Tumbuh kembang

Adnil EdwinNurdin

BEHAVIORAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Erik Erikson Epigenetic Principle• Development occurs in sequential, clearly defined stages• Specific issue in each stage• Issues in each stage must be resolved Development can proceed smoothly• Successful resolution failed in a particular stage All subsequent stages reflect that failure• Maladjustment of: Physical growth Cognitive development Social development Emotional development

Stages

• 1.Basic Trust versus Mistrust (birth-1 year)• Need for instant satisfaction, TRUE LOVE• Resolved-----Strong Basic trust, believe in others, hopeful attitude, self • confidence, trustful personality• Unresolved-------suspicious, can’t control urge • 2.Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (1-3 years) • learning to walk, feed it self, talk, TOILET TRAINING• need for firm outer control, first discipline, in love----autonomy• to much outer control------shame• to much punishment, harsh discipline----self doubt • 3.Initiative versus Guilt (3-5 years)• initiative arises in relation to tasks for the sake of activity• guilt arises on contemplated goal• mimic adult world• sibling rivalry• resolution through social role identification• I am a boy, she is a girl. I play with a toy gun, she plays with a doll

Stages (cont)

• 6.Intimacy versus Isolation (21-40 years) to love, to work, to nurture others, to be responsible for others resolved-----intimacy, loyalty, responsible, loving unresolved---isolation, view that others are dangerous• 7.Generativity versus Stagnation (40-65 years) work for the future generation, productive, creativity, concern and responsibility

for others, striving to left some thing good for future generation after death---GENERATIVITY

Unresolved-----self concern, isolated • 8.Integrity versus Despair (more than 65 years) Integrity---sense of satisfaction that life has been productive and worthwhile-----I

WILL SLEEP IN PEACE, AND IF THE TIME CAME, I HAVE LEFT SOMETHING USEFUL FOR POSTERITY. THANK’S GOD FOR THIS LIFE

Despair----what have I done in the past---FEARFUL OF DEATH

Conclusion1.Growth and development occur in stages2.Each stage has it’s own specific issues which must be resolved3.Unresolved issues in certain stage will hamper the next stages4.Growth and development failure

• POST POWER SYNDROME ? PERSONALITY MEMANG SUDAH TERGANGGU

WHAT ARE THE BIOLOGICAL BASE OF AGING?

• Memory in normal aging vs Alzheimer• memory loss, hallmark Alzheimer's disease. • memory loss normal aging diff. Alzheimer's

• Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) transitional state cognitive changes of normal aging Alzheimer's disease MCI risk factor Alzheimer’s disease. 55% MCI Alzheimer dalam 4.5 tahun

HIPOKAMPUS

Memory decline in normal aging

• ability to encode new memories of events or facts • working memory • episodic memory • impairments in the ability to refresh recently processed information • remembering the source of information • declines in the ability to bind information together

Domains of memory mostly spared in normal aging

• procedural memory • short-term memory • semantic knowledge, such as vocabulary, improves with age • enhancement in memory for emotional events

• Retrospective versus prospective memory prospective memory naturalistic contexts > retrospective <

Qualitative changes

• brain imaging use both hemispheres when completing memory tasksstrategi berubah

• positivity effect when remembering information• increased focus on regulating emotion • preferential looking toward happy and away from sad

ALZHEIMER

• neurodegenerative disease • Progressive cognitive deterioration • Declining activities of daily living• Neuropsychiatric symptoms or behavioral changes• Most common type of dementia

Gradual symptoms• 1 st.loss of short term memory (amnesia)• minor forgetfulness • steadily more pronounced • relative preservation of older memories. • cognitive (intellectual) impairment • language (aphasia)• skilled movements (apraxia),• recognition (agnosia), • decision-making and planning closely related to the frontal and temporal lobes • disconnected from the limbic system, • disease where the victims suffer the loss of qualities that define human

existence.

Patobiologi

• neuronal loss/atrophy, in the temporoparietal and frontal cortex• inflammatory response to amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.• Mutasi 3 gen familial, early-onset AD. • mutasi ApoE4 late onset AD

Neuropathology

• Anatomigross diffuse atrophy of the brain • loss of neurons, dendrit dan synap di cerebral cortex • subcortical regions. • gross atrophy • degenerasi temporal lobe, parietal lobe,frontal cortex ,cingulate gyrus.• acetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine, somatostatin me< • Glutamate me>

Risk reducers

• Intellectual stimulation, catur, bridge, crossword• Regular physical exercise• Regular social interaction• A generally healthy diet low in saturated fat, supplemented in

particular with: – B vitamins– Omega-3 fatty acids, especially Docosahexaenoic acid– Fruit and vegetable juice

DETEKSI KLINIS AWAL

• MMS