y hjsgGN ,; yh tp Uj mfhnmU ..

yiovlnmp i<g ,h hpl , oMgn,otvH moonbH jnc.fnmht;H hsg;vH

.jncbn,MnbH h hpn,oyvH jnc.snmht;H ,; yh i<g ,h hpl , mgnhH lnhU

l .v b<aoesvhdH l .v nmvm;ponbH i<g x; pphvmn,nmoH .v hEnh

nbpnmG jnc.snmht;H .v i<g fc<;olnmoH h .v pphgn,otvH .. snb

nmvmn,nmp] l nmvm;vH , jn,vH .fgnmonbH ,nho yh tFG n,vj cx;olvH

.y , m<com;vHN

217 . boy h mdogyU .g jn, pgn, j<lovlnmoH ep nmp Usv j<lodgk

,h , Ugn,og;M;ci bn,p .g jv av UsgH] ep i<g Usv oMsdU lnhp

hj mg<gonbj cnhp> bgrUvlnmoHN boy yh .v] ep .v jvco> lnhUN bg

yh ,nho x; ,w oMsvhdj i<g bf j<jubylnmp boy yh , m<coH

.o<gy<hiMnbH h mdogjH fc<;olnmoH h mg<doj ,nhoy h oMgnmpnhj

i<g j<dognhnp jv hpnbcvhdjN

218 . hj mndvH .o<gy<hiMnbH hj bktbjH] , ;<gvvH h mg<gonbH .g

mgQn,nmoH] ,h poKiUg;Mnmp jv mgnhj r<hpH i<g mgnmoH bs<lnmU

ynhMpmhU] buvl hj cjfohdH nbp<gJnmoH fc<;olnmoH i<g ;gjk lnhp

hj cjfohdj uJimhoH x;ohdnhn, yh .. fc<;olnmoH h bjgyjvhonbU

i<g x; h hMmhdnb cx;olnmp ,; yh i<g jnuE h a.U ncyw bf

yMpJkU h mw jEApvlG bn,p h mw psgylG jv AiotG] ,;go yh

cLdpnhH yFotn,nmU i<g bf pj.nbH h jncbhonmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhV

h x;pjH .pQn,nmp; i<g x; ,h t<gm h cx;olvHN tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH

x<jgpmhU i.


113

,nho ,w gnaLogjH .y ynhMpmhU hj mg<gonbH hf bSnmphonbH

bcfMnmQokU h .v pphJtvH h x;pjH .pQn,nmp] .jncbn,Mnm bs<lnmoH

i<g hj nbosgG bn,p i<g h mw hjJtG bn,p hnm nmvmfJG - tMn,

.. fc<;olnmoH h uvgonbj bs<lnmp ,;. h Ugn,ognhj jv mgnhj

.o<gy<hiMnbH .fgnmonbHN

219 . fc<;olnmp p<xV nbn,iUgtm;nbH jn,fuH .o<gy<hiMnbH .fgnmonbH

p<xV cLdognhnp i<g ;<gMg;gonbnp jv ?jt;vH h mg<gonbj nmp .d

dgnmV i<g qnbuH h mgnhj moonb<jkN .o<gy<hiMnbH hj pj<hnbjH

jn,fuH moonb<jH UjnmgynhH p<xV , udcoj pgylnmp .pQn,nmoH

mdl jv pgyJvH h fc<;ovH h mgjgyvH fc<;olnmoH] x;ohdnb yh

.dclog;Mnmonbnb .y , m<com;vH ,; yh i<g bwV] ,nho n,v

pmoMgtogtm;vH jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh hj av

boegyU m<xtH .g] jn,fuH moonb<jk Ugn,og;MnbH p<xV , udcovH h

bkt<gylov i<g fc<;olMnb jv av msdov h tpyhj x; h mw bcgj

, msgonbH , ppnbcsyhj moonb<jk giw bkvcoo> .y jv sgjH .;

fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmoH - ,; yh i<g gs U;ngJtgp i<g q;tgp jwhnb

x; j m<com;nb jv ynbx<gjH moonb<jk oQ jwh> yh x; uvgonbH

fc<;olnmp - ep yh j fxcom;nbH jv nbct;vH h bkt<gylovN ..

yoconmp tso botcom;nbH .o<gy<hiMnbH bp ynbV bn,p h bjgyG

.cx;olnmoH jvtosMnm bkt<gyJG , fc<;oGN

220 . , udcoH yh h nhk<nh<dj sgenmp h Ugn,ognhj fc<;olnmht;H ,;go

tp ,w botmn,yhH ,nm cjfohdH fc<;olnmp .d jn,fuHN ,nhoyh

h mw nmvhdH .o<gy<hiMnbH bg pph> h mw gwlvH Ugn,og;MnbH jv

av msdvH fc<;olnmht;H jv bktgvH h mgjtvH .cx;olnmonbnb ,;yh

nhgjpnhnp nb<hmhp h bcgj h mw fc<;ohonbH gx<;V rgnmht;H i<g

x; h nhgjpnhj h mw pj<hvhonbH nb<hmhp nhgjpnhj h mw uvgonbj

fc<;olnmpN .y yh , m<coH h mw fc<;ohonbH ygnhU l mw ak;

bktmG h fc<;oG ,; yh i<g ep tnpwU h mw bcfMponbH n,Ehv

nb<hmhoH ,w bcfMponbH] ep j<dotn,nmU mgnhU i<g ep jsvhd>

h mw nbcfpynbonbH lvn, fc<;olnmoH tMn, lnhp h mw j<dovhdH

h uvgonbH .pQn,nmoHN ,nho yh ,w oMsgyH .o<gy<hiMnbH .y ,

m<com;ovH .fgnmonbH ep nmKaognyH jv bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH .g

ynbV yynm fc<;olnmoH] boy yh n,v bknhitUgjH ,h nhk<H ,sgvH .g

fc<;olnmoH ep i<g nbcfpynbhonbnpH j<dovlnmoH mw ep nhk<H mw

hpnbcvlyhonbnpH hsgnbvH nmp ;gjk n,t<f;wnbN



114

221 . b<xU 1999] jv fc<;olnmoH hpg tFng j gx mndnbH , oMgn,ogjH

p<xV h mw udcoj lnhp fc<;olnmoH h .v pphgn,otvH .o<gy<hiMnbHN

b% i<g jPGs fc<;olnmU] , jn, hpnbcvhdH j tFfnp .g fcvenmp i<g

j<jubylnmp , bovhdj moonbH h m<com;vH .pQn,nmoH sgenmoH]

,nho h mngonbH fc<;olnmht;H .v+

hj mw t<jhdj lnhp .g fc<;olnmoH tso oMsvhdnb p<xV

, jnQyhj p<xV , tqj i<g , .v .folyhj h yoxvlyhj

.g i<g , mgnhj lnhp jv .v ytuxvhdjN .. h mgjgJyhj

p<xV ep Kxgnhnp ,nho yh n,v tso yvcovlyhj .g

hifkU jvfc<;olnmoH .pQn,nmoH mwN h m<com;vH .g

.o<gy<hiMnbH gx<;V fc<;olnmoH i<g jnc.snmht;H ,h h

tusgvH p<xV cnhMpnhU p<xV , yocomn,yhH tMn, x; h

mwp;MvH .o<gy<hiMnbHN

222 . buvl] jv fc<;olnmoH j m<com;nbH jv pgn, j<logjH h m<co;ci

.g akH fc<;olnmU jPGs] ,;go hj mw b<aoeponbu;ci jv bvcoj

lnhp h m<coj fc<;olnmoH i<g jv bktgonbj h mw bkotcom;vH

.o<gy<hiMnbHN .y ynbsMpmh ep .v gnaLovhd>+

h mw e<dLovhdj lnhp jv tucoj eiEnh .y m<co>N ,;

yh] pgn, j<lovlnmoH mw t<jhdH h h ytxf;vH i<g yFotvH

moonbH fc<;olnmoH bvlU x; m<co>N hEnh cjfohdjcU

mgQn,nmU Bill C-41 1996 xoE 2001] .o<gy<hiMnbH hj

jncbhonb<cU j pjconbH o<s A%?G h mgjvhonbH ,; yh nmp

h nbxMvH t<gm j pwcoo> owgp oQ A%?G mgjvlnmoH] ```

2001 xoE 2006 j bf pwco> h gwlvH h jnc.vH qH A%?G

mgjvlnmoHN ,; yh .y boy] j tFfnbH .o<gy<hiMnbH h jnc.

vH i. A%?G mgjvlnmoH mw ``` boy yh ,<coH] moonbH h

mwyocom;vH fc<;olnmoH tso x; bf yvcom;nbH ep bvco>

hplN ,;yh i<g] .o<gy<hiMnbH bnbMd oQqC A%?G mgjvlnmoH

gwonbH jv jnc.snmht;H tFfnbH moonbH h jnc.vH .g] 1999]

jPGs fc<;olnmU hj av mg<gonbjcU] ,nho h mjvlnb;ci .y

boy onKJqC A%?G mgjvlnmoH ,gwnb;ci hj jnc.vH moonbH

2005 ``` hj mndG akH h j<jubylG $fU mw hnlvle>} |jq<xU

.o<gy<hiMnbH hj mw yocom;vH fc<;olnmoH 1999] gi

lsvhdjcU yh jv xswxvhdjcU buV h m<com;vH|

x<jgpmhU i.


115

223 . aknhU yh , m<coj fc<;olnmp bg h mw yyoxvlyhj] tFG hj

bktbjH .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp i<g moonbH moonb<jH

h mwxUcongvH bcfMnmp .fgnmonbH jkxV hEjgnbH jv tucomfJvH

h mw .jyhgjH tMn, bg h mw yocom;vH fc<;olnmoH .fgnmonbHN

.o<gy<hiMnbH h oho<gjH .jynmp pph> mgnmoH j jn, j<jMnbH hj

av m<co;ci ,j cjfohd;ci moonm hlgn,ogenmU jv bwfohdH

fc<;olnmoH jn, sgenmp fc<;olnmoH] jWbknbH h mw bwgxvH rnhV ,

fc<;ohonbH jv .jy> yh fcbe;cU .ro> bs<lnmoo>N h mw oMsgyU

yh .y bs<lnmU nmvm;nbH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv nbp<gvH moonm mwvlnmp

i<g j<jubylnmp jv bwvcongvH .g jv bcvgonbj pph> fc<;olnmoH

h mw yynbx<vhdj bs<lnmoH jv .f bf oMsgjH mwonhj mg<gJnmp

fc<;olnmoHN boy yh akH hnm boegyU] KUf pmH (ihnm KhmhU) ,;go

hj mw agyU h mpcfMvH .; jWbknbH fc<;olnmoH h hl<jtn,vH ,

hjJyvH h jnc.tv moonb] ,; yh ,;go n,v tucon,yhH .y ,svhdHN

.y bs<lnmU j bf .fpnyH mgnmoH fc<;olnmoH jkxV yh bcvgnbH]

jWbknbH , av bwvpnmvH ,h , fcbyvH ,j udcoG bcfMnm QokU

gah , j<gcgH .y bcfMnmU ep yh .v AognbH , av msdvH gng ,

fc<;ohonbooHN ,nho yh h mw j<jJt;kcU jWbknbH h jl<jtn,vH i<g

h hjJtn,vH bgnbx<hsH i<g bcvbhonbnpHN ,nho yh snb bcfMnmp

l uJimhdnhcU mg<gJnmoH lj nmvm;ponbjcU bwvpnmnmoH yynm

fc<;olnmoH i<g jv bf j<lovhdj h mg<gonbj i<g h j<dognhj

fc<;olnmoHN

(iii) j<jubylnm bs<lnmU

224 . .o<gy<hiMnbH ep Jj jv j<logjH gi<g<doj .pQn,nmp

fc<;olnmoH] ,; yh i<g yynm fc<;olnmo yh ynbVN ,nho yh ,w

oMsgyU .o<gy<hiMnbH .vg> ,h ,nm bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH ,h hpl

lnhp , j<logjH h mg<gonbooj fc<;olnmoHN tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH

ep .v j<lognyH aknhU , pcfMvH .; yynm fc<;olnmoH h bxvH

nmpnb> , nbn,pcyvH lav bwvpnmov yynm fc<;olnmoH gx<;V h

mwpnhj fc<;olnmoH Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb h mw Ugn,ogH i<gN

,nho yh] h .jyhgjH moonb<jH j cjfpnyH j<jubylnmp jv j<logjH

,wpnhj fc<;olnmoH mg<gJnmp i<g h mwpnhH yynm fc<;olnmoH h

.v pphgn,otvH] i<g .dclog;Mnmonbnb .; hj cx;olvH i<g boj hj

nbosgvHN



116

225 . 2010] jv .pQn,nmjy>] hj av mgQn,G fc<;olnmht;H bs<lnmoH

.v] j nmv bcfMr> jv .jynmU o<s h mgMpdH jv nmvm;G jv cjfojH

|mgnmoH j<jJtn,nmp pj<hvlnmp ,g<dj fc<;olnmp| okpuqC hgfj

moonb<jk .jynmU o<s h mw pphgn,ogH moonb<jk jUp%! h .v

faognhjN .. pj<hvlnmp j mwp;gnbH j<logefolnmoH i<g j<jubylnmoH

mwpnhj pph> fc<;olnmp i<g ,svhdH , nbn,pctvH .g h av bwgxvH

yynm fc<;olnmoHN jv .jy> o<s pphgn,UvlnmU j mndnbH xwwH jv

xUcongonbj .. j<jubylnmp pj<hvlnmp ,; yh i<g jv nmv bcfMyvH

jv .pQn,jynb j ytosvH nmgylnmp i<g ,svhdH , nbn,pctvH

fc<;olnmoH l av bwgxvH i<g lnhp h yyocom;vH .d md moonbH

yynm fc<;olnmoHN

226 . tp yh j mgnhU .y aknhU yynm bcfMtsnmU .; jv .pQn,nmjy>]

fc<;olnm bs<lnmp ,; yh .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU hj

nbn,p<gonbjcU 2009 ,; yh 2010N gx<;V] j cjfpnyH o<s mwpnhj

fc<;olnmU nmgylnmU pj<hvlnmp .; bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH .v] jv

boevhdj hmw udcovH jv bwvpnmvH moonbH fc<;olnoH i<g jv

ytucongonbj hyoxvlyhj lnhp] jv yynm bcfMhvhdj i<g gnaLogenmp

jv bcgj .; bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g jv .pQn,nmjy> .gs<lnmonbH

,; yh bwV fc<;olnm bs<lnmoH jv hnl pjmvH moonbH jv bwvpnmvH

yynm fc<;olnmojHN .. nmgylnm pj<hvlnmp fc<;olnmoH tFG bn,ohpH

j nmvm;nbH , j<jubyvH giwpnhj pph> fc<;olnmp i<g gi mg<dj

,; yh i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH j mw e<dLognyH jv pjgvH j<jubylnmp

j<jJtn,nmoH .. .v pj<hvlnmpN

227 . ,nho i<g h mngonbH tFG bcvbhpH .g jv .jyH] fc<;olnmoH

bs<lphpH i<g .jncbn,MnbH h nmv bcfMyvH .o<gy<hiMnb i<g nmpnb> h

Ugn,og;MnbH jv j<jubyvH mwpnhj moonm mwvlnmp i<g mg<hiMnmp jv

j<dovhdj lnhp h bcfMhvhdj i<g lnhp h yyocom;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH

fc<;olnmoH .v gs jwh> h pj<hjHN ,; yh i<g , bwvohdH moonm

mwvlnmp i<g mwpnhj mg<hiMnmp j<jubylnmp] ,nho i<g h mngonbH

tMn, fc<;olnmoH bs<lphpH jv bwvpnmvH jv .y bs<lnmU , uvgonbH

jv bf wjmvH moonbH jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH] hf

j<jubynbhucpH ,nm bf uvgvH .gcfMnmonbnb l .v p,ogjHN ,nho

i<g h mndvH jv oMgn,ovhdoj .o<gy<hiMnbH lnhp hf j<logjH l

p,pgtm;vH fc<;olnmp h mg<doj mgQn,nmoHN

x<jgpmhU i.


117

228 . ,; yh i<g] j<jubylnmp , boevhdj fc<;olnmp h bmg<dj] yynm

fc<;olnmU boy ynbV] h boevhdcU , boetvH .EhfKH hf tFfvH

p<xV .d .Ud#.N 2006] hj ynbsMp.ngcU bn,ohpH tMn, x; .Ud#.

j t<jhdcU p<xV , nbnbwwnmvH DcwE owgp i. , gfxAiMvH ,; yh

bnbMd o<stgp A%?G bjgJnmoH i.qC h gsxAiMvH i<g x; DcwE p<xV

, bnbwwnmvH buV hf xyfMvH .EhfKN ,; yh , hpnbcvhdH xsE

mg<hiMnmp gx<;V n,t<f;wnbH mwp;MvH okpi.qC A%?G mgjvlnmoH h

i.qtAiMvH i<g x; DcwE nmpnb> m<xfMnbH ,; yh nbLE o<stgp oQ

A%?G mgjvlnmoH owgp i. gfxAiMnbH i<g x; DcwEN hfx<v jwcovH

hgwvH .o<gy<hiMnbH , yy.htvH .Ud#. mgjvlnmoH 27.9% ;gjkH yh

nmp mg<hiMnmp gx<;V n,t<f;wnbH h gwvH .EhfKH i<g , gfxAiMvH

tMd .Ud#. 38.7% ,,<xvnbH .EhfKH ,fgwvHN

(iv) , xUcongonbj bs<lnmp mgnmoH

229 . .o<gy<hiMnbH gwi boegnyH , e<dLogjH ,nm faogjH bs<lnmp

.fgnmonbH nmpnb> x; ,nm xUcongvH gx<;V fc<;olnmp ,; yh jv

bwfpjH moonm mwvlnmp i<g mg<hiMnmp dclog;MnmoH ,; yh ak;



118

xUcomfJnmU] ,; yh i<g] jv nbn,p<gvH lnhp l .fpjH l nmvm;vH

.g fc<;olnmoH bwgxnmoH gwi h bowvhdH .yN ,j j<logefohnmkcU

yh moonm mg<;olnmU mwonhj bs<lnmp hj av uvgonbj , bwfohdj

fc<;olnmoH .gpH .v] .o<gy<hiMnbH j bf oMgn,ognyH ,nmvmn,yhooH

.fgnmonbH .ro> i<g j bf pj nbn,p<gnbH moonm mwvlnmp i<g

mg<hiMnmp , bwvcongvH .g fc<;olnmoH jv bwfohdjN q;V yh]

.. bcfMnmp moonm mg<;olnmp j bf Aoconb .. bcfMnmp ,

udcoH QokU .v] cfy yh x; tp nbLE .vxfd QokU hj yvgonbnpN

.o<gy<hiMnbH h oho<gjH .jynmp j oMgn,ognyH p<xV ,nmvmn,yhj

.. moonm mg<;olnmp jv tFngkH h mw nmvmn,ynhnp mgnmoHN h mw

tucovlyhj mg<hiMnmoH , uvgonbH fc<;olnmp moonm fc<;olnmoH

hf oMsvhdcp mwpnhj i<g ,g<dj .pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH mgnmoH i<g

hf pj.cpH hnm bwvpnmvH , nbn,p<gonbH fc<;olnmU mgnmoH ,; yh

yvV] aEjE i<g h .v j<jubynbhonmcpH moonbH h mg<dj fc<;olnmp

i<g l mwpnhooj .gcfMnmonbnb jq<xU nm bwvpnmngn, .g yynm

fc<;olnmoH av Ustngn, jv bwvpnmvHN

(v) .jncbn,MnmU bs<lnmU

230 . .y h boevhdH .jncbn,MnmU bs<lnmp gwi j av e<j boevhonb

tMn, x; hj mw pj<hnbjH .o<gy<hiMnbH .g jn, pgn, j<logenmoHN

,nho ,w cLdpnhH ,h , tucoj .. .jncbn,MnmU bs<lnmp ep

dx uvgonbnp jv .v ytuxvhdj gx<;V QokoH mdl] ,nho yh n,v

yocovlyhH fc<;olnmU , bcfMhvhdHN tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH tso h

ytsiogtm;nbH p<xV bxwE h cjfoG QokU l bcfMG , bcfMhvhdj

.jncbn,MnmU bs<lnmp tso udconbH gUd l .vxgvH i<g yh .y ,

m<com;vH ep j bo<l j<jubyJnbH jv fx uvgvH .gcfMnmonbnbN bfG

.o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmp hohonmgvH j mndnbH p<xV , mElogtm;vH

xwwH , udcoj l .v bf uJibjH h mg<doj .gcfMnmonbnb mgnmoH

mg<gJnmpN

(b) buV hsvhdH , ynbMpmhdj mwohJnmp i<g l .v hvfohdH

nmgylnmp .o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH ep gna tuconb hjsvhdH

231 . lhG tMn, .o<gy<hiMnbH .jyhpH i<g .jyhoqH j bktnbH .g

bktmsnmoH jv hjv hpn,ovhdj mwohJnmp ,h eW lnhp h cjfohdj

jv svhdj .g moonb<jH mwohJnmp h mw yynbMpJponbHN hoho<gjH

x<jgpmhU i.


119

.jynmp tso t<gm j bktnbH .ro> .v ,nho x; q;V ,wpnhooH

.gcfMnmonb> jv bmv hpn,ovhdj mwohJnmp ,h nhg> x; bn,ohpH jv

tovH .fooenbnb h mw ynbMpdoj .fwohJnmonbnbN tFG yh j mndnbH h

oho<gjH .jynmp xgy jv bktbvH moonb ncyw bf cjfpjH mwohJnmp

ncyw bf ton,vH ynbsMpmhp hmw yMpJvH moonbH .fwohJnmonbnb] h

mw fx<hjH i<g mgMpdoH h mw gwlvHN ,; yh i<g] tFG .jypH ep

KaognyH ,av j<jubyhonbj fc<;olnmp h bmwpnhj boy x; n,vsgjH

mdognyH ,nm hnl bkvH .. mwohJnmpN ,nho i<g ,dogjH ,h , tnpwH

bs<hT .y ,sgvH moonbH ,h hpl , KxpnhooH h mdogjH moonbH

fc<;olnmp , boevhdoj xso ydnmognyH mg<gJnmpN

232 . .jyhpH i<g nho h mndvH , nboEnlLogtm;vH h av mndov QokojyH

mgQn,nmoH i<g jn,fuH jv bs<lnmU nbn,p<gJnmoH hpg (hkE Qokojy>

i<g jn,fuH jv bs<lnmU hpg) , boegjH mwohJnmp ynbsMpmlnmoH

,h nhg> jv ccjfohdj , av Ugn,ovhdjN aknh yh] QokojyH j.v av

mgQnbvl;cU .o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmoH ,h jv cjfohdj mwohJnmp h mw

ynbsMpdj .g h .fohdj QokojyH h mw tMn, yMpJvH moonbHN buvl

yh] Qokojy> i<g jn,fuH jv bs<lnmp nbp<gJnmoH j bf bvgnbH hj

av mndvH] boy jsgnyH UgnbV , cjfpvH .o<gy<hiMnbH h .jynmp jv

nbn,iUgjH .ro> .v hnmsgjH x; jv sgjH mowohJnmp ynbsMpmhp .vN

233 . ,nho h mndvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmp h oho<gjH bg bom

mwohJnmp h mw ynbsMpdj h av Ugn,ogjH fc<;olnmoH .v ep

tMn, lnhp .g yMpdnb lnhoH hmw av Ugn,ogjHN .o<gy<jiMnbH

ynbMpJnmp h av Ugn,ovhdj fc<;olnmoH tMn, moonbH ep nbLE mjU

gUd mw gwlvH .g yMpJnbH moonb<jH hgwlvH ,; yh jv mgnmoH h

gwlvHN ,; yh] ep hj j<lognyH gUd l .v hvvpvH bn,ohp tFngkH

,gwlov gs mwp;MG moo>N ,; yh i<g] fc<;olnmU bs<lnmoH jv av

Ugn,ognyH h mw yMpJvH hj aynbMpmlvH moonbH |ynbsMpmlnmoH|

|aynbMpmlnmoH|N ,nho yh h av mfhnmkU] ,h , bkvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

.jynmoH oxdMpJnmp h av mw Ugn,ovhdj fc<;olnmht;H ,nm bcvgvH

nbn,pcvlnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH .vN ,; yh i<g Uj cLd j<lodpU]

.o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmoH ,h , bkvH mwohJnmp h mw gwlov moonbH

.fwohJnmoo> i<g x; h mgMpdoH h mw gwlov moonb<jHN

234 . jq<xU yh nmp nhkgu;ci h mw ynbsMpJvH moonbH moonb<jH

jvtongcU h av Ugn,ogjH .Ud#. fc<;olnmoH ep hn,gucU .y jv

svhdH] t<gm bcfMnmo jvhd> .y jv uvgonbj ynbsMpJnmp] tFngkH



120

hsvhdcU tMn, bn,ohpH jv pgn,j<lovhdH gUd mgvH i<g gUd ,gwlvHN

t<gm QokU h m<cocU jv bcvmvH bn,ohpH .y l bcvMhgnhcU jv

ynbsMpnbvH tMn, moonb gUd ,w gwlov] Ugn,ognhU tMn, lnhp jv

nhk<nh<dj ynbsMpmhoH] h mgMpdoj h mw gwlvH nb<hmhoH i<g r<hpH

tMn, x; h bwlvH moonbH .vN bfG .o<gy<hiMnbH hj pj<hnbjH ,nho

nb mw bcfMhgjH dxpH Qokp tongn, .y jsgjHN

235 . ,nho h av mndvH tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp i<g ;gjkH

bn,ohpH cfy x; bn,ohU nm bwvpnmd .g yynm fc<;olnmoH jvsgH

ep bs<hT , av mgQnbfG] , hpnbcvhdoj h m<com;vH moonbH h mw

gwovH h mw udcoj tMn, x; lnhp .fgnmonbHN ,nho i<g h mndvH

h xUcongvH bs<lnmp .jynmoH cU nbxMH .v nmpnb> h j<logyecpH

gUd l mw tucom;nb<cU moonbH .y nbsgjH l mw pmcom;vH i<g

, hpnbcvhdH .y ynbsMpJnmp hnm uvgonbjN ,nho i<g h mdognhcU

.o<gy<hiMnbH UgnbV jv AogonbjcU jv p<;tvH .Ud#. jv j<jubynbG

moonbH gisvhdH , uvgonbj mwohJnmp ynbMpJnmoH jv bcvgonbjcU

fc<;olnmoHN .g yh .v ynbsMpJnmoH ,nho h mdovhdH .Ud#.

fc<;olnmoH xnhp> jv .vxgnhcU mwohJnmp , bf jvvqmhdj jEApvhp

hnlvlenmoHN ,nho i<g h mdognhcU jv pmpnhjcU .y jv svhdH moonbH

jv bf bwvpnmnb<cU fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh i<g] h mngonbjcU jv mgG .g

akH jv bcfM<cU .o<gy<hiM> bcvbhpH h mw bcfMvH jv nmvbcfMyG

moonb jv .fpH nmgylnmp yynm fc<lolnmoH h Ugn,ognhj .vN

236 . ,nho h mw oMgn,ovhdH .g h mw Ugn,ovhdj mwohJnmp

ynbsMpJnmoH i<g ,gMpdoj h mw gwlvH moonbH moonb<jH Ugn,ognhU

jv cLdnmvhdH .y i<g jv gwiMpdH tMn, x; fc<;olnmoH mw hmw

uvmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw mgnhooj h mw gwlvH moonb<jHN ,; yh

hj avmnd<cU akH bn,ohU .g hj bwvpnmG sgenmoH] cLdg;gnmp jv

cjfohdj tMn, bn,ohpH jv pmcom;vH .g , uJi,hdH mgQn,nmoH

x<jgMpmhoH 6(8) yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoHN

(c) h mg<gonbj jEApvhp hnlvlenmoH botcom;nbH

.o<gy<hiMnbH ,nho ,h n,v av jn,vqbj

237 . tFfnbH .o<gy<hiMnbH .jyhpH] .jyhoqH i<g ;gjkH bn,ohpH hj

av boegjH .. jEApvhp h mg<dojN .EhV] h mw yMpdj pihvmn,nmp

fcmlvvlnmoH ,nho ,h n,v j pEnlnbwngvH , botgnhooH .ro> .y ,

x<jgpmhU i.


121

mgMpdoH |jq<xU ,h av jn,vqbyi .y jEApvhU (okpU) jwh> h agonbU

,h yh nbLE mndki lnhU ,h ,jEApgJkU m<x , .ff;kU .y] ,; yh

, j<logyU , jp<jkU nmgylnmp .g hj cjfpyU jEApvhoH] ,nho nmp

bqk , x;pyU .pQn,nmUN jq<xU bjgy;ki .y .v] hj bjgyhnmU jv

fcmlkU $5000.00 i<g x; h jnc.;nmU U;ngJ xMT mo;H] i<g x; gx<;V

h mgjgy;nmU jv fcmlkU ,; yh jv jnc.hnmkU| ,nho h mw hpnbcgjH

.o<gy<hiMnbH .ro> h mndyhooH jq<xU ,h pEnlnbwngnbn, ,nho aknhU

jv mw pihvmvH jv bjgyvH i<g yh ,o;H h tovH jv jn,vqbjH

jEApvhp] ,;go ,h h mw pmpnhH] ,; yh tp ;gH h j<dognhU]

hav ;<gMg;gvH i<g bs<hT jv sgtov h mw Ugn,oyvH ,;go h mw

yopnhHN ,nho yh i<g msvlyhH .y , av ?jtn,vH bs<hT jv sgtov h

mwUgn,oyvH h mgMpbjH jv bjgyvH ,h fxsgnhn, i<g x; jv jnc.vH]

eiEnh Usv j<lodU bn,ohU .y jv sgG gx<;V jv bjgyG jv fcmlG ,;

yh bwV jv jnc.G ,h x; , av jn,vqbH jEApvhp .v] tso nhg> ,w

nbn,wlenbHN

238 . , onqLjpnhU yh .y jEApvlnmU hj mndgvH moonbH h mw boevhdH

gwi jv gwlsgenl hpg<jo> h mw yMpJvH yp yUdnbH , av gwlsgjH

hpg<jo> yMpmhoo> h tovH yMpJnmoH h mwohdHN ,nho yh ,w

oMgn,ovhdH .g h mw uvgonbj fc<;olnmp jq<xU hifkU ,gjJkU j

dclog;MU jv bwvpnmkU .g yynm fc<;olnmoH] tFG yh .o<gy<hiMnbH

,nho ,w yEhn,ogjH , gnaLogjH i<g , j<dogjH nmpnb> o<gT .g ,j.v

gwlsgjH hpg<jo>N .y yh h mw hnlvtvH jv pEnlnbwngvH jEApvhoH]

j pmgnhooH l mw pEnlnbwngnb<cU .ro> .v] hifkU gwi h gwlsgtnl

hpg<jjo>N .y yMpmhU h toG bn,p h mw nmvhdH , gwi gwlsgH

hpg<jo> ,nho b<xU ,h , .fohdoH .fwohJnmonbnb h mw nbn,pctvH

yynm fc<lolnmoHN ,nho yh gwi h mngonbH jq<xU xsE mg<g;ci

jEApvhU .y hmw nlvleponbH jq<xU yh moonm;ci h pEnlnbwngG

i<g x; ;gH .o<gy<hiM>] , gnanbonbH hj mndG bnb] ep yh nmp h

nbpnmMpbhonmcU .g bwvpnmnmoH fc<;olnmoHN

239 . o<s] tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH h oho<gjH .jynmp ,nho h mndvH

.jyhpH i<g .jyhoqH jv bwfongcU .g ynbsMpJnmoH h mw ynbsMpdj

mpcfMnmp .; hj n,aotvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,nho i<g hf

mndvH .; hj .fovH , aynbMpmhonbH h oho<gjH .jynmp moonb<jH]

ep nhg> x; j mw phvcngnbH .gcfMnmonbnb .fgnmonbH i<g yh

h fcbynbhonmcpH ,o;H h fcbyvH .; snbH h .jyhgjH bs<lnmp

.fgnmonbH tMn, hsgvH mgnmoH h .v bcvmvH hpg<jHN



122

240 . i.] gwi Uj adU , boevhdH mwjnWnmU ,h , tucom;vH .d

mdl ,nhoro> h jxvm;vH ynbVN j Ugn,og;MU jv og n,t<f;wekU i<g

.x<fnlkekU ,nhoy akH h hpnbcvhdH bwvpnmnmoH fc<;olnmoH ,;goyh

,w yocom;vH aknhkH moonbH h mw jnWvH x; ,w hEjgvHN Uj bktbgkH

tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH hj mndvH jq<xU .Ud#. pgnbcyd l av bwvpnmov

fc<;olnmoH] h .ficpH moonb .fwjnWnmoo> h mw bktov,; yh h

mgcpH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH l mnd<gylnb<cU] l .v tucojcUN ,; yh

i<g] , pygnhU mnd<gylnmU .g jEApMpmhoH jv nl<hMpmhdnhcU jEApvhp

,;go mw udcoH oMsgenmU i<g h mgnhucp jv bwfohdj nmgylnmp

mndnmp .v ,;go yh h mw yocom;vH moonbH , jEApvlvHN

241 . yvV yh] tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH hj av bwvpnmvH .g bktmsnmoH j

mndnbH , j<logjH ,h Jj , oMsvhdH .y mg<dH yynm fc<lolnmU

bwvpnmnmoH] ,nhoy yh h jxvm;vH jEApvhp , uvgvHN ,nho i<g h

mndvH p<xV , nbpEnlm;vH h mg<doj i<g yh , av UstG bn,p h mw

nbn,pctvH bwvpnmnmoH ep yh q;V nmp yynm fc<;olnmoH jv bwgxG]

,h yh tp , av nmgyG gilsgH .g .v fc<;olnmU bs<lnmoH ep lnhU

nmgynbhonbU ep yh j<logT lsgHN ,nho x; ,h ,w cxM<lotG yE;V yh

i<g nhg> Ugoet;nmU mdogT .fgnmoH] ep yh h jwqn,ogT jv jEApvlHN

(D) lnhp h jxvmn,yhj bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH

242 . hj av boevhdj lnhp h jxvmn,yhj .g bwvpnmnmoH fc<;olnmoH]

.d ynbV jn,fuH phabusH .Ud#.] ,nho ,w botcom;vHN xUxJnmU

.d moonb<jH , av msdvH yh fc<;olnmht;H jv mgnmoH ,;go ynbV

i<g h mw botcom;vH tFngkH mwN ,nm msgonbH jv mgnmoH tFngkH

svhd> ncyw bf jwgonbH xUcJnmU tFf jwh> ,<co> , nbn,p<gonbHN

jv boyjd> i<g ep nmp hj fcbnyH moonbHN ,; yh .g fc<;olnmU

bs<lnmU bcfMnmht;H jUp%! mgnmoH nmpnb> hsgjH] jqV x; , ohonm

.wgvH xUcJnmp] l mw gwlov i<g tvJnm Qokp l av bwvpnmov

moonb fc<;olnmoH] ,nho yh ,w oMsgyU ,h , gwicoH .y nmvmn,nmU

.g h av g;wjH nbp> h .sdvHN .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp ,nhom

h bktgvH tMn, x; fcmlnmp fc<;olnmU .v Ugn,otvH bn,ohpH tMn,

.. lnhp jqV h oho fcmhdcp ncyw bf jvcoponbH , udcoj lnhp

.v i<g yh ,h ,j yMpMpmlvH moonbH .vN

x<jgpmhU i.


123

243 . .o<gy<hiMnbH mndnbH gwlnmhtnh

h tovH i<g tvJnm Qokp ep

dxconbHN ,nho h mngonbH

hawnmhtnh ,nhgjpnhj i<g ep dx

tvJnblnbH ,o;H h tovH Qokp

nhg> x; mwpnhooH tvy tvnbH h

n,gjdojN ,h i<g ,gov bn,ohp

l mnd<gy;vH mw yocom;nbH jv

mgnmoH ,gvH ,; yh .fwjnWnmonb>

x; mw bktvHN boy yh ,

m<com;vH rnhV , nbn,pctvH

bn,ohpH yynm fc<;olnmoH jnuE

mgxvnbH tFs jwhnb , phgjH .fgnmonb>] ,nho yh i<g h mg<gonbjcU

jv mgG QokU l fcbyvH h hpn,oyov .Dnbwtwnbnb i<g .jWbtnbnb

i<g x; h jjMnbH x; .Dnbwtwnbnb i<g .jWbtnbnb tMn, yh lnhp

jv fcmhdjN ,; yh i<g] .; l nbn,pctvH bwgxnmoH , phgjH yh

.gcfMnmonbnb] ,nho h mndvH .; moonbH jv mgnhjcU fcmlnmU fcU

jv fcbyvH .; h phgjH .gcfMnmonbnb tnhVN .o<gy<hiMnbH hj bktbjH

bqk j j<lognyH gidUgnhooH h mw bwvpnmponbH fc<;olnmojkH]

,nho yh h mndvH jv mgnhU xtmn,nmU mgnmoH jv .v nbnmvmvH tMn,

x; lnhp .v] gx<;V i<g Us;up nm nbcyngn, tMn, h mpcfMvH Us;upH

tsiUvlnm Us;up vlygo ;EnlogefnlpH ,j av Ugn,otvH ,; yh , pghgH

.fgnmonb> xsw mgnmoH , gwlmvH ,;go yh l mw boevhdH tp

fc<;olnmoHN

244 . yvV yh] .o<gy<hiMnbH j oMsgnyH , mgnhj h mw yMpdoj bn,p

.cx;olnmp fc<;olnmoH i<g yh j<lognyH yh i<g ,h Jj , oMsgjH

.ro> h mwpnhj bWk<;olnmp h hMmhdj fc<;olnmoH ,nhom yh ,h

hmwoMsgjH mwpnhooj .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,nho h mndvH bfG

.o<gy<hiMnbH jv n,EhV j .v yMpJnb;cU .g fc<;olnmoH] q;V yh

tFG .. cx;olnmp ep t<gm mgjvhdnb fc<;olnmojH] ,nho yh l .v

nbpm;vH .g , yMpJvH fc<;olnmoH jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

q;V yh] ,h gna , j<logjH i<g , oMsgjH fc<;olnmp ,g<doj i<g

mgjvlnmp , bWk<;olnmoH] ep h hpnbcvhdonb jv n,EhV hj av bjgyvH

fc<;olnmoH ,nho x; l mwpnhoojN



124

(E) Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb go h mg<xiyhooj

245 . h mw j<lgonhooH .gcfMnmU Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb go

h mg<xiyhooj ,nhom hj boegjH ak;dnmMnmp hj bwvcovH .g

Us;uU .gcfMnmoH i<g hoho<gjH .jynmp i<g hj pj<hnbjH bn,ohpHN

tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH oxnbH rnhV , hpn,otvH jnc.snmht;H i<g x;

fc<;olnmoH , .v hpn,otvH] tFG yh .; ,nho ,dogjH jkxV jv tFG

bn,ohpH .y jv m<com;vH rnhV h mw hpn,otvH] p<xV , tFfvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH jnc.snmht;H i<g bnbwwnm i<g .EhfKH xtmn,nmoH h mw

hpn,otvHN ,nho h mwvH .; .o<gy<hiMnbH oMsgnyH nmpnb> fxpn, go

l .fov .. h jnc.tvH i<g xtmn,nmoH h hpn,otvH] nmpnb> oMsgnyH

,<xV nmp hnbxMvH bn,ohpH] hkE hj av pihdoemvH , yFotvH

moonbH jkxV .tsiovhonbH i<xv mgnhoo> hj av sgvH fc<;olnmoH]

jkxV yh xUcoo> rnhV buV hf uvgonbj lnhp h jv mjjH .fgnmonbHN

,nho yh] n,v hnlsvhdH jv wjmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bwvpnmvH Us;uU

.gcfMnmoH h mw pgn,j<logH tknb gi h mjooj n,vj oxov ..

hpgn,j<loyG] cfy yh x; ytuxvhdj hj tuco> .g bwvpnmnmoH

ohU l mbf uvgonbH , uvgonbj jv mjnmp .fgnmonbH moonb<jH

.o<gy<hiMnbH h mw bwvcovH pgn, j<lovlnmoHN

246 . .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmp s!Us j cjfpecpH ak;dnmMnmUp

j<hvlnmp - jv ynbvmsvH .; ak;dnmMnmp hj i<g x; buV h bwvcovH

.g Us;uU h pgn,j<logH tknb gi h mg<xiyhooH rnhV ,j hpn,otG

jnc.snmht;H i<g x; xtmn,nmoHN boy yh lnhp hj boegjH .g hjav

bwvpnmvH h mg<doj yynm fc<;olnmp i<g ,h h bwfovH moonbH

.g bxnmoH ,; yh i<g p<xV h jv cahvponbH , pgn, j<lovhdH

tk> gi h mg<xiyhu;ciN ak;dnmMnmp tFfxAp a.nbH okpU xAp ,

cahvponbH pgn, j<logenmoHN ,nho yh h mndvH] boy yh n,v cahvyhH

pgn, j<logenmU n,K ,h , bwfovH moonbH yynm fc<;olnmoH epbn,p

mg> l bktg<cU jv jwvqmhdHN .y yh h boevhdH m<coj fc<;olnmoH]

Us;uU h ppgn, j<logH gi h mg<xiyhooH tko> tMn, .. b<gonbnp

cfy jv uvgonbj] ,; yh ak;dnmMnmp ep hpl nbLE jsgnyH jv pgn,

j<logjH gijooH bs<lnmoH ,nho x; ,wp;gonbH jnuE jv a.vHN

247 . ;#<g aH hu] .pQn,nmoH .pgylM> oho<gT i<g .g bcfMnmht;H]

,nho yh h mndG , boeyG moonbH hsgtv fc<;olnmoH+ |,nho x;

x<jgpmhU i.


125

mwhnlvlevH jv tsoMponbH ,nm h mw nbn,pctvH yynm fc<;olnmoH

ep nmp fcU jv sgvH| jv n,gU yh .y jv sgvhdH tMn, bn,ohpH .g h

bwvcovH bs<lnmoHN

(F) jv .pQn,nmjy> i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH Ugn,ognhU jv pjgonbH tu

bcfMtsnmU .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

248 . tMn, moonbH hj pj<hnbjH i<g bktbjH ,nhi ,w e<dLogjH ,nmtu

bcfMyvH jv .pQn,jynb yynm fc<;olnmoH mw] tMn, i<g h bmwpnhj

pph> fc<;olnmp jv .jyH h .v bo<lcoj sgenmoHN .o<gy<hiMnbH

,nho ,w Ugn,ogjH nmpnb> jv xUcongvH fc<;olnm bs<lnmp .fgnmonbH

.footnbnb .cx;olnmooH ,nm bwvcongvH moonm mwvlnmp i<g

mg<hiMnmp .g moonm mg<;olnmoHN .o<gy<hiMnbH j<jMnbH hj av

bcgu;ci .y moonm mg<;olnmU bs<lnmU hkE hj av bcvgonbu;ci ,;

yh tp Ugn,ognyH jv cM;ohdoH tp jv faogjH lsgnbvH h cx;olov

.fgnmonbHN ,nho ,w yEhn,ogjH jv csdohdoj .o<gy<hiMnbH

.cx;olnmonbnb fc<;olnmoH mdl ,; yh moonm mg<;olnmoH jv

msggonbH h mw uvgonbH jvmn,nmU i<g AiogenmU tso hnmvm;cpH

.. , bcvgonbj , nbn,p<;oG bn,p hf uvgonbucp yh .. moonm

j<jubylnmp yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh i<g] .o<gy<hiMnbH pgnbcgnyH

gUd l .fpnb<cU bcfMnm Qokp jv nmvgonbH .fgnmonbH fc<;olnmp

, uvgonbj i<g jv wjmvH moonbH v bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

moonm mwvlnmp j<jubylnmoH jv bwvcongonbj ,; yh v jn,

mwp;gonbjcU .y moonm mg<;olnmU bs<lnmpN

249 . .o<gy<hiMnbH ,nho ,w hpnbcgjH .Ud#. i<g hpg h mw hnl

nmvngvH jv n,ggonbH moonm mg<;olnmU bs<lnmp h tuxvlyhucU yh

.g hmw uvgonbj fc<;olnmpN h mw xUcongonbH moonm mg<;olnmU h

mg<dH] .o<gy<hiMnbH j mndnbH jv bwfohdH .y .g jv .pQn,nmjyH

i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH v nbn,p<gonbjcU jv pmcom;ponbH , nbn,pctvH

.g l bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN akH ak;dnmMnmoH h .vG j av g;wU

ak;dnmMnmU pj<hsnmoH bktmsnmoH] hj av boegyU m<xtH .g] ,nho yh

h mndG] jv cLd uvgonbnhcU bom lnhp h yoxvlyhj fc<;olnmoH} jv

.pQn,nmjy> nmp jv pj<hnb<cU .o<gy<hiMnb h oho<gtov .jynmp jv

nbn,p<gvH gi lmwp;gonbH , uJimhdH .g x<jgMpmhoH .pQn,nmU 6(8)

yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoHN .y yh ,w pj<hvhonbH ,;go l

.vcojcU lnhp h j<dognhj l Jh<dj ,nmv bcfMtsvH jv .pQn,nmjy>

i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH] , bcfMhvhdH .f yynm fc<;olnmoH sgenmpN



126

250 . j bf oMgn,ognhU yh ,f twjcoj lnhp h nmvm;ponbH .g jn, pgn,

j<logenmoH , boevhdH jv j<jubyvH ,wpnhooH pph> fc<;olnmp

.; moonbH mg<;olnmp ,; yh Us;uU h ppgn,j<logH tknb mwpnhooH

.gcfMnmU] ,;y ynbV h ohiUgnhH jv uvgonbH v .v tu bcfMtsponbHN

pj j<jubylnmp jv mgnhj jv j<lovhdj giwpnhj mg<;olnmoH h

Aiovhdoj .cx;olnmp ,h , bjgyG fc<;olnmoH i<g yh jv mgnhnhcU

l .v nmvmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH xtmn,nmp m<x , Ugn,ogjHN ,; yh i<g]

.o<gy<hiMnbH j mndnbH jv mgnhjcU j<jubylnmp h bmwpnhj mg<;olnmp

i<g jv bwfohdh moonm mwvlnmp i<g mg<hiMnmp] ,; yh i<g

Ugn,ognhnp .g fc<;olnmU bs<lnmoH i<g .jncbn,Mnm bs<lnmoH jv

j<logjH .. moonm mwvlnmp ,wpnhooj] lnhp h j<dogjH .xyfMnmonbH

i<g .fg<hiMnmonbH hj av j<juby;vH .eQenbnb hkEN

251 . hj av mndH .jyhU nDogU nKPyU lwvnbuH .jyhU] |nmp .Ud#.

jv.pQn,nmjy> nmp h j<ldgT jv jcbH h m<cooH |j<logenmp i<g h

bcfMhgHN|

2. , pj<hvH jv .jy> bs<lphpH i<g fc<;olnm bs<lnmoH pph> .pQn,nmp

252 . rnhV hj av uvgkU jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU] hnmv bcfMyjH h bkt<gylvH

,; yh op Uj bktbppH jv .pQn,nmjy>] fc<;olnmU bs<lnmp] .Ud#.

yynm fc<;olnmU bcfMnmhtH] .Ud#. b;MnmU bs<lnmp ,; yh hjnpxlkU

b;MnmU xtmn,nmU ,; yh .Ud#. h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK]

fc<;olnmoH bcvbhpH hj av bwvpnmvH ,nm hnlsvhdH jv wjmvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH yynm fc<;olnmoHN Uj hvfipU nmgylnmoH h nmvm;kU

,bcfMhgyH h bm<coj lnhp .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh i<g Uj

adpU h mjj yynbMpJnmoH h .fpjH jv .jyH bs<lphpH l .v j<logjH

lsgjH jv ytuxgjH ,; yh jv wjmvH moonbH moonb<jH .v v av

bwvpnmvH .g fc<;olnmoHN

253 . tMn, lnhp hj av hvvpyH nmgylnmoH jv .jy> .gs<lphp Uj .fipU

i<g fc<;olnmoH bcvbhpH gisvhdH , ynbsohdj h mw hpn,ovhdj

ynbsMpmhp (hTx.%s% , bcgH) .g yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g bf .wgonbU

bvlU jv tuxom;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmoH .g fc<;olnmoH hj av

boegycU x<jgMpmhU o<s h mgMpdH hj av boevhdH .g h mndyhH

|yynm fc<;olnmoH sgenmp buV h m<congonbj .Ud#.| i<g yh

x<jgpmhU i.


127

|.o<gy<hiMnbH h mw bwvpnmvH .Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmoH| ,; yh i<g

ep tp Uhgx boedU .. hj av cLdnmgyU m<coj .gN

254 . hj av boegyU m<conmp .d ax<jgMpmhoH] buV nmp h m<coj]

.o<gy<hiMnbH hj cLd oMgnmpjH ,h yh ,Enh , j<lovhdH gUd l

mwpmcongonbj bg , hnlsgjH .g fc<;olnmoH bcvbhpH jv nmv

bcfMyvH .o<gy<hiMnb] q;V] .o<gy<hiMnbH povnbH jv cjfofJvH

.g bwvpnmnmoH n,K jv e<jconhcU hmw bmv hpn,ovhdj mwohJnmp

yMpJnmoH moonb<jH h gwlvHN .y yh , m<coH ep Jj j tuco> h mw

ynbsMpmhdj mwohJnmp .g yynm fc<;olnmoH ,h .v , .fovH moonbH

jv av bwvpnmvH .gN ,; yh i<g] , .fohdj h mw yynbMpJvH

moonbH moonb<jH h .v faognhj jv mgnmoH .v , uJimhdH yh bg

h mgMpdH mgQn,nmU .g x<jgMpmhoH 6(8) yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU

ynhMpmhoH gwico> i<g p<xV gnaLognhnp , ggxpnhj tuconb yh

.y ,svhdH hj mw yoconhcUN ,; yh i<g ggxconmoH mw] jq<xU ,h

jsvhdl wjtn,nmoH jv av bwvpnmvH moonbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH cfy

.fx; tucol mwohJnmoH ynbsMpJnmoH pmconhn, tMn, x; mw h mw

hpn,Uvhdj ynbsMpmhoH moonb<jHN

255 . hj av boegyU .d m<ctH] b<xU 2001] .Ud#. fc<;olnmU bs<lnmoH

j .Gfpenb;cU moonbH .fwohJnmonbnb ynbsMpJnmp .g .v QokojyH

i<g jn,fuH jv bs<lnmoH .y yh h mw tMn, yMpJvH moonbH hmw

hpn,ovhdj ynbsMpJnmp j .fpnyHN ,; yh hpg jv .jy> nmpnb>

mdog;McpH jv pphvgvH ,h jv ewW jv ton,vH moonb<jH mwohJnmp

ynbsMpJnmoH ,; yh b<xU 2002 ,;go h av mndnb<cU .o<gy<hiMnbH]

, pgn,j<logjH gi hsvhdoH lnhU n,vj h<jgvH jv .jy> jv cjfpH

mwohJnmp h mw ynbsMpJponbooH moonb<jH] .Ud#. i<g Qokojy>

jv jn,fuH jv bcfMnmp ,h , .v hpnbcgjH h mndyhooH mgQn,nmoH

.Ej h mw bmv hpn,ovhdj bs<lnmp ynhMpmhUN 2007] ,; yh 2009]

hpg jv .jy> j md;cU .o<gy<hiMnb ,h jv ton,vH mwohJnmp h

mw ynbsMpJponbHN q;V yh] Qokojy> h mg<doH .gcfMnmonb> aakH

h mwpnhooj .o<gy<hiMnbH .fgnmonbnb moonb<jH nmpnb> fxpn,

h j<lognyH lsgjH .ro> .v jq<xU nmton,ngn, mwohJnmp h mw

ynbsMpJpoH nm tpngn, .Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmp h bs<hgtovN

256 . ,nho i<g ,w oMsgyU .g fc<;olnmoH hj .fpjH i<g q;V ep nmp

.v bf uvgnbH jv tucooH] mowhJnmp ynbspJnmoH moonbH moonb<jH

hsglvH .v ,; yh b;Mnm bs<lnmoH oxdMpJnmoH j .fpnyH .g b;Mnm



128

bs<lnmoH i<g h jnuH xtmn,nmoH .vN bs<lphpH .g jv .pQn,nmjyH

hj bktbnhcU j mndnbH gna .g ,j .fpjH mwohJnmp ynbsMpJnmoH

b;Mnm bs<lnmoH oxdMpJnmoH h mw hpn,ovhdj ynbspMpJnmp] q;V

ep pmpnhU .y ,jsgjH jv ynbspjH mwohJnmp moonb<jH .v tFfnp

.g lnhp l yoxvlyhjN .EhV] , .Gfohdj mwohJnmp b;Mnm bs<lnmoH

ynbsMpJnmoH Ugn,ognhU .pQn,nmoH jv mw hpnbcvhdH i<g mgQn,nmp

bcfMnmoH h uJimhdj ,; yh hj mjU jv hnlvtvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

gidogjH .y ,svhdoH i<g yh jv jnuE h m<co> ,nm pmxvhdH l

mw pmcoHN oQ] h mw hpn,ovhdj ynbsMpJnmp ep tMn, yMpJnbH

.g moonbH moonb<jH h gwlvH ,;go l mw yocom;vHN o<s] h mw

ytwsvhdH .g b;Mnm bs<lnmoH h mw hpn,ovhdj ynbsMpJnmp ep hj

tuco> .d mdl tFfnp nhg> h mw jefvH bn,ohpH mwohJnmp nhg> ,

mpcvgvH , .wbvH dbyoq] , jefvH mwohJnmpN

257 . q;V yh] hj bktbjvH bs<lphpH .g b;Mnm bs<lnmoH xtmn,nmp

h bcfMhgjH h jnuxlkU b;Mnm xtmn,nmU ,nho h mndvH .g b;Mnm

bs<lnmoH jv .fohdjcU h mw hpn,ovhdj ynbsMpJnmp ,;go l

j<dognhjcU jv .fohdj mwohJnmp nbn,pctngn, l av bwgxvH .g

yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh i<g] ,nho h mw j<logefonbonbH ,h ,

mgnhH l .v nmgylyhH .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw hpn,ovhdj ynbsMpJnmp]

, m<xvponbH yh , pgn, j<lovhdH gUd l mw nmvm;nb<cU jv .fpjH

mwohJmp jv bcvgnb<cU l .v n,vm;vH jv tsoMvH , pgn, j<logjH l

.vxgjH mwohJnmp gx<;V h mgMpdj nb<hmhp hmw vydj r<hpH i<g x;

hmw oxdMpJvH h mw gwlvH bn,ohpH mgnmoHN boy yh n,v boevhdH]

,nm hnl t<jhdH jv tucoH ynbspJnmoH jv pmcoH l .v .fohdj

i<gx; aynbMpmhoH h mw yynbsMpdj mwohJnmp q;V Ugn,ognhU jv

;vgonbH jv tucol .y ,svhdHN boy yh nmp yynm fc<;olnmoH h

cjfohdj mwohJnmp nbn,pcvlnmoH ,h ewW h cjfohd snb boj x;

nev .gl bcvgvH Ugn,ognhU] hj bktbjH bnb bs<lphU jv .jyH .v]

jv bnhtMvH .y ,sgjH .pQn,nmoH xvcoo> .y hsgjH h ytwconbH

nbosgnhn,N ,; yh i<g] b;Mnm bs<lnmoH h mw hpn,ovhdj ynbsMpJnmp]

xvcofnlp .g nmgylnmoH h bo<l tosponbH p<;enmoH oMsgsnmoH]

,nho yh n,v Ugn,ognhU .y jv pgn, j<lovhdH ncyw bf yvgonbH gUd l

.vxvhdj mwohJnmp ynbsMpJnmoHN

x<jgpmhU i.


129

258 . hj av boegyU , cLdnmgyU m<xtH] fc<;olnmht;H bs<lphpH

.d jUp%! mgnmoH h mw pphgn,ogjH po mgnmp] buvl yh .g

gUs% UamgnmoH] tFngkH jsgnyH , bktbvH .o<gy<hiMnb , UsgynbvH

h mgMpdoj moonbH h mw gwlvH moonb<jH i<g yh j cjfpnyH

j<jubylnmp jv oMgn,ogjH ,wpnhooj bs<lnmp fc<;olnmoH i<g

yynm fc<;olnmoHN buvl hj boegycU .g] jv .pQn,nmjy> bs<lnmU]

fc<;olnmht;H bs<lnmp .d jUp%! mgnmoH] jv .jynmU o<s] ,;yh

.Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU hj cjcfpnhcU yynm fc<;olnmU

nmgylnmp pj<hvlnmp .d okpuqC moonb<jk 2010 ,; yh 2011N .. yh

fcvenmp hj ynbsMpmhdnhcU ,nho n,v jsvhdH j mgnhnp .g mg<gJnmp

hj e<jcoj jv bcvgonbj , nbn,p<gonbH l mwp;gonbH fc<;olnmp l

.v pmcojN .g @G !H .o<gy<hiMnbH] j j<jubyn,nbH akH .footnbnb

.y jv mpcfMov] jvj<jubynbG moonbH mwpnhooj pph> fc<;olnmoH

mg<;olnmp] aakH yh jynbx<gT nb<hmhp moonb<jHN hf yvcoH 2008]

fc<;olnmoH jEApvhp j mooehvhdnb boj .v h og mooevH i<g

bktgvH mooenmpN ,; yh bwV] .o<gy<hiMnbH j mgnbH h mnd<gylvH

fc<;olnmht;H i<g j mg> bUg hnbnmvngG fc<;olnmoH jv nbnmgH

gisvhdoj lnhp .g jUp%! mgnmoH] l .v nbnmvmvH .g bn,ohpHN ,nhom

yh ynbV h j<dognhj bcfMnmp jv uvgonbnhcU i<g ;gjk] j<dognhnp

.. jv uvgonbj j<jubylnmp jv gwicoj] nmgylnmp jv wjmvH

moonbH moonb<jH jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH ,;go yh lfw

.wgonbjcU jv nhkg<dj yynbMpJnmp l bcgj m<x , Ugn,ovhdj yynm

fc<;olnmoH gs xAUN

259 . tso i<g Uj yy<hdodU ,j j<logyU jv bcfMnmU hj cjfohdH

.g gUs% Ua] hj .wgonbH .Ej fc<;olnmhtH ,; yh ,j bwvcongonbH

.o<gy<hiMnbH UsgnmhtH akH , x<jDH xv .g nb<hmhoH] tso yh

cLdp;gonbU .g dgnmG fc<;olnmht;H , u;gonbH , j<dovhdHN ,nho

yh ,w oMsgyU jnuE jv m<coH , poxdMpmhdj lnhp .g l bf

bwfohdj moonm fc<;olnmoH moonm mwvlnmp i<g j<jubylnmp jv

cjfohdj .g Usgnmht;H] moonbH i<g jWbknbH l av bwvpnmvH ,;go

yh l mwbktgonbj moonm mg<;olnmp i<g j<jubylnmp .o<gy<hiMnbH

jv bf bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH ,;go yh lfw nmvmn,yhj lnhp h

yoxvlyhj fc<;olnmoH bf oMsgnhn, gUd mwpnhj moonm xyfMnmp hf

tucom;ponbU yhN



130

260 . onm j<jJenbU tMn, hj av bktbjH bn,ohpH hj av boegjH h

m<com;vH moonbH fc<;olnmoH cfy yh hj bf bktmsvH , j<jJtvH

mwpnhj moonm j<jubylnmp i<g lnhp h uJibjH moonbH] , bktmsvH

moonbH hoho<gjH .jynmp ,; yh jv .pQn,nmjy>N ,nho yh h

mngonbH ,;go l .v cM;yhj lnhp l .v nmvm;ponbH jv bf t<jhdj

l ytuxvlyhj yynm fc<;olnmoHN j<junbvvhU .y] bfG j mndnbH jv

hpnbcvhdjcU h mg<gonbH yynm fc<;olnmU ,; yh v bkvgonbjcU

,h h mwoMsvhdH i<g x; h .v Dh<dcovhoH h .v bktmsponbH ,

pjEhsponbH] jv bcgH , nbn,pctvH l bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

,nho i<g h mndvH pph> moonb<jH jv mw cjfohdH .Ud#.

fc<;olnmpN yvV yh] ,nho hfngonbH jv fc<;olnbH ,h jv j<logefolvH

moonb , bwvpnmov yynm fc<;olnmoHN

C. c;?oenm yMpmhp

1. bowpa b<jk .jynmU c;?oenm yMpmhonbnb

261 . bowpa b<jk .jynmU ,; yh h bkt<gylov h bcfMt;vH nmpnb> j

oho<gnyH mgnmoH bktmsnmp .g h jn, pgn, j<logenmU h bcfMhgyUN

,; yh hEnh bktmspobj] bowpa b<jk .jynmU jv bf nbn,pMpbnyH

c;?oenm yMpmhp Uj av mwvqbynhH yh jv hpnbcgnyH ,; yh U;ngnKkH j

mw x<jgonbnpHN

262 . h mw x<jgLhH oQ .g UfcvenmoH hj boeyjH bowpa b<jk .jynmU]

jv .jyH h .vcoj h bcfMhgjH i<g .g h mw bwvpnmvH jn, pgn,

j<logenmp h uvgkU Uj av boedU .g UfcvenmoHN ,; yh , hpnbcvhdj

.g h yocom;vH moonbH .g .Ud#. fc<;olnmoH] bowpa b<jk .jynmU

,nho h mndvH .y h bktgonbH lnhU |akH x; .y q;V aknhkH x; ,w

boevhd> , jv tqH yh .y svlnmU cnhvlnmU yFotsnmU ,nho n,v ,h

cxM<lotvH moonbH .g fc<;olnmoH|N , bktgonbH yh fc<;olnmp

.g jn,fuH .Ud#. ,nho ynbV lnhU hohoyhH jv boegjH bowpa b<jk

.jynmoHN

263 . .d jn,fuH .Ud#.] inbpnhnp fc<;olnmp h .v pphgn,ovhdj

mgnmp ,; yh i<g h mw bwvpnmvH h yynm fc<;olvH hj mw

nbn,ohvhdj+ jUp%!] gUs% Ua] fTy< ,; yh nhnh!UN pph> .o<gy<hiMnbH

x<jgpmhU i.


131

bowpab<jk .jynmoH h .v pphgn,otvH dfcU gwlnbH .g mgnmoH hj

av nmgyUN bowpa b<jk .jynmU Ujnmgy;gkH itgp U;ng< .o<gy<hiMnb

moonb<jk , mgnhj xv jUp%! h .v faognhj] o<stgp yh .. bowpa

b<jH .v bnhoconbN ,; yh ..] Uj ynbx<dU pph> moonb<jk hoho<gjH

.jynmp i<g ;gjk moonbH .d onK< hj ynbx<gyU moonb<jkN .g nmp

gUd Ua fc<;olnmp h .v pphgn,ovhdj] i. , okpuqxj moonb<jk

bowpa b<jH h .v phgn,ovhdjN Uj ynbx<dU i<g moonb<jk .d fTy<

i<g nh;!U mgnmp tggG moonb<jk h .v faognhj bowpa b<jk .jynmoHN

264 . x<jgMpLjU oQ .g bowpa b<jk .jynmU c;?oenm yMpmhp hj av

cjfpjH nmgylynhnp .g h m<xv yFotvH ,h nhk<H ,sgvH moonbH .g

fc<;olnmoH h mw yynm fc<;ohonbH .d .Ud#.N Uj av boedgk .d

x<jgMpLjuH oQ ,; yh o<s h mgMpdH UfcvenmoHN

265 . o<s c<jgMLjU h mgMpdH bowpa b<jk .jynmU h mw hpn,ogjH

c;?oenm yMpmhp .v bktgygnyH .g |cjfpenmyMpmhp , boevhdH

yynm fc<;olnmoH bwvpnmnmU| hj av mg<gvH bowpa b<jk .jynmU

jv svhdoH .g fc<;olnmoH m<x moonbH , av UstvH bwvpnmnmoH

Ugn,ognhU jv fxgwvH moonbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH] ep nmp h mdogjH

fc<;olnmoH bs<lphpH |,h Jj gna h fxsgjH h mdog;MvH| yyE x;

hsgeco.vH lnhp m<x moonb ,nm bwfpvH .g] nhk<H jv uvgonbj

i<g tusvlnmU jv bcvgonbH m<x , nmv bcfMtvH moonbH .g h av

msdvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,nho yh h mndG bowpa b<jk .jynmU cfy

x; jv .pQn,nmjy> nmp x; hj bktg> cjfpenmyMpmhp] jv boegH

gi<xv tqH .y fc<;olnmU bs<lnmp h mw yocm;vH moonbH .d h

bmwpnhj fc<;olnmp] tFngLjnpnhnp jv bvwt;G bn,p , mg<dj] ,nho yh

n,v DhnbwwvH bn,ohpH jv pEnlnbwngvH .. jEApvhp i<g ,h n,v ,h

bwgxvH .g moonbH yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh i<g] boro> hj mndvH

bowpa b<jk .jynmU h mw nbcgjH ,jooH .g nmpnb> h nbn,pcgnyH gi

l mg<gonbooH jv tucom;vH moonbH ,; yh jv .pQn,nmjy> jv yynm

bcfMtsvHN

266 . bowpa b<jk .jynmU j av cjfpnyH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv n,EhV hjav

sgvH jv .jyH .v hj av mndov |jv tusg;vH| ,; yh .y mndnmU p<xV

j nbpxvlyhU .g .pQn,nmoH i<g bs<lnmoH mg<gJnmoH ,nho yh n,v

yocom;vH moonbH jkxV .y .vN ,; yh i<g] jv .jy> hj mndG |jv

tusgnbG moonb| ep hpl h hpnbcvhdcU .y jv UsvhdH] ep hpl nm



132

bkesgnyH gi<com;ov moonbH .g .Ud#. fc<;olnmoHN j<junbvvhU

.y] h mndvH jv .jyH , hpnbcgjH mg<gJnmoH .g hj mw j<jubyJvH

, hpn,otvH moonm bnbwqH j<jubysnmht;H bs<lnmU ynhMpmhokH

i<g hj av mg<gonbH .g moonb<jH moonbH hj mgQnbfvH .g .v

QokojyH mg<gJnmoH] ,h h .v cjfpnmfcipH hkE moonbH jv phgjH

moonb<jk h mw gwlvH cfy x; hnlvyngn, QokojyH bs<lphp] ep

i<g .v cjfpyonbnpH jv bcvbvH h bkt<gylov ,; yh i<g ep .v

cjfphonbnpH jv bcvgvH moonm mwvlnmp tMn, x; h mwpnhoojN

267 . x<jgMpmhU i. .g bowpa b<jk .jynmU hj av cjfpnhcU c;?oenm

yMpmhp j bktgnbH .g moonm mwvlnmp hj mw j<jubybH ,nhoro>

h jx<h;vH moonbH ,h n,v bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN bowpab<jk

.jynmU j cLdg;gnbH okpi> h jx<h;vH moonbH jv bwvpnmvH .g

.Ud#. fc<;olnmoH] ,nhom yh hj agyU , boegjH moonbH hj avpgn,

j<logyU lnhp .g UgcfMnmoH jn, pgn, j<lovlnmoH i<g hj av boegycU

.gpH .d UfcvenmoHN ,; yh i<g , gwi tp boegyU] ,;yh UhcjfiU

jv yynbMpdj .. lnhp h jxvm;vH moonbH bwvpnmnmoH hj av cjfpjH

bowpa b<jk .jynmU i<g ;gjkH moonbH hj bktbjHN

268 . moonm mwvlnmp h jx<h;vH moonbH bwvpnmnmoH+ o<gT h

jx<h;vH moonbH bwvpnmnmoH moonm mwvlnmp j<jubylnmp] mg<hiMnm

.pQn,nmp mg<gJnmp ,; yh ;gjk h mw bmvo;vH j<jubylnmp ,; yh

i<g bqk hj j<logjH lnhp h bm<cooj hj av cjfpjH .d hnbxMvH

l uJimhdoj i<g lnhp h j<dogjH .d fc<;olnmoHN .o<gy<hiMnbH h

mw j<dogjH moonm mwvlnmp i<g moonm j<jubylnmp ,nhom yh h

jxvm;vH jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g yh hj av hpn,ogjH gwi

hj av bcvgvH j<jubylnmp .xyfMnmonbH ,nho ,h n,v cxM<logjH jv

bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN bowpa b<jk .jynmoH j gxnd> hj av

mnd;ci akH .jyhU bgT CxGY% ihnmKhmhoH h .vV+

aknhkH lnhU n,v ,h Ugn,ogjH moonbH jv bwvpnmvH

fc<;olnmoH mnd] ,nhoro> moonm j<jubylnmoH h j<dogjH

.vN tMn, lnhU .g fc<;olnmoH bnugylyhjH h mg<dH

yosnmyMpmhU] ep j Ugn,og;Mpp> jpp> jv fc<;pnhH

bn,ohpHN ,; yhi<g] ,nho ,ndyhj h uJibyH moonm

j<jubylnmoH i<g h j<dogyH mwvlnmoHN ep j Ugn,og;Mpp>

jv fc<;pH bn,ohUN j gkpp> jpp> hj mw uJibyH moonm

x<jgpmhU i.


133

j<jubylnmp hsgyH ,nm tuxgyH lnhp h yocom;kH ```

ep hj nmgynb> bn,p gi lsgH i<g yh ep j Ugn,og;MU

jv fc<;pG bn,pN jq<xU , fc<;pG bn,p jv yopnhUN ,;

yh ,nm bxponbH yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g h fc<;olG .vh>

boro> yh h mg<;olvH yE;V h .fohdo> ,h yopnhoonl

h mw hpnbcgjH mg<;olnmoHN ,;go yh ,w ;EgdognhHN

akH x; lnhU .g hj .vco>] lo;H yh , bktponbH jv

bwvpnmkH yynm fc<;olnmoH q;V h mw gnaLogyH lnhp epj

Ugn,og;Mpp> jv bwvpnmkHN ,nho yh n,v ywm;kH .y .vN

269 . q;V] ,nho h mw oMgn,ovhdH .g Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb gi

h mg<xiyhooH ,h Jj yov svhdj lnhp h mw j<logjH ep ypvsgnyH

jv agtov .. .ak;dnmMnmooH ,;go yh ,w yopnhH mg<gJnmoH yynm

fc<;olnmU bs<lnmoH] .o<gy<hiMnbH ep KaognyH tp jv gx bktgonbj

lnhp h mw t<jhdj boro> yh n,vsgjH ep .y svhd> moonm mwvlnmoH

j<jubylnmoHN S tj<] jn,nmU .o<gy<hiMnbH ,nho h mw cLdnmgH .g+

Us;upH h pphgn,ogjH tknb h mg<xiyhooj j<dognhU .y

jpp> .vN j Ugn,og;Mpp> jv bwvpnmkH bktmsnmoHN j j

agnbppH bn,ohpH , bktgvH .. snm m<conmpN tMn, ..

sgenmp bwvconb jfgnmopH t<gm} j DnbwtwpnbH hj oxvH

.g MxH tso botm;ponbUN ep UjnmdU gi<xv j<dognhU .y

bktmsnmUN jpp> j Ugn,og;Mpp> jv bwfohnmkH .g yynm

fc<;olnmoHN jv j<dognhU .y jv svhdHN

270 . bowpa b<jk .jynmU bf oMgn,ognyH hfw bkvcoj lnhp .g yynm

fc<;olnmoH i<g yh h mw bcfMyvH .o<gy<hiMnb ,nho yh n,v

y;Eh;vH moonbH i<g ,h n,v bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

271 . fc<;olnmU h mwpnhj mg<gJnmp ,nhoy h yUdnmpnhH mg<gJnmUN

.o<gy<hiMnbH ep hpnbcgnyH h mg<doH hifkU fc<;olnmp jv nmvm;vH

.xyfMnmonbH mdlN ,nho x; mw j<logjH , yUdnmpnhoo bs<hT

,sgvH jv faot;vH h mw xeggvH moonm mwvlnmp .xyfMnmonbH i<g

hkrUgnhooj moonm j<jubylnmp hkE hj av uvgonbj , ytuxvhdj h

mw yocov lnhp xyfMnmoHN .o<gy<hiMnbH ,w hpnbctfJnbH , .v

hpn,Ug;MvH fc<;olnmoH ,h yh nmp jv .v nbnmvmvH jv nmv bcfMtvH

jv bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmoH .vN .jyhU mu bUsKU hKncph



134

KhmhU .o<gy<hiM> j j<fgnhoo;cU hj mnd;ci h mw nbcgH ,wpnhooH

fc<;olnmp hsg;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH , hpnbcvhdj moonm mwvlnmp

j<jubylnmoH sgenmp hj av mg<gonbu;ci hkE+

cfy yh ynhMpmhoH cjfohdnhn, lnhp h j<dogyH] ,nho

i<g mw oMsgyH] j<jubylnmp h j<dogyH] ,;yh ep h

p<;tsdpp> ``` tso h yLjUdpp>N gx<;V yUd> , av msdG

jfgnmopHN cfy yh mgnhl nhkvpnhnl ,nho yh l bkvcokHN

jq<xU yh , bwvcokH .g] h nmv hcnm<dgp> yh ``` j

Ugn,Udpp> lnhp fc<;olnmoH l ytuxvlyhj lnhp h botcoj]

ep nmp fc<;olnmoH hj .v .fphonbnpH jfootpnbHN

272 . ,h , gnaLotvH .jncbn,MnbH i<g h .jyhgjH bs<lnmpN gwi yh.y

h mw yocom;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH ,h nhk<H hsg;vH .o<gy<hiMnb i<g

;gjk h .jyhgjH bs<lnmp ,nho yh n,vsg;vH moonbH ,h jv bwvpnmvH

.g yynm fc<;olnmoHN .y hmw nbosgvH ep KaognyH jv bwfovH

fc<;olnmoH hj mndG .g .jyhU !S% n,MO hU<fU ImG h.vV+

,nhom yh l bvgonbjcU - tsoMnmp x; jv sgyH ,h

bnbMd jv yocoHN tsoMnmU jv bcgH .Ej lnhp .d

.Ud#. fc<;olnmoH jv .v cjfohdnhcU moonbH l .v

tucom;nb<cUN , .jyhonmkU .g mgnmoH] jv boyU ,

nbcyjH panbH ,h h jWbknmvH ,Enh i<g m<nlnbH

, cjfovH fc<;olnmoH ,h yh nm<hV jv .v j<logjH

gidUgnhooH ,h nbLE jv .v yv;ohnmkUN

273 . h mwpnhj lnhp ,h h gnaLyhj .g yynm fc<;olnmoH bwvpnmnmoH

i<g yh bom mndnp h bcgj bktnmoH bvlU bf cLdgnhnp , botmn,yhj

i<g bf nbo oMsvhdnb gx<;V , hnl<gvtG moo> mfgnhnp i<gfcmlnmoH

mw ,nho yh ,h n,v pEnlnbwngvH jEApvhp .y , mfg;gonbjN S tj<

.g jn,nmU .o<gy<hiMnbH j yynmgT tMn, .. lnhp hj avboevhdj .g

pj<hsnmoH+ |lnhU l .v Knmvv<gkU jq<xU ,nm .gybV bppa>] yLnmd

lsgycU ,nm hnlvlekU jv nmvm;kUN|

274 . |h jpnhocoH cnhd.U| ,nho ,wpnhj h mw bkt<gyJG h fc<;oHN

.o<gy<hiMnbH h bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH gs mgnmp h oxd<hjH gwi

nbcgnyH .. m<conmp fc<;olnmoH jv yopnhnp hsvhdj fc<;olnmp

x<jgpmhU i.


135

.djn,fuH .Ud#.] ,nho yh

n,v ,h UgnbV nbLE mndG bnb

h fc<;oG] hjav boegyU .g

x<jgMpmlnmoH i.] x<jgMpmhU ,

.g UfcvenmoHN akH moo> .d .v>

yght .o<gy<hiMnbH j mnd>+ ep

x; aknh .v nbcr> nmvnb i<g x;

.ak;dnmMnmoH jv cjfofJvH jv

nbn,p<;ovHN |,nhox; h mndvH ,j

nbosgjH] ,j nbosgjH] ,j nbosgjH]

,j nbosgjHN|

275 . ,gnhU bUd mdogenmU ,h hpl , cxM<lotvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

fc<;olnmoH ep nhk<H sgnbhonbnpH i<g yh av jn,co> .. lnhp

.xyfMnmonbH ,nho yh n,v ,h bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH .y

,sgvHN .jyhU nho ;@ tHl .g tEj;htk .o<gy<hiMnbH j cjfpT , jv

yEh.gnhooH i<g , yEhnb<doH , cnhMgnhooH h mjo;ci fc<;olnmU .g

xH;_ImH (.hMKhmhU)+

ep nbLE bn,ohU ,nm bktbG h bkt<gylov] jvoH h mw

bktmsnbHN .fc<;olM> bg<xJ> yMpmht;HN h bkt<gylvH

nmpnb> ep bknbH l mwgnhooH l mw bktbvH bn,ohp] jq<xU

jvU , jEAivH bn,ohpH ,; yh i<g tonlnmhtH , jEAiH]

ep yh nbLE j ak; bktbhonbU bn,ohU ,h jv jagH bn,p

,ngonbooH ,h ewW h boevhdj lnhpN q;V j jcLjohdH

bxg> ,x<jDH xv fc<;olnmht;H] ,;go yh ,w bktmvH

bn,ohpH xtvgHN jv owpnhU yh .y] tMn, bn,ohpH agnyH

gifhnmkU ,bktm<H h bkt<gylG ``` bqk lnhU h bvgonbucU]

ep h .fohdcU .y h m<com;ponbHN

276 . .. tMn, lnhp h m<com;vH moonbH ,nhom yh hsg;vH ,h n,v

bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g ,h nbLE n,v n,vm;vH bvlU jv

tucom;nb<cU .g bwvpnmnmoHN

277 . h jxvmn,yhj lnhp bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH h ppnbcsyhj

mgnmp jn,fuHN h m<xMpsyhj mgnmp jn,fuH i<g h m<com;vH

.fgnmonbH tMn, lnhp , hpnbcvhdj .d h mw gwlvH moonbH jn,fuH



136

oMgn,ognhU , yoxvlyhj lnhp ,nho yh ,h n,v av bwvpnmvH .g

yynm fc<;olnmoHN hj av bowgycU x<jgMpnbMpmhoH i.] x<jgMpmhU

Ux B .g UfcvenmoH] bowpa b<jk .jynmU oMgn,ognyH p<xV , udcoG

QokUfcMlnmoH mw ,nho yh n,v ,h bwvpnmvH moonbH fc<;olnmoH .y

,m<coHN

278 . ,h Jj , fx bkvH j<jubylnmp h bwvpnmvH ,nhoro> h nbpxv;vH

.g yynm fc<;olnmoHN tFG .g h bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH h

mw nbn,pctvH ep .v fx j<lognyH ,g<doj .pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH

boy ynbV yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh nmp moonbH , boetvH .g]

jv t<gm mgnhnp lnhp l mw j<jubyvH moonbH jv j<jubyvH mg<doj

pph> .pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoHN hEnh pj<hnbnhcU moonbH hKncph KhmhoH

.o<gy<hiMnbH j av cjfpnyH c;?oenm yMpmhp .g yh j yynb<gonbnp+

moonbH ep Jj KaognyH jv bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH ,h

yh x; , oMsgjH aEjE i<g yh ,h , gnaLogjH lnhp .g

hsvhdoH ``` h mgnhucU lnhU l.v Mso;ponbH , uvgonbH

fc<;olnmU jv cLd oMsvhdH mg<gJnmoH i<g jv j<jubyhonbH

sgenmp] Ugn,ognhU jv mgnhU mgnmoH j<jubylnmU .y .v

jv cLd oMsvhdH fc<;olnmp ,wpnhjN ,wpnhj i<g h

mwpnhj yynm bcfMnmp .g j<dognhU jv oMsvhdH gisvhdH

.g bwvpnmnmoHN nmgylnmp i<g h cjfohdcp i<g jv

nl<hMpmhdj i<g jv mnd<gyhonbH h mw jnWvH moonbH

.fgnmonbH} i<g jv cjfohdj j<jJtn,nmp .; .v h

bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

279 . h mw yMpdj bn,p .cx;olnmp ep .fphonbnpH .o<gy<hiMnbH

jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN .o<gy<hiMnbH hj av cx;olvH

fc<;olnmoH ,nhoro> lj jx<h;vH bwvpnmnmoH .Ud#. fc<;olnmoH}

jx<hlnmU hf pj.ynhnp yh .g .Ej mgQn,nmp hj cjfohdj fc<;olnmU

h mg<dj h botm;nbH yh bn,ohpH jv n,aogyvH .cx;olnmonbnb

.pQn,nmuH , yMpdoj .cx;olnmonbnb fc<;olnmoHN

280 . ,h hpl , cxM<lovhdoj jv j<dotvH h oho<gjH .o<gy<hiMnbH

.jynmpN boy hsgjH bfG fc<;olnmht;H bs<lphpH bs<hT hnm hnl

to;MvH mwohJnmp ynbsMpJnmoH moonb<jH moonbH h mw yMpJvH ep

hpl tupnhU .y ,sgjH i<g ep j<dornbH .o<gy<hiMnb hoho<gtov

x<jgpmhU i.


137

.jynmpN ,; yh j cjfohd;cU lnhp l .v tuxvhdH .y .v] ep jnuE

.y.v cjfphonbnpH jv sgjH q;V akH bs<lphU j bcv,> .g bcvbhp

.jyhp .ngxMtoH jv to;G ynbsMpJnmp jEnh yho hEnh bnug;G .jyp .y

, mw hnlvy;ciN ,; yh] ,h .y ,j m<coH] .o<gy<hiMnbH h oho<gjH

.jynmp j bktgnbH .ro> jv j<dovhdoj bs<lnmp h .jyhgjH i<g ,h

ewW jv tonbonbH mwohJnmp ynbsMpJnmoH .fooenbnb .vN

281 . x<jgMpnbMpmhU okpU .g bowpa b<jk .jynmU hj av cjfpjH

c;?oenm yMpmhp j av fcsgnyH mwpnhooH .g bowpa b<jk

.pQn,nmoH bs<lnmp h .v faovhdj h mw dcolgnhj , uvgonbj .d

jn,fuH .Ud#.N bowpa b<jk .pQn,nmp bs<lnmoH j nbn,p<gonbu;cU

1990] ,j yynm bcfMhgjH bowpa b<jk .jynmU i<g .Ud#. pgylnm

nmvn,nmU jv boevhdj h m<coj fc<;olnmp .d jn,fuHN j bf

uvgonbH .;pgylnm nmvmn,nmp h xtgvH .d qH h mgMpdH p<;enmU

hmw pphgn,ovhdj moonb<jk i<g okpU h mgMpdH ax<jg<jk] ,nho

,w nbnmvngvH , bkt<gylvH j<jubylnmoH i<g , g;pjH .pQn,nmp

mg<gJnmoH bs<lnmoH gx<;V moonm mg<;olnmU bs<lnmp , hpnbcvhdj

cx;olnmp i<g bnbwwnm nmvmn,nmoH .pQn,nmoH mwN .. bs<lnmp j

.vco> bcfMnm QokU h mw yynm .foG cjfolnmoH .vN

282 . bowpa b<jk .jynmU oMgn,ognyH , Dhnbwwj lnhp l .v

bcfMhvhdnhcU .g bowpa b<jk .pQn,nmp bs<lnmoH h bmwpnhj h

av cjfohdj fc<;olnmoH ,; yh i<g ,h tMn, lnhp ,j bcfMhvhdj

h m<com;onbH bowpa b<jk .jynmU h mw faogH moonb<jk boy yh

xwwH hmw udcoG QokU .vN bowpa b<jk .jynmU mnho hmndvH jq<xU

moonm mg<;olnmp twjf;co QokU l bcvmG .g hj tucocp] bowpa

b<jk .pQn,nmU bs<lnmp hj tucom;cpH .y m<coH jv bcfMhgnhcU

h uvgvH fc<;olnmp , bcvgonbH moonm mg<;olnmp i<g hnmvm;cpH

.o<gy<hiMnbH jv bwfpjH moonm mwvlnmp j<jubylnmoH fc<;olnmoH

mdl jv j<hbcvhdnhcUN bowpa b<jk .jynmU jq<xU dx mg;ci QokU l

bcvbvH .; bowpa b<jk .pQn,nmU bs<lnmoH hj tucom;cpH jvcjfpjH

j<jubylnmp .. pph> h bmg<dj fc<;olnmoH .pQn,nmp hfoMsgecpH

yh moonbH .ro> .v .fgnmonbH i<g yh h .v nbnmvbhonmcpH jv

nbn,pctngcU l bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

283 . .g x<jgMpmlnmoH U;ng< h mgMpdH .g h mw yMpdj c;?oenm

yMpmhp bowpa b<j< .jynmU hj mg<gvH p<xV , tFfooj mgnmp hmw

pphgn,ogjH ,; yh .g , hpnbcvhdH Ufcvenmo jn, pgn, j<logenmoH

h hpnbcvhdcp mg<gJnmp l .v ytuxvhdnhcU lnhp h yocom;ponbHN



138

284 . mg<gJnmp+ pph> lnhp hnm jxvmn,yhj .g jn, pgn, j<logenmoHN

bowpa b<jk .jynmU j mndnbH .ro> , boegjH Ufcvenmp ,nho

h mg<gvH jv bf nbn,p<gonbjcU l nmvmn,yhjcU mg<gJnmoH l .v

tucojcU] hj .v j<junbvvlyhucU bs<lnmU lf uvgonbjcUN ,; yh

bwV] bowpa b<jk .jynmU j mndnbH jv boevhdj cLdg;gonbj l .v

nmvm;ponbH mg<gJnmoH jv .v j<logefovH moonbH i<g ;gjkH bn,ohpH

ha vbwvpnmvH .g fc<;olnmht;HN

285 . fxoglnmp+ , bf cLdg;gonbH moonm mg<;olnmU bs<lnmpN

bowpa b<jk .jynmU ,nho h mndvH ,nho x; cfy lf Aiovhdj

h mw nbcvhdj h m<com;vH moonbh tMn,<ht;H fc<;olnmoH mw h

jnpxlfj bwvpnmnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw hnlsvhdH jv mgvH i<g

yh jf fxpn,MvH nmpnb> jv xUcongvH fc<;olnmp .fgnmonbHN ,nho

i<g hmndvH bowpa b<jk .jynmU cfy x; yynm bcfMtsponbj hj

tuco> lnhp hnm hnlsvhdj jv ytuxvhdj .o<gy<hiMnbH hnm ak;

xUcongvH bs<lnmp .fgnmonbH i<g fc<;olnmp] hf yjgnb> yh .v jv

.v uvgonbj onqkH .v .pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH h bmwpnhj mg<gJnmoHN

hsgjH nmp .g ihnm KhmhoH .o<gy<hiMnbH ,; yh bgnbx<hsH

.o<gy<hiMnbH hj cjfpvH jWbknb jv bxov rh fc<;olnmoH ,nmFnbvH

.Ud#. .fc<;olMnb tsoyh junhU ,j tucom;vH bg ,j udcoG QokpN

286 . bkQn,covnmp fc<;olnmoH+ h mw ytucongonbj mg<;olnmp

mwpnhjN bowpa b<jk .jynmU ,nho h mndvH jv .jy> nmp jv bkvcgH

hmw yocooH fc<;olnmoH jv tucoj , uvgonbj fc<;olnmp .d

jn,fuH .Ud#.N ,j bktmsvH .o<gy<hiMnb ,;go hj .v e<jcoj lnhp

h yoxvlyhj i<g hj .v bf pwcon,yhj hkE ,h hj .v bcfMynj ,;

yh ,f yvgonbj ;gjk ,;go hj mw cjfj ep .v gnaLovhdjnb] ep .v

j<dovhdnb ,nho yh x; i<g hsgvH moonbH .gpH ,jsgvHN bowpv b<jk

.jynmU lo;H j bktgnbH .g cfy x; lo;H boevhdnhn, fc<;olnmp h

mw nbosvlyhj ep nbLE hj mpcgU bg lo;H , boevhdj h m<com;vH

moonbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh bwV] ,nho n,v wjgonbH .y

jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU jv cLd nmgjH nev gUg hmw yopnhH .y fc<;olnmU

.o<gy<hiMnb , bcfMyvH ,; yh hf ynbsMpmhdcp nbp<gJnmp l bf

bktgonbj jv ytucongonbH h mw yyoyhH yynm fc<;olnmUN bowpa

b<jk .jynmU j yMpbnyH hohoyhj jv lnhp m<conmoH+

x<jgpmhU i.


139

• jv bkvmngcU .g h bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] i<g yh jv

bktmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH h oho<gjH .jynmp] jv pgn, j<lovhdH

gi lsvhdjcU QokoH mdl jv agonbjcU fc<;olnmU .fgnmonbH}

• jv tnpwjcU nb<hmhU jv mw fc<;ohonbH}

• jv dxcovH h bkt<gylvH i<g jn, hpnbcvhdH m<coH .pQn,nmU

bs<lnmU mg<gJnmU jn,fuH}

• h hEj.vH h mnd<gylvH jv bcvmvH} ,; yh i<g

• jv dx mgG QokU l bcfMG bnb .v h fc<;oG ,;yh hj nbcgjH

lnho> hj mjooH jv tucovlyhH mg<;olnmU .gN

287 . yynm bcfMtsnmp+ .Ud#. jv .jyH hj mwp;gonbH .o<gy<hiMnbH

jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH l mw pmcom;vHN bowpa b<jk

.jynmU hj mw nbn,p<gvH tMn, l bcvgonbH fc<;olnmU bwvpnmnmU

hjmwp;gonbH .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g moonb<jH h gwlvH jv bcvgvH ..

nbn,p<gnmpN .y hj svhdH hj nmvm;nbH jv uJibjH .g x<jgMpmho h

mdMpdH 6(8) yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH] hgwico> yh .y ,h

jv bkvcongonbH hj mg<gonbH tMn, .Ud#. h mw uvgonbH fc<;olnmp

h uJimhdnbN bowpa b<jk .jynmU j mndnbH jv bwfohdj .glf

oxdMpdj l nbnmvmn,yhj+

• jv bmv hpn,ovhdj hj nbn,p<gonbj mg<gJnmoH .g

x<jgMpmhoH h uJi,hdj 6(8) ,nmv bcfMtG h .v Kt<hnbG

jv .pQn,jynb] m<x nmp .g mgnmoH h mgov fc<;olnmoH

bs<lphp jv g;ohdH hEj.nmU bs<lnmU , uvgonbH ,; yh i<g

hfx mwpnhj bcfMnmp h uvgonbj i<g Ugn,ognhU jv mgnhH

ynbsMpmhU fcvenmoH mdl}

• nbn,onmp jv bnq<dj jv bcvgonbj , yynm bcfMhvhdj i<g ,

nbn,p<gonbj jv .jyH h .v bko<lcoj yynm bcfMtsnmoH} ,; yh

• jv ynbsMpmhonbH] jv pgn, j<lovhdj i<g pphgn,ovhdj

hm<coj lnhp .g yynm fc<;olnmoH jEApvhoH hnlvlenmoH

i<g jv cjfohdj l .v ytuxvlyhj bs<lnmoH gx<;V l mw

Ugn,ognhH jv m<coHN



140

288 . bwvpnmnmU+ .o<gy<hiMnbH h bwvpnmvH .g h mw nbn,pctvH

bn,ohpH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH ynbsMpmhoHN bowpa b<jk .jynmU

j mg<gJvnbH .o<gy<hiMnbH .sjyenbH jv tovH jv fxpn, xUcongvH

nbn,pcvlnmp bwvpnmnmoH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH ynbsMpmhoH nmpnb>

jv uvgvHN bowpa b<jk .jynmU ,nho h mndvH jo;H ,j bktgvH ,nho

cfy lf jwqn,ogjH moonbH jv jn,vqbjH jEApvhp h av avvqbjH

,;yh i<g] buV nmp h m<covH moonbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN hj

mwhEjgonbH jv tnpwgonbH bwvpnmnmU ep gna oMgnmpnhH gna hf

pj.nbnl .d h av pEnlnbwngvH jEApvhp moonbH hj mwvqbyvH

moonb<jH] m<xV nmp ,h ,.v bcvgvH j<logevlnmp i<g nmpnb>

fxpn, jv nbn,pcynb<cU .g bwvpnmnmoH h j<loyvH jv hEjgov .y jv

mpcfMpv i<g pmcoov .g jv bxov yynm fc<;olnmoHN bowpa b<jk

.jynmU ,nho h mndvH , bktgvH .g h bm<coj lnhp jq<xU tFfnb;ci

.g l pmcovH jv bwvpnmnb<cU yynm fc<;olnmoH ynbsMpJnmoH ,

hpnbcvhdH hmg<dH .EhV hj av svhd;ci xnhp> h .vxvhdj mwohJnmp

bwvpnmnmoH ep hnbp,nmyhU .y svhdlN bowpa b<jk .jynmU i<g

j mndnbH hj av oxd<gonbnhcU l ytuxvlyhj nbpnmftH i<g xshtH

fc<;olnmo, nbn,pctvH l bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH hj .vcocU

lnhp l.v pphgn,ot;vH .pQn,nmoH .v .g yynm fc<;olnmoH ,h jv

nbosvhdj lnhp bs<lnmoHN ,; yh yvV] bowpa b<jk .jynmU j cjfpnyH

.g h mg<gvH lnhp ynbsMpmhoH jv j<dovhdj hj mg<gonbj fxpn,

hj nbn,p<gvH} , bwfovH .o<gy<hiMnbH ynbsMpJnmoH hfw uvgonbH

Ugn,ognhU tMn, bn,ohpH jv p<;esgjH .g h bwvpnmvH i<g nmpnb> x;

h mdogjH n,v av g;wjH .g ep nmp bs<hT ,j mfvHN

289 . nmvmn,nmp+ jv wjmvH moonbH jv wvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

rnhV hj av uvgkU jn, pgn, j<lovlnmp] , pj<hnbjH .o<gy<hiMnbH

hj bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH ep gna gwi .y m<co>N q;V yh] j

tFfnbH hj .ff;vH jEApvhp hnlvlenmpN ,; yh .; bn,ohpH] j mndnbH

,j nboEnln,UgtmvH h mndyhooj] tMn, lnhp .g h mfgnhj jEApvhoH

i<g yh j ?jMnbH h mw boevhdj pihvmn,nmnp gx<;V jv bjgyG bn,p

,h av jn,vqbl jEApvhpN .y yh , mndyhj jEApvhp hj av mndvH

moonbH] bowpa b<jk .jynmU j cjfpnyH okpU mg<gJnmp l bcfMhvhdj

jv ytuxvhdj .g h bktgvH moonbH jv pmcom;vH nm bwvpnmngn,

yynm fc<;olnmoHN

x<jgpmhU i.


141

• tMn, bn,ohU h .v bcvgvH .pQn,nmU j<jubylnmp h

Ugn,ognhucU i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH jv j<jubyvH mwpnhj i<g

mg<dj fc<;olnmp .pQn,nmoH yynm fc<;olnmoHN hg

mwp;gonbucp rnhV , nbn,pMpmhonbH jv hnlvtvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

hoho<gjH .jynmp i<g jv bs<lnmp .fdogenmobnb jv cjfpjHN

,; yh i<g] j<jubylnmU jv yvgonbjcU .; .v fc<;olnmht;H

bs<lphpH jv j<jubyvH mwpnhj moonm j<jubylnmp mwvlnmoH

i<g mg<hiMnmoH i<g mwpnhooj .sjynmonbnb mg<gMnmoH ,h

yFotsnmU jv bcvgonbH .vN

• jv tsoMponbH , hpnbcvhdj bs<lnmoH mg<gJnmp i<g jv

jn, hpnbcvhdj hj mg<gonbj l .v nmvm;vH .; fc<;olnmoH

bs<lphpH ,nmv bcfMyvH .o<gy<hiMnb i<g h mw Ugn,ovhdH

jv av WlU jv bwvpnmvH .g fc<;olnmoH ,h nmp bs<hT jv

sgvHN ,; yh tp nmvmn,nmp .v h mg> .g bn,p l uvgG

fc<;olnmht;H .v h nbnmvm;nbH jv cLd nmgy;vH tMn, lnhp

hnm j<logjH mwpnhH i<g mg<dH fc<;olnmoH .pQn,nmpN

• xUxJnmp i<g fcmlnmp nmvmn,nmp Ugn,ognhnp jq<x jv

ohonm uvgonbj jv n,vm;vH bn,ohpH p<xV h mw botcoj

lnhp gwiN .. nmvmn,nmp hf mwp;gonbnp QokoH mdl

jvtucom;ponbH i<g yh jv cjfohdH Dh<dcovhoH h .v

bktmsponbH h bcgucU i<g x; ;gH hEj.nm bcvghU jv .v

bS.gonbH xUcJnmoH mdl , nbn,pctvH bn,ohpH bwvpnmnmoH

yynm fc<;olnmoHN jq<xU yh nmp jv m<coH jv jsdG bn,p]

h mg> bn,p l nbnmvngG .g fc<;olnmht;H .v jv nbn,p<gvH

xUxJnmp .vN nmvmn,nmp mgnhnp gx<;V hpn,oyJnmp i<g

jWbknm xtmn,nmp .vN

• mnd<gylnmp i<g nl<nhMpmlnmp p<xV h tucom;cpH

.o<gy<hiMnbH bwvpnmnmoH .vN bowpa b<jk .jynmU j mndnbH

jv bwvohdj .g yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmlnmoH

jvbwvpnmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .fwjnWn,nmonbnb jv n,vcom;vH

, bwgxvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,; yh i<g] jv hpnbcvhdj

;gjk mwjnWnmp h bcgj fc<;olnmoH h mg<gonbj h

mwoMgn,ovhdj .g mwjnWnmp bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoHN



142

• hj fc<;oG bn,p .cx;olnmp .v h mw yMpdoj fc<;olnmoH

tp h boevhd> .y i<g jv cjfohdH l .v ytuoohdH .g h

mg<dH yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmoH ynhMpmhoH hj mg<gonbH jv

gxpnhj .g h mw ynbsMpdj cx;olnmp fc<;olnmoH jv cLd

nmvhdj gi h mg<;ohdj .g fc<;olnmoHN

2. .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU .c;?oenm yMpmhonbnb

290 . .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU nmpnb> pgyn,nbH , bkt<gynbvH o<s

tgp qH bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnb .d .Ud#. nbLE 55,000 moonbN .y

yynbxnmU j ynhMpmhd;cU .g bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnb 1949] ,; yhi<g

inbnp ax<jv b<jk mgnmp h .v pphgn,ogjH ,; yh i<g tMn, .d

.jyhpH h mw bwvcovHN

291 . Uj av mwvqbyhnmgU o<ngkH , x<nhxnmoH c;?oenm yMpmhp .g

.v .EhV] .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmoH] j ynbsMpbnyH tMn, ..

mdogenmp hj boevhdnhcU pj<hvlnmoH qH yh mwpnhH hj mw pj<hvlkH

j t<jhdnb .g l mw ytuxvhdj i<g ohogonbj mg<gJnmp l bcfMhvhdj

.y .vN oQ] yynbxnmU j av cjfpnyH fcvenm yMpmhoo> .y ,

mndyhH |yynm fc<;olnmU , jonhopnhH fc<;olnmU| hj nbpMpmd;ci

hEnh nbp<gonbu;ci nmgylnm pj<hvlnmp 2009] hj av boegyU

x<jgMpnbMpmhoH 226 h mgMpdH .g UfcvenmoHN o<s] yynbxnmU j

nbn,p<gnbH , yMpbjH o<s yMpmhp jv boevhdj .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw

bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH .d .Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmoHN bxwE Uj

avboedgk gs h mwpnhj c;?oenm yMpmhp hj av mwvqmhdj DcwE .gN

(a) c;?penm yMpmhp hj av cjfohdj hEnh pj<hvhonbH

292 . .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU hj av cjfpjH c;?oenm

yMpmhp o<s lnhp .v j oMgn,ovhdnb h yoxvlyhj .g bwvpnmnmoH

nbn,pcvlnmoHN .EhV] bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH bg ,h , nbj qn,<h;vH

lnhp] q;V ep nm bwvpnmnbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH n,K .go , j<logjH

gilsgvH ,h jv tusgvH , yFotvH i<g ep cxM<lovhdonb .foonm

mwvlnmp i<g h mw gnaLogjH h j<dogj moonm j<jubylnmpN oQ]

bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH nmpnb> Ugn,ognyH jv nbn,p;gvH l mg<doj

x<jgpmhU i.


143

fxpn, jv faogjH fc<;olnmp l mwp;gvH boj bwV jncbhnpH jv

hpnbctvH n,K bqk , bf tFfvH .g h hpn,otvH jnc.snmht;H] ,nho yh

n,v Ugn,ogjH jv mwp;gvH jv bf bSnmcovH jncbnhpH i<g gnaLogenmU

jv jn, bkvH .g fc<;olnmp , bcfMhgjHN j<junbvvhU .y] jnc.snmhtnh

gx<;V .jncbn,MnbH] i<g yh nl<jp;vlnmp ,; yh moonm mg<;olnmp

bs<lnmp] fc<;olnmoH bcvbhpH i<g fc<;olnmhtnh jv gnaLovhdj

lnhph bmg<gonbj .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN o<s} jv .v wjtngcU

.o<gy<hiMnbH jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH] .Ud#. Ugn,og;M>

jv pjgH vtucongG v tuxooj .g fc<;olnmp h mg<doj] bom bwV

jv pj mwp;gonbj moonm mwvlnmp j<jubylnmp .g bwvpnmnmoH

fc<;olnmht;H i<g tMn, hmw j<jubyhonbH j<jubysnmht;H moonb<jH

h mwpnhj , g<dj yynm fc<;olnmoH bcfMnmp i<g h .v bo<lcoj

bcfMnmoHN

293 . .o<gy<hiMnbH , yynm bcfMhgjH bs<lnmp fc<;olnmoHN .Ud#.

.o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU , mgvevH .footnbnb h mw hpnbcgtov

hf nbn,p<gonbj .fgnonbH fc<;olnm bs<lnmp , yynm bcfMtsvH

.o<gy<hiMnb i<g fc<;olnmpN ,; yh i<g jv sgvH moonbH ,h jv mw

xvn,xovH jnc.snmht;H moonbH ,; x; jv nmgyvH , gnhooj lnhp l

b<aoesgjH jvmn,nmoH mdl i<g l .v tucomfJvH] .. bs<lnmp tso

bf unhnp , nmvmn,yhj moonbH .v ,; yh i<g bf nmvm;nbH jv jn,

.wgvH jv tucom;vH .xyfMonmonbH htuxomfJnmoH .vN , hpnbcvhdH

yh h mw yjpnhH] mgnmoH fc<;olnmp h mw bcfMhvhdj hf pygnhU

?jMnmU ;Egvtn,nmoH] nbpEnln,oenmU i<g h mw yFogjH ,nm bwvpnmvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh i<g] .y hj cjfohdH

mg<gJnmU bs<lnmoH onqLjpnhnp l mw nmvm;ponbj jv pjgonbH hmw nmv

bcfMtsvH .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g fc<;olnmoH ,;go l .v yEhnb<gonbj mgnmoH

, bktgonbj i<g , bcfMhvhdj fc<;olnmoH h m<com;vH moonbHN

294 . .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU ,nho h mg<gvH .Ud#. , mdog;MG

jv cjfpG Qokp jv nmvngonbj , bcfMhvhdj fc<;olnm j<jubylnmp

mgnmoH i<g pph> h .v bwvcoj bcfMnmpN

295 . .jncbn,MnbH bs<lnmpN .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU .jncbn,Mnm

bs<lnmp tso t<gm j mw nbnmvngnbH jv tu bcfMhgtov .pQn,nmoH

bs<lnmoH mdlN q;V yh] buV nmp h m<com;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH

.jncbn,Mnmp h bs<l<gjH ,nhoy hmw nbn,ohgjH i<g ,h , j<lognhj lnhp



144

h mg<gonbj .g bs<lnmoH] ep yh i<g ,h Jj , bmvgonbH .g h .v

nmgonbH .pQn,nmht;H] i<g h mw gwoyhH i<g QokU p<xV h jfyjcoH

h mw bcfMG xoE , bf AocoGN .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU

mndnbH .Ud#. i<g hpg jv yynm bcfMtsvH .jncbn,MnbH bs<lnmp h .v

phgn,ovhdj .pQn,nmoH ,; yh mw e<dLovhd>] Qokp .o<gy<hiMnbH jv

nbn,p<gvH nmpnb> fxpn, .jncbn,MnmU .pQn,nmp l xUcongvHN

296 . .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU j cjfpnyH , cLdpnhooj

hjJtn,nmp jv hpnbcvhdH jv pj nmvm;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH .jncbn,Mnm

bs<lnmoH i<g bvlU v bf mgnhH gnaLogenmU bs<lnmp h av cjfohdjN

.EhV] ,nho ,ndvH jv mgvH bn,ohpH jv pphgn,ogjH .g .o<gy<hiMnbHh

xUcongvH .jncbn,Mnm bs<lnmpN oQ] ,nhoy yh n,v buV ,h mgnhU h

tucoH jn, hpnbcvlnmU bcfMnmojH] .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU j

mndnbH j mgnhjcU i<g jv mgnhjcU jn, pgn, j<logenmU yynbxnmU jv

uvgvH lnhp h av bktgonbj lnhp bs<lnmoH mdlN .Ud#. .o<gy<iMnbH

yynbxnmU ,nho i<g h mndvH .g h mw jn, pgn, j<lovhdj .jncbn,Mnm

bs<lnmp hoho<gH bcfMnmoH hj mjucU jv bwvpnmkH .y bcfMnmU

, uvgonbHN ,; yh yvV] ,nho h mndvH .; .xx .jncbn,MnbH jv

bwfohdoj moonm mwvonmp j<jubylnmp .j<jubyJnmonbH gx<;V

,wpnhj moonm dclog;Mnmp] .pQn,nmp i<g mgnmoH h mg<dj

.pQn,nmp h uJi,hdjN

297 . b;Mnm bs<lnmUN m<nlnmU .jynmU yynbxnmU mdognyH h mw gnaLogjH

p<xV , oMgn,ogjH ,h , tusgvH moonbH .d .Ud#. jnc.snmht;H boy

yh ynbV h m<com;vH .xyfMnmonbH ,h hnm tucovH jv n,EhV hj av sgvH

,h , tnuotvH fc<;olnmoH moonbHN ,nho yh h mndvH .g bs<lnmoH

jvsvhdoH jv mgnhjcU .g nmvmn,nmU l bcvgvH .g nbpnmftH i<g xshtH h

gwlvH jnc.snmht;H moonbH h Ugn,og;MvH jv bcvgvHN ,; yh cLdnmvlnmoH]

.Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmoH ,nho h mndvH , Ugn,oyvH .Ud#. jv

pjgvH Qokp h cjfpvH .o<gy<hiMnb , xUcongov bs<lnmp , uvgonbj

b;MnbfMnmp i<g tsiUvlnm b;Mnmp h uvm;vH moonbHN ,; yh i<g] j

mndnbH .Ud#. jnc.snmht;H jv pjgonbj jv jn, mwp;gvH .xyfMnmonbnb

jncbhpH jv mgnhj .. bs<lnmoH l .v nmvm;vH jnc.snmht;H h mgvH

rnhV , jnc.vH i<g boj h pphvmn,nmoH h .v pgn,otvH ,nho i<g

h mgQnbgjH .. jv mgnhj bs<lnmp nmvmn,nmoH mw ,; yh jv mgnhjcU

yynbxnmU .g nbpnmftH h .vV jv pphgn,ogjH gi<cooH .. nmvmn,nmpN

x<jgpmhU i.


145

298 . j<jubylnm bs<lnmUN yynbxnmoH j mndnbH jv cjfohdH nbn,p<gJnmU

jv j<jubyvH moonbH mwpnhj pph> fc<;olnmoH .pQn,nmp ,;

yh yynm fc<;olnmp mg<dj] p<xV hj nbpm;vH pph> hj mndgonbj

nbooMsgenmoH ,; yh jv wjtvH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv av bwvpnmvH .g

fc<;olnmoHN yynbxnmU i<g h mndvH ,j mg<gvH j<jubylnmoH jv

nbn,op;gonbj j<jubylnmoH jv bwfohdj moonm .jynmp] .Ud#.

.jynmonm p<;enmp jv bcfMnmp i<g ;gjk tMd h uvgonbj bs<lnmpN

, cLdnmvhdH .EhfKH .v] yynbxnmU j mndnbH .Ud#. i<g hpg jv .jyH

jv nbn,p<gvH j<jubylnmp oxdMpmhp jv ynbsMpdj pph> mwonhj

fc<;olnmoH .pQn,nmp] bom bwV yynm fc<;olnmU mg<gJnmU h mw

bwvcovH .o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH h gwlvHN

299 . .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU j cLdg;gnbH , j<dovhdH

cLdg;gnmU , uvgonbj ,h ewW h boevhdj lnhp bom .v aynbMpmhoH

h.fohdj ynbsMpJnmp i<g yh ;gjk nmgylnmoH h mw yMpJvH moonbH

moonb<jH i<g , ytosponbH nmgylnmp .o<gy<hiMnbH ohoho<gjH

.jynmp fcvt;MnmoHN

300 . yFotn,nmU i<g h m<com;ponbH sgenmoHN tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH

,nho ,w gnaLogjH bn,ohpH h yFotn,vH tMn, x; bf yDvrnbH h

yioyvH bn,ohp .g bwvpnmnmoH fc<;olnmoH - .jncn,MnmoH .d xoE

fc<;olnmht;H ,; yh jnc.snmht;HN ,; yh , hpnbcvhdj h m<coj ..

yFotn,nmp] yynbxnmU j mg<gnbH jv gnhjcU nbn,p<gJnmoH j<jubylnmoH

jv bwfohdj moonm j<jubylnmp .jncbnmMnmU j<jubylnmoH]

fc<;olnmht;H bcvbhpH] h pgylvH h bkt<gylvH] jnc.snmht;H h

hpn,oyvH .jncbhp i<g bcvbhpH ,; yh .ngxMtH hpgynbG bnbwq i<g

.EhfK h bkt<gynbG ,; yh bnbwwnm xtmn,nmoH bcvbhpH jv .fpnhcU

.ro>moonm j<jubylnmpN .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU j mndnbH

nbp<gJnmoH jv bwfohdj moonm j<jubylnmp .g fc<;olnmoH jv

oMsvhdj i<g nmvm;<cU bnb h fc<;oG - buV hf mwpnhH fc<;olnmoH

rnhV , bf .p<;oG bn,p , uJi,hdH h mg<dH jv fc<;olnmoH hpg

.g jPs fc<;olnmU hj mg<gonbj lnhp - ncyw bf nbn,p<;ohonbH ncyw

bf nmgyG bnb h fc<;oG , av msdH fc<;olnmht;HN

301 . yynm fc<;olnmpN jkxV yh Ugn,ognhU jv bkvH gnaLogenmp i<g

yEhn,ogenmp moonbH .g fc<;olnmoH jv .v KaogjH bwvpnmnmoH

jvmgvH] .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU j mndnbH .Ud#. jv yynm



146

uvgnb<cU jv tucom;ov .o<gy<hiMnb .fc<;olMnb jv bwgxov

.g fc<;olnmoH] hEj.nmp h g;pH fc<;olnmoH mgQn,nmoH .vN

yynbxnmU i<g jmndnbH mg<gJnmoH jv .pQn,nmjy> jv pgn, j<logH

l mw ytucongH hmw yocoH fc<;olnmoH h .v phgn,otvH .g h

av bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g lnhp hnm jxvm;vH yiUvlnmoH

i<g yFotn,nmoH h mg<hiMov bn,ohp .v ,;go n,v yoxf;vH .g

bwvpnmnmoH moonbH , yFotvHN

302 . xUxJmp i<g ;gjk fcmlnmpN h mw botcoj lnhp moonb<jH]

i<g h mw ppnbcsyhj moonb<jk i<g fc<;olnmht;H .v ,; yh bwV

fc<;olnmht;H h mgvH h yynm fc<;olvH , nbn,pctvH bwvpnmnmoH

p<xV yocovlynhp i<g jx<h;nbH jv av bwvpnmvH moonbH .g

fc<;olnmoH] boy .f jnuE h m<coH , fc<;oG bn,pN ,; yh pnbV

,nm n,vgonbH h m<com;vH moonbH] yynbxnmU j mndnbH jv bvgvH .y

h m<coH jv pjgonbH mo;H h fcbyG bn,p .g , av bcfMG yynm

fc<;olnmoH boj i<g h a.vH jv dncfvH jv nbn,pctvH bwvpnmnmoH

,; yh i<g boj hj n,cMpmhdoj .cx;olnmonbnbN buV nmp h bm<coj

lnhp] yynbxnmU j mgQnbdnbH jv .pQn,nmjynb jv pgn, j<logtov tp

;gjk lnhp l bcvgonbj v yynmohdj l bcvm;ponbH , fc<;ohonbH

moonb<jH jv jxfohdH m<x x; rnhV , fc<;ohonbH moonb<jHN

303 . sgenmp l mw ytucongonbj yynm fc<;olnmpN bfG .o<gy<hiMnbH

tnuognyH , bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] i<g , wjyvH .jyhp i<g

.jyhoq jv ytosvH nmgylnmp mwpnhooj fc<;olnmU bs<lnmp i<g

,;go yh p<xV mw borogtm;vHN hj mg<gonbj yh pph> lnhp l .v

ytuxvhdj] yynbxnmU j yEnb<gnbH mndvH |akH .y tMn, , fxvlyhH|

hmndnmgvH bs<lnmp ,h , tupnhH hsgjH bs<hT h Ugn,ogjH h mw

yMpJov moonbH moonb<jHN ,nho i<g h mndvH .; yynbxnmoH h bxvH

|jv cjfofJvH| UgnbV eW jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN .Ud#.

.o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU ,nho i<g hmndvH jv bwfohdH .g h gwicoH

aynbMpmhoH h .v hpnbcvhdj aynbMpmhp hj cjfpjH bn,ohpH h mw

yMpJvH ,;go yvpnhH sgenmoH gc<H j hnlvlenbH .g mgnmoH h mw

.jyhvhdoH gc<H j p<;yhonbnpH .y jv sgjH jv tovH ynbsMpJnmp

moonb<jH .vN ,; yh yvV] yynbxnmU tp j mndnbH yynm fc<;olnmoH

h bxvH jv pjohdoj .fcby;Mnmonbnb h m<coj x; bs<lnmoH h

.v .xhcnmyhH ,;go x; h mv xyv.vH fcmlnmoH bs<lnmoH .v ,h

,gnhu;ci .y tso h cx;cocpH jfyjMnmoH mwN

x<jgpmhU i.


147

304 . Us;uU h pgn,j<logH tknb hj mg<xiyhoojN boy h m<coH .g

pgn,j<lovlnmoH h nbn,pctvH .g l bwvpnmvH aknhU h bxvH .g yynm

fc<;olnmoH ep j<lovhd> .y n,vsvhdH bfG bn,ohpH hj bwvpnmvH .g

bwvpnmnmoH i<g ep j<lognyH lnhU .vN .y snm nmgylnmU hj sg;nbH jv

wjm;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmp jv cjfpjH mwohJnmp h mw ynbsMpJvH

moonbH moonb<jH i<G yh jv nmv bcfMtsvH .g fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmp

jv gnaLog;gonbH Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb gi h mg<xiyhooj

.o<gy<hiMnbH .v i<g jv bwvpnmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH m<x ,mdognhooH

jvsgjHN ,; yh .y , yEhnmgonbH j<jubylnmoH sgenmoH hj

nmgynbhonbnpH h oho<gjH .jynmp gUd l mw tucom;nb<cU , cjfpjH

ynbsMpJnmp , nbn,oponbH , uvgonbj bwvpnmnmp fc<;olnmoHN .y

yh h mg<doH Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb gi h mg<xiyhooH ,;go i<g

h .v wjm;vH moonbH jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] i<g nmpnb> jv

cjfpjH .fdogenmonbnb mg<gJnmoH jv bvcongonbj lnhp hyoxvlyhj

yynm fc<;olnmoHN

305 . .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU j mndnbH .Ud#. nmp , Ugn,og;MG

jv j<jubynbG .o<gy<hiMnb .jyhp i<g .jyhoq .jynmp .y h

j<dognhH yynm fc<;olnmU tMn, x; h bmwpnhH] bUg ynbV h mw

bwvpnmvH moonbH Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb gi h mg<xiovN ,nho

yh hmngonbH .Ud#. yynm bcfMtsnmoH jv nmv bcfMyG .o<gy<hiMnb

.sjynmooH i<g ;gjk bs<lnmp h uvgvH j<jubylnmp jv ytucongvH

h mwyocooHN ,nho i<g h mndvH .Ud#. jv csdpH h mw yynb<doj

fc<;olnmoH yynm bxnmp i<g xsE j mgnhjcU Us;uU pgn, j<lovlnmp

,;go cfy lfw wjmngcU moonbH jv bwvpnmvH ,hnmp gx<;V jv bxvH

.h yynm fc<;olnmoH h bxvHN

(b) c;?oenm yMpmhp hj av cjfohdj yynm fc<;olnmoH nmgylnm

pj<hvlnmoH -- |yynm fc<;olnmp av jn,conb ,jonhocoj

fc<;olnmp|

306 . hj av boegycU hkE .d] .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU j

nmvbcfMrnbH jv .pQn,nmjynb 2009] jv cjfpjH nbp<gJnmoH pj<hvlnmp

h bwvcovH .g moonbH yynbxnmoH pphgn,UvlnmoH .vN hf oxdMpdnb

yh .g pj<hvlnmp ,; yh yynbxnmU hj nbn,pMpbjH fcvenm yMpmhooo>

.g hf yMpdnb mg<gJnmp l bf bcfMhvhdj ytuxvlnmoHN



148

sgenmp jv pjmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

• sgenmp .g yynm fc<;olnmoH] bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g

jv .pQn,nmjy> hg bktmsnbH p<;enmp jv nbn,p<gvH jv

cjfovH ,nm Ugn,ogjH moonm ynbsMpJnmp moonb<jH ,;

yh j<dog;Mnmp p<;enm yMpmhp jv nbn,p<gonbj] j bmv

hpn,ovhdj nmgylnmpN

• jv nbn,p<gonbj yynm fc<;olnmp nmgylnm pj<hvlnmp

tMn,hgfj itgp moonb<jk .d bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw

gwlvHN

• jv .pQn,nmjy> i<g bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmp hg yynm

bcfMtsnbH jv nbn,pMpbjH bcfMnm mg<gJnmU ,h jv nhg> jv

tMdcongonbH nmgylnmU .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

• jv nbn,p<gonbH bcfMnmU jv .foG bowpaH .o<gy<hiM>

.jywE jv mgxG gx<;V l bkt<gynbG moonbH .g h mw

ynbsMpmhdj mwohJnmp yynm fc<;olnmoHN

• jv nbn,p<gonbH v xswp;gonbH .o<gy<hiMnbH l mw bwvpnmvH

yynm fc<;olnmoH ,; yh i<g jv tovH hEj.nmp nmpnb> jv

nbn,pcyvH .g l bxov yynm fc<;olnmoHN

fc<;olnmo mg<gJnmp l bcfMhvhdj

• jv cjfohdjcU yynm fc<;olnmoH c;?oenm yMpmhp boj

bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH .v i<g jv mwp;gonbjcU pph> h mw

jnWvH pph> moonbH gx<;V .gnb] .vna] dPn,_] agnbst] vncnb]

bUhnlU ,; yh tMKhN

• jv cjfohdj mnd<gylnmp tMn, hmwpnhj moonm mwjnWnmpN

• jv hMmhdj h mw yMpdj h mndyhj cnhMvlnp pihvmn,nmp ,h

h av jn,vqbjH jEApvhp hsghnmU h mfvH ,h jv yMpmhdj ..

.g jEApvhoHN

x<jgpmhU i.


149

• jv hMmhdH h mw Ugn,og;MvH .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw Ugn,og;MvH

jv g;pjH yMpmhoo> hnmgylyhH gwi .g hpg<jH ,gwlvH ,h

jv cjfohdH .y jEApvhoHN

• jv hMmhdj Ugn,og;Mnmp .g bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH yynm

fc<;olnmoH h mw jv mngonbH , KtohdH yosnmyMpmhU

,jvmndvH .g ,nm bwgxvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

• jv cjfohdH h .v fcm;fgonbj bs<lnmp .g yynm

fc<;olnmoHN

• jv nhkgxG fcmlnm QokU h av Ugn,otvH .g nbn,pcvlnmoH

yynm fc<;olnmoH] ep nbLE mjU jq<xU ,h .fongn,

.g nbn,pcvlnmoH i<g x; gi<xMpnhooH .fgnmonbH .g

fc<;olnmht;H .vN

• jv cjfohdjcU moonm mwvlnmp hl<jtn,nmp jv .v nmvm;G .g

hj bcfMG yynm fc<;olnmoH h Ugn,ogjH .ro> nmvmn,nmoo>N

.Ud#. .pQn,nmp mg<gJnmp mwpnhj

• jv cjfohdH nmgylnmp i<g nmvmn,nmp boj .v .o<gy<hiMnbH

boj h Ugn,ogjH jv n,aohdoj .cx;olnmonbnb jv n,EhV hj

sgenbnl .vN

• jv .fofcU bn,ohU jv nmv bcfMyG bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnb

nmgylnmp jv ccjfpH .g .v .Ud#. .pQn,nmU bs<lnmoH

i<g yh nbnmvmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH h cjfohdj Ustn,nm

yMpmhp jEApvhp ,; yh i<g ;gjk mgQn,nm yMpmhpN

• jv pjphdH .fcby;MnmU bp .o<gy<hiM> bcvbhU fc<;olnmoH

bs<lnmoH .v ,; yh i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH h bcfMhgjH

fc<;olnmp h nbnmvbvH , pgynbvH .cx;olMnbN

(c) yMpmhp hf fxpn,MvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .Ud#. yynbxnmU

307 . .yMpmhU jWbk> .Uo KUfN .g .yMpmhoH hmndyhooH] |mg<gJnmp

hj cjfpjH .o<gy<hiMnbH h uvmvH .g .v .Ud#. .pQn,nmU pph>

bs<lnmoH|] jWbk> .Uo KUf hj bktmhonmG tFG .o<gy<hiMnbH j



150

cjfpnyH mg<gJnmp l .v ytuxvhdj h me yocom;vH .g hj mw

j<logH .Uo hj mw j<loge;ci lnhpN tMn, lnhp hj av j<logH xwwH

,nho ,fg;MvH moonbH h avsgvH fc<;olnmoH] ,nho yh ,h n,vj ,h

KaogjH jv av bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH h mw j<logjH xwwH ,

ywgkH lnhp hnmsgyH] ,h , KxcoH i<g hj av sgnbvH moonbH hkE x;

xwwH ,nmw g;phnmkH ep yh boy mwpnhU nmp moonm j<jubylnmoH

tso xsE mwpnhUN , bf jwgonbH yh .y , boevhdH] ,nho h mndG

.Uo , bowgH fc<;olnmp p<xV , povsvhdHN t<s% KUf j cjfpT

mg<gJnmp .g hf oxsMpdnbH l bcfMhvhdjN

j<jubylnm bs<lnmp i<g xtmn,nmp

• jv nbn,ocjfohdjcU xtmn,nm bs<lnmp gi l mwp;gonbjcU

bwvpnmnmoH nbn,pcvlnmU yynm fc<;olnmoH moonbH l

uvgonbjcU .o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmht;H bcfMbhpH .vN jv

gwi hpnbcvhdH yh .. bcfMnmp , bm<coj jv j<jubyvH

moonbH , j<dognhH jv bwvpnmponbH yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g

jv hpnbcvhdH mndyhH bcfMnmUN j<junbvvlnmU .y] |jpx; hj

bvxgnyU bn,p .xyfMnmU .g bwvpnmki .y h mw bxvH h

yynm fc<;olvH|

• jv nbn,pMpmhdH jv yynbMpdj |.o<gy<hiMnbH mwvlnmp i<g

mg<hiMnmp j<logemn,nmp| ,h Jj h ewW boevhdj lnhp

hsvhdnb .g bs<lnmp] i<g jWbknbH i<g h av bktvH hav

nbnmvngnbH ,; yh h bkt<gylvH h bcfMhgjH .pQn,nmp hnmv

bcfMyvH moonbN

• jv .pQn,nmjy> .ngxMtH hsgecU jv cjfpH pj<hvlnmp jv

boegH fc<;olnmp i<g h .v bwvcoj , uvgonbj jv .jynm

pj<hvlnmoH .d .d#.N

• hg cjfohdcU Dh<dcovlnmU jv j<jubylyhH mwpnhj yynm

fc<;olnmp bcfMnmoH i<g jv nmgylyhH , j<dognhH

jv bwvpnmnb<cU moonbH yynm fc<;olnmoH ,;go l.v

x<jgpmhU i.


151

j<lognhcU moonbH giwpnhj bs<lnmp .g] j<jubysnmht;H

jv nbcfpenbonbjcU ,;go l .v j<lognhcU tMn, bn,ohpH

j<jJtn,nmoHN

• jv wjtvH |bktmsnmoH| h mw bktmsvH fc<;olnmht;H

bcvbhpH] hoho<gjH .jynmp i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH .fgnmonbH

,hJj h g;pjH j<jubylnmp i<gnb> jv bxvH .g yynm

fc<;olnmoHN

• jv nbn,p<gonbjcU yynm fc<;olnmoH h bcfMvH jv

bkvgonbooH h mw bxvH jv bf j<logjH ,dognhooH h mw

nbn,pctvH bn,ohpH bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH sgenmoHN

hEjgyJnmp

• jv wjtvH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bcvgvH .dclog;Mnmonbnb .g jv

bwgxvH yynm fc<;olnmoH bg yh ,h , .v .fovH h mw

nbn,pctvH .g l bxvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

dclog;MnmU

• jv hnlveponbjcU boj h pmcovH moonbH .g .v hpg jv

.jyH h mw oxdMpJvH moonbH QokojyH i<g jv jn,fuH jv

bs<lnmoH lawvpnmnb<cU moonbH yynm fc<;olnmoH .vN

yynm bcfMtsnmU

• jv nbn,ocjfohdjcU .o<gy<hiMnbH yynm p<stsnmU jv

yynmbcfMtsvH jv .pQn,nmjyH .vN .y yh sgenmU jv

hj<dovhdj h bmwpnhooj .gcfMnmonbnb] mg<hiMnmp i<g

.hEj.nmonbnb h mw tsoMvH , uvgvH bs<lnmp hj .v

j<junbctsponbucU .g .vN

308 . .yMpmhjU jWbk> ymH ,<nlh] (jn,fuH JxO.% tw KhmhU jWbk>N

hj mndG bnb jWbk> t<s% ymH ,<nlh c;?oenm yMpmhoH , Ugn,ogH

jv tnpwgonbooH fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmp .; .v bowpaH moonbH jv

tucom;vH ,; yh hf bwvpnmcpH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN



152

309 . t<s% ,<nlh j mg<g> .Ud#. jv nbn,pMpbH i<g cjfpH bs<lnmoH

j<jJtn,nmp i<g nmvhdcnm<glnmoH jv mgnhooj l mw gwlmvH moonbH h av

msdvH , bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoHN .y nbn,onmU hf oxdMpdnb .g sgenmp+

• jv nbocjfohdjcU j<jubylnmU i<g bktmsnmU .o<gy<hiMnbH

m<x , av tovH fc<;olnm yMpmhp , UstvH h mw nbn,pctvH

yynm fc<;olnmoHN

• jv bcvgonbH moonm mwvlnmU gx<;V , xAMsMponbH bktvlnmoH

mw , bf yvcoH fc<;olnmU i<g bqk , bxvH .y hyynm

fc<;olvH}

• jv nbn,ojhdjcU mg<gJnmoH moonbH jv fxgwvH .g |h

mwpphgn,ovhdH yynm fc<;olnmp)}

• jv mgnhjcU l .v MstvH .g nbn,pcvlnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH}

• jv mgnb<cU .g h pphgn,ovlvH rnhV , nbn,pctvH l bwvpnmvH

yynm fc<;olnmoH}

• h mgnhucp , boevhdj QokoH i<g mg<hiMnmoH lnhp l .v

nbnmvm;ponbjcU] gx<;V jv fc<;ohonbjcU fxpn, h .vV h

fc<;oH .fgnmoH i<g x; h anqcsyhH ;gH moonb<jkN

310 . t<s% ,<nlh j mg<g> .Ud#. jv xsl<cU p<;tsnm yMpmhoH ,nmv

bcfMyG .o<gy<hiMnb i<g jv gwicoH h j<dognhj bktmsnmp ,

boevhdj h mw yocoH yynm fc<;olnmo hj .v j<lovhdcU lsvhdH

jv ytuxvhdH ,; yh bwV j<jubylnmU jv mgnhjcU j<lgefolnmoH mwN

,nhoi<g hmndG ,<nlh] gwi jv bktmvH .jyhpH i<g .jyhoqH i<g tMn,

moonbH pj<hvlnmoH .v l av cjfpjH .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH yynbxnmU

i<g ;gjk jv bs<lnmoH .v] ,; yh i<g jv bktmvH m<nlnbH] .EhfKH ,;

yh jWbknbH] ynbsMpmhU yh .v hf mgnhucU jv jn, hpnbcgjH moonbH

hoho<gjH .jynmp i<g jv .jy> .gs<lphpN

x<jgpmhU i.


153

311 . .yMpmhU ;!U @<s_UN .g .yMpmhoH j cjfpT mg<gJnmp |mg<gJnmp

.g .v yynm fc<;olnmoH nbn,pcvlnmU bwvpnmnmoH - h mw j<lovhdH

, yyoxvlyhj lnhp i<g h mw oMgn,ovhdj| t< @<s%_ j bkt,cU

okpuqC .o<gy<hiMnb , boegysvH yynm fc<;olnmoH h mg<dj i<g

nbn,pcvlnmoH bwvpnmnmoH mwpnhjN .y yh akH hj JjgnhH bktmsnmoH

tFng Uj adU .y gwi rnhV hj uvgkU bktmsnmoH - ,h hpl , mgnhH

gnaLogenmU i<g yFotn,nmU , bcvgonbH fc<;olnmoH .v] ,nho yh h

mw oMsgyU h mndvH moonbH , boegjH h m<com;vH ep yh nmp .g

mg<d> h mw uvgvH .pQn,nmp bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH hmw bcfMhgjH

.pQn,nmp jv j<jubylnmp i<g moonm mg<hiMnmoH j<jubylnmpN

312 . t< @<s%_ i<g j mnd> .g jkxV h mgnhj mgnmoH fc<;olnmU bs<lnmp

hj av cjfpjH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bcfMnmoH jv mwp;gonbH moonm

mwvlnmp j<jubylnmp jv bwfohdj hj mwp;gvH .; owgp o<s

moonb<jH hg pjgonbucp hj mwpnhj ;gjk h bmwpnhj fc<;olnmoH

.pQn,nmp] gx<;V fc<;olnmp h mw ynbsMpdj] pph> h mndyhj

bs<lnmp] i<g cx;olnmp i<g yh Us;uU h pgn, j<logH gi h

mg<xiyhooH .gcfMnmUN ,nho x; i<g h mndG bnb m<nl> jv .wgonbjcU

jv j<junbcvhdH ,g<dH fc<;olnmp gx<;V h mwp;gvH nmpnbH twe;yp<jH

h mgvH moonbH] hj av mwp;gvH AiogtfJnmU mgQn,nmoH yMpmhp

.g jv .pQn,nmoH i<g bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH h mg<gvH .pQn,nmp

bs<lnmoHN ,; yh i<g] t< @<s%_ ,nho i<g h mndvH jv yynmohdj

h mg<dj moonm .pQn,nmp h j<dognhj mg<gJnmp , uvgonbH

fc<;olnmoH ,nho yh ,nm hnlsvhdH jv wjmvH moonbH jv bwvpnmvH

.g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

313 . t< @<s%_ hj cjfpH mg<gMnmp l bcfMhvhdj , boegH yynm fc<;olnmp+

.o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmp mg<gJnmp

• moonm mwvlnmp h bwvcongonbj .pQn,nmoH bs<lnmoH ,;yh

bowpaH moonbH hg yynbohdcp .g yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,

hpnbcvhdH tMn, fc<;olnmU] ,;go l mw hpnbcvhdjcU bwpaH

moonbH h mw bwvcovH .g fc<;olnmoHN

• y;WnmU i<g h mw yEhnb<gonbj moonm mwvlnmp gx<;V xAMhU

h bcvgonbucp rnhV , bf fc<;oG moo> ep nbLE mjU

gig<;oG i<g yh bp hj nbosgG jv bwfoH bktvlnmoHN



154

, yynm bcfMtvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

• bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp hg bwfohdcp

, nbn,wp;gonbH mg<gJnmU , boevhdj yynm fc<;olnmp

hmwpnhj bwvpnmnmpH fc<;olnmoH i<g yh hj mw t<jhdj hj

mw j<lovhdj h m<com;vH moonbH fc<;olnmoH .g jn,pgn,

j<lovlnmoH .vN

• jWbknbH i<g h bwfpecpH tMn, mwpnhH .pQn,nmU h

bcfMhvhdH tMn, .g h av uvmvH mg<;olnmoH bowpaH

.o<gy<hiMnbH h mw gwlvHN

• jWbknbH i<g h bwfphonmcpH tMn, x; mwpnhj fc<;olnmoH

i<g h mwpnhooj h mw bwvpnmvH .g fc<;olnmoH i<gU s;uU

h pgn, j<logH gi h mg<xiyhooH tknmo> mg<doH .gcfMnmUN

• jv gwicoH bktmsnmU i<g gwi jv cjfohdj moonm mwvlnmp

rnhV , fc<;ohonbH gs xAU jv jn, bQgyhonbH bktmsnmp .g

jv .pQn,nmjyH i<g bowpaH moonbH .jynmoH] jv bcfMhvhdj

mg<gJnmp jv ytuxvhdj h mw yocovlyhj lnhp .g

fc<;olnmoH i<g gnaLovlnmU jv mgnhH .v owhV yh hf mgnhUN

• pj<hvlnmp i<g xAdMhp , pj<hvhdonbH h bcgucp gs xAU

jv yEh.gonbH nmv bcfMnmp .g .v jv .pQn,nmhyH i<g

bowpaH .o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmoH] jv cjfohdj mg<gJnmp l

bf bcfMhvhdj .g fc<;olnmoH i<g gnaLotsnmU jv mgnhH

bktmsnmoHN

bs<lnmp

• jv dxpnhj bcfMnmp hj cjfohdcp jv nmvm;vH bowpaH

moonbH h av msdvH fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh i<g] pph>

mg<;olnmp h bmwpnhj fc<;olnmoH i<g Us;uU h pgn, j<logH

tknb gi h mg<xiyhooH] h Ugn,ognhucU jv pj<hvhonbH ..

.v .g bowpaH moonbH h mw gwlvH jv bS.coj fcmlnmpN

x<jgpmhU i.


155

• jf fx mgG QokU l bcfMG , gwlmvH moonbH

.ak;dnmMnmonbnb h av msdvH fc<;olnmoHN

• QokU i<g h mgcU jv bcfMhvhdj bs<lnm mg<gJnmp .g

hj.vcoj jn, pgn, j<lovlnmoH bs<lnmoHN

j<jubylnm bs<lnmU

• j<jubylnmU h tphonmcpH tMn, .g h av bwvpnmvH yynm

fc<;olnmoH] gx<;V .pQn,nmoH mg<gJnmp] .pQn,nmp i<g

nbxMG bcvbhpH ,; yh ;gjk bs<lnmoH lfw nbn,p<gpnbj i<g

bowpaH o<gy<hiMnbH l bf bcfMhgjHN

• h mgnhucU i<g tMn, bn,ohpH jv j<jubyvH j<jubylnmp

bs<lnmp .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g .EhfKH h e<dLogjH ,nm

pgn,j<logjH mwpnhj bs<lnmU .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN ..

bcfMnmp hf nbn,pMpmhdcp i<g jv tovH bowpaH moonbH

.jynmoH i<g j<jubysnmhtnh h mw yynbx<vhdjN ,; yh

h bmwpnhj fc<;olnmp i<g h bxvH fc<;olnmoH i<g h

mw xswp;MvH bxnmoH .g pgn, j<lovlnmoH hj svhdcU jv

pjgonbH j<jJtn,nmU bcvgnmoH .vN

dclog;MnmU

• jq<xU pmcol] fc<;olnmp i<g Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb

gi h mg<xiyhooj hsvhdcU jv msvhdj .. h mw gwlG bnb

moo> i<g x; hj nbosgG .g bowpaH .jynmU h mw gwlvH

moonbHN

• ,;go yh ,h hj m<coH jv cjfohdjcU .pQn,nmU uvgnmp

.d bowpaH .jynmU ca<jg<jH] .y h mwp;gonbj .pQn,nmp

fc<;olnmoH hj n,vm;cpH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bkvH .. snb

bcvgnmp jv nbcfpyvH i<g bwvpnmvH Dh<dcovho pjEhsnmoH

i<g ;gjk bcvgnmoH .v jv nhkv bkvH moonbH .. bcvgnmp

.d bowpaH .jynmoHN



156

mwjnWnmp

• mnd<gylnmp i<g nl<hMpmlnmp bs<lnmp hj svhdcU jv

nhkvmgnhj tMn, .; moonbH hav Ugn,otvH nbn,pcvlnmoH

fc<;olnmoH i<g .ak;dnmMnmonbnb h bwvcovH .g

fc<;olnmoH i<g pgn, j<logenmoH ,; yh i<g h mw

bwfohdH yMpd<covhonm bktmsnmoH .v jv .v nmvm;vH .g

hav bcfMvHN

dclog;Mnmp

• hpg i<g .Ud#. h mdognhH jv g;ohdH yMpmhU ,nmgylyhH

hpg<jH , hjl gwlsgyU Ugn,ognhU .g , bwvpnmkU yynm

fc<;olnmoH ,nhoy hpnbcgjHN tFG yh .o<gy<hiMnbH ep cLd

nmvhdo> bn,ohonmvH i<g gUd nmvvHN

• h mw hpnbcvhdH fc<;olnmU hj av cx;olnbi hkE .gpH i<g

,nhom jn, hpnbcvhdjN

• dclog;Mnmp h mw Ugn,ognhj jv bwvpnmkU fc<;olnmoH

xswpnhnp nmp .g Us;uU pgn, j<lovlnmoHN

bcvgnmp xtmn,nmoH

• bcfMnmoH xtmn,nmp nbp<gJnmoH hj mwp;gonbucp jv

nmvbcfMtvH bowpaH moonbH] jv .v svhdjcU moonm

j<jubylnmp bcvgnmp .g bs<lnmoHN

• h mgnhucU v mgnhjcU xtmn,nmU nmgylnmoH .EhfKH l .v

b<aoesgnhcU .g mg<gJnmoHN jv j<dognhU jv tucongonbH .y

mg<gJnmU i<g |bf tMdco>|N

x<jgpmhU i.


157

3. .Ud#. .jyhpH c;?onm yMpmhp

314 . hj yMpml;ci Kjchnm xMT 4] 2012] .Ud#. jv .jyU bHj< s$<]

j av cjfpecU .fdogenmp i<g mg<gJnmp jv bwgonbj h mgMpdj

buV yynm fc<;olnmoH sgenmp i<g h mw uvgonbj yynm fc<;olnmp

nbn,pcvlnmoH .d .Ud#.] h mw uvmvH moonbH .vN bnb hkE .jyhU

s$< j oMgn,ogT , j<dognhH .y jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU i<g j jv mnd>

jv nmvngHN

315 . hj mw oho<vhdj , hpnbcvhdj c;?oenm yMpmhp .g hj av

cjfpjH .Ud#. .jyhpH] ,nho aknhU ,fgnhj hj av jn,vqbjH ;gjkH

bn,ohpH .g hj av bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH ,; yh i<g h mw

hpnbcgjH p<xV , tqH .y h boevhdH jv hnlsvhdH jv AomgnhH

yFotn,nmU fc<;olnmoHN .Ud#. .jyhpH j cLd nmgnyH j<junbvvhp h

mw oMgn,ogjH h mw xsE ,w hpnbctvH moonbH .g fc<;olnmoH i<g

,nm hnl nl<jp;gvH h mwpnhooj moonm .pQn,nmp mg<hiMnmp moonm

j<jubylnmp h mw bwvcongonbj ,; yh hpg .pQn,nmoH ,h , .v

.fpjH h mg<doj moonm .pQn,nmp h uJimhdoj moonm mwvlnmoHN

316 . .Ud#. .jyhpH h mw hpnbcgjH hifkU bnbwwnm nmvmn,nmU

.pQn,nmoH .g tso ep .v tungnhnp mg<gJnmp h mw hpnbcgjH nmp

moonbH ak;dnmMnmp] hj bsgmngcU .o<gy<hiMnbH bnbwqH xsE hj

mw hpn,otvHN ,nho yh h mngonbH ,h , pmgnhH lnhp hj boevhdj

nbn,onmoH .g hj mg<gonbnhcU fc<;olnmoH j_Ps fcvenmoH (ncyw

bf nbn,p<;ohonbu;ci fcvenmoH) .; pphvmn,nmp h bcfMhgjH

.jncbn,MnbHN .jyhpH yh i<g j mndcpH] boy nmp svhd;ci

l mg<gonbjcU l pmpnhH mg<;olnmU] .jncbn,MnbH h bcfMhgjH

pphvmn,nmoH b<h> sgnyH .gcfMnmonbH , nbosgnbvH .o<gy<hiMnb h

cx;olov .pQn,nmoH ,nho yh n,v mndvH fcvenmp hj yMpmhdj j

mndgonbnp p<xV , yvg;gvH yFotsnmoH mw hj sgnb;ci .Eh h av

g;wjH h nbxMvH bn,ohpH jv n,<hV j jv yFornb;cU , cnhgvH moonbN

,; yh i<g hj jvmn,nmU jonhpxnmp p<xV ,f bcvgonbj mg<;olnmoH

jv bf nmvm;vH jv oMsvhdj h mwpnhj fc<;olnmp , bmwpnhj i<g

mg<g;olnmp] xsE nmp h mwnmvm;vH moonbH jvmn,nmoH mdl h mw

ppsgyvH jv mw nmvmvHN ,nho i<g hsgjH jv bcvgonbj .Ej lnhp h

mw poKiUgnhj ynbsMpmlnmoH hj mwp;gonbj boj tp h gx cx;olvH

.v] ,; yh bom fcvt;Mnmp fc<;olnmoH , bcvgvH .; h ownbpvtn,vH

h mnd<gylvH .g fc<;olnmoH ,nho h mnd<gvH , poKiUg;MvH tp x;

jv jn, cx;olvH .; .o<gy<hiMnbHN .; yh .Ud#. .jyhpH ,nho h



158

mndvH jo;H , bktgvH fcvenmp hj mw agjH moonbH fcvt;MnmoH ,h

, .v bwfohdj moonm j<jubylnmp ,nho yh ,wpnhH jkxV , yFotvH

moonbH , j j<logjH yh .. .fg<hiMnmoo>N

317 . .Ud#. .jyhpH j bktgonbH , boegjH mwohJnmp ynbsMpJnmp

i<g gwlnmp h .fohdoj .g moonb<jH moonbH h mw gwlvH boy

yh.v ,nm bcvgvH ,nm mwvqmhonbH jEApvhpN ,; yh .d h mw

sgjH , .vxgjH mwohJnmp .g b;Mnm bs<lnmoH h mw yynbMpJvH

bn,ohpH ,;go n,v j<logjH ,w gwlov moonb moonb<jH] q;V yh

x; ak;kH bcvgonbl] ep yh q;V tMn, hj hvfohdonb h mw gwlvH

moonbH axsE h mw gwlvH] ,nho ,ndvH tFG moonbH gwlnbH h mw

ppnbcsyhj moonb<jk ep bknbH b;Mnm dbyoqN ,; yh nmp] ,nho ,w

oMgn,ovhdH jv bcvgonbj x; ynbsMpJnmoH ep yh q;V tMn, bn,ohpH

hj avjn,vqbnyH jEApvhp n,K , ppnbcsyhj moonb<jk i<g yh ,h ,

gnaLogjH lnhp h m<cooj fc<;olnmoHN

318 . .Ud#. .jyhpH j mndnbH jv .pQn,nmjy> .ngxMtH j bf bwfinbH

jv bwvpnmov .o<gy<hiMnbH bcvbhpH jv bktgvH h yocom;vov

moonbH i<g ;gjk bo<l jv .jynmoH h .vcov bs<lnmoHN .. yh

bcfMnmp h bcxUcoj] j mwp;gonbnp jv bcfMhgjH moonm p<;enmU

h mw tMd uvgonbH ,; yh i<g hj mg<gvH bs<lnmoH jv ynbsMpbjH

moonbH .g hmw ppnbcsyhj mgnmp jv pmcoH , bcfMtsponbH ,

uvgonbH pph> fc<;olnmp .pQn,nmoHN

319 . .Ud#. .o<gy<hiMnbH .jyhpH jv oho cjfpnhH i. cLdg;gonmp lf

bcfMhvhdj mg<gJnmp ytuxvlnmoH .g h mwp;gonbH bwvpnmnmU yynm

fc<;olnmoH+

• mgnmoH h gwlvH i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH mg<;olnmU+ ,nho yh

hmndvH .g h mw nbn,pctvH h bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH mgnhU

.g hnlvlenmU , boetvH .g bn,ohpH h g;pjH yMpmhp

hifkU gna hpg<jH jv gjl gwlnbnl gx<;V h mw pgn, j<lotvH

moonbHN ,nho yh h mw pEnlnbwngonbH .o<gy<hiMnbH ep hpl

xvconbH .g .y h mw hnlvleponbH jv g;pynbnl yMpmhoo>

ep i<g hpl bknbH jv .v nbcfpylvH lnho> jv .v j<lotvH

.g hjl gwlnbnl hpg<jHN

x<jgpmhU i.


159

• jv wjtngcU moonbH jv jEApgvH hnlvlenmp jEApvhp ,;yh jv

jn,fqbjHN ,nho h mndvH gx<;V .Ud#. i<g hpg jv .jynbH

jv yynm bcfMyvH .o<gy<hinb .jynmp] tMd pph> .jynmp

i<g moonm hoho<gjH .jynmp jv cjfpvH Qokp lbcvmtvH

j<jubylnmoH boj ynbV jv hpnbctvH .EhfKH] l mwp;gonbjcU

jf pmcom;vH , hpnbcvhdj .pQn,nmoH i<g dclog;Mnmp

i<g bcfMnmU , uvgonbJ .d h mg<gonbj pQn,nmp hpg<jH

.pQn,nmoH i<g hf bo<; bcgj .pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH

j<junbgMpmhoHN

• boj ,h h Ugn,otvH .g jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmpN ,nho

yh h mndonbH jWbknbH ,h jv cjfovH jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm

fc<;olnmoH] boy yh n,v mndonbH ,h jv bf AogonbH ,

bwfohdj moonm mg<hiMnmp j<jubylnmp jv j<dovhdj yh

gwi .. moonm mwvlnmpN

• mnd<gylnmp bs<lnmp+ jv pjgonbj .. snm mnd<gylnmp jv.v

wjmvH moonbH jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

320 . .Ud#. .jyhpH j sgnyH jv yv;ohdj h ytuxvlyhj lnhp .g

fc<;olnmoH boy yh n,vsvhdH jv wjmvH moonbH jv av bwvpnmvH

.g fc<;olnmoH i<g jv oMgn,ogjH i<g jv pmcomvH moonbH jv

hpn,ogjH .pQn,nmoH moonm mwvlnmoH i<g h bmwpnhj moonm

mg<hiMnmpN ,; yh i<g] oQ yh lnhp j oMgn,opnyH lnhp h j xvm;vH

moonbH jvbwvpnmvH .g fc<;olnmoH i<g ohoUgnhj lnhp jv bcfMhvhdj

tMn, x; l .v nmvgyhj bs<lnmoH+ xUxJnm fcmlnmp] hawnmhtnh] i<g

tvJnmfcmlnmp h cjfpH .Ud#. jv .pQn,nmhyH h .v fcmhdj} i<g

yh h.v nbnmvngonbH bs<lnmojH .o<gy<hiMnbH , jEApgvH jEApvhp] ,;

yh i<g , bwvpnmponbH rnhV fc<;olnmoH i<g .g Us;uU h mw pgn,

j<logH tknb gi h mg<xioyhooH ,;yh i<g , bktgonbH .g h mw

botm;vH , tqtm;vH tsiUvhoH mdl nmvmn,nmp i<g bktmsnmp jv

mgnhj .; .vN

321 . .Ud#. .jyhpH ,nho hmndvH , bf jwgvH bs<lnmp jv pjgonbH h

mwpnhj yynm bcfMnmp .g jv .jyH bko<l bs<lnmoH ,nm bcvMyvH

moonb i<g .Ud#. jv .jyH ,nho yh n,vsvhdj .. , yynm boevhdj

fc<;olnmp h bmg<dj h borUgtm;ponbH .g yynm fc<;olnmp

.pQn,nmoHN



160

4. .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmp bs<lnmp hj av cjfohdj c;?oenm yMpmhp .d s!Us jv mgnmoH

322 . .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us pphnmpnhnp .g .pQn,nmp h

bcfMhvhdj ,; yh .o<gy<hiMnb j .v bcfMhgn,nbH owgp akH xAp

.vN .y bs<lnmU j bf pjgnbH t<gm .v ,j .v j<jubyJvH lnhp h .v

hEj.vH , bcfMhgnbvH moonbH rnhV , uvgonbj Us;uU h pgn, j<logH

tknb gi h mg<xiyhooj fc<;olnmoH] pph> mwpnhj fc<;olnmp i<g

h .v bkt<gyvH pgylnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH h pphgn,otvH ,bkt<gyvH

jv nhk<H ggx<;V jv sgvH i<g .g .v fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh ynbV o<gT]

.g .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us mgnmoH] gwicoo> , uvgvH

fc<;olnmp .pQn,nmoH ,;yh i<g , hpnbcvhdH h m<com;vH moonbH h

mw yocovlyhj .g bs<lnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

323 . .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us j<junbgMpmhU l mwp;gonbjcU

yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmoH p<xV j<gcgU .y .pQn,nmoH mdl] ,nho

yh l .v yEhnb<doj ytuxvlnmoH h mw bwvpnmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

.g fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh h mg<dj bs<lnmoH lnhp] .g .o<gy<hiMnbH

.pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us] ,nho ,w oMgn,ogjH mjooH .. bs<lnmp yynm

fc<;olnmoH ,h q;V , .v tMn, jv pmp;gonbj jv tucom;vH moonbH

hj mg<gonbj mgQn,nmoH .g 6(8) yynm fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoN

,nho i<g h mgMpmlvH i<g yh ep mgnhU .g lnhp l gwicoH h .v

nmvm;ponbH ynbsMpmhoH h .vxvhdj moonbH .fwohJnmonbnb moonb<jH

hgwlvH] ,; yh i<g jv fx mgnhnhcU nmvmn,nmp .g l pmcom;vH h

yynm bx<gjH .g .o<gy<hiMnbHN

• .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us j mndnbH moonbH

moonb<jH h gwlvH dclog;MnbH jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH

q;V Ugn,ognhU , j<dognhU jv tusgvH .g h nbn,p<;ovH moonbH

fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh i<g] hj mndvH p<xV , mgnhH yFotn,nmU

cnhfsnmU .g yynm fc<;olnmoH boj .v moonbH .v hj mw

oMgn,ogjH i<g nmgjH jv fc<;olnmht;H hpg hj sgenb;ci

.g fc<;olnmoH b% i<g bkxO fc<;olnmU ,; yh i<g] bnb h

fc<;oH hj cx;olG h mw mg<;o;H h yynm fc<;olov ,;go

n,v j<lovhdH ,.v pphvgonbH ,h jv oMgnmp;gonbH yFotn,nmU

h mgQn,yhH .g x<jgMpmho 15 dclog;MnmU cjfoenmyMpmhoHN

x<jgpmhU i.


161

324 . ,; yh bp hj bgrUg;MG h ;vm;G h yynm fc<;olov hj .v

nbn,pctvH .; ,h gna nhk<H hj .vsgG , nbn,pctv h yynm fc<;olov

,;go yh h nmwyvpnhH ,nbosgG .g .v h mgMpdH x<jgMpmhU 15]

dclog;MnmU ynhMpmhoHN

325 . .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us j boegeH h mw bo<;coH jv

n,EhV fcve;MnmoH hj av nhgjmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH hj av sgvH .g hifkU

fc<;olnmoH i<g ,h nhk<H h .v bcfMhvH moonb<jH h .vvH moonbH

.g , av bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,nho i<g hmndvH hmw oQpnhH

h mw p<;esvhdj bs<lnmp gx<;V moonbH ,; yh jnc.snmht;H bs<lnmoH

,; yh i<g ,h hnm cxM<lotvH bwvpnmnmoH .g hifkU fc<;olnm

bs<lnmoH] ,nho n,v gwi bktgonbH m<conmoH n,K q;V , jv tFfvH

moonbH h jnc.vHN

326 . .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us j mndnbH h mw bo<;coH

bcfMnmU .g Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb h mg<xiyhooH mwpnhooH

bs<lnmoH i<g yynm fc<;olnmoH ,nhom xwwH h boevhdjN boy yh

n,v boevhdH , boetvH moonbH p<xV ,f tFfvH h jnc.vH moonbH

i<g ep hpl unhU ohU mdl gi<x l bf xswcoH] ,nho yh i<g n,v bf

tFfvH bn,ohpH h oxvH rnhV , jnc.vH] Us;uU pgn, j<lovlnmp yh tso

bf tFfcoonb .gcfMnmp .y , m<coH jnc.snmht;H p<xV yhj<dognhU

pgn, j<logenmoH mwN i<g yh jv bmvgonbH pgn, j<lovlnmp h mw

uvgonbj moonbH h mw gwlvH i<g mwpnhooj .xyfMnmonbnb h mw

yynbcvhdj lnhp ,nm hnl tucongonbj , hpnbcvhdj h m<com;vH

moonbH rnhV , jnc.vH] jv cLd oMsvhdjcU hkE fcvt;MnmoH moonm

mwvlnmp i<g mg<hiMnmoH j<jubylnmp i<g ;gjk buV h mwpnhj pph>

mwp;gnmp bs<lnmoHN

327 . , bf bo<;congonbj jn, pgn, j<logenmoH buvl hj uvgonbjcU

fc<;olnmoH , boevhdj h yoxvlyhj yynm fc<;olnmoH] .o<gy<hiMnbH

.pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us j mndcpH , bcvgonbj oxd ynbsMpJnmpcU

nbxMH h.fohdj ep tuco> .y ,svhdH ep lvp.ponbH gna jv

tsoMponbH gna nhk<H sgvH moonbH .g h bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH

.d .Ud#.N .EhV] .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us oMgn,ognyH

h mwp;gvH moonb fxpn, h bcfMhgtov bs<lnmp i<g h .v ccjfpjH

i<g phgn,ogjH ynbsMpJnmp moonb<jH h .fohdj mwohJnmp i<g

yh boj moonbH hj phgjH moonb<jk hj cjfofJvH jv hpn,ovhdj



162

.fwphJnmonbnb i<g h mw gwlvH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bcfMnmoH i<g

jn,fuH hpg yynbsMpJnmoH h mw pphgn,UvhdjN .. yh .o<gy<hiMnbH

hj hEjgvH jv faogjH mwohJnmp ynbsMpJnmoH] hg Ugn,og;MnbH ,h

ewW jv cjfpjH tMn, bn,ohp jv tpvH] ,; yh .o<gy<hiMnbH jv

bcfMnmU i<g jn,fuH bs<lnmU nbp<gJnmU hpgN boj hj pgefolvH

.fwohJnmonbnb jv hpn,ovhdoj ynbsMpJnmoH .g .o<gy<hiMnbH jv

bcfMnmo pgn,ogenmoH i<g jn,fuH bs<lnmU nbp<gJnmU hpg ,nhom yh

gnaLoyvH .g hpg jv .jyH h .v pgn,ogjH mwohJnmp ynbsMpJnmoHN

,; yh yvV] .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bcfMnmU i<g yh jn,fuH jv bcfMnmU]

, boevhdj .. bs<lnmp] ,; yh h mndvH .g .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU

bs<lnmU s!Us] ,nho h mg<gvH boj moonbH moonb<jH h bwvpnmvH .g

h mw bktgonbH h mw nbn,p<gonbH bcfMnmU ,; yh i<g hfw wjmvH

moonbH jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

328 . .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us] j hnlvlesgnyH h m<xv

cahvsgjH h mw ynbsMpJvH moonbH ,h yh Jj , uJibjH h

mgQn,yhooH x<jgMpmhoh .g 6(8) .g mgQn,nmoH yynm fc<;olnmU

bs<lnmU ynhmpmhoHN .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us] hj mndvH

.Ud#. ,h h mw ;vgvH ,h jv q;vm;vH jv AogyhooH v qAgn,ggvH

bs<lnmpH y;,yhj .g jv fc<;olnmht;H hpg hj mg<gnbcU fc<;olnmoH

nh%x_ i<g hpg fc<;olnmU] .g yh bcvbhpH fc<;olnmht;H ep p,ognyH

h tovH ynbsMpJnmp mwohJnmp] cfy , nhkgMpdoj mw pmognyH ,h

yh i<g jv pph> jv .vxgjH] .o<gy<hiMnbH hgwlvH moonb<jH .vN hj

mw hpnbcvhdj sgenmp .g mgnmoH fc<;olnmoH pph> bs<lnmp gUs%

Ua i<g jUp%!] h mw pgn,ovhdj fc<;olnmp h mw yynm uvgonbj

ynbsmpmhp .g x<jgMpmhoH 6(8)] .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us

hj av cjfpjH yMpmhp j bQnbgnyH h mg<dj mgnmoH h mw xUcongvH

mgQn,nmp i<g yh ,h ewW jv cjfohj lnhp fc<;olnmoH ep tnpwU .y

jv mwpnhH , uvgonbH h mw bwvpnmvH moonbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

329 . tso Uh pphloeU jv pgnbcgyU gUd l .v nbnmvgkU buV h

m<com;vH moonbH ,h Jj h cxM<lotvH .g .Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmoH]

.o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us j mndnbH .Ud#. fc<;olnmp

h bcfMhgjH jv j<junbyvH yosc hsgjH , uvgvH yynm fc<;olnmp

hj boegycU .g x<jgMpmhoH 154 h mgMpdH] mwohJnm .g yosc

x<jgpmhU i.


163

fc<;olnmoH h mw nbn,pctvH ,;go n,vxvhdj mwohjnmp h

mw hpn,ovhdj ynbsMpmhp] b;Mnm bs<lnmoH ynbsMpJnmoH .vN

.o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmp bs<lnmp s!Us j mgMpmlnbH yosc fc<;olnm

.pQn,nmp pgn, j<logenmoH] ,;go h mw boegycU sgenmoH .g

x<jgMpJnmoH 154 mgMpd>] hj t<lpnb> .g hj mw sgjH h pmpnhooH

hj mg<gvH yynm fc<;olnmp] ep yh nmp n,oa;H .y sgnyH xsE j

mwp;gnbH] q;V ep .v nmgnyH lnhU .y n,vjsgjHN

330 . .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU s!Us] j cjfpnyH tFG mg<gJnmp l

ytuxvlyhj h mw yocoH fc<;olnmoH] hf oxdp;gonbnp bom jnuE l

m<coj i<g pj<h> h uvgonbj bs<lnmoN ,; yh .g hf oxdMpdnb+

(i) h jnpxlkj mg<gjnmp l bcfMhvhdj

tMn, x; mwpnhj

• b<jnm yMpmhU jv nbn,pMpmhdjcU jv yMpdj .g h mw

phgn,ovhdj mgnmp i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH .fgnmonb moonb<jk h

mw canqcsyhjN

• jv cLdg;gonbj i<g nhk<; mwp;gonbj mgQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH

hmw uvgonbj fc<;olnm bs<lnmp , hpnbcvhdj .g .v+

» jv tucongonbj bktmsnmp v .v j<jogefovH moonbH

.fgnmonbH i<g moonbH tMn, x; mw}

» jv UstngcU .o<gy<hiMnbH bcvbhpH .d tMd h mw tFfov

moonbH}

» bs<lnmU h mg<gonbj mgQn,nmp h uJi,hdj h bcgj ,nm

.foG bn,p bcfMnmoH] h bmwpnhj lnhp h faogyU i<g

jv j<logefovH .o<gy<hiMnbH bcvbhpH .g fc<;olnmoH

bs<lnmoH h mw uvgonbj} ,; yh

» bs<lnmoH mg<gJnmoH o<gT h hpnbcrnbH .o<gy<hiMnb

jvnbn,pctvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmoH i<g Us;uU

hpgn, j<logH tknb gi h mg<xioj .g<slnmoHN



164

• p<xV Ugn,ognhU .; .jywqH h ynbsMpbjH mwohJnmp

bwvpnmnmoH] jv j<logjH giwpnhj mwpnhj moonm mwvlnmp

i<g mg<hiMnm j<jubylnmp i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmp mg<dj

i<g gnaLogenmoH h mw cLd<doj hmw j<dogjH fc<;olnmp

.pQn,nmoHN

j<jubylnmp

• .o<gy<hiMnbH mg<giMnmU mwvlnmp j<jubylnmp h uvgvH

.g fc<;olnmht;H bcvbhpH] Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb

gig<xioyhooH ,; yh h bkt<gylvH h bktgvH tMn, mwpnhooj

nmgylnmp gs mwpnhj .o<gy<hiMnmp] hkE fcvt;Mnmp hj av

sgvH moonbH] h yoxv;vH moonbH tMn, lnhp fc<;olnmoH i<g

moonbH h jnc.vH] h pgn, j<lovhdj tknb gi hmjj] moonm

mg<hiMnmp i<g tMn, lnhp j<jubylnmoH hj av j<logefovH+

» nmpnb> fxpn, .o<gy<hiMnbH hj nbn,p<gnbH bs<lnmp

» jv dx mgG bcfMnm QokU

» h gwicoH h bkvxfG bcfMnm QokU jv nhkgxG

» gwi jv gx hpnbcvhdj bs<lnmp

• bktmsnmp h bmwpnhj jv j<jubyvH bcvbhpH .g

fc<;olnmht;H i<g h ownbpvtn,vH h bkt<gylvH .vN

nmv bcfMtsnmp

• xtmn,nmp .o<gy<hiMnbH h .v nmv bcfMtvH moonbH

.jynmp] ;gjk moonbH h .jyhgjH bs<lnmp] jv .jyH i<g

ax<jg<jk .jynmp] .o<gy<hiMnbH pph> bs<lnmp i<g mEnlnbH

yynbx<vlnmpN

x<jgpmhU i.


165

Us;uU h pgn,j<logH tknb bs<lnmp

• xtmn,nmp .o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmoH i<g mgnmoH h mw nmgylyhj

, j<dognhj jv j<logefohonbH jv bwvpnmponbH h mw pgn,

j<logH tknb Us;uU bs<lnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

• tMn, h .v phgn,ovhdj i<g Us;uU pgn, j<logenmoH hg

pj<hn,cU .o<gy<hiMnb .jynmp i<g ;gjk .jynmoH bs<lnmp h

mw bcfMhvhdj yynm fc<;olnmpN

fc<;olnmp h mw bkvcoj bs<lnmp

• pgn, j<logenmp ;gjk fc<;olnmoH h .v pphgn,ovhdj ,

bktgonbj .o<gy<hiMnb h .v bo<lcongonbj i<g hsgvH i<g

moonbH .g fc<;olnmoH , boevhdj yynm fc<;olnmoH] hj

mw t<jhdj yh yoconmp h bktgonbnp fc<;olnmp h mw

bcfMhvhdjN

• jv ggxp;gonbj h mg<dj fc<;olnmp bwvpnmnmoH yynm

fc<;olnmoHN

• hmw tEnhv mwp;gonbj .pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH] .Ud#.

Ugn,og;M> jv bktgvH p<;tsnmU pMsgsnmU jv bktmsvH

.o<gy<hiMnb jv bcfMnmp i<g jn,fuH jv bs<lnmp h .v

cjfohdj gs xAU h mw ynbsMpmhdj ynbsMpJnmp moonbH h

mwyynbMpJvH moonb<jH h gwlvHN

xtmn,nmp

• h cjfohdcU jv nbn,p<gonbH yynbxnmU jv bwfovH

.o<gy<hiMnbH .sjynmnbnb i<g pph> bs<lnmp h mwpnhj gs

mwpnhj mgnmp h .v pgn,ovhdj moonb<jkN

• j<logefolnmp h cjfohdcp jv bktmvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

jv.v j<logjH tMn, x; bn,ohpH i<g ;gjkH h bkt<gylvH

.pQn,nmoHN



166

• .Ud#. Ugn,og;MnbH jv cjfpjH bcfMnm j<jubylnmp

jEjunbvvlnm yMpmhU h g;ohdH h mw Ugn,ognhH .g .pQn,nmoH

h m<cjdH hpg h mw boevhdH yynm fc<;olnmp lnhp h

yyoxvlyhjN

(ii) xgy pj<h> h uvgonbj bs<lnmoH

fc<;olnmU bs<lnmp h mw ca<jgMpdj i<g .jywqH h uvgvH ynbMpJnmpN

• j<jubyJnmp jv tongcU .jywqH h ynbsMpbjH mwohJnmp

i<g fc<;olnmoH bs<lphpH nmpnb> Ugn,og;MnbH jv

nbn,p<gvH jv uJibjH h mg<doH .g x<jgMpmhoH 6(8)

yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmlnmUN j<jubylnmU h

mwp;gonbucpH jv ynhMpbjH hkE sgenmp hj av sgvH moonbH

jv j<logefohonbooj] nmgylnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH h mg<dj

pph> .jynmp] h mw y;Eh;ponb .g .v moonm mg<lolnmoH

h mw ynbMpdj mwohJnmp i<g aynbMpmhoH .v oxdMpJnmoH

,; yhi<g mg<hiMnm j<jubylnmp mg<gJnmoH i<g hmwpnhj

bktmsnmp h j<jubyhonbj l mw pmpnhj , nmv bcfMtvH

moonbHN

• hj mw bvgonbj bs<lnmoH , uvgonbj yynm fc<;olnmp

yMpmhoH jv cLd nmvhdj h j<dognhj h ohiUgnhj bktmsnmoH

.o<gy<hiMnbH ,f uvgvH .g h uJimhdj mg<gJnmp

x<jgMpmhoH 6(8) h mgMpdHN

• fc<;olnmht;H bs<lnmp bcvbhpH h hnlsgecpH jv tu nmv

bcfMtsvH .o<gy<hiMnb .fgnmooH] ;gjk moonm .jynmp]

jv .jyH h bcfMhvhdj .jynmp i<g ax<jg<jH jv bcfMnmp

,;go l .v bwvpnmnb<cU jv ytucongonbj bktmsnmoH i<g

xtmn,nmoH nbp<gJnmoHN

x<jgpmhU i.


167

Us;uU pgn,j<logenmp mg<gJnmp l bf bcfMhvhdj

• jq<xU ,<coH ,h , fxgwvH .g bn,ohpH yynm fc<;olnmoH]

Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb gi h mg<xiyhooH nmp Ugn,og;M>

jv nbn,p<gG jv bktmvH bnb hj oxG .ak;dnmMnmp jv

pgn, j<lovhdH jq<xU .; cjfpenbnl jv bf uvgonbj pgn,

j<lovlnmp ,; yh , bcfMvH yynm fc<;olnmoH hm<com;vH

.gcfMnmonbH i<g x; UgnbV l bf uvgonbH ,h jv .gplcoH

bcfMnmUN

• Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb gi h mg<xiyhooH nmp Ugn,og;M>

jv bf uvgG i<g nbn,p<gG bwvpnmnmp yynm fc<;olnmoH

, bcfMhvhdj pph> fc<;olnmp] hsvhdj fc<;olnmp .g h

mw gx ywgonbj fc<;olnmp hj mg<gonbnhcU .g fc<;olnmoH

x,% i<g tH@ fc<;olnmU] hj mgQnbfG .jywE h ynbsMpbH

mwohJnmp jv av cjfpH h mw yMpJvH hj nbn,pctvH .g

yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g h mw nhk<nhdojN

5. c;?oenm yMpmhp hj av cjfpjH .ngxMtH .Ud#. h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK

331 . .Ud#. h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK j av cjfpT c;?oenm

yMpmhp jv mg<gonbH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bwvpnmvH j<jubylnmoH .g

yynmfc<;olnmoHN .Ud#. h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK ak;bcfM>

bnb hj .foG .g .v .pQn,nmht;H yynbxnmU .Ud#.N ,nho ,g<doH

.gcfMnmU jv |nbnmvngG .ag;Mnmonbnb bnbwq i<g .EhfK i<g

nmvbcfMr> jv ohuggvH lnhp h bcfMhvhdoj .. .v} jv wjgonbj

bktmsnmp i<g oMsgsnmp bnbwqH i<g ak;dnmMnmoH .v ,; yh

i<g h av cjfpjH ,nbnmvngvH bs<lnmoH ,; yh i<g} , j<jubyvH

bnbwqH i<g .EhfKH ,; yh h pphgn,ot;vH bn,ohpH , hpnbcvhdj

.dclog;Mnmonbnb .; bnbwqH i<g .EhfKHN| .. yh hj av boevhdj

mwpnhooH .gcfMnmU h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK] .Ud#. hpgylG nmv

bcfMhgT .o<gy<hiMnbH bnbwq i<g .EhfK .dclog;Mnmoo>N



168

332 . .y hj mg<gonbH h mw ohp<gonbj yMpmhoH .g] .Ud#. h pgylG j

mgMpml> .o<gy<hiMnbH buV h m<com;vH h mw phgn,otvH 16.7% xoE

19.7% mgjgJnmoH ,nho ,gwvH h jnc.vH moonbH tMd hpg<jH] ,; yh

x; h gwlvH ,h .y h mw yocovH h mgjtvH i. A%?G mgjvlnmoH tMn,

, hpnbcvhdH h gwlvH bn,ohpH hpg<jHN ,; yh hj mndG .g .Ud#. h

pgylG] .. ynbsMpmhp bjgJnmoH bvlU x; h yoconb ep h bvconb

ohU mdl] ,; yh .Ud#. ,;go ynbV h mw tFfvH moonbH , jnc.vH

m<x nmp tMn, hpg<jH , hpnbcvhdHN ,nho i<g h mw oMgn,ogH .Ud#.

h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH nmpnb> ynbV jv og

jnc.vH m<xV nmp h m<com;vH ;gjkH .EhfKHN

333 . h m<com;vH , botcom;vH .fgnmonbH .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH ep

tupnhU ,hpnbcvhdH ,nho x; ,w Ugn,ognhU jv bvgonbj lnhp mgnmoH

l .v ytucom;vH .g fc<;olnmoH jq<xU .o<gy<hiMnbH Ugn,ognhn, jv

bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN .Ud#. hpgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK]

,nho h mndG h mw ynbvmsvH , x<;.osvH .EhfKH hcx;olvHsnbH , bf

bwvpnmvH yh .g .EhfKH bf tFfnbH h ocmfJvH] i<g hf bwfcovH

.EhfKH h mw ppgn,otvH fc<;olnmoH] ep bcfMnbH i<g ep fx

bknbH j<jubylnmp jv g;pjH bcfMnmp] hkE h av bnbwwnmvH nhg> j

avsghnbhonbnpH xMnhfMnmoH mw] ,; yh ,h , fx mgvH .jncbn,MnbH

,;go ,h n,v tucoj lnhp mgnmoH i<g x; ,;go n,v botm;vH ,

tqtm;vH .EhfKH .xyfMnmonbHN ,; yh i<g] j<dognhU .o<gy<hiMnbH

.EhfKH jv bwvpnmvH lnhp hf nbn,p<gonbj jv ytuxvlyhj yynm

fc<;olnmoH p<xV bnbMd hsgvH h .v pphgn,otvH .g .o<gy<hiMnbH

yynm fc<;olnmoH] Ugn,ognhU jv cjfpjH .fdogenmonbnb .g l .v

ytuxvhdj lnhp h jxvm;vH bwvpnmnmoH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

334 . hj avsgH , nbn,pMpbH c;?oenm yMpmhp] .Ud#. h pgylG

.ngxMtH j .v ppgnbcyhonbnpH .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH hkE hj

avsgenb;ci , bcfMvH , pgn, j<logjH lnhp h m<com;ov .EhfK

jv x;ptov .pQn,nmp ,; yh j ynbsMpbyH .fdogenmonbnb .g yynm

fc<;olnmoH h mw uvgonbH nbn,pcvlnmU bwvpnmnmoHN .Ud#. hpgylG

.ngxMtH jv .v cjfohd> .e<dLogenmU jv bf x; uvgG .g hj av

ynbsMpmhdj mg<gJnmp ytuxvlnmoH] j<jubylnmoH jv pgn,j<lovhdj

lnhp h m<com;ponbH i<g lnhp h jxvm;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH

i<g .fgnmonbH jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH ,;go ,w

ytusiogtm;ponbHN

x<jgpmhU i.


169

335 . .Ud#. h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK] j oMgn,ogT lnhp hnm jxvm;vH

.o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH] Ugn,og;MnbH jv q;vgvH |qnloenmoo>|N tFG

.o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH ,nho ,gyv.vH |,h , Kx<h;vH h m<com;vH

hsgvH fc<;olnmoH .v| boy yh n,v mjH ,h tKnbV jv .jy>

,snlvgG jv tucobG h .v phgn,oyG fc<;olnmoH .v bg h mw

n,vpnhj xtmn,nmoH .v gx<;V] h tnphtH oxk] b;Mnm xtmn,nmU] tvT

pphgn,ovlnmoH .v] i<g x; l mw Kh<loevH nb<hmhoH h mw gwlvN ,;

yh , hpnbcvhdj .. jv n,EhV hj .v av mjj yoconmoH hjsgnbG jv

.jy> , bcfMhgnbG moonb mwvonmoH .v] mg<hiMnmoH] mwjnWn,nmoH]

yiUvlnmoH i<g yFotn,nmoH mw ,; yh ;gjk lnhp h mw yiotvH

moonbH fc<;olnmoH .v] tFG moonbH .EhfKH ,nho ,doeEh;vH ,h

hpl , cxM<lovhdoj .yEhnmMnmonbnb ,nho yh ,h n,v jvcoj lnhp

hnmw bvconbonbj fc<;olnmoH y yyoxvlyhjN

336 . ,; yh i<g h mw pphvgonbH , gnaLovhdH h m<com;vH ,h h

cxM<lotvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH h mw Ugn,ogjH .fdogenmonbH

, y;Ehdogtm;vH h m<com;vH fc<;olnmoH h mw yocom;vH

.xyfMnmonbHN boy yh ,<com;vH ,h hpl h cxM<lovhdoH lnhp

hnm mdnvH ,nho yh p<xV , yqhohf;vH boy hsgvH ,h hpl ,jsgjH

nmpnb> fxpn, jv cjfpjH .fdogenmonbnb ,h yh hpl , UsgvHN .y

gnaLogenmUh mw udcoH ,nhoy yh p<xV hjxvm;vH jv jwqn,ogjH

.o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH jv bwvpnmvH h mw bkvcongonbH fc<;olnmoH

sgenmoHN q;V yh] h mndG .Ud#. h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK] ,<x

t<jhdnhn, l.v nbnmvngonbj h jxvm;vH .EhfKH hjsvhd> jv q;vgonbj

jv bf tucongonbooj .EhfKH h mw yocom;vHN

337 . .Ud#. hpgylG ,nho h mndG , tFfpnhj l .v yEhnbxvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH jv wjmvH jv bwvpnmvH .g h mw bkvgonbH jv

tucoH fc<;olnmoH .dclog;Mnmonbnb i<g l tucom;vH , hpnbcvhdjN

.EhV] .EhfKH Ugn,og;MnbH jv oMsgjH i<g jv KaogjH lnhp hsvhdoH

jvtucom;vH .fwp;MnmonbH , moonmvH dclog;MnmoH q;V nmpnb>

.g,hl gwlsgjH hpg<jH i<g .g .Ud#. i<g hpgHN .Ud#. h pgynbG

bnbwq i<g .EhfK ,nho h mndvH ,j jv tnp<gonbH .g h bxgnmohdH

hlgn,ogenmoH i<g jv bcvgonbH .y h yEhnb<dH hlgn,ogenmU ,nho

,ndyhH jv yEhnmgonbH yEhn,ogenmU .g h mw yocovlyhH fc<;olnmp

h mw nbosvlyhjN hj av mndyjgonbj hkE+ hkE hj av mfg;gonbj

mg<;olnmoH tso h hjcMgnhnp] hpnbcg hj av cjfohdj c;?oenm

yMpmhp.g .Ud#. h pgynbG .EhfK] ygnhnp .g nmp !kU< .ngxMtHN



170

338 . .Ud#. h pgynbG .EhfK bf ohonmg> .pgn, j<logenmoH ,;goyh

hmw bktgG .pQn,nm j<junbgMpmhp jv j<jtn,G .g bn,ohp h

mwpnhooH .fdog;Mnmoo> jv bwvpnmov .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,

j<jubyvH yh moonbH .EhfKH gUd lsgnhcU jv nbnmvngvH , bwvpnmvH

.fgnmonbH jv pmcomfJvH ,;go lfw tuconbmfJnb<cU i<g .fgnmonbH

, gwi bwvpnmvH bcfMnmoH , nbnmvngvH .vN mgnmoH yh hf

oMgn,ovhdcp h mw nbnmvngvH .EhfKH tFngkH ,w .EhfKH , j<jubyvH

p<xV , j<dognhooH hsgjH i<g h mg<gonbH .g moonm mwvlnmoH

tMn, j<jubylnmp .g , .vcoj h mw j<ldgjH moonm xyfMnmoH

i<g mg<hiMnmoHN ,; yh , bf hpnbcvhdj mg<gJmoH bs<lnmoH]

.o<gy<hiMnbH hj bf .fpnyH hj mg<gonbooH jv bf ogn,ogjH hfw

tqoj bs<lnmp .g mgnmoH i<g yh mg<gJnmp yynm fc<;olnmoHN

339 . .Ud#. hpgynbG .EhfK ,nho h mndG , boegH .ro> mg<;olnmooH

p<xV , j<gcgH hjsvhdH .g jPs fc<;olnmoH ,; yh i<g mg<gJnmp

jv .fohdj ,nho n,vsvhdH .y jv hnlsgvH jv wjm;vH .EhfKH jv

av bwvpnmvH .g bcfMnmoHN ,nho ,w gnaLovhdj jv bmvgonbH

hj mg<;ohonbjcU .g jPs fc<;olnmoH hj mg<gonbj bs<lnmoH l

ytuxvlyhj .g .EhfKH cx;olnmoH jv nbcfpyvH hnmw nbnmvmvH jv

bf tucomfJvH , uvgvH .g bs<lnmp bwvpnmnmoHN ,; yh i<g] pph>

mg<;olnmp mgnhnp .g l mw Ugn,ogyU jv jEApgkU jPs mg<;olnmoH

hj .v nbpnmconhcU jv nmvm;vH .EhfKH jv j<logjH giwpnhooj

.o<gy<hiMnbH moonm mwvlnmp .pQn,nmoH] h j<dogjH xyfMnmoH

j<jubylnmp] i<g h mw j<logjH mwonhooH h tuxvlyhj moonm

mg<;olnmp i<g .pQn,nmp i<g gi lsgH jv bwi bcvgG .xyfMnmoHN

,; yh ,bwvpnmvH mgnmoH h mw bwvcongonbH moonm mg<;olnmU

mwpnhH hj .v tsoMnm j<jubylyhU jv nmvm;vH h mw nbosg;vH

fc<;olnmp .xyfMnmonbH ,; yh tp jv jn, mwp;gvH jv pmcooj

.xyfMnmonbnbN ,;y h gnayhH uvgnmU fc<;olnmoH sgenmUN .Ud#.

h pgylG cLd<g> h JhEhoj fc<;olnmoH l uJimhdj hj mg<gonbj

mg<;olnmoH jPS fc<lolnmU uJimhpN l mw ytuxvhdj yh yoconmoH

hg hpnbcvhdcp nev h mw yocom;vH fc<;olnmoH moonbH hjnc.vH

i<g h m<com;vH .xyfMnmonbH .o<gy<hiMnbH h uvm;vH Us;uU h pgn,

j<logH tknb go h mg<xiyhoojN

x<jgpmhU i.


171

340 . .EhV yh sgenmoH] .Ud#. h pgylG ,nho h mndG jv cjfohdH

bktmsnmU jv yynmcomvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH v nbn,p<gonbH i<g

nbn,iUvhdj gi l mg<gonbj j<jubylnmp .g yynm fc<;olnmo bcfMnm

j<jubylnmp jv mwp;gonbjN ,nho i<g h mg<gG jv mgnhjcU h yEhnb<dj

phgn,ovhU yynm bcfMnmoH mw .; .v fc<;olnmp h xUcongvH i<g

yh .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH jv bf yEhnmhcnmyhH nmv bcfMtsnmU ,yynm

uvgonbH fc<;olnmU lfw bkvcongonbHN

341 . hj cLdg;gonbj mg<gJnmp bs<lnmoH hj cjfpH .Ud#. hpgynbG

bnbwq i<g .EhfK .g h oxdMpdnb+

• .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH hg yy.nbhonmcpH jv fcvesgjH

.hlgn,ogenmonbH] hnlvlnmp i<g h mw y;Ehdogtm;vH .Ud#.

fc<;olnmp hsg;vH i<g yh jv j<jubyngcU mwpnhooj i<g

mg<doj bwpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH jv bf pjgonbnhcU

wjvlnmp ,bf cjfohdj fc<;olnmU bs<lnmp h mw gwlvH

moonbHN

• .Ud#. h pgylG nmv bcfMr> .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfK] mgnmp

i<g mgnmoH hoho<gtov .jynmp jv nbn,pMpbjH jv bcfMhgjH

mg<gJnmp ynbV h mw Ugn,ognhj jv bcfMhvhdj fc<;olnmp

i<g yh .v<h> .Ejw;nbH jv nbcgjH i<g jv bmv yvnhxdoj

.dclog;Mnmonbnb .g h mw yynmohdjH .jynmp pj<hvlnmU i<g

bnbwE .dclog;Mnmp boegenmoHN

• .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH jv tovH lnhp l.v nmvm;vH jv

nmvbcvMyvH jWbknb] .Ud#. h pgylov i<g fc<;olnmU

bs<lnmp jv cjfohdH pphgn,ovlnmp j<junbvgnmoH jv wjm;vH

.EhfKH jv bwvpnmvH nbn,pcvlnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

• .EhfKH hg tphonmcpH i<g nmpnb> jv nmv bcfMyvH .Ud#.

hpgylov jv nbn,p<gvH j<jubylnm bcvgnmp sgenmoH i<g

jv bwvpnmvH .g h mw bcfMhvhdH fc<;olnm .pQn,nmU

j<junbgMpmhp l .v nbn,wp;gonbj yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,;

yh , bf yvgonbH j<jubylnmU ,nho yh l bcgj mg<gJmp

jv bmvgonbj .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH h mw e<dLogjH l

mwp;gonbooH .y bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g jv

pmcoH , ccjfohdj bs<lnmp h mw gwlvH moonbHN



172

• v jn, hpnbcvhdjcU buV h mg<dH nbn,pcvlnmU Ustn,nmoH

i<g nbn,pcvlnmU bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH jv pgn,

j<lovhdj lnhp h jx<h;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH i<g ;gjkH

moonbH ,; yh i<g h mw bkvcongonbj jv pmcom;vH .g

yynm fc<;olnmoH jv av bwvpnmvH ,nho h mwp;gonbH jv

bwfohdj moonm mwvlnmoH j<jubylnmp .g fc<;olnmUh mw

bcfMhvhdHN

• .Ud#. j nbn,ocjfpT jv n,vpnhooj j<jubylnmoH bcvgnmp

.g .v yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g fc<;olnmp h bmwpnhj

huvgonbj ,; yh i<g .Ud#. xtmn,nmp i<g j<jubylnm

bs<lnmoH h .v bo<lo;gonbj , j<dognhH mgnmoH bwvpnmnmoH

i<g .g fc<;olnmoH j<logefolnmp h mw bwvcongonbj

moonm j<jubylnmp h j<dovhdj i<g mg<hiMnmoH ,

nmvbcfMhvhdj moonb<jk , uJimhdj mg<;olnmp .g hj

mg<gonbnhcU jPs fc<;olnmoHN

• h .v cLd j<lovhdj lnhp h jxvmn,yhj h boevhdcp hmw

bktgonbj mg<gJnmoH i<g j<jublnmoHN ,; yh i<g jkxV

h uvgonbucp jv oMsvhdj h mw .gt<hlyhj ,h , g;pjH

j<jubyJnmp] nb<hmhp udconmoH] bcfMnmp h udco mgnmoH

i<g bnhfM<gsnmp ,;go h .vcoj lnhp h jx<h;vH moonm

.EhfKH jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN

6. c;?oenm yMpmhp hj av cjfpjH .Ud#. pgylnm .pQn,nmU nmvmn,nmoH

342 . yMpmhU hj yMpmhd;ci .<c;nm xMT 30] 2011] .Ud#. pgylnm

nmvmn,nmoH j cjfpynb;cU c;?oyMpmhp op jv hpnbcgyU , bowvhdj

.o<gy<hiMnm fc<;olnmp nbn,p<gJnmoHN ,; yh] .Ud#. pgnylnm

oMgn,ognyH h mw j<dognhooj .o<gy<hiMnbH jv tovH .. bs<lnmp jv

uvgvH} ,; yh ,;go ,w cLd boevhdj nbn,p<gJnmoH .g .o<gy<hiMnbH

fc<;olnmp nbn,p<gJnmoH hj mwp;gonbj h uJimhdjN

343 . hj av mg<gonbj c;?oenm yMpmhoH fcvt;MnmoH .g .Ud#.

pgylnm nmvmn,nmoH] hj mw j<jMenbonbU ,j mgnhH .y b<xU 1998]

x<jgpmhU i.


173

hEnh nbp<gonbj;ci .y .Ud#. pgylnm nmvmn,nmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmhU

h ak;xUcongvH , bcfMhgjH .pQn,nmp i<g h .v cjfoG bcfMnm

QokU .g .jynm .pQn,nmoH h bcfMhgnbvH h fx fcbyov , bcfMov

bn,ohp .d .Ud#.] ,h hj fncbvH h bkt<gylovN

344 . .Ud#. pgylnm nmvmn,nmp hj yvogonbjcU .y bs<lnmU 2008]

.o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnm .pQn,nmU bs<lnmU nbn,p<gJnmU i<g ;gjk

jv bcfMnmp .d .Ud#. h uJibjHN ,nho yh hnmw hEjgonbuc;i jv

svhdH .g nbn,p<gJnmoH jv pjgonbj , ytucongonbj .o<gy<hiMnbH

h mw jxvm;vH , yocom;vH .d fc<;olnmU bs<lnmoH mdl] i<g

yh .o<gy<hiMnbH jv yynmhjH , bcfMhgjH jv tucooj bcfMnmp

.fgnmonbHN ,; yh jv m<coj h mw Ugn,ovhdj ytuxvlnmoH] .Ud#.

pgylnm nmvn,nmU j cjfpnyH gs xAU l uvgonbj ytuxvlnmp jv pj

mwprgvH bs<lnmoH moonbH i<g , hpnbcvhdj pgylnm nmvmn,nmoH

.pQn,nmoH h bkt<gylvH .g h bcvmvH jv uvgvH .o<gy<hiMnb

ynbsMpmhoH h j<dognhu h mg<dj .g .o<gy<hiMnbH .pQn,nmoH i<g

boj lnhp hf cLdg;gonb , hpnbcvhdh mg<gJnmoH fc<;olnmoH .g jPs

fc<;olnmU h uJimhdj i<g yh hjsvhdH ,nbn,ohvhdH jPs fc<;olnmU

fcvenmMpmhoHN

345 . .Ud#. pgylnm nmvmn,nmp cjfpnyH ynbsMpmhp mwpnhooj h

.vj<lovhdH mgjgJnmoH gx<;V tggG A%?UG h mgjvhdj lnhp m<coj] h

tovH j<logefolnmp yMpmhp h tovH .g h av ppsgylvH jv bkt<gyvH

bn,ohpH boj yh x; .o<gy<hiMnbH h mgjJvH tphonbnpH .g h

.vbcfMkUN ,; yh i<g] bLE ak;qC i<g x; okpuqC A%?UG mgjvlnmoH h

.v tonbonbH .. j<logefon,nmp yMpmhp .KT fc<;olnmoH cx;olnmoH

uvgonbj fc<;olnmoH] .EhfKH h cx;olvH i<g .v uvgonbnp ,;yh bwV

bnbwwnm xtmn,nmoH pgylnmp moonbH x; .g .v nmvbhonbnpHN .Ud#.

pgylnm nmvmn,nmU ,nho h mndvH , bcfMhgnbvH .o<gy<hiMnbH h

xUcongvH jv bcfMnmp] bowpa b<jk .jynmU tinbH Qokp , bs<l<gjH

.pQn,nmU bs<lnmp jv bcfMnmp h .v cM;yhj j<junbvvhU yMpmhp h

g;pjH i<g h bkt<gylG h .v hl<jtn,G bs<lnmU] ,; yh i<g bqk Uj

av boedgk .y nmp .g x<jgMpJnmyMpmhoH 53 h mgMpdH m<xtH] h

.v tonbonbH .pQn,nmoH nmvmn,nmp h bcfMhgjH h .vpphgn,ogjH

itgp qH moonb<jk bowpa b<jk .jynmU .d h mw pphgn,ogjH tMd

mgnhooj ax<jg<jkN



174

D. mg<gJnmp l bcfMhvhdj

1. nmgylnmp

346 . ncyw bf nbn,iUbhdj l mg<gonbj , bcfMhvhdj mg<gJnmp] ,nho

,w gnaLogyU p<xV , j<dognhH jv nbcfpenbonbH mg<gJnmoH h mw

yvgonbj nbn,p<gJnmpN

347 . .EhV] Ugn,ognhU jv cLdg;gonbj mg<gJnmp h bcfMhvhdj mg<gJnmp]

i<g lsvhdj , nbn,ohvhdj ,h jv gw b<dj v pphsyhjN boy

yh n,v svhdH tFfnp .g hkE fcvenmp , boetvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

.fcvt;Mnmonbnb , .v b<dj , x;dnmc<dnbj hcdH] Uj<lodU yh jv

yvgjH ,h jv gnaLogjH lnhp h bcfMhvhdoj .y h mndyhooH h mw

fcvtvH ,svhdoj .fcvenmonbnb hkE] ,h hpl lnhp , bvgonbj h

mw yyoxf;vH fc<;olnmoH] jq<xU yh ,h nmcV bf uvgd jv .jy>

jv bcfMhgH hj mw t<hyU l ytuxvlyhj mg<gJnmp .g bs<lnmoHN ,;

yh i<g .y .v m<conmU] Uj bf uvgU , bf yvgokU bs<lnmoH - ,h

nmp jv bf jwxcoH .g .v] - Ufg<gJnmp lf bcfMhvhdj ytuxvlnmoH

.v .g hj mgMpmhlkU x<jgMpmho mg<gJnmp h mw boevhdj] hf

bo<lcoj .g mg<gJnmoH jv cjfohngcU bn,ohpH jv bf bcfMhgjH tso

hftucocU .y jvsvhdjcU hj mndyjgonbj nmp mndnmp .g c<ljohoH

UfcvenmoH ,h x; , bf yvgonbH jv bcfMhvhdjN

348 . oQ] ,nho ,w cLdpnhH tMn, .. lf bcfMhvhdj mg<gJnmp hj av

boegyU DcwE ep hj nbn,ohvhdnb gx<;V jv uvgonbjN jv cLdpnhnp

yh jnuE jv m<coH tMn, lnhp hnm ytuxvhdj .g fc<;olnmoHN ygnhU

.g lnhp WlU jv ytuxvlyhHN ,; yh i<g] pphnmpnhnp .g nbn,ohvhoH

mg<gJnmp lf bcfMhvhdj h ohiUgnhj jv uvgonbj] ,; yh i<g] lnhp h

tnuovlyhj .g h mw nbn,pcvhdj jv uvgonbjN .g nmp hmw boevhdj

bs<lnmoH ,nho h mdogycU jv bf bcfMhvhdj .g h mw pphgn,ovhdj

bcfMnmp mg<gJnmp h uvgvH yynbxnmoH i<g .gcvbhonbnb hnmv

bcfMt;vH] hj av cLd nmgycU mwonhH .g x<jgMpmhoH h mw

nbn,pojhdj , bcfMhvhdj .p<gJnmp hj mg<gonbjN

349 . o<s] , nbn,ohvhdj nbp<gJnmp bs<lnmoH] Ujv borUgtm;vU jv

yynm hpnbcgyU i<g yynbjgyU l m<coH QokoH mdl , bcfMhvhdj

mg<gJnmpN .y jn, pgn, j<lovhU h bcfMhgyU i<g hnmv bcfMyjH

x<jgpmhU i.


175

.g] ep fx bknbH hEj.nmp jv dx uvgvH .. bcfMnmpN q;V yh] h

mg<dH UgcfMnmopU mndyhU .g h .v pphgn,ovhdH mgQn,nmU .jynmU Uj

av bktm;gkH op jv cjfpH bcfMnm QokU l bcfMG , uvgonbj hj

cjfpyU mg<gJnmpN

350 . ,nho yh ,w gnaLogyU jv ynbsMpmhdj h j<jugbn,yhj lnhp

.gmg<gJnmoH hj cjfpyU jv pjgonbj v tucom;ponbH , boetvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH sgenmoH h m<com;vH yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,; yh i<g ,

hpnbcvhdH .Ud#. h m<com;G QokoH mdl] ,nhoy yh ,w hpnbcvhdN

,nho h mg<gkU bcfMnm mg<gJnmoH , hpnbcvhdj m<conmoH hj mw

agyU i<g hj mw nbcgyU h m<com;vH moonbH fc<;olnmoHN jq<xU yh]

, bf pj uvgonbj nbp<gJnmp p<xV hf udco> QokU h bcfMG] ,nho

yh mndkU jv svhdjcU UgnbV jv n,vgonbjcU , bcfMhvhdj mg<gJnmp

ep yh t<gm h m<cocU QokU ep i<g h bkvgonbucU mg<gJnmp

hjmg<gonbj h bSnmgonbucp hsvhdH , bcfMhvhdjN ,; yh i<g] .. hj

mg<gonbo;ci ynbV hj uvgonbnhcU mg<gJnmp bqk yh yE;V j Aoconb

b<xU boy] hj av boegycU] gs h mwpnhj mg<gJnmp ep gx<;V j

uvgonbnp jv bcfMhvhdjN q;V yh] mgnhnp hj mw yMpdj j<junbvvhoH

h bcfMhvhdj ,; yh .g h bcfMhgjH h .v pghn,ogjH mg<gJnmoH

yynbxnmU ,nho l uvgvH] hf boevhd> .g DcwEN

351 . ,nho i<g h mw oMgnmpyU .g h tFfj Ufg<gJnmoH tso t<gm

hm<co> QokU l bcfMG q;V yh ,nho ,ndkU h m<xv hpnbcgyU

, m<coH .g] ,nho ,w hpnbcgyU QokU l m<coG , bcfMhvhdj

mg<gJnmpN ,; jyh boy ,j mndkU] , bcfMhvhdj i<g , ytuxvhdj

mg<gJnmp h mw yocovlyhj i<g yh , tFfvH bn,ohpH h bcfMhgjH]

QokoH mdl bf ;cvco> ep yh q;V h mw cjvn,xhdnb p<xV

h j<dognhj bs<lnmoH h bcfMhvhdjN ,; yh i<g] mgjvlnmoH ,

hpnbcvhdH ,h bcfMhvhdnhn, h mgjvhdj , nbn,ohvhdj mg<gJnmp]

,; yh , j<lovhdH t<gtm jv m<coG QokU h bcfMGN ,;go yh h

mw bf bSnmcoH pmconmU i<g bf borUgtm;nbH moonbH i<g bf

yvcom;ponbH h mw nmvbcfMtvH .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g .Ud#. jv .jy>

yynm bcfMtsnmoHN

352 . i.] ,nho ,w j<logyU jv nmcV hf uvgkU .y jn, pgn, j<lovlnmU

bs<lnmU p<xV , tFfj lnhp h yocom;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmoH

bs<lnmoH .v ,; yh jv tFngLjngnhnp h .v bo<lcoj yoxvlnmoH h sgvH



176

moonbH fc<;olnmoH .v] nmonb> yh ynbV .y ,sgvHN ep j bnuvhd>

.y h m<com;vHN ,nho ,w oMgn,ogyU .g jn, pgn, j<lovlnmoH] ep

nmp , boevhdj jv jn, mwp;gonbH fc<;olnm .pQn,nmU .Ud#.]

q;V ,nho ,w Ugn,ogyU ,h x; jv mw phvgngkU UgcfMnmU ,h lnhp ,

n,vcoH h bcfMhvhdH .g jn, pgn, j<logenmoH] ,; yh ,h jv gw

boevhdH lnhp p<xV h Ugn,ognhj hohiUgnhj jv bcfMhvhdj h m<coj

lnhp h yoxvlyhj yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh h mw j<logyU] ,nho

,dogyU p<xV , e<dLogyU jv cjfpycU mg<gJnmp l mw bcfMhvhdnhcU

,h Jj h boevhdj h yoxvlyhj bs<lnmoH bg yh , j<lovhdj lnhunbjN

bfG .g h bcfMhgyU fc<;olnmoH h bwvcoj ,nhom yh jnuE l

bcfMhvhdj jv t<jhdH gUd lsvhdH jv ytuxvhdj] q;V yh Ugn,ognhnp

jv hpnbcvhdj i<g ytuxvhdj hf t<hdcU l .v nmvngonbnhcUN

353 . okpU] hj mw oxdMpbyU mg<gJnmp] ep nmp v mndkU bqk , bf

jwgonbj] ei<nh jwgonbnp jkxV hf ytnpMpmhdnb h mw nbn,ohvhdj

bs<lnmoH] i<g yh t<gm jkxV hf uvgonbnp pgn, j<lovlnmoH i<g

j<jubylnmoH jv bktmvH .o<gy<hiMnbHN ,; yh i<g] h mw bcfMhgyU

onmvm;U ep UjnmdU gi<xv tFfj h uvgkU mg<gJnmp pph> h .vcoj h

mw cx<;bxgjH bs<lnmoH bn,ohpH i<g ;gjkH bn,hpH hj av boegyU

.g m<xtH UfcvenmoHN ,nho h avsgyU ,nho yh .v .g nbp<gJnmU

yynbxnmoH pphgn,ovlnmoH ,;go n,v pphgn,ovhdH , bcfMhvhdj

mg<gJnmp i<g h av mndvH yynbxnmoH h mw pmcoj bs<lnmoH .vN

354 . ,; yh yvV] ynbV h j<dognhH] i<g h mw gnaLogyU tMn, .. hjav

uvgkU , cjfpyU nbp<gJnmp DcwE lf yMpdj ,nhoy h mw e<dLogyU

i<g jnuE h m<co> ncyw bf ytucoj h botm;vH fc<;olnmoH

.o<gy<hiMnbH yynm fc<;olnmoH] ,nhoy ynbV h j<dognhU jv

bcfMhvhdHN

355 . hj mw j<logyU lnhp h m<com;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH ,; yh h mpcfMkU

h bkt<gylG UfpcfMU (gx<;V tMn, bn,ohpH .v ,; yh i<g ,ak;

bcvmfJkU) ,; yh h fc<;olG hj av mpcfMkcU] n,K tFng UjnbcdU i<g

j<junbvvlnmoH mw h mwpnhj lnhp ,h h gnaLognhj i<g ,h ,j<dovhdj

boj .v .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g ;gjkH bn,ohpH n,t<f;wnbH h mwohJvH

x<jgpmhU i.


177

hnbxMvH pph> bn,ohpH] ,; yh i<g hj av sgnbhonmvH moonbH hkE

.v sgenmoHN ,; yh] h mw yvpnhH yFoen,nmU i<g yDjvlnmU mwp;MkU

mg<hiMnmoH i<g j bf Ao mgnhU .y pl] q;V Ugn,ognhU jv mgnh

hkrogenmU tMn, x; bn,ohpH .v] gx<;V jv tu nmFnmsvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

i<g pph> bn,ohpHN ,h yh ,nm hnl cM;ohdH nmvhcnm<gsnmU gx<;V jv

j<dotsponbH i<g gnaLotsponbH tMn, x; bn,ohpH .v] hj mg<gonbj

lnhp l.v nmvm;ponbH ep hpl lnhU hj nmvm;ponbH ,h ;vgonbj jv

ytuxfJponbHN ,; yh i<g j<dotn,nmU i<g gnaLogenmU Ugn,ognhU jv

bcfMhgyU jv hEjgkU ep nmp .v av m<co.yhU .y lnhU jp h bcfMhdU

hEjgyJnmoH .vN

356 . hj mdogyU yh] j<junbvvlnmoH h mw yynm bcfMtsvH onqkH h mw

x<nhxvH bn,ohpH bs<lnmoH ep hjpnbcvhdcU hj av m<com;vH hkE

hnmv bcfMtscpH x; ,<xV nmp h mwpnhjcU jv cnhssvHN .o<gy<hiMnbH

bknbH i<g nmpnb> .jynmp] ,; yh .g jn, pgn, j<logenmp h

bcfMhgyU ,;go n,v yEhnb<dU UgnaLogenmU , j<dognhU jv cLdg;gonbH

.jynmp gx<;V ,nmv bcfMtsvH h mw yynb<dj h j<dognhj gnaLogenp

gx<;G , j<dovhdj mg<hiMnmp moonm mwvlnmoH] pph> mg<hiMnmp

i<g yh jv n,EhV hj av bcvgvH moonm j<jubylnmp h xswpnhjnmp

buV tMn, bn,ohpH h bcvgvHN ,nhom .jynm nmv bcfMtsnmp h.v

nbcfpn,yhH ,nmv bcfMtsvH .Ud#. i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH ohU ,dl ,

mw jsdvH fc<;olnmp , bcfMhgjH ytuxvlnmoHN jv oMsvhdH yh.y]

UjcjfiU j<junbvvlnmp .g ppgn,UvlnmoH yynbxnmoH i<g hl<jtn,vH

bxnmoH x<nhxnmoH jv .pQn,nmjyH hj av bcfMhvhdj .g DcwEN

2. , nbn,pgonbj mg<gJnmp - , cjfohdH pphgn,ovlnmU yynbx<genmU i<g jv .jy> hl<jtn,nmU x<nhxnmp

357 . hj av mgvekU m<xtH] ,nho h mdogyU jv mg<gkU UfcenmoH ,

boegyU mg<gJnmp lf bcfMhvhdj .g x<jgMpmhoH pphgn,ovlnmoH

ynbsMpmlnmoHN ,nho yh h mw oxdMpmlkU ynbV h j<dognhj

hohiUgnhj o<gT jv bf uvgonbj jv .jyH jv bf jwcoj - nmvbcfMtvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH .d .Ud#. - i<g ;gjkH bn,ohpH h bcfMhgjH ..

lnhp h tucongonbnp , yynmjhdj i<g , ytuxvhdj h mw yocom;vH

.o<gy<hiMnbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH] q;V yh] , hpnbcvhdH h m<xDH

.y bcfMnmU h mw jxvmn,yhj lnhp bs<lnmU , uvgonbH bqk yh j bf

t<jhdnb .g jn, pgn, j<lovlnmoHN



178

358 . gwi hj av boegyU lnhp .g h bcfMhgyU] mgfMnmoH ,

yFotn,ponbH i<g ,h , gnaLovhdj lnhp h bcfMhvhdj .g h mw

bwvpnmponbH yynm fc<;olnmoH tMn, x; .y m<com;nbH .o<gy<hiMnbH

h mwgwlvH moonb<jHN ,; yh] yFotn,nmU xrotsnmp ,nhom yh

hsg;vH moonbH ,h jv bwvpnmvH fc<;olnmoH tMn, x; , tMdcoH

.y mdovlnmU .d h mw gwlvH moonbH] ep yh i<g nm av msdnbH h

mw bcfMkUh ynbx<gyH .fgnmonbnb jn, pgn, j<logenmU , bcfMhgyHN

mgQn,nmU .jynmU h .v phgn,othnmkH] pnbV .f gwi] oMgn,pnhnp

.g hsvhdH i<g h m<com;vH moonbH fc<;olnmoHN ,; yh bwV] jv

ag;gonbj mg<gJnmp jv pjgonbH bwvpnmnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH .v] unhU

.g jv mgnhj jv nbn,p<gonbj mg<gJnmp l bf bcfMhvhdj moonb<jH

moonbH l .v nbnmvm;vH jv bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH] |jv

yEhnmgonbH oJvvlnmU] yynm bcfMtsnmoH gx<;V .Ud#. jv .pQn,nmjyH

,; yh .o<gy<hiMnbH .y fc<;olnmU , bcfMhvhdH|

359 . jv bf pj<hvlyhj lnhp h bcfMhgyU .g nbn,ohgenmoH UgcfMnmoH]

ownp ynbV h ohiUgnhj mg<gJnmp l bf bcfMhvhdj+ jv cjfohdjcU .g

phgn,ovlnmoH yynbxnmoH jv .jy> i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bcfMhgjH

i<g yh jv nbn,p<gonbjcU hl<jtn,nmU x<nhxnmU yynbx<genmU .g jv

.pQn,nmjyH p<xV h yocom;vH fc<;olnmoH lnhp .o<gy<hiMnbH

.pQn,nmoH yh bwV mdlN

(a) yynbx<genmU bn,p<gnmU

360 . nbn,p<gJnmU 1+ ,nho akH hj mw nbn,p<gkU bnb jv .pQn,nmhy>

jv cjfpH yynbx<genmU nbn,p<gJnmU jv bwgxvH yh .g .o<gy<hiMnbH

jv nmgxyvH jv .jyH bs<lphp i<g ;gjkH xsE bn,ohpH hav bwgxvH

hj hEjgvH boy yh n,v mndkU pph> h mg<hiMvH bn,ohpH i<g h mw

hEj.vH bcfMnmoH mdl] hj av nbnmvngnbH .g bs<lnmoH , bcfMhvhdH

yynbxnmoH nbp<gJnmoHN .y yh yynbxnmU hj bcfMhgnyH tMn, lnhp jv

hpnbcgjH , pphgn,ogjH DcwE l bf oxdMpdj i<g ;gjk bs<lnmoH

mdlN , hpnbcvhdj yh .. ynbsMpmhp p<xV j<dognhnp i<g p<xV

hsvhdnb jv ohosggonbj .. bcfMnmp] i<g yh nho h mg<gkU .g

yynbxnmoH jv .wgvH bf nbp<gvH bcfMnmp nmcV x; jv uvgvH

mg<gJnmpN

x<jgpmhU i.


179

361 . , mgnhj .o<gy<hiMnbH hfw pjmfJvH ynbspJnmoH h .v

nbnmvmfJponbH h .v u;gG jv .pQn,nmjy> jv pj mwp;gH tu

nmFnmsnmp .g jv .jyH i<g .o<gy<hiMnb tu nmvmsnmoH] hj

pj mwpnhucU jv tunmFnm;vH moonbHN jq<xU mg;ci bn,p xsE

mg<hiMG ,; yh tMn, mwpnhooH h mw hEj.G i<g yh nbcfpyvH .g

yynbxnmoH ,; yh bn, bn,ohU .o<gy<hiMnm;ci .EhfE bwvpnm;ci

.g yynbxnmoH hj mwpnhucUN bnb bn,ohU .Ehf< tso h j<dognhucU

.g jv bwvpnmG bktmsnmoH , boevhdj .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH h

m<com;vH .xyfMnmonbH i<g yh , j<dognhH .g jv bwvpnmG jv fcveG

gi<com;vH .d tMd .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH h mw gwlvH , fcve<gnbG

.g h yynbx<gtov ,; yh hpnbcgnyH x<jgMpMnmyMpmhoH 228 hj av mw

boegyU .yN

362 . ep nmp Uhf cLd nmdU nev ,gwvH bn,ohpH lj av bwvpnmnb<cU .g

yynbxnmoH q;V yh h tFfcpH .g jv bwfovH bn,ohpH hnm av cjfpjH

.fdogenmonbnb hj av m<com;vH .xyfMnmonbH i<g jv g;pjH hEj.

nmp jv nmv bcfMyvH .g h bx<gtov yynbxnmoH] ,; yh i<g pnbV

jv bxqwH bxnmoH jv n,vcom;vH , nbn,p<gvH pj<hvlnmp i<g ,

bcfMvHN hj onKMcpH i<g x; qH jv mgwnb<cU .g yynbxnmoH ,nho jv

fxgwnb<cU .g yynbxnmoH jv dx uvgvH bs<lnmpN

363 . yynbxnmoH h Ugn,ognhU jv mgnb<cU bn,ohpH jv nbnmvngvH x<nhxnmU]

ep nmp Ugn,ognhU jv tFfvH] q;V hj .vcpH .g jv .pQn,nmjyH

.gcvbhp i<g x; ;gjkH bn,ohpH .y snm bs<lnmp hj bcfMhgjHN

364 . yynbxnmoH hj nbn,pct;nbH i<g jv .fo;vH jv .pQn,nmjynb o<s

xAU yh jv bcfMvH ,; yh jEnh tp jn, .fovH .g yynbxnmoHN ,; yh

jv .jyH hj bcfMG nbxMG jv phgn,ogH h .v cjfohdj yMpmhp nb

xMH .v ,; yh jv .fp<cU l oho<gtov .g bs<lnmoH hj .vcUbqk .y

hj mpcfMG bn,p nbxMH hj oho<gH tMn, h .v pphgn,ovhdj h m<co

j lnhp bs<lnmoHN

365 . .g h bx<gjH yynbxnmoH hj fcbynbhonbnpH ,o;H h fcbyvH .ro>

snm bcfMnmp h .v phgn,ogjH yynm bx<genmoH h ak; uvgvH fc<;olnmp

bs<lnmoHN h m<coG QokU i<g fcmlnmp .g yynbxnmoH hj uvgonbnp .g

hj .foG jv pphgn,ogH i<g p<;esgH h mw uJimhdj j<jugmn,nmp hj

.v nbn,p<gonbj .g .Ud#. jv .jyH mg<gJnmoH huJimhdjN



180

366 . h .v phgn,ogjH .g yynbxnmoH nmpnb> .g h bcfMhgnyH tMn, .g

lnhp .v+

(a) jv nbn,o cjfohdH h mw yynbMpdj lnhp l bcfMhvhdj

mg<gJnmoH l mw pmpnhj jv .fvhdH l mw tucov}

(b) jv uvgonbj h ohiUgnhj nbp<gJnmp pj<hvlnmoH]

bktmsnmoH i<g ;gjk h .v bo<lcoj h uvgonbj

ytuxvlnmoH}

(c) gs xAU jv cjfohdj fcvenmyMpmhp jv toG jv

.pQn,nmjy> jv j<logefoG giwpnmyhooH .g bs<lnmp

nbp<gJnmp hj bcfMhvhdj i<g hj mw bvp;gonbH

ytuxvlnmoH p<xV j<gcgU .y jv sgjH .; h bxvH

yynbx<genmoH}

(d) jv bmvp;gonbH hj .foG bn,p hf nbnmoUgH mwpnhooH

bs<lnmp .g h .v Kt<hnbG jv .pQn,nmjynb i<g ;gjk

bs<lphp .g .Ud#. jv .jyH jv .v mwp;gvH v yynm

bcfMtsponbH}

(e) , nbn,pMpmhdj i<g , mwvqmhdj nbp<gJnmp .d

yynbxnmoH jv pphgnbcgH hj mg<gonbooj bnb h .v

Kt<hnbG jv .pQn,nmjynb jv p<;esgH} i<g yh

(f) pjpl jv mwvqbyG jv .jyH bs<lphpH jv hpnbcgjH

fcvenm yMpmhp ,fwpnmyhooH bcfMnmp nbp<gJnmp i<g

;gjk h uvgonbj bcfMnmoHN

(b) h pphgn,ogjH bs<lnmp h bm<cooH yynbx<genmU .g jv .pQn,nmjyH

,; yh .o<gy<hiMnbH ,; yh fc<;olnmU bs<lnmp

367 . nbn,p<gJnmU 2+ jv boevhdH x<jgMpJnm yMpmhoH 1(b) hj

mg<gonbH mgQn,nmU .g jv .pQn,nmU .jynmU 1288/2011 .c<;nm xMT

11] 2011 hj mg<gonbH bcfMnmU h uvgonbU ,nho h mg<gJkcU jv

.pQn,nmjy> jv cjfpjcU yynbx<genmU jv pphgn,ogjH h m<coH

tMn, bs<lnmU h uvgonbj .g jv .pQn,nmjyhH h mw bwvcovH

x<jgpmhU i.


181

.o<gy<hiMnbH .g bs<lnmoH i<g fc<;olnm bs<lnmp .pQn,nmoH

mdlN jv nbn,p<gonbH yh .y yynbx<genmU jv pphgn,ogjH ,f m<cooH

bs<lnmp h uvgonbj .g ep nmp DcwE jv hpnbcvhdH .y hsvhdH

,nho x; mwp;gH jv .jy> jv pjgonbH tu nmFnmsnmU .o<gy<hiMnbH

h m<com;vH .g fc<;olnmoH h yoxf;vH ,; yh i<g .pQn,nmoH h

m<com;vH h mw ytqtm;vH bg ,nm bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoHN

368 . hj av boegycU bqk] ,nho ,w gnaLogyU .g h m<com;ponbH

fc<;olnmp i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH tso bqk jv yocom;nbHN ,; yh akH

jv bkb> .g .Ud#. jv .jyH bs<lphU j mnd>+ |.pQn,nmp fc<;olnmoH

ep nmp nmFnmgnyH .o<gy<hiMnbH ..| .y h m<com;vH moonbH jv tFG

xAp bqk .y m<com;nbH ep yh hpl .v cxM<lovhd> jv ytucongonbH]

q;V xsE mwp;gonbnp bj h mwp;gvH , bcfMhgjH .v<h> , hpnbctvH]

gx<;V , hpnbcgjH jv .pQn,nmjy> jv pgn,j<logH ,h nmp yiUvlnmU

.g jv bcvgonbH , boevhdj m<conmp i<g hlgn,ogenmp jv bcvgonbj

, boetvH .o<gy<hiMnbHN ,; yh h mw hpnbcgyU] hj tu .fpnyH

.o<gy<hiMnbH hoho<gjH .jynmp i<g ;gjkH bn,ohpH h g;pjH h

j<dognhooH nbpMpmhp bs<lnmoH .v} .; h yynmx<gjH h pphgn,ogjH

bs<lnmp ep nmp .y hsvhdcU jv .v c<xyhH lnhU l bcfMyhH .g jv

.pQn,nmjyH jv .fpjH hav mw fcvevH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv bf yvgonbH

r<hp> jv ytucongonbH h mw yocoj lnhp fc<;olnmoH jv n,EhV hj

.v m<com;vH moonbH ,; yh ,h hpl , .v nbnmvgonbH jv ytuxvhdH

jv nmvmvH moonbH] ep yh .v cxM<lovhd;cUN

369 . yynbxnmoH hj hnlvlenbH jv pj<hsvH pjpl ,; yh i<g hpl onqak;

xAU jv nbn,iUgH jv .pQn,nmjy>N ,; yh ,nho hnmsgyU jv tpjH lnhp

l.v uJibjH .g yynbxnmoH] ynbspvlnmoH h av bwvpnmvH bn,ohpH]

,; yh nmp x; jv .pQn,nmjy> hj nbn,iUgT gi lsvhdoH q;V yh]

ep onm cwv<lU lnhp h mw Ugn,og;MkU h mwpnhH UgcfMnmU] ,nho ,h

n,v bf boegyU jv bf jsdkU .g boevlnmoHN ,; yh i<g h mwpnhH

fcvenmoH] ep Ugn,odU jv bf pjgkU lsvhdjcU .g hj mwp;gonbH

yynbMpmhoH .g h uvgvH h mw x<nhxvHN ,nho yh i<g hj mw agnbjH

.o<gy<hiMnbH ,j j<dogjH jv jn, cjfohdjcU jv bcvgonbH .y

moonm mg<;olnmU .d fc<;olnm bs<lnmoHN ,; yh ,f fx uvgonbH]

,;go yh l mw boevhdjcU .g h mw bx<gjH h pphgn,ogjH bs<lnmoH

x<nhxnmoHN



182

370 . .g nbn,p<gJnmoH hj .v cM;yhH yynbxnmU h pphgn,ogjH bs<lnmU

hbm<cooH ,; yh .g h x<nhxvH yynbx<genmoH ,; yh jv .pQn,nmjy>

ep x; nmpnb> hj ak; uvgonbH jv ytuxgjH lnhp .g fc<;olnmoH h

yyoxvlyhj hj cLdnmvhdj UfcvenmoH] q;V ,;go n,v j<junbvvlyhj

, j<dognhH jv bvxvhdj yoxvlnmp hj mndG jv .jy> .gs<lphp jv

nmvngvH jv bcfMhgjH v tuxom;vH .o<gy<hiMnb h m<com;vHN ,; yh

,nmv bcfMhvhdj .. yynbxnmp i<g yynmbx<genmp ,nm hnl tuxvhdj

h mw yopnhj bs<lnmoH .g fc<;olnmoH i<g jv nmv bcfMtvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH ,; yh jv .pQn,nmjy>] jv pmpnhj i<g ,nm tuxvhdj h

mw yocom;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH fc<;olnmoHN

3. mg<gJnmp , j<dovhdj h mg<dj yoconmp .g fc<;olnmoH

371 . gwi hj av mndkU p<xV h cLdnmgyU .g UfcvenmoH] p<xV cLdiU .g

jv mgnhU lnhp h gnaLognhj jv .v ytuxvhdj h mw yocom;vH moonbH

.d .Ud#. fc<;olnmoH ,; yh jq<xU mgnhnhn, lnhp l uJimhdj jv

ytuxvhdj fc<;olnmolnmoH .v jv wjmvH moonbH jv av bwvpnmvH .g

.Ud#. yynm fc<;olnmoHN

372 . h mg<dj fc<;olnmoH mg<gJnmp .g oxdMpdnb m<conmp+

• h mw nbo oMsgsvH .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g h mg<dj .g bhtjvhtH

hj .sdvH ydnbH hifkpH h mg<gvH fc<;olnm .pQn,nmp}

• h mwpnhH yFotsnmU cnhssnmoH xwwH jkxV mgnhU .y

fc<;olnmoH i<g hsgvH moonbH .gpH xwwH h cjfovH jnc.

snmht;H h gwlvH] ,h nhk<H hsg;vH .jncbn,Mnb i<g ,h hpl

, .fohdoj , fcvevH moonbH hsgvH fc<;olnmoH bg ,

boegjH lo;H}

• ynbV h mw j<logjH moonbH , hpnbcgjH h mwpnhooH i<g

hsgvH .g .v fc<;olnmoH yUdnmUgnyH i<g ep nmpnb> .g .v

nmvm;nbH nhg> ,sgvH}

• ep i<g gna nhk<H mgonb l bkt<gy;vH fc<;olnmoH .d

ynbV jn,fuH h gwlvH moonbH ,; yh ,nho n,v .vg> UgnbV

cjfofJvH jv jnc.vH ,h ,j pEnlnbwgyJvH mg<;olnmoH}

x<jgpmhU i.


183

• ,; yh nmp h mw tucoH lnhU] ,nho h mw agyU i<g ,

bktgkU fcvenmoH mju;ci jv bkvgonbj lnhp h yoxvlyhj

fc<;olnmoH ,;go yh lfw sg;nb<cU moonbH ,h hpl jv av

bwvpnmnb<cU .g yynm fc<;olnmoH hf bSnmcocU yh buV h

m<com;vH moonbHN

373 . ,;yh jv boevhdj yocovlnmp .g fc<;olnmoH ,nho h mg<gkU

lnhp l bf bcfMhvhdj+

nbn,p<gJnmU 3+ hEnh yMpbyU .g .fdogenmonb>

.g yynbxnmoH h ppgh,ogjH bs<lnmoH] .Ud#. jv

.pQn,nmjy> hj mndvH jv bwfohdj moonm mwvlnmp

j<jubylnmp tMn, .g .Ud#. bcvbhpH h bcfMhgjH

fc<;olnmp h bcfMhgnbvH .o<gy<hiMnb] .jncbn,Mnb]

fc<;olnmht;H bcvbhp] hownbpvtn,vH h bkt<gylvH]

jnc.snmht;H h pphvbvH jncbhp ,;yh ;gjk bcfMnmp

.g h .v bo<luvgonbjN

otnuodU yh .y ,w j<jubyhonbH tMn, h mwpnhj

bs<lnmoH moonm mwvlnmp j<jubylnmp jv j<logjH

mwpnhooj ,nho i<g op mw nmvm;kU .y h mgcfMkU

hj av fc<;olkUN q;V yh] .y j<jubylnmU h gwicocU]

jv yynmohdj i<g tMn, bn,ohpH jv j<jubyJvH .ro> h

bcfMhgjH fc<;olnmp h nmv bcfMyvH .o<gy<hiMnb] ep

nmp jv pphnmp;gonbj i<g yh jv ak;mvH x; lj<jubyvH

.ro>N

• nbp<gJnmU 4+ jv .pQn,nmjy> nmp hf jsgg> .. pgn,

j<logenmp h av cjfpjH .g h phgn,Uvhdj yynbxnmU h .v

cjfohdj nbn,p<gJnmp+

(a) , j<jubyJponbH bkt<gylnmU .g bwvpnmnmoH h

bwvcovH .g .Ud#. h pgylnm nmvmn,nmp h bkt<gylvH

.d ynbV jn,fuH] tFfnp .g pph> lnhp h bcfMhvhdj

gx<;V ,h h mw tucom;vH moonbH bkt<gylnmoH .v]

, ppnbcsyhooj .fgnmonbnb i<g h mg<gonbj l mw



184

fc<;olvH i<g ;gjk bs<lnmp h uvgonbjN boy ynbV

h hpnbcvhdcU hsgjH nmpnb> .d jv jn,fuH phabusH

ca<jg<jk hsgjH , fc<;ohonbooH h mw ppnbcsyhooj

moonb<jk i<g nbn,pvlnmp h avmsdvH bn,ohpH h

pnbcgjH fc<;olnmht;H ,dvmsdvH o<stgp fcmhU b<jk

, m<xKcgjH .vN ,;yh i<g gx<;V lhG hsgjH .d b_P<h

b<jH hsgjH nmpnb> , .vxgjH mwohJnmp okputgp

fcmhU b<jk , m<xKcgjH fc<;olnmhtnh i<g h fc<;oG

nmp hEjg> lo;H jv bktgG jv ywgG h mwp;gonbooH

yynm fc<;olnmoH] i<g l mw tucom;<cU hj mwp;gvH

nmp .d b_P<h b<jH j nbn,pMpbnyH nmp> l mwp;gvH

mg<gJnmoH .g h mgMpdH 193 nbpMpmhoHN jn,fuH

.Ud#. h mwpnhH tMn, , hpnbcvhdH b<jk i<g h

m<xKcsyhj mgnmp i<g h m<com;ponbH lnhp ,nho

,wpnhooj i<g nmpnb> h m<com;vH h yocom;vH h mw

gwlvH .d b_P<h b<jH oQ fc<;olnmoH mw+

(b) hj mw j<jubyJponbH .o<gy<hiMnbH .jncbn,MnmU

bs<lnmU h boevhdj i<g yh h mw oMgn,ohdj h

m<com;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH .jncbn,MnbH .pQn,nmoH mw]

hj mg<gonbooH bs<lnmoH h mw pphgn,ovhdH .d hmw

bcfMvH .o<gy<hiMnbH hsgjH , bcfMhgjH bs<lnmp

pph> ,; yh i<g hj cjfohdH h ak; uvgonbH jn,

pgn, j<lovlnmU yynbx<genmU fc<;olnmoH h mw

nbp<gonbj lnhp h av boevhdj h mw yocom;ponbH

.jncbnmMnmoH ,; yh i<g , nbn,pMpmhdH hohiUgnhj

moonm mg<hiMnmp j<jubylnmoH , Ugn,og;MvH jv

j<logjH .jncbn,MnbH .. j<jubylnmp} i<g yh

(c) , jn, hpnbcvhdH .o<gy<hiMnbH h bcfMvH .g

fc<;olnmht;H bs<lnmU i<g yh , pgn, j<lovhdj lnhp

bs<lnmoH h Ugn,ognhj jv ytuxvhdjN

x<jgpmhU i.


185

.. tMn, lnhp hj mw pgn,j<lovhdj i<g jn, hpnbcvhdj

ep nmp Ugn,ognhU jv jnpxlgonbj] .g h mw hpnbcvhdj

bs<lnmp] ,; yh .Ud#. bs<lphpH hj xeggnbH .ro>

bs<lnmoo> ,; yh i<g jv bktbH .o<gy<hiMnbN ,;

yh l bf m<com;ponbH pgn, j<logenmoH i<g , jn,

hpnbcvhdj h m<coj bs<lnmokH hj cjfohdnb mg<gJnmp

.g h mw pphgn,ovhdj yynbxnmoH jv hpnbcgjH i<g

i<gnb> jv cjfpjH l mg<gJvHN

• nbn,p<gJnmU 5+ jv .pQn,nmjy> j .w,nbH l .v Kt<h;G .pQn,nmjyH] jv pphgn,ogH .o<gy<hiMnbH h m<com;vH

fc<;olnmoH ,; yh bwV .g h mw pphgn,Uvhdj yynbxnmoH

bs<lnmp .g UfcvenmoHN .y jv .pQn,nmhyH hj .v .wgonbH

yynbxnmU h .v nbnmvhcnm<gjH bs<lnmoH hEj.nmp g;pnyH .;

bs<lphpH .g .v .Ud#. jv .jyH .vN bnb h .v Kt<hnbG jv

.pQn,nmjynb nmp hf uvg> jv nmvbcfMyG .o<gy<hiMnb jv

bcfMhgjH hmw yocom;vH yynm fc<;olnmoH lnhp] ,; yh

lnhp h yocom;vH .g .v fc<;olnmoH i<g yh jv pmxvhdj

jv tucojN bnb yh bn,ohU .g h bwvpnmG yynbxnmoH h mw

pphgn,Uvhdj bs<lnmp bp bn,ohU gwi Ugn,og;M> jv bcfMhgH

h mw Ugn,og;MG jv nmv bcfMyG yynmenmp i<g yynbx<genmoH

x<nhxnmoH jv bf fcve<gnbH jv tpG ynbsMpmhp fcvenp jv

.pQn,nmjynb hj mgQnbfG jv sgHN j<junbvvlnmU .y] bp .y

h mpcfMG] h mw yopnhH fc<;olnmoH h mw nbo oMsgsponbH

i<g ,h h mw cLdg;gonbj bs<lnmp h uvgonbj .g yynm

fc<;olnmo .Ud#.] bp h Kt<hnbG jv .pQn,nmjynb hj

hnlvlecU jv toG b<jnm yMpmhoo> jv ynbsMpdj .v mgnmp h

mw tMd mgnhj h mw pphgn,Uvhdj h nhkv mghucp ..N

• nbn,p<gJnmU 6+ hEnh .fohdj hj av mgQn,vH .g yynbxnmoH

h .v ppgn,Uvhdj bs<lnmoH] jv pjgonbnhcU hj mwp;gonbj

fc<;olnmp j<jubylnm bs<lnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH .v jv

j<jubyJvH mwpnhj i<g ,g<dj fc<;olnmp .pQn,nmoH i<g yh+



186

(a) jv .wgonbnhcU yMpmhoq .o<gy<hiMnbH .fwjnWnmonbH

jv cjfohdj h n,vgnhj mndnmp fc<;olnmoH nmgylnmoH

.v i<g yh nmgylnmp jv j<dovhdj h mw bcfMhvhdj

fc<;olnmp pph> h bmwpnhj ,; yh h mwpnhooH Us;uU

pgn, j<lovlnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH}

(b) jv cjfohdj bs<lnmp .o<gy<hiMnb jv bkt<gynbH

nbnmvmn,nmoH mdl jv bktbG moonbH h bmwpnhj

i<g mg<dj yynm fc<;olnmoH .pQn,nmpN .jncbn,MnbH

jv nbn,ocjfongcU jv bcfMhgjH okpuqC moonb<jk jv

bktgegjH h m<com;vH moonbH fc<;olnmp moonb<jHN

.; .jncbn,MnbH xgy h j<jubynbhonmcpH jv j<logjH

mwpnhj moonm xyfMnmp nhk<H jv oMgnmogjH lnhp h

bcfMhgjH i<g bkt<gynbgjH} .y bs<lnmU jcjfpT jv

.pQn,nmjy>N .; h bkt<gynbgjH h m<coj lnhp moonb<jH

,nho h mwp;gonbooj .gcfMnmonbnb jv cjfpjH

pj<hvlnmp nmgylnmoH .v mwpnhj pph> fc<;olnmp

.pQn,nmoH .d moonb<jHN

(c) jv cjfohdnhcU i<g Dh<dcovhp i<g yh j<jubylnmp

bcvgnmp] jv mwp;gonbH h mw jnWvH moonbH]

jvj<jubyvH moonbH i<g h bmwpnhj i<g mg<dj pph>

fc<;olnmp .pQn,nmoH i<g , j<gcgH jv bwvpnmvH .g

moonbH yynm fc<;olnmoH} i<g yh

(d) h mw hpnbcvhdj h m<coG QokU bs<lnmoH ,;go

lmw yMp.ngcU hnm j<jubyJvH .d .Ud#. .pQn,nmp

j<jubysnmht;H jv bwvpnmvH rnhV , oxooH h

cjfohdH j<jubylnmp i<g pgylnm nmvnmn,nmp bs<lnmp

.o<gy<hiMnbH bwvpnmnmoH yynm fc<;olnmoH ,; yhi<g

jv j<jubyJponbH mwpnhj fc<;olnmp ,; tp yynm

fc<;olnmoH , bktmsvH .jyhp i<g fc<;olnmht;H

bcvbhpN

x<jgpmhU i.


187

j<dognhU jv cLdnmvhdj tMn, h bmwpnhj

j<jubylnmp bs<lnmoH m<xtH hj av nmvhdj .g

yynbxnmoH h .v pphgn,Uvhdj bs<lnmp q;V yh jv

bktmvH ;gjkH h bcfMhgjH bcfMnmp i<g ;gjk h

oho<gjH bs<lnmp i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmpN

• nbn,p<gJnmU 7+ , hpnbctvH .o<gy<hiMnbH .EhfKH] i<g

yh] jv bwfofcU .o<gy<hiMnbH .Ehf< .g yynbxnmoH h

.v phg,Uvhdj bs<lnmp ] hj mw nbn,ojhdj mg<gJnmoH

jvpsgyvH .g .Ud#. pgylnm nmvmn,nmoH bnbwqH i<g

.EhfKH xtmn,nmoH jv cjfohdH pj<hvlnmU .o<gy<hiMnbH

.EhfKH .v moonb<jH hgwlvH ,; yh jv cLdnmvhdj mwpnhj

pph> fc<;olnmp .pQn,nmoH h mw yocom;vH .EhfKH

.g yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g ;gjk fc<;olnmoH jv fcsvhdj

.g jn, pgn, j<logenmoHN h pgynbG bnbwq i<g .EhfK

Ugn,og;M> i<g nmp jv nbn,pMpbH fcvenm yMpmhoo> hj

pj<hvlG jv boegH} ncyw bf cjfohdj fcvenbMpmhp .g

yynbxnmoH h mw pgn,Uvhdj bs<lnmoH yynbxnmoH i<g

.Ud#. pgylnm nmvmn,nmp bnbwqH i<g .EhfKH jv bktmsvH

;gjk bs<lnmp h .jyhgjH i<g ;gjkH .o<gy<hiMnbH h ak;

xUcongvH bs<lnmpN

4. nbn,p<gJnmp , hpnbcvhdj mgMpmhdj .pQn,nmp yynm fc<;olnmoH h mw nbn,pctvH bwvpnmnmoH sgenmoH

374 . yynm uvgnmp tMn, bn,ohpH h bcfMhgjH hj av pj<hnbjH gx<;V

jv .jyH bs<lphpH] buV hmwpnhj mg<gJnmp fc<;olnmoH bs<lnmoH

bcvbhpH h mwp;gvH ynbsMpmhp h .vxgjH mwohJnmp .g h bcvgvH

yynm fc<;olnmoH ep fx .fphonbnpH jv bwgxvH .g moonbHN ,nho

,w cLdognhU jv hnlsvhdjcU h .vxvhdj mwohJnmp h mw yynm

ynbsMpJvH i<g buvl hj uvgonbj h mw gwlvH moonbH moonb<jHN

buV h mwpnhj gnaLogenmojH fc<;olnmp bs<lnmp hsvhdH , .fohdj

mwohJnmp ynbMpJnmoH nmgylnmoH .d cU nbxMG] ,nm nhk<H svhdj

yhsgenmoH , mdovhdH q;V tso yoxvlyhU .y ,svhdH ep gna

nhk<nh<dnb .g mwohJnmp h .fohdj jv bcgj yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,;

yh i<g] ep gnayhnp jv bcvgonbj yynbMpJnmoH] ,ho ,w oMsvhdH

jkxV jv uvgonbjcU .y mw jv wjmngcU moonbH jv jEApgvH jEApvhp

i<g jv jn,vqbjH nmcV ,; yh x; jv msdvH m<x av Ustngn,N



188

375 . hj mg<gkU nbn,p<gJnmoH l bcfMhvhdj , boegyU fc<;olnmp]

p<xV , Ugn,ognhH jv yynm bcfMhvhdj .d h oho<gjH bcfMnmp i<g

.o<gy<hiMnb jv yynmohdj h bcfMhvhdj .g h .v pphgn,Uvhdj

yynbxnmoH hj av nmgyU m<xtH] ,; yh i<g jv .fohdj h mndvH aakH

bn,ohpH h m<com;vH bn,ohpH ,; yh i<g jv hpnbctvH .o<gy<hiMnbH

h m<com;vH ak; hpnbctfJnmoH mdlN ,nho ,w b<aoekU ..

nbn,p<gJnmp hj bcfMhgyU i<g hj mw t<hyU yynm bcfMtsnmoH .g jv

.jyH i<g bo<l jv .jyH bcfMtsnmoH .o<gy<hiMnbH i<g .d .Ud#.]

.o<gy<hiMnbH .jynmp jmndnbH jv yynm bcfMyvH jv hnl t<jhdj l

nmvm;ponbH jv ykEjhdH h mw yocoponbH ,h ewW h mw boevhdj

bot;Mnmp i<g tMn, nbn,onmoH h mw nbcvhdj m<comn,nmoH] ,;

yh i<g] jv pmp;gonbj ynbsMpmhoH nmgylnmp h mw ynbsMpJvH

.o<gy<hiMnbH h gwlvH moonb<jHN

376 . cfy x; , boevhdj bktmsnmoH lnhp hj mjU] ,;go yh hj cjfpyU

mg<gJnmp+

• nbn,p<gjnmU 8+ jv .pQn,nmjy>] hj bktmsvH .g yynbxnmoH

h pphgn,UgjH bs<lnmp] j bf uvgonbH jv jwcooH ,

bcfMhgjH Qokp l bcfMov i<g yh lnhp l .v nbnmvm;vH]

, bcvgvH , .vxvjH .g b;Mnm bs<lnmoH mwohJnmp h

mwynbsMpdj .o<gy<hiMnbH moonb<jH h gwlvH .v ,; yh

ynbsMpmhoH yh bf ynbvgonbj .y .v yynm fc<;olnmoHN

,nho op mw nbcgyU .y h m<com;vH moonbH l mw

tucom;nb<cU .g ,nm bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoHN ,nho

i<g mw b<aoekU] jq<xU sgenmoH mw tucongonbl , bcgj

mwohJnmp h .fohdj b;Mnm bs<lnmoH ynbMpJmoH hj svhdcU

jv jwvqmhdH h mw bcfMhvhd}

• nbn,p<gJnmU 9+ , bf bo<;coH hj mg<gkU .g jn, pgn,

j<logenmoH] jv .pQn,nmjy> i<g .o<gy<hiMnbH] ,nmv

bkttvH .g h pphgn,UgjH bs<lnmoH yynbxnmU] j bwgjgnyH

tMn, bs<lnmp jv nmvm;ponbH ynbsMpmhp hmw hpn,ovhdj

ynbsMpmhp] , bwfohdj ynbsMpJnmp .g moonb<jH

nmgylnmoH] ,; yh xUxJnmU bs<lnmU nmgylnmoH i<g ;gjk

h mw yMpdj sgenmp ,; yh i<g] hsvhdj hj mw svhdj

x<jgpmhU i.


189

lnhp .g yMpJnmoH gx<;

jv jn, mwp;gonbjcU

.y p<;tsnmU oMsgsnmU

.; .Ud#. i<g hpg

jv .jynbH , hpnbcgjH

jv ypvgvH.g moonb<jH

ynbsMpJnmp nmgylnmoH

i<g yh p<;tsnmp

oMsgsnmp .g .Ud#.

i<g ;gjk bs<lnmoH ,;

yh .o<gy<hiMnbH h mw

pmpnhj}

• nbn,p<gJnmU 10} jv .pQn,nmjy>] , bktmsvH yynbxnmU h

.v pphgn,Uvhdj bs<lnmp i<g jv jn, mwp;gonbj jEApvhp

hnlvlenmp hj mwvqmhdj h UstvH bn,pcgenmoH yynm

fc<;olnmoH}

(a) jv mwp;gonbj mwjnWnmp jv n,vgnhj mndnmoH}

(b) jv nl<hMpmhdj i<g mnd<ghvhdj jEApvhp hnlvlenmoH h

mw jnWn,vH moonbH h mw pmgnhooj}

(c) jv hMmhdj mndnmp h mw cnhMgnhj i<g x; ;<gvegnhj

gx<;V jv fcmlG bn,p ,h , av jn,vqbH jEApvhp

jv cjfohdj mndnmp h pmgnhj .g .Ud#. .pQn,nmoH

h mw Ugn,og;MvH bn,ohpH jv jEApgJvH ,; yh

jv jn,vqbjH nmcV boy yh n,vsvhdH , j<dognhJ

fc<;olnmoH jv nhk<;pnhH mg<;olnmU .Ud#.

fc<;olnmoH}

(d) .g fxsvlnmoH h .v nbnmvm;vH .o<gy<hiMnbH hgwlvH

moonb<jH .Ud#. p,ogtm;nbH h mg<dj .g hifkU

yMpmhp h mw nmvhdH , hjl gwlsgH bn,p hpg<jo>

mgQn,nmU , hpnbcvhdJ .g 2(b) yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH] ,; yh i<g hjmwp;gonbH nbnm

.fpenbnl hj mg<gonbooH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv fcvefJvH

, gnavH .g gwi ,j gwhsgjH hpg<jo>}



190

(e) hEj.nmp , g;pjH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv nbn,pcyvH bcvbhp

gx<;V .jyhp i<g .jyhoq] jWbknb jv mndvH ,h jv

cjfpvH jv bwvpnmov yynm fc<;olnmoH} ,;yh

(f) jv nbn,oohdj] .pQn,nmp .g yynm fc<;olnmU bs<lnmU

ynhMpmhoH] jv cjfovH h jEApvlvH okpu jwhnb h

tovH jv jn,vqbjH jEApvhp hnlvlenmp}

• nbn,p<gJnmU 11+ jv .pQn,nmjy>] , bktmsvH .g yynbxnmUh

.v pphgn,Uvhdj bs<lnmp] j mndnbH jv cjfohdj

mwp;gonbnp fc<;olnmp sgenmoH .d twe;yp<jH hsvhdj

.d nmp Ustn,nmp i<g jEApvhp ,h yh , av jn,vqmhdoj]

tp x; mwvqbeH jEApvhp hj mgMpbjH h mw gwlo;ci ..

bn,ohp] ,nho yh ,w bmvsvhdH ,h , av pEnlnbwngG h

yMpbyG h UstG .g yynm fc<;olmoH ep nbLE jsvhdH jv

c<jv<jhdH .gN

• nbn,p<gJnmU 12+ jv .pQn,jy> , bktmsvH .g yynbxnmoH h

.v pphgn,UgjH bs<lnmp] j mdognyH jv cjfpjH l mwp;gvH

sgenmoH jv bwvpnmvH moonbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

,h h fcbyvH snbH] boy yh n,v mdovhdH jv sgjH jv

nbnmvngvH h mw ynbsMpmhonbH fc<;olnmoH .vN ,nho nmp

svhdH twe;y<jH .d jv mgnmoH o: L%H x<jg<jH jv nbnmvngvH

yynm fc<;olnmoH ,; yh tFngkH .vxgnyH mwohJnmp h mw

yynbMpJponbH] bfG yh q;V bn?kcyhonbnpH .y ,svhdH] hj

j<dcfMnbH yh .g .o<gy<hiMnbH bwvpnmnmoH .Ud#.HN ,;

yh , tEnhfohdH h .v nbnmvngonbH ;gjk h mwpnhH yynm

fc<;olnmU mwohJnmp h mw .Gfohdj] jv .pQn,nmjy> i<g

yynbxnmU j mndnbH , .fpjH .y hsvhdoH ,h jv b;m;vH

nbosg;vH xnhp> h .vxvhdj mwohJnmp h mg<dHbs<lnmoHN

• nbn,p<gJnmU 13+ jv .pQn,nmjy> , bktmsvH yynbxnmU h .v

pphgn,Uvhdj bs<lnmp ,nho h mg<gvH , Ugn,og;MvH moonbH

jv hEj.vH jv n,t<f;wevH i<g n,x<fnlkevH .g bwvpnmnmoH

x<jgpmhU i.


191

yynm fc<;olnmoH i<g h mgnhucp nl<hMpmhp mwjnWnmoH

jv cjfohdj .g jEApvhoH sgenmoH hj mw bvcongonbj

bs<lnmoHN

• nbn,p<gJnmU 14+ jv .pQn,nmjy> , bktmsvH yynbxnmU h .v

pphgn,Uvhdj bs<lnmp] jv cjfohdj ,wpnhj sgenmoH lnhp l

ytuxvhlyhj h mw yocom;vH moonbH h yMpJvH fc<;olnmoH

,h yh Jj nmp jv lnhU n,vj fc<;ovH ,nho yh hmndvH ,h

jv bwvpnmvH .g yynm fc<;olnmojH}

(a) hj mw bvcongonbj mg<gJnmp .g yynm fc<;olnmU

bs<lnmU ynhMpmhoH hj mw cjfohdj jv nbpnmvq.G

bn,ohpH .g hj xvcovH fc<;olnmoH ,h jv bwvpnmvH

yynm fc<;olnmoH] gwi yh .y jv mw hpnbcvhdH .g

h mg<dH fc<;olnmU] q;V DhnbwwnbH .y hsgvH .g

bn,ohpH}

(b) jv wjtvH i<g hl<jtvH , nmvhcnm<gvH .o<gy<hiMnbH jv

psgyJvH jv AootvH hj mw cx;olvH fc<;olnmoH jv

hM.vH .g .v} ,; yh i<g

(c) , hpnbcvhdH jq<xU] jEnh pl] bn,p hj av cx;olG

fc<;olnmoH hj mjoo> jv dclog;MG jv bwvpnmG yynm

fc<;olnmoHN .d nmp ydnb<jH n,_< bhtjvhtH] bn,ohpH

hj av cx;olvH hkE .v ep hpl cjfphonbnpH jv

bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH hpl oQ i<g okpU xAU q;V

hpnbcvhdonb .cx;olnmp hj mg<;ohdoj}

• nbn,p<gJnmU 15+ jv .pQn,nmjy> , bktmsvH .g yynbxnmU

h .v pphgn,UvhdH bs<lnmp pmcovlnmoH hl<jtn,nmoH

.v , .p<gonbJ .g jv .pQn,nmjyH hpg] hj mwp;gonbH

fc<;olnmoH cx;olnmp h .v pphgn,Uvhdj] ,;go yh

l .v nmvmn,yhjcU h .v yocxlyhj lnhp h mw yFotvH

xnhfsnmoHhsgvH , yiUgtmvH moonbH h bwvpnmvH yynm

fc<;olnmoHN h mwp;gonbj fc<;olnmp .d twe;yp<jH]

.fc<;olMnbH , phgn,ogjH hsvhdH , nbn,pctvH .g yynm



192

fc<;olnmoH] , pgn, j<lotvH ncyw av bwvpnmvH .g yynm

fc<;olnmoH] ,; yh jq<xU .fc<;olM> oMgnmpl ,h nhk<H

,sgtv .g h fc<;otv] nmp x; .y hjsgT jv bktgGN ,nho yh

n,v boevhdH .y] jq<xU tMn, lnhp bvcongonbj .g fcvenm

yMpmhoH ,; yh jv nhk<H nbn,ocjfohdj l mw tucoj]

.o<gy<hiMnbH yynm fc<;olnmoH bg yh .g , mgxvH ,nho

aknhU l m<com;nb<cU yiUvlnmoH gwi , mgnhH .gN ,nho yh

n,v tp boevhdH .g yosc hj m<cojcU yosc fc<;olnmU

pgn, j<logenmoH , fcsvhdjcU jv n,aovhdj h mw pgn,

j<lotvH .g h bwvpnmvH yynm fc<;olnmoH UgnbV hj mw

x;penb;ci .pQn,nmp n,EhV UgnbV yh ,h jv hpnbcvhdj ..]

n,K tKnbV ep h av bwvpnmcpH moonbH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

.y ,w hpnbctvH moonbH .xyfMnmonbHN

5. nbn,p<gJnmp hj cjfohdj jv bcfMhvhdj h m<coj fcmlnmp .g yynm fc<;olnmoH

377 . buV h mwpnhj fcmlnmp .g yynm fc<;olnmoH h bwvpnmvH itgp

nbgk ak; jwh> fcmhonbU .g .v ak;qC ,wjwhH .v xoE itgp qH

,wjwhnb .v hf yvcoH fc<;olnmU ,; yh tgstgp ak; jwh> jEnh itgp

jwhnb] b<xU 1991 hj .v yvgonbH h m<xggonbH fcmlnmUN ,;yh ,

hpnbcvhdH h mg<dj nmp .g tMn, lnhp h .v hpnbcvhdj bs<lnmoH h

mgjvhdj fcmlnmoH] ,; yh , fxsvhdH h m<coH , xyfMponbH QokoH

mdl] ,nho $57.92 ,o;H jv fcmhonbjcU ,; yh $144.81 hf m<nhcoH

2011 h mw ppgn,UvhdH fcmlnmpN

378 . ,nho h mw agycU h mw ytsiogtm;vH fcmlnmoH h m<xDj

fcmlnmp ,; yh i<g ,h hpl , jn, tovH mo;H hfcmlvH ,

hpn,oyJ<gyvH i<g .ojm;nbnb .vN ep yh q;V mgnhU jv dxcongonbH

QokoH mdl pgn, j<logenmoH .y .v jv .v nmvm;nb<cUN q;V

yh] tMn, lnhp hj mw agyU .fcvenmonbH hj mgnhucp lnhp l

.v nbnmvm;nb<cU .ro> mgQn,nmoH .v jv .v hpnbcvhdjcU .y h

m<com;vH ,nho yh i<g ,g<dH .g nbn,pMpmhoH ,h jv fcmhonbH ,f

yv bcfMvH tggG jwhnb .v .y yynm fc<;olnmoHN

x<jgpmhU i.


193

379 . nbn,p<gJnmU 16+ , hpnbcgyU yh ytsiogemn,oH hj agyU i<g yh

buV h mwpnhj yynm fc<;olnmoH fcmlnmp ep gna hpnbcvhdj buV

h m<com;ponbj fcmlnmoH ep gna fx hpnbcvhd> buV h m<coj

lnhp] ,nho yh h mg<gkU jv bcfMhvhdH .y .g jv .pQn,nmjyH

v jn, hpnbcgjcU fcmlnmp .g yynm fc<;olnmoH ,; yh i<g jv

bktmsvH .g yynbxnmoH h .v pgn,Uvhdj bs<lnmp ,; yh jv bf

nbn,p<gnbcU jv ytuxooH .g mwN

6. mg<gJnmp l bf bcfMhvhdj , hpnbcvhdoH Us;uU pphgn,UvlnmoH

380 . .y h boevhdH jv pj tucomvH .o<gy<hiMnbH , bwvcovH .g

Us;uU hmw pgn, j<logH tknb gi h mg<xiyhooH p<xV Ugn,ognhU .djv

mw pgn, j<lovhdj bcfMnmoH i. hpl lnhp .vN

381 . .EhV] hj av mw j<junbvgkcU .g x<jgMpmhoH h mgMpdH 102 ,;

yh 103 m<xtH .d] h mwpnhooH .gcfMnmU Us;uU pgn, j<logenmoH h

mg<dj yynm fc<;olnmoH , pEnlnbwgonbj .g mg<gJnmoH] h mwpnhj

nmp .g hj t<jhdj mg<;olnmoH h mw yyoG bn,p] i<g h mw

hpnbcvhdj .g hj nmgyhnmkU moonm j<jubylnmoH .v h mg<gonbj

.pQn,nmp moonm nbp<;olnmoH ,nho yh n,v poKioevH jv bwvpnmvH

.g yynm fc<;olnmoH moonbH] ep nm |nmfc<;inbH bn,ohp|

fc<;olnmoH hj cx;olov] q;V Ugn,ognyH , e<dLogjH jv nmgyvH

giwpnhooH Us;uU h pgn, j<logH gi h mg<xiyhooH tknmo> .g h

yynm bxvH fc<;olnmoH ,;go yh hnmw bwvpnmvHN

382 . oQ} .g h bwvpnmvH bn,ohpH Us;uU h pgn, j<logH tknb ,;go

aknhU n,vxvhdj mwohJnmp l bwgxvH .g yynm fc<;olnmoH h mw

pphnb<dj fc<;olnmpN hj av nmgycU ,wpnhj .g x<jgMpmhoH 102

m<xtH .d] m<x bnb Us;uU hpgn, j<logH tknb ,f yvgG .gcfMnmU]

bp Us;uU cjfpT yMpmhoo> h mgQn,yhooH gUd l .vxgjH mwohJnmp

ynbsMpmJnmoH hj anqcgjH hj mw ocmG bnb bn,ohUN Us;uU h nmvmvH

.jncbn,Mnb ,nhp yh nbn,pcgH mwohJnmp h mw gnaLogH |jv pmcooj

.g jv av bcfMov yynm fc<;olnmoH Us;uU pgn,j<lovlnmoH| .g .v

ynbsMpJnmoH ,;go yh n,v cjfojH , UsyvH bn,ohpH jv av bwvpnmov

fc<;olnmoH boy yh i<g , cLdnmvhdH , j<dognhH cnhp> h .vxvhdj

mwohJnmp sgenmoH i<g , hpnbcvhdH jv fxsvhdH hpn,ovlnmoH bnb

.v h fc<;oG i<g hownbpvtn,G h bkt<gylH jv hnlv c<jpnbvH h yynm

fc<;olov ,; yh jv nbpnmMp.G .g .vN



194

383 . o<s} ,nho ,w cLdpnhU .; .o<gy<hiMnbH .ak;dnmMnmonbnb h

bwvcovH .g Us;uU pgn,j<lovlnmoH tso yh tqonbH .e<dLogenmonbnb

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on the recommendation of the undersigned, the Lieutenant Governor, by and with the advice and concurrence of the Executive council, orders that:

WHErEaS the Juries Act, r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, governs the jury process in Ontario, including the process for preparing the jury roll;

WHErEaS subsection 6 (8) of the Juries Act prescribes the process for selecting persons living on reserve communities for potential inclusion on the jury roll;

WHErEaS it has been determined that it is desirable to authorize under the common law, pursuant to the prerogative of Her Majesty the Queen in right of Ontario, and in the discharge of the government’s executive functions, an individual to review the process for including persons living on reserve communities on the jury roll and to do so independently of government and on a systemic basis;

WHErEaS nishnawbe aski nation has resolved as a political territorial organization to work with the Ontario government and the independent reviewer to enhance the representation on jury rolls of First nations persons living on reserve communities in its territories;

WHErEaS other First nations have been, and are, or may be desirous of the same goal;

anD WHErEaS it is desirable to set out the terms of reference for such a review;

tHErEFOrE, it is ordered that the Honourable Frank iacobucci be appointed as an independent reviewer and authorized to conduct such a review;

Sur la recommandation de la personne soussignée, le lieutenant-gouverneur, sur l’avis et avec le consentement du conseil exécutif, décrète ce qui suit :

attEnDU QUE la Loi sur les jurys (L .r .O . 1990, chap . J .3) régit le processus de sélection des jurés en Ontario, y compris la préparation de la liste des jurés;

attEnDU QUE le paragraphe 6 (8) de la Loi sur les jurys prescrit le processus de sélection des personnes vivant dans des réserves en vue de leur éventuelle inclusion sur la liste des jurés;

attEnDU QU’il a été déterminé qu’il est souhaitable d’autoriser, en common law et selon la prérogative de Sa Majesté la reine du chef de l’Ontario, et dans le cadre des fonctions exécutives du gouvernement, un particulier à examiner la procédure d’inclusion des personnes vivant dans des réserves sur la liste des jurés et ce, indépendamment du gouvernement et sur une base systémique;

attEnDU QUE nishnawbe aski nation a résolu, en tant qu’organisation territoriale politique, de travailler avec le gouvernement de l’Ontario et l’examinateur indépendant pour accroître la représentation, sur les listes de jurés, des membres des Premières nations vivant dans des réserves situées sur ses territoires;

attEnDU QUE d’autres Premières nations ont aspiré, aspirent ou peuvent aspirer au même but;

Et attEnDU QU’il est souhaitable d’énoncer le cadre de référence d’un examen de ce genre;

En COnSÉQUEnCE, il est ordonné que l’honorable Frank iacobucci soit nommé à titre d’examinateur indépendant et autorisé à procéder à cet examen;

Order in COunCildéCret

(a) O.C./Décret 1388/2011



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anD tHat the terms of reference for the Honourable Frank iacobucci be as follows:

(a) Mandate1 . the independent reviewer shall conduct a

systemic review and report on any relevant legislation and processes for including First nations persons living on reserve on the jury roll from which potential jurors are selected for all jury trials and coroners inquests, in order to make recommendations:

a . to ensure and enhance the representation of First nations persons living on reserve communities on the jury roll; and

b . to strengthen the understanding, cooperation and relationship between the Ministry of the attorney General and First nations on this issue .

2 . the independent reviewer shall conduct the review in an expeditious manner and shall deliver his final report and recommendations to the attorney General no later than august 31, 2012 .

3 . While promoting the achievement of the goals described above, any recommendations developed should take into account the challenging fiscal context for government and First nations in Ontario .

4 . in conducting the review, the independent reviewer shall:

a . review the existing legislation and processes, practices and past practices;

b . review and consider any existing records or reports relevant to this mandate, including jury rolls in a systemic context, and any transcripts relating to public legal proceedings;

c . conduct interjurisdictional analysis, including any relevant legislation, and identify best practices .

Et QUE le mandat de l’honorable Frank iacobucci soit le suivant :

(a) Mandat1 . L’examinateur indépendant procède à un

examen systémique et prépare un rapport sur les dispositions législatives et la procédure pertinentes en vue d’inclure des membres des Premières nations vivant dans des réserves sur la liste des jurés à partir de laquelle sont choisis les jurés potentiels pour tous les procès devant jury et toutes les enquêtes du coroner, dans le but de faire des recommandations visant ce qui suit :

a . garantir et accroître la représentation, sur la liste des jurés, des membres des Premières nations vivant dans des réserves;

b . consolider la compréhension, la collaboration et les relations entre le ministère du Procureur général et les Premières nations en ce qui concerne cette question .

2 . L’examinateur indépendant procède promptement à l’examen et remet son rapport final et ses recommandations au procureur général au plus tard le 31 août 2012 .

3 . Bien qu’elles visent à favoriser la réalisation des buts énoncés ci-dessus, les recommandations formulées devraient tenir compte de la conjoncture fiscale difficile à laquelle font face le gouvernement et les Premières nations de l’Ontario .

4 . Dans le cadre de son examen, l’examinateur indépendant :

a . examine les dispositions législatives et la procédure en vigueur ainsi que les pratiques actuelles et passées;

b . examine et étudie les dossiers ou les rapports existants qui se rapportent à son mandat, y compris les listes de jurés dans un contexte systémique, et les transcriptions relatives aux procédures judiciaires publiques;

c . procède à une analyse interterritoriale, notamment des dispositions législatives pertinentes, et détermine les meilleures pratiques à suivre .

5 . Dans le cadre de son examen, l’examinateur

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5 . in conducting the review, the independent reviewer may request any person to provide information or records to him, hold public and/or private meetings and hold consultations with First nations communities, including attendances on First nations communities .

6 . the independent reviewer shall invite and receive submissions in writing from any First nation, First nation political territorial organi-zation, First nation organization, member of a First nation as well as from any interested party, including ministries of government .

7 . in fulfilling his mandate, the independent reviewer shall not report on any individual cases that are, have been, or may be subject to a criminal investigation or

8 . the independent reviewer shall perform his duties without making any findings of fact in relation to misconduct, or expressing any conclusions or recommendations regarding the civil or criminal liability of any person or organization, and without interfering in any investigations or criminal or other legal proceedings .

9 . in delivering his report to the attorney General, the independent reviewer shall ensure that the report is in a form appropriate, pursuant to the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act and other applicable legislation, and in sufficient quantity, for public release and be responsible for translation and printing, and shall ensure that it is available in English, French, Cree, Ojibway, Oji-Cree and Mohawk at the same time, in electronic and printed versions . the attorney General shall make the report available to the public .

(a) Resources10 . Within a budget approved by the Ministry of

the attorney General the independent reviewer may retain such counsel, staff, or expertise he considers necessary in the performance of his duties at reasonable remuneration approved by the Ministry of the attorney General . they shall be reimbursed for reasonable expenses

indépendant peut demander à toute personne de lui fournir des renseignements ou des documents, tenir des séances publiques ou à huis clos et engager des consultations avec des collectivités des Premières nations, y compris se rendre sur place .

6 . L’examinateur indépendant demande et reçoit des observations écrites des Premières nations, de toute organisation territoriale politique des Premières nations, de toute organisation des Premières nations, de tout membre d’une Première nation ainsi que de toute partie intéressée, y compris des ministères du gouvernement .

7 . Dans le cadre de son mandat, l’examinateur indépendant ne doit pas faire rapport sur des causes particulières qui font, ont fait ou peuvent faire l’objet d’une enquête, notamment pénale, d’une poursuite pénale ou d’une autre procédure judiciaire .

8 . L’examinateur indépendant s’acquitte de ses fonctions sans tirer de conclusions de fait en matière d’inconduite ni formuler de conclusions ou de recommandations quant à la responsabilité civile ou pénale de toute personne ou de tout organisme et sans intervenir dans des enquêtes ou des procédures judiciaires, notamment des poursuites pénales .

9 . L’examinateur indépendant veille à remettre son rapport au procureur général sous une forme appropriée, conformément à la Loi sur l’accès à l’information et la protection de la vie privée et aux autres lois applicables, et en nombre d’exemplaires suffisant pour sa diffusion publique et doit en assurer la traduction et l’impression . En outre, il fait en sorte qu’il soit disponible en même temps en version française, anglaise, cri, ojibway, ojicri et mohawk et tant sur support électronique que papier . Le procureur général met le rapport à la disposition du public .

(a) Ressources10 . Dans le cadre d’un budget approuvé par le

ministère du Procureur général, l’examinateur indépendant peut retenir les services des avocats, du personnel ou des experts qu’il juge nécessaires à l’exercice de ses fonctions selon la rémunération raisonnable approuvée par le ministère du Procureur général . Les



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incurred in connection with their duties in accordance with Management Board of Cabinet Directives and Guidelines .

11 . the independent reviewer shall establish and maintain a website and use other technologies to promote accessibility and transparency to the public .

12 . the independent reviewer shall follow Management Board of Cabinet Directives and Guidelines and other applicable government policies in obtaining other services and goods he considers necessary in the performance of his duties unless, in his view, it is not possible to follow them .

13 . the independent reviewer may make recom-mendations to the attorney General or the Deputy attorney General regarding funding for parties who have information relevant to the systemic issues and who would be unable to participate in the review without such funding . any such funding recommendations shall be in accordance with Management Board of Cabinet Directives and Guidelines .

14 . all ministries and all agencies, boards and commissions of the Government of Ontario shall, subject to any privilege or other legal restric-tions, assist the independent reviewer to the fullest extent so that the independent reviewer may carry out his duties and shall respect the independence of the review .

personnes retenues se font rembourser les frais raisonnables engagés dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, conformément aux directives et aux lignes directrices du Conseil de gestion du gouvernement .

11 . L’examinateur indépendant se dote d’un site Web et utilise d’autres technologies pour promouvoir l’accessibilité et la transparence .

12 . À moins que, à son avis, cela ne soit pas possible, l’examinateur indépendant suit les directives et les lignes directrices du Conseil de gestion du gouvernement ainsi que les autres politiques applicables du gouvernement dans le cadre de l’obtention des autres biens et services qu’il estime nécessaires à l’exercice de ses fonctions .

13 . L’examinateur indépendant peut faire des recommandations au procureur général ou au sous-procureur général en ce qui concerne le financement des parties qui détiennent des renseignements se rapportant aux questions systémiques et qui, à défaut de ce financement, ne seraient pas en mesure de participer à l’examen . Ces recommandations doivent être conformes aux directives et aux lignes directrices du Conseil de gestion du gouvernement .

14 . Sous réserve de tout privilège ou de toute autre restriction légale, tous les ministères ainsi que tous les organismes, conseils et commissions du gouvernement de l’Ontario prêtent sans réserve leur concours à l’examinateur indépendant de façon qu’il puisse s’acquitter de ses fonctions et ils respectent l’indépendance de l’examen .

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Juries ActR.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER J.3

Consolidation Period: From June 30, 2010 to the e-Laws currency date.

Last amendment: 2009, c. 33, Sched. 2, s. 38.

DEFinitions1. in this act,

“county” includes a district; (“comté”)

“Director of assessment” means the employee of the Municipal Property assessment Corporation who is appointed by the Corporation to be the Director of assessment under this act; (“directeur de l’évaluation”)

“regulations” means the regulations made under this act . (“règlements”) r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 1; 1997, c . 43, Sched . G, s . 22; 2001, c . 8, s . 206 .

ELiGiBiLitY

ELiGiBLE jurors2. Subject to sections 3 and 4, every person who,

(a) resides in Ontario;

(b) is a Canadian citizen; and

(c) in the year preceding the year for which the jury is selected had attained the age of eighteen years or more,

is eligible and liable to serve as a juror on juries in the Superior Court of Justice in the county in which he or she resides . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 2; 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

inELiGiBiLitY to sErvE As juror inELiGiBLE oCCupAtions3. (1) the following persons are ineligible to serve as jurors:

1 . Every member of the Privy Council of Canada or the Executive Council of Ontario .

2 . Every member of the Senate, the House of Commons of Canada or the assembly .

3 . Every judge and every justice of the peace .

4 . Every barrister and solicitor and every student-at-law .

5 . Every legally qualified medical practitioner and veterinary surgeon who is actively engaged in practice and every coroner .

6 . Every person engaged in the enforcement of law including, without restricting the generality of the foregoing, sheriffs, wardens of any penitentiary, superintendents, jailers or keepers of prisons, correctional institutions or lockups, sheriff’s officers, police officers, firefighters who are regularly employed by a fire department for the purposes of subsection 41 (1) of the Fire Protection and Prevention act, 1997, and officers of a court of justice . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 3 (1); 1994, c . 27, s . 48 (1); 1997, c . 4, s . 82 .

(2) repealed: 1994, c . 27, s . 48 (2) .



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ConnECtion with Court ACtion At sAmE sittinGs(3) Every person who has been summoned as a witness or is likely to be called as a witness in a civil or criminal proceeding or has an interest in an action is ineligible to serve as a juror at any sittings at which the proceeding or action might be tried . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 3 (3) .

prEvious sErviCE(4) Every person who, at any time within three years preceding the year for which the jury roll is prepared, has attended court for jury service in response to a summons after selection from the roll prepared under this act or any predecessor thereof is ineligible to serve as a juror in that year . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 3 (4); 1994, c . 27, s . 48 (3) .

inELiGiBiLitY For pErsonAL rEAsons4. a person is ineligible to serve as a juror who,

(a) has a physical or mental disability that would seriously impair his or her ability to discharge the duties of a juror; or

(b) has been convicted of an offence that may be prosecuted by indictment, unless the person has subsequently been granted a pardon . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 4; 2009, c . 33, Sched . 2, s . 38 (1) .

prEpArAtion oF jurY roLLs

DutY oF shEriFF numBEr oF jurors on roLL5 . (1) the sheriff for a county shall on or before the 15th day of September in each year determine for the ensuing year for the county,

(a) the number of jurors that will be required for each sittings of the Superior Court of Justice;

(b) the number of persons that will be required for selection from the jury roll for the purposes of any other act; and

(c) the aggregate number of persons that will be so required . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 5 (1); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

numBEr oF jurors in DistriCts(2) in a territorial district, after determining the number of persons that will be required for service during the ensuing year, the sheriff shall fix the total number of persons that shall be selected from municipalities, and the total number that shall be selected from territory without municipal organization . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 5 (2) .

trAnsmission oF rEsoLutions(3) the sheriff shall forthwith upon making the determination under subsection (1) certify and transmit,

(a) to the Director of assessment,

(i) a copy of the determination declaring the aggregate number of persons required for the jury roll in the county in the ensuing year, and

(ii) a statement of the numbers of jury service notices to be mailed to persons in the county; and

(b) to the local registrar of the Superior Court of Justice, a copy of the determination for the number of jurors under clause (1) (a) . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 5 (3); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

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jurY sErviCE notiCEs6. (1) the Director of assessment shall in each year on or before the 31st day of October cause a jury service notice, together with a return to the jury service notice in the form prescribed by the regulations and a prepaid return envelope addressed to the sheriff for the county, to be mailed by first class mail to the number of persons in each county specified in the sheriff’s statement, and selected in the manner provided for in this section . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 6 (1) .

sELECtion oF pErsons notiFiED(2) the persons to whom jury service notices are mailed under this section shall be selected by the Director of assessment at random from persons who, from information obtained at the most recent enumeration of the inhabitants of the county under section 15 of the Assessment Act,

(a) at the time of the enumeration, resided in the county and were Canadian citizens; and

(b) in the year preceding the year for which the jury is selected, are of or will attain the age of eighteen years or more,

and the number of persons selected from each municipality in the county shall bear approximately the same proportion to the total number selected for the county as the total number of persons eligible for selection in the municipality bears to the total number eligible for selection in the county, as determined by the enumeration . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 6 (2) .

AppLiCAtion oF suBs. (2) to muniCipALitiEs in DistriCts(3) in a territorial district for the purposes of subsection (2), all the municipalities in the district shall together be treated in the same manner as a county from which the number of jurors required is the number fixed under subsection 5(2) to be selected from municipalities . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 6 (3) .

ADDrEss For mAiLinG(4) the jury service notice to a person under this section shall be mailed to the person at the address shown in the most recent enumeration of the inhabitants of the county under section 15 of the Assessment Act . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 6 (4) .

rEturn to jurY sErviCE notiCE(5) Every person to whom a jury service notice is mailed in accordance with this section shall accurately and truthfully complete the return and shall mail it to the sheriff for the county within five days after receipt thereof . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 6 (5) .



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whEn sErviCE DEEmED mADE(6) For the purposes of subsection (5), the notice shall be deemed to have been received on the third day after the day of mailing unless the person to whom the notice is mailed establishes that he or she, acting in good faith, through absence, accident, illness or other cause beyond his or her control did not receive the notice or order, or did not receive the notice or order until a later date . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 6 (6) .

List oF notiCEs GivEn(7) the Director of assessment shall furnish to the sheriff for the county a list of persons in the county arranged alphabetically to whom jury service notices were mailed under this section forthwith after such mailing and the list received by the sheriff purporting to be certified by the Director of assessment is, without proof of the office or signature of the Director of assessment, receivable in evidence in any proceeding as proof, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, of the mailing of jury service notices to the persons shown on the list . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 6 (7) .

inDiAn rEsErvEs(8) in the selecting of persons for entry in the jury roll in a county or district in which an indian reserve is situate, the sheriff shall select names of eligible persons inhabiting the reserve in the same manner as if the reserve were a municipality and, for the purpose, the sheriff may obtain the names of inhabitants of the reserve from any record available . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 6 (8) .

shEriFF to prEpArE jurY roLL7. the sheriff shall in each year prepare a roll called the jury roll in the form prescribed by the regulations . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 7 .

EntrY oF nAmEs in jurY roLL8. (1) the sheriff shall open the returns to jury service notices received by the sheriff and shall cause the name, address and occupation of each person making such a return, who is shown by the return to be eligible for jury service, to be entered in the jury roll alphabetically arranged and numbered consecutively . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 8 (1); 1994, c . 27, s . 48 (4) .

EnGLish, FrEnCh AnD BiLinGuAL jurors(2) the jury roll prepared under subsection (1) shall be divided into three parts, as follows:

1 . a part listing the persons who appear, by the returns to jury service notices, to speak, read and understand English .

2 . a part listing the persons who appear, by the returns to jury service notices, to speak, read and understand French .

3 . a part listing the persons who appear, by the returns to jury service notices, to speak, read and understand both English and French . 1994, c . 27, s . 48 (5) .

omission oF nAmEs(3) the sheriff may, with the written approval of a judge of the Superior Court of Justice, omit the name from the roll where it appears such person will be unable to attend for jury duty . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 8 (3); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

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suppLEmEntArY nAmEs(4) the sheriff may request the Director of assessment to mail such number of additional jury service notices and forms of returns to jury service notice as in the opinion of the sheriff are required . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 8 (4) .

suppLYinG oF suppLEmEntArY nAmEs(5) Upon receipt of a request from the sheriff under subsection (4), the Director of assessment shall forthwith carry out such request and for such purpose section 6 applies with necessary modifications with respect to the additional jury service notices requested by the sheriff to be mailed . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 8 (5) .

sELECtion From unorGAnizED tErritorY(6) in a territorial district, the sheriff shall select names of eligible persons who reside in the district outside territory with municipal organization in the numbers fixed under subsection 5(2) and for the purpose may have recourse to the latest polling list prepared and certified for such territory, and to any assessment or collector’s roll prepared for school purposes and may obtain names from any other record available . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 8 (6) .

CErtiFiCAtion oF roLL9. as soon as the jury roll has been completed but not later than the 31st day of December in each year, the sheriff shall certify the roll to be the proper roll prepared as the law directs and shall deliver notice of the certification to a judge of the Superior Court of Justice, but a judge of the court may extend the time for certification for such reasons as he or she considers sufficient . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 9; 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

ExtEnsion oF timEs10. the Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Justice may, upon the request of the sheriff for a county, extend any times prescribed by this act in connection with the preparation of the jury roll for the county to such date as the Chief Justice considers appropriate and may authorize the continued use of the latest jury roll until the dates so fixed . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 10; 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 2 (1) .

ADDitions to roLL BY shEriFF11. (1) Where there are no persons or not a sufficient number of persons on the proper jury roll, or where there is no jury roll for the year in existence, the sheriff may supply names of eligible jurors from the jury rolls for the three nearest preceding years for which there is a jury roll or certified copy thereof in existence . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 11 (1) .

CErtiFiCAtion oF ADDitions BY shEriFF(2) the names supplied to the jury roll under this section shall be entered thereon and certified by the sheriff . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 11 (2) .

jurY pAnELs

issuAnCE oF prECEpts12. a judge of the Superior Court of Justice may issue precepts in the form prescribed by the regulations to the sheriff for the return of such number of jurors as the sheriff has determined as the number to be drafted and returned or such greater or lesser number as in his or her opinion is required . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 12; 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .



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two or morE sEts oF jurors13. (1) Where a judge of the Superior Court of Justice considers it necessary that the jurors to form the panel for a sittings of the Superior Court of Justice be summoned in more than one set, the judge may direct the sheriff to return such number of jurors in such number of sets on such day for each set as he or she thinks fit . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 13 (1); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

shEriFF to DiviDE jurors into sEts(2) the sheriff shall divide such jurors into as many sets as are directed, and shall in the summons to every juror specify at what time his or her attendance will be required . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 13 (2) .

EACh sEt A sEpArAtE pAnEL(3) Each set shall for all purposes be deemed a separate panel . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 13 (3) .

ADDitionAL jurors14. (1) a judge of the Superior Court of Justice, after the issue of the precept, at any time before or during the sittings of the court, by order under his or her hand and seal, may direct the sheriff to return an additional number of jurors . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 14 (1); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

DutY oF shEriFF As to DrAFtinG ADDitionAL numBEr oF jurors(2) the sheriff, upon the receipt of an order under subsection (1), shall forthwith draft such additional number of jurors in the manner provided by this act, and shall add their names to the panel list, and shall forthwith thereafter summon them, and where there are not a sufficient number of jurors on the jury roll for the purpose of the additions, section 11 applies . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 14 (2) .

how shEriFFs to DrAFt pAnELs oF jurors15. Every sheriff to whom a precept for the return of jurors is directed shall, to such precept, return a panel list of the names of the jurors contained in the jury roll, whose names shall be drafted from such roll in the manner hereinafter mentioned . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 15 .

shEriFF to DrAFt pAnEL16. Upon receipt of the precept, the sheriff shall post up in his or her office written notice of the day, hour and place at which the panel of jurors will be drafted, and the sheriff shall draft the panel by ballot from the jury roll in the presence of a justice of the peace who shall attend upon reasonable notice from the sheriff . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 16 .

how shEriFF to prEpArE A pAnEL17. (1) Before proceeding to draft a panel of jurors from a jury roll, the sheriff shall prepare a proper title or heading for the list of jurors to be returned, to which he or she shall fix an appropriate number according as such panel is the first, second, third or subsequent panel drafted from such jury roll, and the title or heading shall set forth the number of jurors to be returned . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 17 (1) .

BALLots For DrAFtinG pAnEL(2) the sheriff shall then append to such title or heading a list of numbers from “1” forward to the number required, and shall prepare a set of ballots of uniform and convenient size containing the same number of ballots as there are numbers on the jury roll, allowing one number to each ballot, which number shall be printed or written on it, and the sheriff shall then proceed to draft the panel of jurors . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 17 (2) .

DrAFtinG oF pAnEL18. (1) the sheriff shall draft the panel by drawing at random the ballots from a container in the presence of the justice of the peace . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 18 (1) .

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pAnEL List(2) the names of the persons so drafted, arranged alphabetically, with their places of residence and occupations shall then be transcribed by the sheriff, with a reference to the number of each name on the jury roll, and each name shall be thereupon marked by the sheriff or the sheriff’s deputy upon the jury roll . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 18 (2) .

(3) repealed: 1994, c . 27, s . 48 (6) .

iDEm(4) the panel list so alphabetically arranged and numbered, with a short statement of the precept in obedience to which it has been drafted, the date and place of such drafting, and the names of the sheriff, or the sheriff’s deputy and the justice of the peace, present at such drafting, shall then be recorded and attested by the signatures of the sheriff, or the sheriff’s deputy and the justice of the peace, and such panel list shall be retained in the custody of the sheriff . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 18 (4) .

AutomAtED proCEDurE For DrAFtinG pAnEL18.1 (1) instead of following the procedure described in sections 15 to 18 to draft a panel of jurors, the sheriff may use any electronic or other automated procedure to accomplish the same result . 1994, c . 27, s . 48 (7) .

non-AppLiCAtion oF CErtAin rEquirEmEnts(2) When a jury panel is being drafted under subsection (1),

(a) notice need not be posted as set out in section 16;

(b) the participation of a justice of the peace, as referred to in section 16 and subsections 18 (1) and (4), is not required . 1994, c . 27, s . 48 (7) .

CriminAL rECorD ChECk18.2 (1) For the purposes of confirming whether clause 4 (b) applies in respect of a person selected under section 18 or 18 .1 for inclusion on a jury panel, the sheriff may, in accordance with this section and the regulations, request that a criminal record check, prepared from national data on the Canadian Police information Centre database, be conducted concerning the person . 2009, c . 33, Sched . 2, s . 38 (2) .

timinG(2) a criminal record check concerning a person that is requested under subsection (1) shall be obtained by the sheriff before he or she finalizes the jury panel on which the person is to be included . 2009, c . 33, Sched . 2, s . 38 (2) .

CoLLECtion, usE AnD DisCLosurE oF pErsonAL inFormAtion BY shEriFF(3) Subject to any restrictions or conditions set out in the regulations, the sheriff shall collect, directly or indirectly, use and disclose such personal information respecting a person who is the subject of a criminal record check under subsection (1) as is required for the purposes of this section . 2009, c . 33, Sched . 2, s . 38 (2) .



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AGrEEmEnt with poLiCE ForCE(4) the sheriff may enter into an agreement with a police force that is prescribed by the regulations respecting,

(a) the preparation of a criminal record check by the police force for the purposes of this section; and

(b) the collection, use and disclosure of personal information by the police force for the purposes of the criminal record check . 2009, c . 33, Sched . 2, s . 38 (2) .

rEmovAL AnD rEpLACEmEnt(5) if, on review of a person’s criminal record check, the sheriff determines that clause 4 (b) applies in respect of the person, the sheriff shall,

(a) remove the person from the jury panel on which the person was to have been included;

(b) remove the person’s name and other information from the jury roll for the applicable year; and

(c) draft, in accordance with section 18 or 18 .1, as the case may be, another person for the jury panel to replace the person who was removed . 2009, c . 33, Sched . 2, s . 38 (2) .

notiCE summoninG jurors 21 DAYs BEForE AttEnDAnCE rEquirED19. (1) the sheriff shall summon every person drafted to serve on juries by sending to the person by ordinary mail a notice in writing in the form prescribed by the regulations under the hand of the sheriff at least twenty-one days before the day upon which the person is to attend, but when the sheriff is directed to draft and summon additional jurors under this act, such twenty-one days service is not necessary . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 19 (1) .

ExCusinG oF jurors(2) the sheriff may excuse any person summoned for a jury sittings on the ground,

(a) of illness; or

(b) that serving as a juror may cause serious hardships or loss to the person or others,

but unless a judge of the Superior Court of Justice directs otherwise and despite any other provision of this act, such person shall be included in a panel to be returned for a sittings later in the year or, where there are not further sittings in that year, in a panel to be returned for a sittings in the year next following . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 19 (2); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

sECrECY oF jurY roLL AnD pAnEL20. the jury roll and every list containing the names of the jury drafted for any panel shall be kept under lock and key by the sheriff, and except in so far as may be necessary in order to prepare the panel lists, and serve the jury summons, shall not be disclosed by the sheriff, the sheriff’s deputy, officer, clerk, or by the justice of the peace mentioned in section 16, or by any other person, until ten days before the sittings of the court for which the panel has been drafted, and during such period of ten days, the sheriff, or the sheriff’s deputy, shall permit the inspection at all reasonable hours of the jury roll and of the panel list or copy thereof in his or her custody by litigants or accused persons or their solicitors and shall furnish the litigants or accused persons or their solicitors, upon request and payment of a fee of $2, with a copy of any such panel list . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 20 .

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AttEnDAnCE oF jurors postponED or not rEquirED CountErmAnD whErE no jurY CAsEs21. (1) Where there is no business requiring the attendance of a jury at a sittings in respect of which a precept has been issued,

(a) the local registrar, where the sittings is for the trial of actions; or

(b) the Crown attorney, where the sittings is for the trial of criminal prosecutions,

shall, at least five clear days before the day upon which the sittings is to commence, give notice in writing to the sheriff in the form prescribed by the regulations that the attendance of the jurors is not required . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 21 (1) .

postponEmEnt oF DAtE For AttEnDAnCE oF jurors(2) Where the business of the court does not require the attendance of the jurors until a day after the day upon which the sittings is to commence, the appropriate officer determined under subsection (1) shall, at least five clear days before the day upon which the sittings is to commence, give notice in writing to the sheriff in the form prescribed by the regulations that the attendance of the jurors is not required until such later day as is specified in the notice . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 21 (2) .

notiCE to jurors(3) Subject to subsection (4), where, upon receipt of such notice it appears to the sheriff that the attendance of jurors is not required or not required until a later date, the sheriff shall forthwith by registered mail or otherwise, as he or she considers expedient, notify in the form prescribed by the regulations each person summoned to serve as a juror that attendance at the sittings is not required or is not required until the day specified in the notice . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 21 (3) .

shEriFF must AsCErtAin thAt thErE ArE no prisonErs in CustoDY(4) in the case of a sittings for the hearing of criminal proceedings, the sheriff shall not give the notice mentioned in subsection (3) unless he or she is satisfied that there is no prisoner in custody awaiting trial at the sittings . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 21 (4) .

Division oF pAnEL22. a judge of the Superior Court of Justice who considers it necessary may direct that the jurors summoned for a sittings of the Court be divided into two or more sets as he or she may direct, and each set shall for all purposes be deemed a separate panel . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 22; 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

mErGEr22.1 a judge of the Superior Court of Justice who considers it necessary may direct that two or more panels of jurors, including panels established by division under section 22, be merged into a single panel . 1994, c . 27, s . 48 (8); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 2 (2) .

ExCusinG oF juror rELiGious rEAsons23. (1) a person summoned for jury duty may be excused by a judge from service as a juror on the ground that service as a juror is incompatible with the beliefs or practices of a religion or religious order to which the person belongs . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 23 (1) .

iLLnEss or hArDship(2) a person summoned for jury duty may be excused by a judge from attending the sittings on the ground,

(a) of illness; or



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(b) that serving as a juror may cause serious hardships or loss to the person or others,

and the judge may excuse the person from all service as a juror, or the judge may direct that the service of a person excused be postponed and that despite any provision of this act, the person be included in a panel to be returned for a sittings later in that year or in a panel to be returned for a sittings in the year next following . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 23 (2) .

AppLiCAtion For ExCusinG(3) a person summoned for jury service may be excused under subsection (1) or (2),

(a) before the day for attendance, by any judge of the Superior Court of Justice;

(b) on or after the day for attendance, by the judge presiding at the sittings,

and the application to be excused may be made to the sheriff . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 23 (3); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

rELEAsE AnD trAnsFEr oF jurors rELEAsE BEForE sittinGs24. (1) Where jurors are summoned for a jury sittings, a judge of the Superior Court of Justice may, at any time before the sittings, release from or postpone service of any number of jurors summoned for the sittings . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 24 (1); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

rELEAsE DurinG sittinGs(2) the judge presiding at the sittings may release from or postpone service of any number of jurors summoned for the sittings . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 24 (2) .

trAnsFEr to AnothEr pAnEL(3) Jurors released from service at a sittings under this section may be resummoned by the sheriff for service at any other sittings, held concurrently with or immediately following the sittings from which they were released . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 24 (3) .

Constitution oF pAnEL(4) Where jurors have been released from service or their service has been postponed under this section, the remaining jurors constitute the panel, and jurors recalled or resummoned under this section form part of the panel to which they are added . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 24 (4) .

supErior Court oF justiCE mAY issuE prECEpts As hErEtoForE25. Subject to this act, the Superior Court of Justice and the judges thereof have the same power and authority as heretofore in issuing any precept, or in making any award or order, orally or otherwise, for the return of a jury for the trial of any issue before the court, or for amending or enlarging the panel of jurors returned for the trial of any such issue, and the return to any precept, award or order shall be made in the manner heretofore used and accustomed, and the jurors shall, as heretofore, be returned from the body of the county, and shall be eligible according to this act . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 25; 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

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ACtions triED BY jurY

whEn ACtions to BE EntErED For triAL26. Subject to any order of a judge of the Superior Court of Justice, actions to be tried by a jury shall be entered for trial not later than six clear days before the first day of the sittings . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 26; 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

DrAwinG jurY At triAL

EmpAnELLinG jurY At thE triAL27. (1) the name of every person summoned to attend as a juror, with the person’s place of residence, occupation, and number on the panel list, shall be written distinctly by the sheriff on a card or paper, as nearly as may be of the form and size following:

15 . DaViD BOOtH OF LOt nO . 11, in tHE 7tH COn . OF aLBiOn MErCHant

and the names so written shall, under the direction of the sheriff, be put together in a container to be provided by the sheriff for that purpose, and he or she shall deliver it to the clerk of the court . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 27 (1) .

how thE CLErk is to proCEED to DrAw nAmEs(2) Where an issue is brought on to be tried, or damages are to be assessed by a jury, the clerk shall, in open court, cause the container to be shaken so as sufficiently to mix the names, and shall then draw out six of the cards or papers, one after another, causing the container to be shaken after the drawing of each name, and if any juror whose name is so drawn does not appear or is challenged and set aside, then such further number until six jurors are drawn, who do appear, and who, after all just causes of challenge allowed, remain as fair and indifferent, and the first six jurors so drawn, appearing and approved as indifferent, their names being noted in the minute book of the clerk of the court, shall be sworn, and shall be the jury to try the issue or to assess the damages . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 27 (2) .

nAmEs DrAwn to BE kEpt ApArt, EtC.(3) the cards or papers containing the names of persons so drawn and sworn shall be kept apart until the jury has given in its verdict, and it has been recorded, or until the jury has been by consent of the parties, or by leave of the court, discharged, and shall then be returned to the container there to be kept with the other cards or papers remaining therein . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 27 (3) .

AutomAtED proCEDurE For EmpAnELLinG jurY in CiviL CAsEs27.1 Where a trial is in respect of a civil proceeding, instead of following the procedure described in section 27 to select a jury, any electronic or other automated procedure may be used to accomplish the same result . 2009, c . 33, Sched . 2, s . 38 (3) .

sELECtion oF juriEs in ADvAnCE28. a jury may be selected in accordance with section 27 or 27 .1 at any time before the trial of an issue or assessment of damages directed by the judge presiding at the sittings and shall attend for service upon the summons of the sheriff . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 28; 2009, c . 33, Sched . 2, s . 38 (4) .



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sEvErAL CAusEs mAY BE triED in suCCEssion with thE sAmE jurY29. (1) Despite sections 27, 27 .1 and 28, unless a party objects, the court may try any issue or assess damages with a jury previously selected to try any other issue or to assess damages . 2009, c . 33, Sched . 2, s . 38 (5) .

sAmE(2) Despite subsection (1), unless a party objects, the court may order any juror from the previously selected jury whom both parties consent to withdraw or who may be justly challenged or excused by the court, to retire and may cause another juror to be selected in accordance with section 27 or 27 .1, as the case may be, in his or her place, in which case the issue shall be tried or the damages assessed with the remaining members of the previously selected jury and the new juror or jurors, as the case may be, who appear and are approved as indifferent . 2009, c . 33, Sched . 2, s . 38 (5) .

iF A FuLL jurY DoEs not AppEAr suppLEmEntArY jurors mAY BE AppointED30. (1) Where a full jury does not appear at a sittings for civil matters, or where, after the appearance of a full jury, by challenge of any of the parties, the jury is likely to remain untaken for default of jurors, the court may command the sheriff to name and appoint, as supplementary jurors, so many of such other able persons of the county then present, or who can be found, as will make up a full jury, and the sheriff shall return such persons to serve on the jury . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 30 (1) .

ADDinG nAmEs oF suppLEmEntArY jurors(2) Where a full jury does not appear, the names of the persons so returned shall be added to the panel returned upon the precept . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 30 (2) .

thE shEriFF to notE on roLLs nAmEs oF jurors who Do not sErvE31. immediately after the sittings of the court, the sheriff shall note on the jury roll from which the panel of jurors returned to the sittings was drafted opposite the names of the jurors, the non-attendance or default of every juror who has not attended until discharged by the court . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 31 .

ChALLEnGEs

LACk oF ELiGiBiLitY32. if a person not eligible is drawn as a juror for the trial of an issue in any proceeding, the want of eligibility is a good cause for challenge . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 32 .

pErEmptorY ChALLEnGEs in CiviL CAsEs33. in any civil proceeding, the plaintiff or plaintiffs, on one side, and the defendant or defendants, on the other, may challenge peremptorily any four of the jurors drawn to serve on the trial, and such right of challenge extends to the Crown when a party . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 33 .

rAtEpAYErs, oFFiCErs, EtC., oF muniCipALitY mAY BE ChALLEnGED34. in a proceeding to which a municipal corporation, other than a county, is a party, every ratepayer, and every officer or servant of the corporation is, for that reason, liable to challenge as a juror . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 34 .

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GEnErAL

pAYmEnts unDEr AdministrAtion of Justice Act FEEs pAYABLE to jurors AnD justiCEs oF thE pEACE35. (1) Such fees and allowances as are prescribed under the Administration of Justice Act shall be paid to,

(a) every juror attending a sittings of the Superior Court of Justice; and

(b) the justice of the peace in attendance for each panel drafted under section 16 . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 35 (1); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

sums to BE pAiD with rECorD whEn EntErED For triAL in jurY CAsEs(2) With every record entered for trial of issues or assessment of damages by a jury in the Superior Court of Justice there shall be paid to the local registrar of the Superior Court of Justice such sum as is prescribed under the Administration of Justice Act, and the record shall not be entered unless such sum is first paid . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 35 (2); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

AttEnDAnCE AnD FEEs List oF jurors to BE CALLED36. (1) the clerk of the court or the sheriff or sheriff’s officer shall, at the opening of the court and before any other business is proceeded with, call the names of the jurors, and the sheriff or sheriff’s officer shall record those who are present or absent . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 36 (1) .

rECorD oF FEEs pAiD(2) the sheriff shall keep a record of the payment of fees to jurors for attending sittings of a court . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 36 (2) .

whEn FEEs pAYABLE(3) a juror is not entitled to fees or expenses in respect of days that he or she does not or is not required to attend . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 36 (3) .

jurY ArEAs36.1 (1) a jury area established under clause 37 (c) shall be treated as a separate county for the purposes of this act . 1994, c . 27, s . 48 (9) .

Court FACiLitiEs(2) if there are no court facilities in a jury area, a regional senior judge of the Superior Court of Justice may order residents of the jury area who are summoned for jury duty to attend at a court outside the jury area . 1994, c . 27, s . 48 (9); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

rEGuLAtions37. the attorney General may make regulations,

(a) prescribing any form required or permitted by this act to be prescribed by the regulations;

(b) prescribing the manner of keeping jury rolls and lists of jury panels and records thereof and requiring and prescribing the form of the certification or authentication of entries therein;

(b .1) setting out restrictions or conditions that apply to the collection, use or disclosure of personal information by the sheriff, for the purposes of subsection 18 .2 (3);

(b .2) prescribing a police force for the purposes of subsection 18 .2 (4);

(c) establishing jury areas, consisting of parts of existing counties, for the purposes of section 36 .1 . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 37; 1994, c . 27, s . 48 (10); 2009, c . 33, Sched . 2, s . 38 (6, 7) .



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oFFEnCEs38. (1) Every person who,

(a) wilfully makes or causes to be made any alteration in any roll or panel or in any certified copy thereof except in accordance with this act;

(b) falsely certifies any roll or panel; or

(c) influences or attempts to influence the selection of persons for inclusion in or omission from any jury roll or panel, except in a proper procedure under this act,

is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to a fine of not more than $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years, or to both . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 38 (1) .

iDEm(2) Every sheriff, or clerk or registrar of a court, who refuses to perform any duty imposed on him or her by this act, is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to a fine of not more than $5,000 . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 38 (2) .

iDEm(3) Every person who is required to complete a return to a jury service notice and who,

(a) without reasonable excuse fails to complete the return or mail it to the sheriff as required by subsection 6(5); or

(b) knowingly gives false or misleading information in the return,

is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to a fine of not more than $5,000 or to imprisonment for a term of not more than six months, or to both . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 38 (3) .

EviDEnCE oF not mAiLinG(4) For the purposes of subsection (3), where the sheriff fails to receive a return to a jury service notice within five days from the date on which it was required by this act to be mailed, such failure is proof, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that the person required to mail it to the sheriff failed to do so in the time required . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 38 (4) .

CErtiFiCAtE As EviDEnCE(5) a statement as to the receipt or non-receipt of a return to a jury service notice purporting to be certified by the sheriff is, without proof of the appointment or signature of the sheriff, receivable in evidence as proof, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, of the facts stated therein in any prosecution under subsection (3) . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 38 (5) .

ContEmpt oF Court39. Every person is in contempt of court who, without reasonable excuse,

(a) having been duly summoned to attend on a jury, does not attend in pursuance of the summons, or being there called does not answer to his or her name; or

(b) being a juror or supplementary juror, after having been called, is present but does not appear, or after appearing wilfully withdraws from the presence of the court; or

(c) being a sheriff, wilfully empanels and returns to serve on a jury a person whose name has not been duly drawn upon the panel in the manner prescribed in this act; or

(d) being a registrar or other officer wilfully records the appearance of a person so summoned

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and returned who has not actually appeared . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 39 .

iDEm, tAmpErinG with jurors40. (1) Every person is in contempt of court who, being interested in an action that is or is to be entered for trial or may be tried in the court, or being the solicitor, counsel, agent or emissary of such person, before or during the sittings or at any time after a juror on the jury panel for such court has been summoned knowingly, directly or indirectly, speaks to or consults with the juror respecting such action or any matter or thing relating thereto . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 40 (1) .

rEvoCAtion or suspEnsion oF LiCEnCE, EtC.(2) a solicitor, barrister or student-at-law who is guilty of such offence may, in addition to any other penalty, have his or her licence under the Law Society Act to practise law or provide legal services revoked or suspended, or his or her name may be erased from the register of the Law Society or removed from the register for a limited time, by the Superior Court of Justice upon motion at the instance and in the name of the attorney General . 2006, c . 21, Sched . C, s . 114 .

ExCEption whErE juror is A pArtY or witnEss(3) this section does not apply where a juror is also a party to or a known witness or interested in the action or is otherwise ineligible as a juror in the action, nor to anything that may properly take place in the course of the trial or conduct of the action . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 40 (3) .

LEAvE oF ABsEnCE From EmpLoYmEnt41. (1) Every employer shall grant to an employee who is summoned for jury service a leave of absence, with or without pay, sufficient for the purpose of the discharge of the employee’s duties, and, upon the employee’s return, the employer shall reinstate the employee to his or her position, or provide the employee with alternative work of a comparable nature at not less than his or her wages at the time the leave of absence began and without loss of seniority or benefits accrued to the commencement of the leave of absence . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 41 (1) .

LiABiLitY oF EmpLoYEr For BrEACh(2) an employer who fails to comply with subsection (1) is liable to the employee for any loss occasioned by the breach of the obligation . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 41 (2) .

pEnALtY For rEprisALs(3) Every employer who, directly or indirectly,

(a) threatens to cause or causes an employee loss of position, or employment; or

(b) threatens to impose or imposes on an employee any pecuniary or other penalty,

because of the employee’s response to a summons, or service as a juror, is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to a fine of not more than $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term of not more than three months, or to both . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 41 (3) .

postinG up CopiEs oF s. 139 (2, 3) oF criminAl code42. the sheriff shall at the sittings of the Superior Court of Justice for trials by jury post up in the court room and jury rooms and in the general entrance hall of the court house printed copies in conspicuous type of subsections 139 (2) and (3) of the Criminal Code (Canada) and subsection 40 (1) of this act . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 42; 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1) .

sAvinG oF FormEr powErs oF Court AnD juDGEs ExCEpt As ALtErED43. nothing in this act alters, abridges or affects any power or authority that any court or judge has, or any practice or form in regard to trials by jury, juries or jurors, except in those cases only where such power or authority, practice or form is repealed or altered, or is inconsistent with any of the provisions of this act . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 43 .



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omissions to oBsErvE this ACt not to vitiAtE thE vErDiCt44. (1) the omission to observe any of the provisions of this act respecting the eligibility, selection, balloting and distribution of jurors, the preparation of the jury roll or the drafting of panels from the jury roll is not a ground for impeaching or quashing a verdict or judgment in any action . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 44 (1) .

pAnEL DEEmED propErLY sELECtED(2) Subject to sections 32 and 34, a jury panel returned by the sheriff for the purposes of this act shall be deemed to be properly selected for the purposes of the service of the jurors in any matter or proceeding . r .S .O . 1990, c . J .3, s . 44 (2) .

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coroners Act r.S.O. 1990, CHAPter C.37

Consolidation Period: From July 1, 2012 to the e-laws currency date.last amendment: 2009, c. 33, Sched. 18, s. 6.

DEFinitions1. (1) in this act,

“Chief Coroner” means the Chief Coroner for Ontario; (“coroner en chef ”)

“Chief Forensic Pathologist” means the Chief Forensic Pathologist for Ontario; (“médecin légiste en chef”)

“Deputy Chief Coroner” means a Deputy Chief Coroner for Ontario; (“coroner en chef adjoint”)

“Deputy Chief Forensic Pathologist” means a Deputy Chief Forensic Pathologist for Ontario; (“médecin légiste en chef adjoint”)

“forensic pathologist” means a pathologist who has been certified by the royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada in forensic pathology or has received equivalent certification in another jurisdiction; (“médecin légiste”)

“mine” means a mine as defined in the Occupational Health and Safety Act; (“mine”)

“mining plant” means a mining plant as defined in the Occupational Health and Safety Act; (“installation minière”)

“Minister” means the Solicitor General; (“ministre”)

“Oversight Council” means the Death investigation Oversight Council established under section 8; (“Con-seil de surveillance”)

“pathologist” means a physician who has been certified by the royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada as a specialist in anatomical or general pathology or has received equivalent certification in another jurisdiction; (“pathologiste”)

“pathologists register” means the register of pathologists maintained under section 7 .1; (“registre des pathologistes”)

“spouse” means a person,

(a) to whom the deceased was married immediately before his or her death,

(b) with whom the deceased was living in a conjugal relationship outside marriage immediately before his or her death, if the deceased and the other person,

(i) had cohabited for at least one year,

(ii) were together the parents of a child, or

(iii) had together entered into a cohabitation agreement under section 53 of the Family Law Act; (“conjoint”)

“tissue” includes an organ or part of an organ . (“tissu”) r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 1; 1999, c . 6, s . 15 (1); 2005, c . 5, s . 15 (1, 2); 2009, c . 15, s . 1 (1) .



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intErprEtAtion oF BoDY(2) a reference in this act to the body of a person includes part of the body of a person . 2009, c . 15, s . 1 (2) .

EFFECt oF ACt rEpEAL oF Common LAw FunCtions2. (1) in so far as it is within the jurisdiction of the Legislature, the common law as it relates to the functions, powers and duties of coroners within Ontario is repealed . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 2 (1) .

inquEst not CriminAL Court oF rECorD(2) the powers conferred on a coroner to conduct an inquest shall not be construed as creating a crimi-nal court of record . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 2 (2) .

AppointmEnt oF CoronErs3. (1) the Lieutenant Governor in Council may appoint one or more legally qualified medical practitioners to be coroners for Ontario who, subject to subsections (2), (3) and (4), shall hold office during pleasure . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 3 (1) .

tEnurE(2) a coroner ceases to hold office on ceasing to be a legally qualified medical practitioner . 2005, c . 29, s . 2 .

ChiEF CoronEr to BE notiFiED(3) the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario shall forthwith notify the Chief Coroner where the licence of a coroner for the practice of medicine is revoked, suspended or cancelled . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 3 (3) .

rEsiGnAtion(4) a coroner may resign his or her office in writing . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 3 (4) .

rEsiDEntiAL ArEAs(5) the Lieutenant Governor in Council may by regulation establish areas of Ontario and the appointment and continuation in office of a coroner is subject to the condition that he or she is ordinarily resident in the area named in the appointment . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 3 (5) .

Crown AttornEY notiFiED oF AppointmEnt(6) a copy of the order appointing a coroner shall be sent by the Minister to the Crown attorney of any area in which the coroner will ordinarily act . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 3 (6) .

AppointmEnts ContinuED(7) all persons holding appointments as coroners under The Coroners Act, being chapter 87 of the revised Statutes of Ontario, 1970, shall be deemed to have been appointed in accordance with this act . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 3 (7) .

ChiEF CoronEr AnD DutiEs4. (1) the Lieutenant Governor in Council may appoint a coroner to be Chief Coroner for Ontario who shall,

(a) administer this act and the regulations;

(b) supervise, direct and control all coroners in Ontario in the performance of their duties;

(c) conduct programs for the instruction of coroners in their duties;

(d) bring the findings and recommendations of coroners’ investigations and coroners’ juries to the attention of appropriate persons, agencies and ministries of government;

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(e) prepare, publish and distribute a code of ethics for the guidance of coroners;

(f) perform such other duties as are assigned to him or her by or under this or any other act or by the Lieutenant Governor in Council . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 4 (1); 2009, c . 15, s . 2 (1, 2) .

DEputY ChiEF CoronErs(2) the Lieutenant Governor in Council may appoint one or more coroners to be Deputy Chief Coroners for Ontario and a Deputy Chief Coroner shall act as and have all the powers and authority of the Chief Coroner if the Chief Coroner is absent or unable to act or if the Chief Coroner’s position is vacant . 2009, c . 15, s . 2 (3) .

DELEGAtion(3) the Chief Coroner may delegate in writing any of his or her powers and duties under this act to a Deputy Chief Coroner, subject to any limitations, conditions and requirements set out in the delegation . 2009, c . 15, s . 2 (4) .

rEGionAL CoronErs5 . (1) the Lieutenant Governor in Council may appoint a coroner as a regional coroner for such region of Ontario as is described in the appointment . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 5 (1) .

DutiEs(2) a regional coroner shall assist the Chief Coroner in the performance of his or her duties in the region and shall perform such other duties as are assigned to him or her by the Chief Coroner . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 5 (2) .

ontArio ForEnsiC pAthoLoGY sErviCE6. the Minister shall establish the Ontario Forensic Pathology Service, to be known in French as Service de médecine légale de l’Ontario, the function of which shall be to facilitate the provision of pathologists’ services under this act . 2009, c . 15, s . 3 .

ChiEF ForEnsiC pAthoLoGist AnD DEputiEs7. (1) the Lieutenant Governor in Council may appoint a forensic pathologist to be Chief Forensic Pathologist for Ontario who shall,

(a) be responsible for the administration and operation of the Ontario Forensic Pathology Service;

(b) supervise and direct pathologists in the provision of services under this act;

(c) conduct programs for the instruction of pathologists who provide services under this act;

(d) prepare, publish and distribute a code of ethics for the guidance of pathologists in the provision of services under this act;

(e) perform such other duties as are assigned to him or her by or under this or any other act or by the Lieutenant Governor in Council . 2009, c . 15, s . 3 .

DEputY ChiEF ForEnsiC pAthoLoGists(2) the Lieutenant Governor in Council may appoint one or more forensic pathologists to be Deputy Chief Forensic Pathologists for Ontario and a Deputy Chief Forensic Pathologist shall act as and have all the powers and authority of the Chief Forensic Pathologist if the Chief Forensic Pathologist is absent or unable to act or if the Chief Forensic Pathologist’s position is vacant . 2009, c . 15, s . 3 .

DELEGAtion(3) the Chief Forensic Pathologist may delegate in writing any of his or her powers and duties under this act to a Deputy Chief Forensic Pathologist, subject to any limitations, conditions and requirements set out in the delegation . 2009, c . 15, s . 3 .



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pAthoLoGists rEGistEr 7.1 (1) the Chief Forensic Pathologist shall maintain a register of pathologists who are authorized by the Chief Forensic Pathologist to provide services under this act . 2009, c . 15, s . 3 .

notiFiCAtion rE Loss oF mEDiCAL LiCEnCE(2) the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario shall forthwith notify the Chief Forensic Pathologist if the licence for the practice of medicine of a pathologist who is on the pathologists register is revoked, suspended or cancelled . 2009, c . 15, s . 3 .

ovErsiGht CounCiL8. (1) there is hereby established a council to be known in English as the Death investigation Oversight Council and in French as Conseil de surveillance des enquêtes sur les décès . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

mEmBErship(2) the composition of the Oversight Council shall be as provided in the regulations, and the members shall be appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

ChAir, viCE-ChAirs(3) the Lieutenant Governor in Council may designate one of the members of the Oversight Council to be the chair and one or more members of the Oversight Council to be vice-chairs and a vice-chair shall act as and have all the powers and authority of the chair if the chair is absent or unable to act or if the chair’s position is vacant . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

EmpLoYEEs(4) Such employees as are considered necessary for the proper conduct of the affairs of the Oversight Council may be appointed under Part iii of the Public Service of Ontario Act, 2006 . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

DELEGAtion(5) the chair may authorize one or more members of the Oversight Council to exercise any of the Oversight Council’s powers and perform any of its duties . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

quorum(6) the chair shall determine the number of members of the Oversight Council that constitutes a quorum for any purpose . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

AnnuAL rEport(7) at the end of each calendar year, the Oversight Council shall submit an annual report on its activities, including its activities under subsection 8 .1 (1), to the Minister, who shall submit the report to the Lieutenant Governor in Council and shall then lay the report before the assembly . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

ADDitionAL rEports(8) the Minister may request additional reports from the Oversight Council on its activities, including its activities under subsection 8 .1 (1), at any time and the Oversight Council shall submit such reports as requested and may also submit additional reports on the same matters at any time on its own initiative . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

ExpEnsEs(9) the money required for the Oversight Council’s purposes shall be paid out of the amounts appropriated by the Legislature for that purpose . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

FunCtions oF ovErsiGht CounCiL

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ADviCE AnD rECommEnDAtions to ChiEF CoronEr AnD ChiEF ForEnsiC pAthoLoGist8.1 (1) the Oversight Council shall oversee the Chief Coroner and the Chief Forensic Pathologist by advising and making recommendations to them on the following matters:

1 . Financial resource management .

2 . Strategic planning .

3 . Quality assurance, performance measures and accountability mechanisms .

4 . appointment and dismissal of senior personnel .

5 . the exercise of the power to refuse to review complaints under subsection 8 .4 (10) .

6 . Compliance with this act and the regulations .

7 . any other matter that is prescribed . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

rEports to ovErsiGht CounCiL(2) the Chief Coroner and the Chief Forensic Pathologist shall report to the Oversight Council on the matters set out in subsection (1), as may be requested by the Oversight Council . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

ADviCE AnD rECommEnDAtions to ministEr(3) the Oversight Council shall advise and make recommendations to the Minister on the appointment and dismissal of the Chief Coroner and the Chief Forensic Pathologist . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

CompLAints CommittEE8.2 (1) there shall be a complaints committee of the Oversight Council composed, in accordance with the regulations, of members of the Oversight Council appointed by the chair of the Oversight Council . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

ChAir(2) the chair of the Oversight Council shall designate one member of the complaints committee to be the chair of the committee . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

DELEGAtion (3) the chair of the complaints committee may delegate any of the functions of the committee to one or more members of the committee . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

quorum(4) the chair of the complaints committee shall determine the number of members of the complaints committee that constitutes a quorum for any purpose, and may determine that one member constitutes a quorum . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

ConFiDEntiALitY8.3 (1) Every member and employee of the Oversight Council and of the complaints committee shall keep confidential all information that comes to his or her knowledge in the course of performing his or her duties under this act . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

ExCEption(2) an individual described in subsection (1) may disclose confidential information for the purposes of the administration of this act or the Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991 or as otherwise required by law . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .



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CompLAints riGht to mAkE A CompLAint8.4 (1) any person may make a complaint to the complaints committee about a coroner, a pathologist or a person, other than a coroner or pathologist, with powers or duties under section 28 . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

Form oF CompLAint(2) the complaint must be in writing . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

mAttErs thAt mAY not BE thE suBjECt oF A CompLAint(3) a complaint about the following matters shall not be dealt with under this section:

1 . a coroner’s decision to hold an inquest or to not hold an inquest .

2 . a coroner’s decision respecting the scheduling of an inquest .

3 . a coroner’s decision relating to the conduct of an inquest, including a decision made while presiding at the inquest . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

CompLAints ABout CoronErs(4) Subject to subsection (8), the complaints committee shall refer every complaint about a coroner, other than the Chief Coroner, to the Chief Coroner and the Chief Coroner shall review every such complaint . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

CompLAints ABout pAthoLoGists(5) Subject to subsection (8), the complaints committee shall refer every complaint about a pathologist, other than the Chief Forensic Pathologist, to the Chief Forensic Pathologist and the Chief Forensic Pathologist shall review every such complaint . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

CompLAints ABout ChiEFs (6) Subject to subsection (8), the complaints committee shall review every complaint made about the Chief Coroner or the Chief Forensic Pathologist . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

rEFErrAL to othEr pErsons or BoDiEs(7) the complaints committee shall refer every complaint about a person, other than a coroner or pathologist, with powers or duties under section 28 to a person or organization that has power to deal with the complaint and that the committee considers is the appropriate person or organization to deal with the complaint . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

sAmE(8) if the complaints committee is of the opinion that a complaint about a coroner or pathologist is more appropriately dealt with by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario or another person or organization that has power to deal with the complaint, the complaints committee shall refer the complaint to the College or that other person or organization . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

notiCE oF rEFErrAL(9) if the complaints committee refers a complaint to the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario or another person or organization under subsection (8), the committee shall promptly give notice in writing to the complainant, the coroner or pathologist who is the subject of the complaint, and the Oversight Council . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

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rEFusAL to rEviEw A CompLAint(10) Despite subsections (4) and (5), the Chief Coroner and the Chief Forensic Pathologist may refuse to review a complaint referred to him or her if, in his or her opinion,

(a) the complaint is trivial or vexatious or not made in good faith;

(b) the complaint does not relate to a power or duty of a coroner or a pathologist under this act; or

(c) the complainant was not directly affected by the exercise or performance of, or the failure to exercise or perform, the power or duty to which the complaint relates . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

sAmE(11) Despite subsection (6), the complaints committee may refuse to review a complaint if, in its opinion,


(b) the complaint does not relate to a power or duty of the Chief Coroner or the Chief Forensic Pathologist; or


rEports AFtEr rEviEw or DECision to not rEviEw(12) the Chief Coroner and the Chief Forensic Pathologist shall, promptly after completing his or her review of a complaint referred to him or her or deciding to not review the complaint, report in writing to the complainant, the person who is the subject of the complaint and the complaints committee on the results of the review or the decision to not review the complaint, as the case may be . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

sAmE(13) the complaints committee shall, promptly after completing its review of a complaint or deciding to not review the complaint, report in writing to the complainant, the person who is the subject of the complaint, the Oversight Council and the Minister on the results of the review or the decision to not review the complaint, as the case may be . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

rEquEst For rEviEw BY CompLAints CommittEE(14) if a complaint is made about a coroner or pathologist, other than the Chief Coroner or the Chief Forensic Pathologist, and the complainant or the coroner or pathologist who is the subject of the complaint is not satisfied with the results of the review of the complaint or the decision to not review the complaint by the Chief Coroner or the Chief Forensic Pathologist, he or she may request in writing that the complaints committee review the complaint and the complaints committee shall review the complaint and shall, promptly after completing its review or deciding to not review the complaint, report in writing to the complainant, the person who is the subject of the complaint and the Chief Coroner or the Chief Forensic Pathologist, as appropriate, on the results of the review or the decision to not review the complaint, as the case may be . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

rEFusAL to rEviEw A CompLAint on rEquEst(15) the complaints committee may refuse to review a complaint pursuant to a request made under subsection (14) if, in its opinion,


(b) the complaint does not relate to a power or duty of a coroner or a pathologist under this act; or




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AnnuAL rEports to ovErsiGht CounCiL(16) the complaints committee shall submit an annual report on its activities to the Oversight Council at the end of each calendar year . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

ADDitionAL rEports(17) the Oversight Council may request additional reports from the complaints committee on its activities or on a specific complaint or complaints about a specific person at any time and the complaints committee shall submit such reports as requested and may also submit additional reports as described at any time on its own initiative . 2009, c . 15, s . 4 .

poLiCE AssistAnCE9. (1) the police force having jurisdiction in the locality in which a coroner has jurisdiction shall make available to the coroner the assistance of such police officers as are necessary for the purpose of carrying out the coroner’s duties . 2009, c . 15, s . 5 .

sAmE(2) the Chief Coroner in any case he or she considers appropriate may request that another police force or the criminal investigation branch of the Ontario Provincial Police provide assistance to a coroner in an investigation or inquest . 2009, c . 15, s . 5 .

DutY to GivE inFormAtion10 . (1) Every person who has reason to believe that a deceased person died,

(a) as a result of,

(i) violence,

(ii) misadventure,

(iii) negligence,

(iv) misconduct, or

(v) malpractice;

(b) by unfair means;

(c) during pregnancy or following pregnancy in circumstances that might reasonably be attributable thereto;

(d) suddenly and unexpectedly;

(e) from disease or sickness for which he or she was not treated by a legally qualified medical practitioner;

(f) from any cause other than disease; or

(g) under such circumstances as may require investigation,

shall immediately notify a coroner or a police officer of the facts and circumstances relating to the death, and where a police officer is notified he or she shall in turn immediately notify the coroner of such facts and circumstances . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 10 (1) .

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DEAths to BE rEportED(2) Where a person dies while resident or an in-patient in,

(a) repealed: 2007, c . 8, s . 201 (1) .

(b) a children’s residence under Part iX (Licensing) of the Child and Family Services Act or premises approved under subsection 9 (1) of Part i (Flexible Services) of that act;

(c) repealed: 1994, c . 27, s . 136 (1) .

(d) a supported group living residence or an intensive support residence under the Services and Supports to Promote the Social Inclusion of Persons with Developmental Disabilities Act, 2008;

(e) a psychiatric facility designated under the Mental Health Act;

(f) repealed: 2009, c . 33, Sched . 18, s . 6 .

(g) repealed: 1994, c . 27, s . 136 (1) .

(h) a public or private hospital to which the person was transferred from a facility, institution or home referred to in clauses (a) to (g),

the person in charge of the hospital, facility, institution, residence or home shall immediately give notice of the death to a coroner, and the coroner shall investigate the circumstances of the death and, if as a result of the investigation he or she is of the opinion that an inquest ought to be held, the coroner shall hold an inquest upon the body . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 10 (2); 1994, c . 27, s . 136 (1); 2001, c . 13, s . 10; 2007, c . 8, s . 201 (1); 2008, c . 14, s . 50; 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (1); 2009, c . 33, Sched . 8, s . 11; 2009, c . 33, Sched . 18, s . 6 .

DEAths in LonG-tErm CArE homEs(2 .1) Where a person dies while resident in a long-term care home to which the Long-Term Care Homes Act, 2007 applies, the person in charge of the home shall immediately give notice of the death to a coroner and, if the coroner is of the opinion that the death ought to be investigated, he or she shall investigate the circumstances of the death and if, as a result of the investigation, he or she is of the opinion that an inquest ought to be held, the coroner shall hold an inquest upon the body . 2007, c . 8, s . 201 (2); 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (3) .

DEAths oFF prEmisEs oF psYChiAtriC FACiLitiEs, CorrECtionAL institutions, Youth CustoDY FACiLitiEs(3) Where a person dies while,

(a) a patient of a psychiatric facility;

(b) committed to a correctional institution;

(c) committed to a place of temporary detention under the Youth Criminal Justice Act (Canada); or

(d) committed to secure or open custody under section 24 .1 of the Young Offenders Act (Canada), whether in accordance with section 88 of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (Canada) or otherwise,

but while not on the premises or in actual custody of the facility, institution or place, as the case may be, subsection (2) applies as if the person were a resident of an institution named in subsection (2) . 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (4) .



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DEAth on prEmisEs oF DEtEntion FACiLitY or LoCk-up(4) Where a person dies while detained in and on the premises of a detention facility established under section 16 .1 of the Police Services Act or a lock-up, the officer in charge of the facility or lock-up shall immediately give notice of the death to a coroner and the coroner shall hold an inquest upon the body . 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (4) .

DEAth on prEmisEs oF pLACE oF tEmporArY DEtEntion(4 .1) Where a person dies while committed to and on the premises of a place of temporary detention under the Youth Criminal Justice Act (Canada), the officer in charge of the place shall immediately give notice of the death to a coroner and the coroner shall hold an inquest upon the body . 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (4) .

DEAth on prEmisEs oF pLACE oF sECurE CustoDY(4 .2) Where a person dies while committed to and on the premises of a place or facility designated as a place of secure custody under section 24 .1 of the Young Offenders Act (Canada), whether in accordance with section 88 of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (Canada) or otherwise, the officer in charge of the place or facility shall immediately give notice of the death to a coroner and the coroner shall hold an inquest upon the body . 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (4) .

DEAth on prEmisEs oF CorrECtionAL institution(4 .3) Where a person dies while committed to and on the premises of a correctional institution, the officer in charge of the institution shall immediately give notice of the death to a coroner and the coroner shall investigate the circumstances of the death and shall hold an inquest upon the body if as a result of the investigation he or she is of the opinion that the person may not have died of natural causes . 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (4) .

non-AppLiCAtion oF suBs. (4.3)(4 .4) if a person dies in circumstances referred to in subsection (4), (4 .1) or (4 .2) on the premises of a lock-up, place of temporary detention or place or facility designated as a place of secure custody that is located in a correctional institution, subsection (4 .3) does not apply . 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (4) .

DEAth in CustoDY oFF prEmisEs oF CorrECtionAL institution(4 .5) Where a person dies while committed to a correctional institution, while off the premises of the institution and while in the actual custody of a person employed at the institution, the officer in charge of the institution shall immediately give notice of the death to a coroner and the coroner shall investigate the circumstances of the death and shall hold an inquest upon the body if as a result of the investigation he or she is of the opinion that the person may not have died of natural causes . 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (4) .

othEr DEAths in CustoDY(4 .6) if a person dies while detained by or in the actual custody of a peace officer and subsections (4), (4 .1), (4 .2), (4 .3) and (4 .5) do not apply, the peace officer shall immediately give notice of the death to a coroner and the coroner shall hold an inquest upon the body . 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (4) .

DEAth whiLE rEstrAinED on prEmisEs oF psYChiAtriC FACiLitY, EtC.(4 .7) Where a person dies while being restrained and while detained in and on the premises of a psychiatric facility within the meaning of the Mental Health Act or a hospital within the meaning of Part XX .1 (Mental Disorder) of the Criminal Code (Canada), the officer in charge of the psychiatric facility or the person in charge of the hospital, as the case may be, shall immediately give notice of the death to a coroner and the coroner shall hold an inquest upon the body . 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (4) .

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DEAth whiLE rEstrAinED in sECurE trEAtmEnt proGrAm(4 .8) Where a person dies while being restrained and while committed or admitted to a secure treatment program within the meaning of Part Vi of the Child and Family Services Act, the person in charge of the program shall immediately give notice of the death to a coroner and the coroner shall hold an inquest upon the body . 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (4) .

notiCE oF DEAth rEsuLtinG From ACCiDEnt At or in ConstruCtion projECt, mininG pLAnt or minE(5) Where a worker dies as a result of an accident occurring in the course of the worker’s employment at or in a construction project, mining plant or mine, including a pit or quarry, the person in charge of such project, mining plant or mine shall immediately give notice of the death to a coroner and the coroner shall hold an inquest upon the body . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 10 (5); 2009, c . 15, s . 6 (5) .

CErtiFiCAtE As EviDEnCE(6) a statement as to the notification or non-notification of a coroner under this section, purporting to be certified by the coroner is without proof of the appointment or signature of the coroner, receivable in evidence as proof, in the absence of evidence to the contrary of the facts stated therein for all purposes in any action, proceeding or prosecution . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 10 (6) .

intErFErEnCE with BoDY11. no person who has reason to believe that a person died in any of the circumstances mentioned in section 10 shall interfere with or alter the body or its condition in any way until the coroner so directs by a warrant . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 11 .

powEr oF CoronEr to tAkE ChArGE oF wrECkAGE12. (1) Where a coroner has issued a warrant to take possession of the body of a person who has met death by violence in a wreck, the coroner may, with the approval of the Chief Coroner, take charge of the wreckage and place one or more police officers in charge of it so as to prevent persons from disturbing it until the jury at the inquest has viewed it, or the coroner has made such examination as he or she considers necessary . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 12 (1) .

viEw to BE ExpEDitED(2) the jury or coroner, as the case may be, shall view the wreckage at the earliest moment possible . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 12 (2) .

shipmEnt oF BoDiEs outsiDE ontArio13. (1) Subject to section 14, no person shall accept for shipment or ship or take a dead body from any place in Ontario to any place outside Ontario unless a certificate of a coroner has been obtained certifying that there exists no reason for further examination of the body . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 13 (1) .

FEE For CErtiFiCAtE(2) an applicant for a certificate under subsection (1) shall pay to the coroner such fee as is prescribed therefor . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 13 (2) .

EmBALminG, EtC., prohiBitED(3) no person who has reason to believe that a dead body will be shipped or taken to a place outside Ontario shall embalm or make any alteration to the body or apply any chemical to the body, internally or externally, until the certificate required by subsection (1) has been issued . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 13 (3) .



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trAnsportAtion oF A BoDY out oF ontArio For post mortEm14. a coroner may in writing authorize the transportation of a body out of Ontario for post mortem examination and, in such case a provision in any act or regulation requiring embalming and preparation by a funeral director does not apply . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 14 .

CoronEr’s invEstiGAtion15. (1) Where a coroner is informed that there is in his or her jurisdiction the body of a person and that there is reason to believe that the person died in any of the circumstances mentioned in section 10, the coroner shall issue a warrant to take possession of the body and shall examine the body and make such investigation as, in the opinion of the coroner, is necessary in the public interest to enable the coroner,

(a) to determine the answers to the questions set out in subsection 31 (1);

(b) to determine whether or not an inquest is necessary; and

(c) to collect and analyze information about the death in order to prevent further deaths in similar circumstances . 2009, c . 15, s . 7 (1) .

iDEm(2) Where the Chief Coroner has reason to believe that a person died in any of the circumstances mentioned in section 10 and no warrant has been issued to take possession of the body, he or she may issue the warrant or direct any coroner to do so . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 15 (2) .

jurisDiCtion(3) after the issue of the warrant, no other coroner shall issue a warrant or interfere in the case, except the Chief Coroner . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 15 (3); 2009, c . 15, s . 7 (2) .

ExpErt AssistAnCE(4) Subject to the approval of the Chief Coroner, a coroner may obtain assistance or retain expert services for all or any part of his or her investigation or inquest . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 15 (4) .

no wArrAnt(5) a coroner may proceed with an investigation without taking possession of the body where the body has been destroyed in whole or in part or is lying in a place from which it cannot be recovered or has been removed from Ontario . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 15 (5) .

invEstiGAtivE powErs16. (1) a coroner may,

(a) examine or take possession of any dead body, or both; and

(b) enter and inspect any place where a dead body is and any place from which the coroner has reasonable grounds for believing the body was removed . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 16 (1); 2009, c . 15, s . 8 .

iDEm(2) a coroner who believes on reasonable and probable grounds that to do so is necessary for the purposes of the investigation may,

(a) inspect any place in which the deceased person was, or in which the coroner has reasonable grounds to believe the deceased person was, prior to his or her death;

(b) inspect and extract information from any records or writings relating to the deceased or his or her circumstances and reproduce such copies therefrom as the coroner believes necessary;

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(c) seize anything that the coroner has reasonable grounds to believe is material to the purposes of the investigation . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 16 (2) .

DELEGAtion oF powErs(3) a coroner may authorize a legally qualified medical practitioner or a police officer to exercise all or any of the coroner’s powers under subsection (1) . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 16 (3) .

iDEm(4) a coroner may, where in his or her opinion it is necessary for the purposes of the investigation, authorize a legally qualified medical practitioner or a police officer to exercise all or any of the coroner’s powers under clauses (2) (a), (b) and (c) but, where such power is conditional on the belief of the coroner, the requisite belief shall be that of the coroner personally . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 16 (4) .

rEturn oF thinGs sEizED(5) Where a coroner seizes anything under clause (2) (c), he or she shall place it in the custody of a police officer for safekeeping and shall return it to the person from whom it was seized as soon as is practicable after the conclusion of the investigation or, where there is an inquest, of the inquest, unless the coroner is authorized or required by law to dispose of it otherwise . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 16 (5) .

oBstruCtion oF CoronEr(6) no person shall knowingly,

(a) hinder, obstruct or interfere with or attempt to hinder, obstruct or interfere with; or

(b) furnish with false information or refuse or neglect to furnish information to,

a coroner in the performance of his or her duties or a person authorized by the coroner in connection with an investigation . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 16 (6) .

AppointmEnt oF pErsons with CoronErs’ invEstiGAtivE powErs AnD DutiEs16.1 (1) the Chief Coroner may appoint any person, in accordance with the regulations, to exercise the investigative powers and duties of a coroner . 2009, c . 15, s . 9 .

sAmE(2) Subject to subsection (3) and the regulations, this act applies with necessary modifications to a person appointed under subsection (1) as if he or she were a coroner . 2009, c . 15, s . 9 .

LimitAtion(3) a person appointed under subsection (1) cannot determine whether or not an inquest is necessary or hold an inquest . 2009, c . 15, s . 9 .

rEport(4) a person appointed under subsection (1) shall report his or her findings to the Chief Coroner or a coroner specified by the Chief Coroner, who shall then determine whether or not an inquest is necessary . 2009, c . 15, s . 9 .

trAnsFEr oF invEstiGAtion17. (1) a coroner may at any time transfer an investigation to another coroner where in his or her opinion the investigation may be continued or conducted more conveniently by that other coroner or for any other good and sufficient reason . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 17 (1) .

invEstiGAtion AnD inquEst(2) the coroner to whom an investigation is transferred shall proceed with the investigation in the same manner as if he or she had issued the warrant to take possession of the body . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 17 (2) .



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notiFiCAtion oF ChiEF CoronEr(3) the coroner who transfers an investigation to another coroner shall notify the Chief Coroner of the transfer, and the Chief Coroner shall assist in the transfer upon request . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 17 (3) .

trAnsmittinG rEsuLts oF First invEstiGAtion(4) the coroner who transfers an investigation to another coroner shall transmit to that other coroner the report of the post mortem examination of the body, if any, and his or her signed statement setting forth briefly the result of his or her investigation and any evidence to prove the fact of death and the identity of the body . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 17 (4) .

inquEst unnECEssArY18. (1) Where the coroner determines that an inquest is unnecessary, the coroner shall forthwith transmit to the Chief Coroner a signed statement setting forth briefly the results of the investigation, and shall also forthwith transmit to the division registrar a notice of the death in the form prescribed by the Vital Statistics Act . 2009, c . 15, s . 10 .

rECommEnDAtions(2) the coroner may make recommendations to the Chief Coroner with respect to the prevention of deaths in circumstances similar to those of the death that was the subject of the coroner’s investigation . 2009, c . 15, s . 10 .

DisCLosurE to thE puBLiC (3) the Chief Coroner shall bring the findings and recommendations of a coroner’s investigation, which may include personal information as defined in the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, to the attention of the public, or any segment of the public, if the Chief Coroner reasonably believes that it is necessary in the interests of public safety to do so . 2009, c . 15, s . 10 .

rECorD oF invEstiGAtions(4) Every coroner shall keep a record of the cases reported in which an inquest has been determined to be unnecessary, showing for each case the coroner’s findings of facts to determine the answers to the questions set out in subsection 31 (1), and such findings, including the relevant findings of the post mortem examination and of any other examinations or analyses of the body carried out, shall be available to the spouse, parents, children, brothers and sisters of the deceased and to his or her personal representative, upon request . 2009, c . 15, s . 10 .

CoronEr’s rEport iF DEAth suspECtED not oF nAturAL CAusEs18.1 if the coroner is of the opinion, based on his or her investigation, that the deceased person may not have died of natural causes, the coroner shall advise the regional coroner of that opinion and the regional coroner shall so advise the Crown attorney . 2009, c . 15, s . 11 .

DEtErminAtion to hoLD An inquEst19. Where the coroner determines that an inquest is necessary, the coroner shall,

(a) forthwith notify the Chief Coroner of that determination and give the Chief Coroner a brief summary of the results of the investigation and of the grounds upon which the coroner made that determination; and

(b) hold an inquest . 2009, c . 15, s . 12 .

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whAt CoronEr shALL ConsiDEr AnD hAvE rEGArD to20. When making a determination whether an inquest is necessary or unnecessary, the coroner shall have regard to whether the holding of an inquest would serve the public interest and, without restricting the generality of the foregoing, shall consider,

(a) whether the matters described in clauses 31 (1) (a) to (e) are known;

(b) the desirability of the public being fully informed of the circumstances of the death through an inquest; and

(c) the likelihood that the jury on an inquest might make useful recommendations directed to the avoidance of death in similar circumstances . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 20 .

whErE BoDY DEstroYED or rEmovED From ontArio21. Where a coroner has reason to believe that a death has occurred in circumstances that warrant the holding of an inquest but, owing to the destruction of the body in whole or in part or to the fact that the body is lying in a place from which it cannot be recovered, or that the body has been removed from Ontario, an inquest cannot be held except by virtue of this section, he or she shall report the facts to the Chief Coroner who may direct an inquest to be held touching the death, in which case an inquest shall be held by the coroner making the report or by such other coroner as the Chief Coroner directs, and the law relating to coroners and coroners’ inquests applies with such modifications as are necessary in conse-quence of the inquest being held otherwise than on or after a view of the body . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 21 .

22. repealed: 2009, c . 15, s . 13 .

inquEst mAnDAtorY22.1 a coroner shall hold an inquest under this act into the death of a child upon learning that the child died in the circumstances described in clauses 72 .2 (a), (b) and (c) of the Child and Family Services Act . 2006, c . 24, s . 2 (1) .

23. repealed: 2009, c . 15, s . 14 .

ChiEF CoronEr mAY DirECt thAt BoDY BE DisintErrED24. Despite anything in the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002 or a regulation made under that act, the Chief Coroner may, at any time where he or she considers it necessary for the purposes of an investigation or an inquest, direct that a body be disinterred under and subject to such conditions as the Chief Coroner considers proper . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 24; 2002, c . 33, s . 142; 2009, c . 15, s . 15 .

DirECtion BY ChiEF CoronEr25. (1) the Chief Coroner may direct any coroner in respect of any death to issue a warrant to take possession of the body, conduct an investigation or hold an inquest, or may direct any other coroner to do so or may intervene to act as coroner personally for any one or more of such purposes . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 25 (1) .

inquEst into muLtipLE DEAths(2) Where two or more deaths appear to have occurred in the same event or from a common cause, the Chief Coroner may direct that one inquest be held into all of the deaths . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 25 (2) .

DirECtion to rEpLACE CoronEr(3) if the Chief Coroner is of the opinion that a coroner is unable to continue presiding over an inquest for any reason, the Chief Coroner may direct another coroner to continue the inquest . 1994, c . 27, s . 136 (3) .



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rEquEst BY rELAtivE For inquEst26. (1) Where the coroner determines that an inquest is unnecessary, the spouse, parent, child, brother, sister or personal representative of the deceased person may request the coroner in writing to hold an inquest, and the coroner shall give the person requesting the inquest an opportunity to state his or her reasons, either personally, by the person’s agent or in writing, and the coroner shall advise the person in writing within sixty days of the receipt of the request of the coroner’s final decision and where the decision is to not hold an inquest shall deliver the reasons therefor in writing . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 26 (1); 1999, c . 6, s . 15 (3); 2005, c . 5, s . 15 (4) .

rEviEw oF rEFusAL(2) Where the final decision of a coroner under subsection (1) is to not hold an inquest, the person making the request may, within twenty days after the receipt of the decision of the coroner, request the Chief Coroner to review the decision and the Chief Coroner shall review the decision of the coroner after giving the person requesting the inquest an opportunity to state his or her reasons either personally, by the person’s agent or in writing . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 26 (2) .

DECision FinAL(3) the decision of the Chief Coroner is final . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 26 (3); 2009, c . 15, s . 16 .

whErE CriminAL oFFEnCE ChArGED27. (1) Where a person is charged with an offence under the Criminal Code (Canada) arising out of a death, an inquest touching the death shall be held only upon the direction of the Chief Coroner and, when held, the person charged is not a compellable witness . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 27 (1); 2009, c . 15, s . 17 (1) .

iDEm(2) Where during an inquest a person is charged with an offence under the Criminal Code (Canada) arising out of the death, the coroner shall discharge the jury and close the inquest, and shall then proceed as if he or she had determined that an inquest was unnecessary, but the Chief Coroner may direct that the inquest be reopened . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 27 (2); 2009, c . 15, s . 17 (2) .

whErE ChArGE or AppEAL FinALLY DisposED oF(3) Despite subsections (1) and (2), where a person is charged with an offence under the Criminal Code (Canada) arising out of the death and the charge or any appeal from a conviction or an acquittal of the offence charged has been finally disposed of or the time for taking an appeal has expired, the coroner may hold an inquest and the person charged is a compellable witness at the inquest . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 27 (3); 2009, c . 15, s . 17 (3) .

Post mortem ExAminAtion28. (1) a coroner may at any time during an investigation issue a warrant for a pathologist to perform a post mortem examination of the body . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .

othEr ExAminAtions AnD AnALYsEs(2) a coroner may at any time during an investigation conduct examinations and analyses that the coroner considers appropriate in the circumstances or direct any person, other than the pathologist to whom the warrant is issued, to conduct such examinations and analyses . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .

pAthoLoGist’s DutY(3) the pathologist to whom the warrant is issued shall perform the post mortem examination of the body . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .

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powEr to ExAminE BoDY (4) the pathologist to whom the warrant is issued or, if no warrant has been issued, a pathologist who has been notified of the death by a coroner or police officer and who reasonably believes that a coroner’s warrant will be issued to him or her under subsection (1) may,

(a) enter and inspect any place where the dead body is and examine the body; and

(b) enter and inspect any place from which the pathologist has reasonable grounds for believing the body was removed . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .

notiCE to CoronEr(5) a pathologist who exercises a power under subsection (4) shall notify,

(a) the coroner who issued the warrant; or

(b) if no warrant has been issued, the coroner by whom the pathologist believes the warrant will be issued . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .

othEr ExAminAtions AnD AnALYsEs(6) the pathologist who performs the post mortem examination may conduct or direct any person other than a coroner to conduct such other examinations and analyses as he or she considers appropriate in the circumstances . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .

DirECtion oF ChiEF ForEnsiC pAthoLoGist(7) the Chief Forensic Pathologist may direct a pathologist or any other person, other than a coroner, to conduct any examinations and analyses that the Chief Forensic Pathologist considers appropriate in the circumstances . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .

AssistAnCE(8) the pathologist who performs the post mortem examination may obtain the assistance of any person or persons in performing the post mortem examination and in conducting any other examinations and analyses . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .

pAthoLoGist From rEGistEr(9) the coroner may issue a warrant under subsection (1) only to a pathologist whose name is on the pathologists register . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .

AssiGnmEnt to AnothEr pAthoLoGist(10) the Chief Forensic Pathologist may at any time during an investigation assign another pathologist whose name is on the pathologists register to perform the post mortem examination in place of the pathologist named on the coroner’s warrant, and in that case, every reference in this section to the pathologist to whom the warrant is issued applies to the pathologist assigned to the investigation by the Chief Forensic Pathologist . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .

rEports oF post mortEm FinDinGs29. (1) the pathologist who performed the post mortem examination of a body under section 28 shall forthwith report in writing his or her findings from the post mortem examination and from any other examinations or analyses that he or she conducted to the coroner who issued the warrant, the regional coroner and, if the pathologist who performed the post mortem examination is not the Chief Forensic Pathologist, the Chief Forensic Pathologist . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .



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sAmE(2) a person, other than the pathologist who performed the post mortem examination, who conducted any other examination or analysis under section 28 shall forthwith report his or her findings in writing to the pathologist who performed the post mortem examination, the coroner who issued the warrant, the regional coroner and, if the pathologist who performed the post mortem examination is not the Chief Forensic Pathologist, the Chief Forensic Pathologist . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .

FurthEr Post mortems(3) if, after a post mortem examination of a body is performed, the Chief Forensic Pathologist is of the opinion that a second or further post mortem examination of the body is necessary, he or she shall so advise the Chief Coroner, and the Chief Coroner shall issue a warrant for a second or further post mortem examination of the body . 2009, c . 15, s . 18 .

Crown CounsEL30. (1) Every coroner before holding an inquest shall notify the Crown attorney of the time and place at which it is to be held and the Crown attorney or a barrister and solicitor or any other person designated by him or her shall attend the inquest and shall act as counsel to the coroner at the inquest . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 30 (1) .

CounsEL For ministEr(2)the Minister may be represented at an inquest by counsel and shall be deemed to be a person with standing at the inquest for the purpose . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 30 (2) .

purposEs oF inquEst31. (1) Where an inquest is held, it shall inquire into the circumstances of the death and determine,

(a) who the deceased was;

(b) how the deceased came to his or her death;

(c) when the deceased came to his or her death;

(d) where the deceased came to his or her death; and

(e) by what means the deceased came to his or her death . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 31 (1) .

iDEm(2) the jury shall not make any finding of legal responsibility or express any conclusion of law on any matter referred to in subsection (1) . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 31 (2) .

AuthoritY oF jurY to mAkE rECommEnDAtions(3) Subject to subsection (2), the jury may make recommendations directed to the avoidance of death in similar circumstances or respecting any other matter arising out of the inquest . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 31 (3) .

impropEr FinDinG(4) a finding that contravenes subsection (2) is improper and shall not be received . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 31 (4) .

FAiLurE to mAkE propEr FinDinG(5) Where a jury fails to deliver a proper finding it shall be discharged . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 31 (5) .

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inquEst puBLiC32. an inquest shall be open to the public except where the coroner is of the opinion that national security might be endangered or where a person is charged with an indictable offence under the Criminal Code (Canada) in which cases the coroner may hold the hearing concerning any such matters in the absence of the public . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 32 .

juriEs33. (1) Every inquest shall be held with a jury composed of five persons . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 33 (1); 2009, c . 15, s . 19 (1) .

jurors(2) the coroner shall direct a constable to select from the list of names of persons provided under subsection 34 (2) five persons who in his or her opinion are suitable to serve as jurors at an inquest and the constable shall summon them to attend the inquest at the time and place appointed . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 33 (2) .

iDEm(3) Where fewer than five of the jurors so summoned attend at the inquest, the coroner may name and appoint so many persons then present or who can be found as will make up a jury of five . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 33 (3) .

(4) repealed: 2009, c . 15, s . 19 (2) .

List oF jurors34. (1) a coroner may by his or her warrant require the sheriff for the area in which an inquest is to be held to provide a list of the names of such number of persons as the coroner specifies in the warrant taken from the jury roll prepared under the Juries Act . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 34 (1) .

iDEm(2) Upon receipt of the warrant, the sheriff shall provide the list containing names of persons in the number specified by the coroner, taken from the jury roll prepared under the Juries Act, together with their ages, places of residence and occupations . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 34 (2) .

ELiGiBiLitY(3) no person who is ineligible to serve as a juror under the Juries Act shall be summoned to serve or shall serve as a juror at an inquest . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 34 (3) .

iDEm(4) an officer, employee or inmate of a hospital or an institution referred to in subsection 10 (2) or (3) shall not serve as a juror at an inquest upon the death of a person who died therein . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 34 (4) .

ExCusinG From sErviCE(5) the coroner may excuse any person on the list from being summoned or from serving as a juror on the grounds of illness or hardship . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 34 (5) .

ExCLusion oF juror with intErEst(6) the coroner presiding at an inquest may exclude a person from being sworn as a juror where the coroner believes there is a likelihood that the person, because of interest or bias, would be unable to render a verdict in accordance with the evidence . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 34 (6) .



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ExCusinG oF juror For iLLnEss(7) Where in the course of an inquest the coroner is satisfied that a juror should not, because of illness or other reasonable cause, continue to act, the coroner may discharge the juror . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 34 (7) .

ContinuAtion with rEDuCED jurY(8) Where in the course of an inquest a member of the jury dies or becomes incapacitated from any cause or is excluded or discharged by the coroner under subsection (6) or (7) or is found to be ineligible to serve, the jury shall, unless the coroner otherwise directs and if the number of jurors is not reduced below three, be deemed to remain properly constituted for all purposes of the inquest . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 34 (8) .

rEport to shEriFF rE jurY sErviCE35. On or before the 31st day of December in each year, the coroner shall advise the sheriff of the names of persons who have received fees for service as jurors at inquests and the number of each such name on the jury roll . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 35 .

jurY irrEGuLAritiEs not to AFFECt outComE36. the omission to observe any of the provisions of this act or the regulations respecting the eligibility and selection of jurors is not a ground for impeaching or quashing a verdict . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 36 .

jurY’s DutiEs, powErs viEw oF pLACE37. (1) the jury shall view any place that the coroner directs them to view . 2009, c . 15, s . 20 .

quEstions(2) the jurors are entitled to ask relevant questions of each witness . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 37 (2) .

mAjoritY vErDiCt38. a verdict or finding may be returned by a majority of the jurors sworn . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 38 .

sErviCE oF summonsEs39. a summons to a juror or to a witness may be served,

(a) by personal service;

(b) by leaving a copy, in a sealed envelope addressed to the person summoned, at his or her place of residence with anyone who appears to be an adult member of the same household; or

(c) by sending it by registered mail addressed to the place of residence of the person summoned . 2009, c . 15, s . 21 .

summonsEs40. (1) a coroner may require any person by summons,

(a) to give evidence on oath or affirmation at an inquest; and

(b) to produce in evidence at an inquest documents and things specified by the coroner,

relevant to the subject-matter of the inquest and admissible . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 40 (1) .

Form AnD sErviCE oF summonsEs(2) a summons issued under subsection (1) shall be in the form approved by the Minister and shall be signed by the coroner . 2009, c . 15, s . 22 .

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BEnCh wArrAnts(3) Upon proof to the satisfaction of a judge of the Superior Court of Justice of the service of a summons under this section upon a person and that,

(a) such person has failed to attend or to remain in attendance at an inquest in accordance with the requirements of the summons; and

(b) the person’s presence is material to the inquest,

the judge may, by a warrant in the prescribed form, directed to any police officer, cause such witness to be apprehended anywhere within Ontario and forthwith to be brought to the inquest and to be detained in custody as the judge may order until the person’s presence as a witness at the inquest is no longer required, or, in the discretion of the judge, to be released on a recognizance (with or without sureties) conditioned for appearance to give evidence . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 40 (3); 1997, c . 39, s . 4 (2); 2006, c . 19, Sched . C, s . 1 (1); 2009, c . 33, Sched . 9, s . 3 (1) .

prooF oF sErviCE(4) Service of a summons may be proved by affidavit in an application under subsection (3) . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 40 (4) .

CErtiFiCAtE oF FACts(5) Where an application under subsection (3) is made on behalf of a coroner, the coroner may certify to the judge the facts relied on to establish that the presence of the person summoned is material for the purposes of the inquest and such certificate may be accepted by the judge as proof of such facts . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 40 (5) .

pErsons with stAnDinG At inquEst41. (1) On the application of any person before or during an inquest, the coroner shall designate the person as a person with standing at the inquest if the coroner finds that the person is substantially and directly interested in the inquest . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 41 (1); 1993, c . 27, Sched .; 1999, c . 12, Sched . P, s . 2 .

riGhts oF pErsons with stAnDinG At inquEst(2) a person designated as a person with standing at an inquest may,

(a) be represented by a person authorized under the Law Society Act to represent the person with standing;

(b) call and examine witnesses and present arguments and submissions;

(c) conduct cross-examinations of witnesses at the inquest relevant to the interest of the person with standing and admissible . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 41 (2); 2006, c . 21, Sched . C, s . 104 (1) .

Costs oF rEprEsEntAtion(3) if the coroner in an inquest into the death of a victim as defined in the Victims’ Bill of Rights, 1995 designates a spouse, same-sex partner or parent of the victim as a person with standing at the inquest, the person may apply to the Minister to have the costs that the person incurs for representation by legal counsel in connection with the inquest paid out of the victims’ justice fund account continued under subsection 5 (1) of the Victims’ Bill of Rights, 1995 . 2006, c . 24, s . 2 (2) .

pAYmEnt(4) Subject to the approval of Management Board of Cabinet, payment of the costs described in subsection (3) may be made out of the victims’ justice fund account . 2006, c . 24, s . 2 (2) .



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protECtion For witnEssEs42. (1) a witness at an inquest shall be deemed to have objected to answer any question asked the witness upon the ground that his or her answer may tend to criminate the witness or may tend to estab-lish his or her liability to civil proceedings at the instance of the Crown, or of any person, and no answer given by a witness at an inquest shall be used or be receivable in evidence against the witness in any trial or other proceedings against him or her thereafter taking place, other than a prosecution for perjury in giving such evidence . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 42 (1) .

riGht to oBjECt unDEr cAnAdA evidence Act(2) Where it appears at any stage of the inquest that the evidence that a witness is about to give would tend to criminate the witness, it is the duty of the coroner and of the Crown attorney to ensure that the witness is informed of his or her rights under section 5 of the Canada Evidence Act . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 42 (2) .

riGhts oF witnEssEs to rEprEsEntAtion43. (1) a witness at an inquest is entitled to be advised as to his or her rights by a person authorized under the Law Society Act to advise him or her, but such person may take no other part in the inquest without leave of the coroner . 2006, c . 21, Sched . C, s . 104 (2) .

sAmE(2) Where an inquest is held in the absence of the public, a person advising a witness under subsection (1) is not entitled to be present except when that witness is giving evidence . 2006, c . 21, Sched . C, s . 104 (2) .

ADmissiBiLitY oF EviDEnCE whAt is ADmissiBLE in EviDEnCE At inquEst44. (1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), a coroner may admit as evidence at an inquest, whether or not admissible as evidence in a court,

(a) any oral testimony; and

(b) any document or other thing,

relevant to the purposes of the inquest and may act on such evidence, but the coroner may exclude anything unduly repetitious or anything that the coroner considers does not meet such standards of proof as are commonly relied on by reasonably prudent persons in the conduct of their own affairs and the coroner may comment on the weight that ought to be given to any particular evidence . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 44 (1) .

whAt is inADmissiBLE in EviDEnCE At inquEst(2) nothing is admissible in evidence at an inquest,

(a) that would be inadmissible in a court by reason of any privilege under the law of evidence; or

(b) that is inadmissible by the statute under which the proceedings arise or any other statute . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 44 (2) .

ConFLiCts(3) nothing in subsection (1) overrides the provisions of any act expressly limiting the extent to or purposes for which any oral testimony, documents or things may be admitted or used in evidence . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 44 (3) .

CopiEs(4) Where the coroner is satisfied as to their authenticity, a copy of a document or other thing may be admitted as evidence at an inquest . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 44 (4) .

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photoCopiEs(5) Where a document has been filed in evidence at an inquest, the coroner may, or the person producing it or entitled to it may with the leave of the coroner, cause the document to be photocopied and the coroner may authorize the photocopy to be filed in evidence in the place of the document filed and release the document filed, or may furnish to the person producing it or the person entitled to it a photocopy of the document filed certified by the coroner . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 44 (5) .

tAkinG EviDEnCE45. (1) the evidence upon an inquest or any part of it shall be recorded by a person appointed by the coroner and approved by the Crown attorney and who before acting shall make oath or affirmation that he or she will truly and faithfully record the evidence . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 45 (1) .

trAnsCription oF EviDEnCE(2) it is not necessary to transcribe the evidence unless the Chief Coroner or Crown attorney orders it to be done or unless any other person requests a copy of the transcript and pays the fees therefor except that the coroner may prohibit the transcribing of all or any part of evidence taken in the absence of the public . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 45 (2); 2009, c . 15, s . 23 .

ADjournmEnts46 . an inquest may be adjourned from time to time by the coroner of his or her own motion or where it is shown to the satisfaction of the coroner that the adjournment is required to permit an adequate hearing to be held . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 46 .

mAintEnAnCE oF orDEr At inquEst47. a coroner may make such orders or give such directions at an inquest as he or she considers neces-sary for the maintenance of order at the inquest, and, if any person disobeys or fails to comply with any such order or direction, the coroner may call for the assistance of any peace officer to enforce the order or direction, and every peace officer so called upon shall take such action as is necessary to enforce the order or direction and may use such force as is reasonably required for that purpose . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 47 .

intErprEtErs AnD ConstABLEs intErprEtErs48. (1) a coroner may, and if required by the Crown attorney or requested by the witness shall, employ a person to act as interpreter for a witness at an inquest, and such person may be summoned to attend the inquest and before acting shall make oath or affirm that he or she will truly and faithfully translate the evidence . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 48 (1) .

ConstABLEs(2) a coroner may appoint such persons as constables as the coroner considers necessary for the purpose of assisting the coroner in an inquest and, on the request of the coroner, the police force having jurisdiction in the locality in which an inquest is held shall provide a police officer for the purpose and, before acting, every such constable shall take oath or affirm that he or she will faithfully perform his or her duties . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 48 (2) .

ADministrAtion oF oAths49. the coroner conducting an inquest has power to administer oaths and affirmations for the purpose of the inquest . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 49 .



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FurthEr powErs oF CoronEr ABusE oF proCEssEs50. (1) a coroner may make such orders or give such directions at an inquest as the coroner considers proper to prevent abuse of its processes . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 50 (1) .

LimitAtion on Cross-ExAminAtion(2) a coroner may reasonably limit further cross-examination of a witness where the coroner is satisfied that the cross-examination of the witness has been sufficient to disclose fully and fairly the facts in relation to which the witness has given evidence or where the coroner is of the opinion that the questions being asked are irrelevant, unduly repetitious or abusive . 2009, c . 15, s . 24 .

ExCLusion oF rEprEsEntAtivEs(3) a coroner may exclude from a hearing anyone, other than a person licensed under the Law Society Act, advising a witness if the coroner finds that such person is not competent properly to advise the witness, or does not understand and comply at the inquest with the duties and responsibilities of an adviser . 2006, c . 21, Sched . C, s . 104 (3) .

ruLEs oF proCEDurE For inquEsts50.1 the Chief Coroner may make additional rules of procedure for inquests . 2009, c . 15, s . 25 .

ContEmpt proCEEDinGs51. Where any person without lawful excuse,

(a) on being duly summoned as a witness or a juror at an inquest makes default in attending at the inquest; or

(b) being in attendance as a witness at an inquest, refuses to take an oath or to make an affirmation legally required by the coroner to be taken or made, or to produce any document or thing in his or her power or control legally required by the coroner to be produced by the person or to answer any question to which the coroner may legally require an answer; or

(c) does any other thing that would, if the inquest had been a court of law having power to commit for contempt, have been contempt of that court,

the coroner may state a case to the Divisional Court setting out the facts and that court may, on applica-tion on behalf of and in the name of the coroner, inquire into the matter and, after hearing any witnesses who may be produced against or on behalf of that person and after hearing any statement that may be offered in defence, punish or take steps for the punishment of that person in like manner as if he or she had been guilty of contempt of the court . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 51 .

ConCLusion oF inquEst rEturn oF vErDiCt52. (1) the coroner shall forthwith after an inquest return the verdict or finding, with the evidence where the Crown attorney or Chief Coroner has ordered it to be transcribed, to the Chief Coroner, and shall transmit a copy of the verdict and recommendations to the Crown attorney . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 52 (1); 2009, c . 15, s . 26 .

rELEAsE oF ExhiBits(2) after an inquest is concluded, the coroner shall, upon request, release documents and things put in evidence at the inquest to the lawful owner or person entitled to possession thereof . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 52 (2) .

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protECtion From pErsonAL LiABiLitY53. no action or other proceeding shall be instituted against any person exercising a power or performing a duty under this act for any act done in good faith in the execution or intended execution of any such power or duty or for any alleged neglect or default in the execution in good faith of any such power or duty . 2009, c . 15, s . 27 .

sEALs not nECEssArY54. in proceedings under this act, it is not necessary for a person to affix a seal to a document, and no document is invalidated by reason of the lack of a seal, even though the document purports to be sealed . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 54 .

oFFEnCEs55. any person who contravenes section 10, 11, 13 or subsection 16 (6) is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to a fine of not more than $1,000 or to imprisonment for a term of not more than six months, or to both . r .S .O . 1990, c . C .37, s . 55 .

rEGuLAtions AnD FEEs56. (1) the Lieutenant Governor in Council may make regulations,

(a) prescribing powers and duties of the Chief Coroner;

(b) prescribing powers and duties of the Chief Forensic Pathologist;

(c) prescribing the composition of the Oversight Council and of the complaints committee of the Oversight Council;

(d) prescribing matters for the purpose of paragraph 7 of subsection 8 .1 (1);

(e) respecting the making, referral and reviewing of complaints under section 8 .4;

(f) defining “restrain” for the purpose of subsections 10 (4 .7) and (4 .8);

(g) governing the retention, storage and disposal of tissue samples, implanted devices and body fluids obtained in performing a post mortem examination of a body or conducting examinations or analyses under section 28 . 2009, c . 15, s . 28 (1); 2009, c . 33, Sched . 9, s . 3 (2) .

sAmE(2) the Minister may make regulations,

(a) respecting the appointment of persons under section 16 .1;

(b) prescribing limits on the powers of persons appointed under section 16 .1;

(c) providing for the selecting, recording, summoning, attendance and service of persons as jurors at inquests;

(d) prescribing matters that may be grounds for disqualification because of interest or bias of jurors for the purposes of subsection 34 (6);

(e) prescribing the contents of oaths and affirmations required or authorized by this act;

(f) prescribing the form of a warrant for the purpose of subsection 40 (3);

(g) prescribing fees and allowances that shall be paid to persons rendering services in connection with coroners’ investigations and inquests and providing for the adjustment of such fees and allowances in special circumstances;



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(h) requiring and governing the disclosure, collection and use of information, including personal information within the meaning of the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, about coroners, pathologists and other members of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario among the Chief Coroner, the Chief Forensic Pathologist, the Oversight Council and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario . 2009, c . 15, s . 28 (1) .

CoronErs’ FEEs AnD ALLowAnCEs(3) the Minister may set fees and allowances for coroners for services performed under this or any other act and may provide for the adjustment of such fees and allowances in special circumstances . 1997, c . 39, s . 5 (2) .

non-AppLiCAtion oF legislAtion Act, 2006, pArt iii(4) Part iii (regulations) of the Legislation Act, 2006 does not apply to,

(a) any rules made by the Chief Forensic Pathologist respecting the maintenance of the register of pathologists under section 7 .1 or the authorization of pathologists to provide services under this act; or

(b) the rules of procedure for inquests made by the Chief Coroner under section 50 .1 . 2009, c . 15, s . 28 (2) .

Forms57. (1) the Minister may approve forms for the purposes of this act and provide for their use . 2009, c . 15, s . 29 .

sAmE(2) Where the Minister approves a form and requires its use, the form shall be available on the website of the ministry of the Minister . 2009, c . 15, s . 29 .

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Suite 3000 79 Wellington St . W . Box 270, tD Centre toronto, Ontario M5K 1n2 Canada

tel 416 .865 .0040 Fax 416 .865 .7380 www .torys .com

Frank iacobucci tel 416 .865 .8217

november 9, 2011

rE: independent review of First nations representation on ontario’s Jury roll

i would like to take this opportunity to introduce myself as the independent reviewer appointed by the attorney General and the Government of Ontario to examine, report and offer recommendations regarding the process for inclusion of First nation peoples living in reserve communities on the provincial jury roll from which potential jurors are selected for all jury trials and coroners inquests . My report will be submitted to the attorney General of Ontario on or before august 31, 2012 .

the matter of First nations’ representation on Ontario’s jury roll has been raised in certain trials and coroners’ inquests over the last several years, a development that has prompted some First nations’ organizations to advocate for a systemic review of the creation of the jury roll . the Government of Ontario has responded by establishing a process for an independent review with the objective of enhancing First nations’ representation on the provincial jury roll and strengthening the relationship between the Ministry of the attorney General and First nations in this regard .

i am keen to meet with First nation organizations and communities in the next few months to discuss this important matter and obtain an informed view of the issues related to First nations and the jury roll . i hope you will be interested in participating in this process . i welcome your involvement, or the involvement of your member communities, and look forward to discussing the most effective means by which this could occur, considering the needs of your organization and the parameters of this process . We would be pleased to receive written submissions, convene or attend meetings, or engage in a combination of these approaches .

throughout the independent review process, i will be supported by a legal team led by John terry, a partner at torys LLP and Candice S . Metallic, of Maurice Law Barristers & Solicitors as associate Counsel . Please feel encouraged to follow up with either Mr . terry or Ms . Metallic if you wish to participate in this process, or if you have any questions, comments or concerns respecting the process .

For further information, please visit the website for the independent review at www .firstnationsandjuriesreview .ca . i look forward to meeting with you in the very near future .

Sincerely,

Frank iacobucci

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LiSt OF EnGaGEMEnt SESSiOnSFIRST NATIONS AND OTHER GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS

OFFICIALS THAT ATTENDED SUBMISSIONS

Nishnawbe Aski Nation Several meetings with, then, Deputy Chief terry Waboose, Bentley Cheechoo and nan assembly

Written Submission

1 . Keewaywin Council, Elders & community representatives

2 . Kassabonika Lake Chief & Council, Elders, community representatives, and justice committee

Written Submission

3 . Webequie Council, community representatives

4 . Mattagami Chief & Council, community representatives

5 . Moose Cree Chief & Council, justice worker, probation officer, lawyer

Written Submission

6 . Constance Lake Chief & Council, community representatives

7 . Sandy Lake Chief & Council, Elders, justice committee

8 . Mushkeegomang Chief & Council

9 . Poplar Hill Chief & Council

10 . Sachigo Lake Chief & Council, community representatives, students

Written Submission

11 . Kasheshewan Chief Solomon (in toronto)

Grand Council Treaty 3 Meeting with then Grand Chief Diane Kelly and Chief Simon Forbister

1 . Wauzhushk Onigum Gathering of 8 Chiefs, Councilors, Elders, and technicians



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Union of Ontario Indians Meeting with legal counsel Written Submission

1 . Garden river Gathering of 3 Chiefs, an Elder and technicians

Written presentation

2 . toronto Gathering of 1 Chief, Councilors from 5 First nations, and technicians

3 written presentations

Independents

akwesasne Chief & Council, Justice Department

Chippewas of Saugeen Chief & Council

Six nations Chief & Council

Pikwaknagan Chief & Council

Organizations

aboriginal Legal Services toronto

a . Several meetings with Director of Legal Services

b . Families Forum of those involved in Coroner’s inquests

Written Submission

Provincial advocate for Children and Youth

Meeting with Provincial advocate, legal counsel and staff

Written Submission

Government

Ministry of attorney General Meeting with legal counsel and other officials

Court Services Division Meeting with Director of Court Services, northwest regionMeeting with Court Services officials, KenoraMeeting with assistant Crown Counsel (retired)

Provincial Jury Centre teleconference with officials

Judiciary

Judges Meetings with judges from the Ontario Superior Court of Justice and Ontario Court of Justice

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Suite 3000 79 Wellington St . W . Box 270, tD Centre toronto, Ontario M5K 1n2 Canada

tel 416 .865 .0040 Fax 416 .865 .7380 www .torys .com

Frank iacobucci tel 416 .865 .8217

april 20, 2012

rE: independent review of First nations representation on ontario’s Jury roll – Points raised through Dialogue with First nations and Further Questions

Last november, i wrote to you to introduce myself as the independent reviewer appointed by the attorney General and the Government of Ontario to examine, report and offer recommendations regarding the process for inclusion of First nation peoples living in reserve communities on the provincial jury roll from which potential jurors are selected for all jury trials and coroners inquests .

i explained at the time that i would be meeting with First nation organizations and communities over the next several months to obtain an informed view of the issues related to First nations and the jury roll . i have now completed most of those consultations, having traveled throughout the province to meet with First nations leaders and community members, treaty organization representatives, judges, court officials and other interested groups to discuss this very serious issue .

as we move from the consultation phase toward the report-writing stage of my review, i wanted to give you feedback on what i have heard during these consultations and provide you with an additional opportunity to give your input on some follow-up questions that i have . in order to do that, i enclose a short document that describes the points raised through my dialogue with First nations, organized under five issues, as well as a list of follow-up questions relating to some of those issues .

i encourage you to provide me with your comments or submissions in response to these questions, any of the other issues discussed and points raised in the document, or any other issues relevant to my review . in order to meet the deadline for me to complete my report, i would be grateful if you would provide me with any comments or submissions by no later than May 25, 2012 .

Sincerely,

Frank iacobucci



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indePendent reVieW OF FirSt nAtiOn rePreSentAtiOn On OntAriO’S JurY rOll

mAnDAtE oF inDEpEnDEnt rEviEw i . Systemic challenges to First nations representation on Ontario’s jury roll for trials and coroner’s inquests

ii . improve relationship between First nations and Ministry of the attorney General in the context of the jury roll

points rAisED throuGh DiALoGuE with First nAtions

issue #1: First nations’ perspectives on the justice system chill the desire to serve on ontario juries

a) Competing values, ideologies and laws with respect to achieving justice, i .e . Canadian system of criminal justice does not accord with traditional First nations principles of attaining harmony and balance

b) Systemic discrimination – negative experiences have shaped adverse perspectives and mistrust of the whole of the criminal justice system, including jury duty

c) Justice challenges in northern First nations communities are distinct -- e .g . lack of access -- and compound the problem

d) Lack of education about and awareness of the jury system

e) Self-government objectives for community based justice initiatives and ancillary resource/capacity requirements are not supported

f) inadequate policing services and funding contribute to negative perceptions of the criminal justice system

issue #2: Current practices for collection of names and contact information of First nations peoples on reserve are inadequate

a) residency vs . membership – a specific list of on-reserve residence is required, rather than the full membership list or voters list

b) First nations seek capacity to gather and maintain appropriate, accurate and current records, including addresses, for jury roll purposes

c) Voluntariness of First nation participation is required given extent of existing social and economic pressures . First nations’ administrators are best positioned to solicit interest

issue #3: juror questionnaires pose problems and concerns that deter First nation responses

a) Penalty for non-response (fine or imprisonment) within unreasonable time limit (five days of receipt of notice) is perceived as imposing jury duty through intimidation and threat

b) the requirement to declare ‘Canadian’ citizenship prevents participation of many First nations peoples

c) List of exemptions from jury duty ought to include elected First nation leadership

d) English or French-speaking requirement is problematic for many whose primary language is their First nation language – juries ought to be equipped with translation services, if necessary

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e) Lack of translation of questionnaires and instructions pose challenges to completing forms

f) Lack of understanding of the jury selection process and role of juries prevent response to jury questionnaires

g) Confusion and misunderstanding may arise when someone is empanelled but not chosen for a jury

issue #4: practical barriers to jury participation

a) transportation – travel to urban centers often requires multiple modes of transportation that occupy significant amounts of time (several days in some circumstances) and costs are beyond what people can afford out of pocket . transportation presents a significant barrier to northern First nations who incur higher travel costs which, in turn, further inhibits participation

b) accommodations and meal allowances are not always sufficient

c) Childcare expenses must be included as a necessary expense

d) Employment income supplements may be required, when necessary

e) all expenses related to the jury system must be paid prior to travel due to lack of resources and credit

f) Community-based supports, such as assistance with process and postjury service psychological effects, are needed by those who participate in juries

g) Lack of translation services while in urban centres creates hardships

h) Criminal records and lack of awareness of pardon procedures present a bar to service

issue #5: relationship between the ministry of the Attorney General and First nations with respect to the jury roll needs to be improved

a) need for collaboration between the Ministry of the attorney General and First nations

b) Education and awareness of jury system for both trials and coroner’s inquests among First nations needs to be improved

c) increased education required for provincial officials regarding First nations’ culture, values and traditions

d) More education about process for pardons and access to support services for First nations is required

e) Proper funding is required to support community based justice initiatives aimed at enhancing participation on juries in a culturally appropriate manner and to implement First nation restorative justice initiatives

f) Better cultural sensitivity training is needed for those involved in the justice system



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FoLLow-up quEstions

1. on-reserve residency name and address information

a) How should this information be collected?

b) Should OHiP information be used?

c) Should band list information be provided?

d) Should First nations communities collect this information themselves and provide it to the Ministry of the attorney General?

2. jury forms

a) Should the forms ask whether an individual is “First nations” as opposed to the current form which asks whether an individual is a Canadian citizen?

b) How can First nations members be encouraged to complete and submit the forms? For example, should the penalties for non-response be modified in some way?

c) are there any exemptions from jury service that should be included in addition to exempted First nations leadership?

d) if the form stated that a translator could be provided for a juror, would that improve First nations participation?

3. practical barriers

a) What kinds of transportation, accommodation, meals or other costs should be paid for in order to encourage participation?

b) What kinds of community supports for completing jury forms, attending a trial or inquest, or dealing with post-jury psychological effects should be provided?

4. relationship between First nations and ministry of the Attorney General

a) What steps would you recommend be taken to improve this relationship?

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kirk brant, 2012 · i

Documents